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Metallic pollutants can have harmful impacts on ant morphology and physiology. We studied the occurrence of labial gland disease in Camponotus japonicus from two polluted areas (traffic pollution and industrial pollution) and one non-polluted area. We further analyzed the metal levels (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and morphological characteristics (head width, body mass, and other morphological traits) of both diseased and healthy workers. Our results showed that labial gland disease was only present in polluted areas, indicating that pollution stress makes ants more vulnerable to infections. Our research revealed that diseased ants in polluted areas accumulate higher levels of metals in their bodies and have lower dry weight and residual body mass compared to healthy ants in non-polluted environments, negatively impacting their development. We evaluated the importance of these elements and found that Cu has the greatest impact on the health risk of C. japonicus. Our study underscores the significant impact of environmental pollution on ant morphology and physiology and raises concerns about the broader ecological implications. [Display omitted] • We studied ants from industrially polluted, traffic-polluted, and non-polluted areas. • Labial gland disease was only found in the polluted areas. • Ants live in the polluted areas exhibited reduced heads and reduced body mass. • Copper (Cu) may be a potential factor affecting the disease of ants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the utilization of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) for the deposition of metal layers, employing Ar + 2 % H 2 as the working gas. The research focuses on three distinct metals - silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni). Through the application of optical emission spectroscopy, significant peaks of Ar-related and hydrogen-alpha (H α) species are observed, accompanied by atomic characteristic emission lines specific to Ag, Cu, and Ni, respectively. The XRD examination indicates the successful deposition of metal layers onto the substrates, a confirmation supported by the EDS line scan. Examination of the surface morphology reveals that the metal particles have clustered together, creating a porous structure. The resistivity measurement obtains the values of 5.18, 3.81, and 9.21 μΩ-cm for Ag, Cu, and Ni layers, respectively. Moreover, the paper presents a proposed mechanism for depositing metallic conductive layers using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), elucidating the complex processes inherent in this novel technique. • Metal deposition by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). • The reactive hydrogen species in 2 % H2/Ar mixture gas are produced. • A combination of the spray process and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread across the globe; and surprisingly, no potentially protective or therapeutic antiviral molecules are available to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have been shown to exert protective effects due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Therefore, it is hypothesized that supplementation with Zn and Cu alone or as an adjuvant may be beneficial with promising efficacy and a favorable safety profile to mitigate symptoms, as well as halt progression of the severe form of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The objective of this review is to discuss the proposed underlying molecular mechanisms and their implications for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection in response to Zn and Cu administration. Several clinical trials have also included the use of Zn as an adjuvant therapy with dietary regimens/antiviral drugs against COVID-19 infection. Overall, this review summarizes that nutritional intervention with Zn and Cu may offer an alternative treatment strategy by eliciting their virucidal effects through several fundamental molecular cascades, such as, modulation of immune responses, redox signaling, autophagy, and obstruction of viral entry and genome replication during SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the expulsion rate at 6 months after postplacental insertion by intrauterine device (IUD) type.Study Design: This prospective cohort included participants with a postplacental IUD inserted after vaginal or cesarean delivery, aged 18-45 and ≥24 weeks' gestation. Study enrollment took place after IUD selection and insertion. Participants returned for a postpartum visit and received a short message service survey regarding IUD expulsion, removal, vaginal bleeding and breastfeeding weekly from weeks 0 to 5 and on weeks 12 and 24 postpartum. Multivariable logistic regression examined 6-month expulsion rate by IUD type adjusting for variables that differed between the groups at baseline and in the bivariate analyses.Results: Of 114 participants, 75 (65.8%) chose a levonorgestrel 52-mg IUD and 39 (34.2%) chose a copper IUD; 58 (50.9%) had a vaginal delivery, and 56 (49.1%) had a cesarean delivery. Groups were similar except that copper IUD users had a higher median parity (3 vs. 2, p=.03) and a higher proportion of senior residents compared to junior residents had performed insertion (46.2% vs. 22.7%, p=.02). The expulsion rate at 6 months was similar between the levonorgestrel and copper groups (26.7% and 20.5%, respectively; p=.38). Multivariable logistic regression also demonstrated that the odds of expulsion did not differ by IUD type (adjusted odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.22-4.48).Conclusion: The expulsion rate at 6 months after postplacental insertion did not differ between the levonorgestrel and copper IUD type.Implications: Prior studies demonstrate a wide range of expulsion after postplacental insertion, and recent data suggest a higher expulsion rate for the levonorgestrel compared to the copper intrauterine device. However, many studies did not control for patient-level factors or delivery route. We found that when controlling for these confounding variables, the expulsion rate at 6 months postpartum did not differ by intrauterine device type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A facile aluminum based superhydrophobic thin films were electrodeposited by mixing aluminum isopropoxide (AlO x) with stearic acid (SA) onto the copper substrates via one-step method. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) attenuated total-reflectance Fourier Transmission infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were used to confirm the presence of Al, C, and O as well as COO Al and C H bonds in the thin film. The water-roll off properties were analyzed by measuring the contact angle to study the superhydrophobic nature of fabricated films. Results show that superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle of 161 ± 1° and the contact angle hysteresis of 2 ± 1° were obtained with respect to the AlO x /SA molar ratio of 0.33. The morphology of the fabricated thin films consisted of uniform porous structures with surface roughness (rms) of 3 μm on the copper substrate. The addition of stearic acid plays an important role for the superhydrophobic property. Furthermore, the thin films and their anticorrosion behavior were investigated using 3.5 wt% corrosive aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution. The polarization resistance of the thin film is found to be 962 kΩ·cm2 as characterized by Tafel. Similarly, impedance value of 10 MΩ·cm2 was obtained from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). A simple fabrication of water-repellent superhydrophobic aluminum-based coating endues extremely high active in corrosion protection. Graphical abstract Schematic of fabrication of aluminum-based superhydrophobic thin film on copper substrate and its corresponding SEM morphology. Unlabelled Image Highlights • One-step electrodeposition of Al-based superhydrophic thin films on copper surfaces • Compositional analysis by infrared and X-ray analysis confirmed the AlSA formation. • Best superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle of 161 ± 1° was obtained. • Polarization resistance of 961 kΩ·cm2 and impedance of 10 MΩ·cm2 were obtained. • Corrosion inhibition efficiency for the AlSA thin film is found to be 99.95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, micro-inverted pyramid structured silicon (Si) surface is prepared via simple yet effective, low-cost one-step copper catalyzed chemical etching (CuCCE) for superior light trapping. The inverted pyramidal (IP) arrays are obtained on large area of the partial polished (PP) Si surface by CuCCE in etch bath consisting of Cu(NO 3) 2 /HF/H 2 O 2 at 50 °C. The IP-Si shows significantly reduced total surface reflectance (<7%) than the PP-Si (>30%) for broad spectral range. Hybrid solar cells (HSCs), having junction between poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS) and n-Si, are demonstrated on the IP-Si and PP-Si surfaces; named as IP-SC and PP-SC respectively. Direct enhancement of ∼3 fold in efficiency is observed for IP-SC than the PP-SC. The improved performance is attributed to enhanced light trapping ability of the IP-Si leading to the improved short circuit current density of ∼32 mA/cm2, ∼1.3 times higher than the PP-SC. The HSCs on CuCCE IP-Si surface is presented as a 'proof of concept' for future high efficiency devices. [Display omitted] • Large area inverted pyramid Si (IP–Si) surface by copper catalyzed chemical etching. • Superior light trapping of IP-Si surface exhibits its potential for solar cells. • Direct enhancement of ∼3 fold in efficiency is observed for IP-SC than PP-SC. • Triple bounce interaction of incident radiation of IP-SC improved J sc ∼1.3 fold. • A 'Proof of concept' for high efficiency HSC employing CuCCE processed IP-Si. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilisation of resources is closely linked to population growth and economic and technological development. Hence, it is expected that global resource demand will increase substantially over the next decades. This resource challenge is currently partly addressed by the UNEP-IRP resource scenario activity, where metals, non-metallic minerals, and biomass resource availability and consumption scenarios are being developed. Advancements in the understanding of environmental impacts induced by anthropogenic activities indicate that large-scale exploitation of metal resources adversely affects the natural environment. Global copper demand is expected to grow significantly over the next decades, which is likely to result in increasing environmental stress and can be problematic for efforts to reduce the global environmental footprint. This research aims to estimate environmental implications of copper demand scenarios from present to mid-century by applying a life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA) methodology. The results indicate that the environmental impacts related to global copper supply are expected to increase substantially between 2010 and 2050 – e.g., the carbon footprint is estimated to increase by 100% to 200%, depending on the scenario. This research discusses the main drivers of growing environmental implications of global copper supply scenarios and shows potential focus areas for mitigation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The osteogenic and angiogenic responses of organisms to the ionic products of degradation of bioactive glasses (BGs) are being intensively investigated. The promotion of angiogenesis by copper (Cu) has been known for more than three decades. This element can be incorporated to delivery carriers, such as BGs, and the materials used in biological assays. In this work, Cu-containing mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) in the SiO 2 -CaO-P 2 O 5 compositional system was prepared incorporating 5% mol Cu (MBG-5Cu) by replacement of the corresponding amount of Ca. The biological effects of the ionic products of MBG biodegradation were evaluated on a well-known endothelial cell line, the bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC), as well as in an in vivo zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryo assay. The results suggest that ionic products of both MBG (Cu free) and MBG-5Cu materials promote angiogenesis. In vitro cell cultures show that the ionic dissolution products of these materials are not toxic and promote BAEC viability and migration. In addition, the in vivo assay indicates that both exposition and microinjection of zebrafish embryos with Cu free MBG material increase vessel number and thickness of the subintestinal venous plexus (SIVP), whereas assays using MBG-5Cu enhance this effect. Statement of Significance Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) with high specific surface area, well-ordered pores, large pore volumes and controllable amount of ions are interesting to develop controlled drug delivery systems for bone tissue regeneration. Copper (Cu) incorporation to the basic SiO 2 -CaO-P 2 O 5 composition has attracted high interest due to its multifunctional biological properties. Promotion of angiogenesis is one of these properties, which can be integrated to the biomaterial with lower cost and higher stability when compared with growth factors. This work reports the synthesis and characterization of Cu-containing MBG evaluating its angiogenic properties in the subintestinal vessel zebrafish assay. This transgenic in vivo assay is merging as an alternative model providing short-time consuming protocols and facilities during pro-angiogenic drug screenings. The report shows that the ionic products of this MBG material delivered to the zebrafish incubation media significantly enhance angiogenesis in comparison with control groups. Besides, results indicate Cu ions may exhibit a synergic effect with Si, Ca, and P ions in angiogenesis stimulation both in vitro and in vivo . To our knowledge, this is the first time that zebrafish in vivo assays are used to evaluate angiogenic activity of ionic dissolution products from MBG materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobility of copper (Cu) may be significantly impacted during the conversion of ferrihydrite-humic acid (Fh-HA) coprecipitates. However, the environmental behavior of the adsorbed Cu in Fh-HA coprecipitation and the kinetic process of organic carbon (C) during the Fe(Ⅱ)-catalyzed Fh-HA coprecipitates conversion remains unclear. In this study, a series of Fh-HA coprecipitates with various C/Fe molar ratios were synthesized. Furthermore, the effects of the Fe(Ⅱ) mediated Fh and Fh-HA conversion processes on Cu mobility and carbon release characteristics under acidic condition were investigated. The results show that the specific surface area of Fh-HA is reduced as compared to pure Fh, which impedes the conversion of Fe minerals and increases the release of Cu to the solution. The rate of conversion can be accelerated by increasing the Fe(II) concentration, resulting in the retention of Cu in the mineral structure. As compared to artificial HA, Elliott soil humic acid (ESHA) coprecipitated with Fh resulted in a reduced Cu release. According to results of the fluorescence excitation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis, the "release-resorption" process of carbon occurred during conversion and low molecular weight HA related to the biological activity was the main source of the released organic carbon. The major functional groups were C-O functional groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups, and Cu was involved in the formation of Fe-O-Cu after conversion. The findings of this study provide crucial information for comprehending the biogeochemical process of Cu associated with Fh and Fh-HA coprecipitates. [Display omitted] • Ferrihydrite conversion was inhibited with the increase of OC/Fe in coprecipitates. • Fe(Ⅱ) promoted the stabilization of adsorbed Cu in coprecipitates during conversion. • The "release-resorption" process of C occurred during conversion. • Phenolic-OH was the main group in ferrihydrite-humic acid coprecipitates after conversion. • Cu mainly existed in the formation of Fe-O-Cu after conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolism of sulfur (S) is suggested to be an important factor for the homeostasis and detoxification of Cu in plants. We investigated the effects of S fertilizers (S 0 , Na 2 SO 4 ) on Cu translocation and biotransformation in rice plants by using multiple synchrotron-based techniques. Fertilization of S increased the biomass and yield of rice plants, as well as the translocation factor of Cu from root to shoot and shoot to grain, resulting in enhanced Cu in grain. Sulfur K-edge X-ray near edge structure (XANES) analysis showed that fertilization of S increased the concentration of glutathione in different rice tissues, especially in rice stem and leaf. Copper K-edge XANES results indicated that a much higher proportion of Cu (I) species existed in rice grain than husk and leaf, which was further confirmed by soft X-ray scanning transmission microscopy results. Sulfur increased the proportion of Cu (I) species in rice grain, husk and leaf, suggesting the inducing of Cu (II) reduction in rice tissues by S fertilization. These results suggested that fertilization of S in paddy soils increased the accumulation of Cu in rice grain, possibly due to the reduction of Cu (II) to Cu (I) by enhancing glutathione synthesis and increasing the translocation of Cu from shoot to grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess whether dietary magnesium deficiency can alter distribution of macroelements and trace elements in different organs and tissues. Experiments were carried out on 12 adult female Wistar rats, which were fed either a diet with low Mg content (≤20 mg kg −1 of diet) (LMgD) or a diet with daily recommended Mg content (≈500 mg kg −1 ) as control group (CG) for 70 days. On the 70th day of the experiment heart, aorta, femoral skeletal muscle, forebrain, cerebellum, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, ovaries, uterus, liver, kidneys, and spleen were taken for analysis of mineral content. Concentrations of Fe and Ca were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, and levels of Na, K, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Se, I were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. On the 70th day, LMgD led to significant reduction of Mg level in red blood cells, plasma, aorta, uterus and thyroid gland compared to CG as well as resulted in significant decrease of Mg/Ca ratio in kidneys, spleen and ovaries. Contrary to this, an increase of Mg/Ca ratio was found in cerebellum of LMgD group. Significant decrease of K concentration was shown in aorta of LMgD animals compared to CG whereas myocardial K concentration was increased in LMgD group. Na level was two-fold higher in skeletal muscles of rats that received LMgD in comparison to CG (p = 0.006). Increased concentrations of Fe in ovaries and uterus were found in LMgD. Mg restriction did not affect Zn concentration in any of tasted tissues. Se level was higher in spleen and lower in uterus of LMgD animals compared to CG. MgD was accompanied by increased level of Co in skeletal muscles and decreased its level in kidneys and uterus. LMgD feeding was associated with decreased concentrations of Ni in heart, thyroid gland, spleen, uterus and Co in heart, aorta, liver, kidneys, spleen and ovaries. The changes of Mg, K, Co content were accompanied by dramatic (10-fold) decrease of I concentration in aorta of LMgD animals. LMgD causes decrease of I content in ovaries and increase of I level in uterus vs CG. Thus, distribution of macroelements (Ca, Na, K) was weakly affected by Mg restriction that led to the most evident alterations of Co and Ni tissue levels. Moreover, mineral balance of uterus seems to be the most susceptible to low Mg intake. Hypomagnesaemia resulted in significant changes of 5 studied trace elements (Fe, Se, Cu, Ni and Co). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity involving N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been recognized as a final common outcome in pathological conditions involving death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Overstimulation of NMDA receptors results in influx of calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) ions and efflux of potassium (K). NMDA receptors are blocked by magnesium (Mg). Such changes due to NMDA overstimulation are also associated with not only the altered levels of minerals but also that of trace elements and redox status. Both the decreased and elevated levels of trace elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) affect NMDA receptor excitability and redox status. Manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) are also part of antioxidant defense mechanisms in retina. Additionally endogenous substances such as taurine also affect NMDA receptor activity and retinal redox status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mg acetyltaurate (MgAT) on the retinal mineral and trace element concentration, oxidative stress, retinal morphology and retinal cell apoptosis in rats after-NMDA exposure. One group of Sprague Dawley rats received intravitreal injection of vehicle while 4 other groups similarly received NMDA (160 nmol L −1 ). Among the NMDA injected groups, 3 groups also received MgAT (320 nmol L −1 ) as pre-treatment, co-treatment or post-treatment. Seven days after intravitreal injection, rats were sacrificed, eyes were enucleated and retinae were isolated for estimation of mineral (Ca, Na, K, Mg) and trace element (Mn, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn) concentration using Inductively Coupled Plasma (DRC ICP-MS) techniques (NexION 300D), retinal oxidative stress using Elisa, retinal morphology using H&E staining and retinal cell apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Intravitreal NMDA injection resulted in increased concentration of Ca (4.6 times, p < 0.0001), Mg (1.5 times, p < 0.01), Na (3 times, p < 0.0001) and K (2.3 times, p < 0.0001) compared to vehicle injected group. This was accompanied with significant increase of Ca/Mg and Na/K ratios, 3 and 1.27 times respectively, compared to control group. The trace elements such as Cu, Fe and Zn also showed a significant increase amounting to 3.3 (p < 0.001), 2.3 (p < 0.0001) and 3 (p < 0.0001) times respectively compared to control group. Se was increased by 60% (p < 0.005). Pre-treatment with MgAT abolished effect of NMDA on minerals and trace elements more effectively than co- and post-treatment. Similar observations were made for retinal oxidative stress, retinal morphology and retinal cell apoptosis. In conclusion, current study demonstrated the protective effect of MgAT against NMDA-induced oxidative stress and retinal cell apoptosis. This effect of MgAT was associated with restoration of retinal concentrations of minerals and trace elements. Further studies are warranted to explore the precise molecular targets of MgAT. Nevertheless, MgAT seems a potential candidate in the management of diseases involving NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmed cell death (PCD) in root border cells (RBCs) induced by Copper (Cu) has been little studied. This study explored whether Cu induced PCD in RBCs of cucumber or not and investigated the possible mechanisms. The results showed that the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic RBCs increased with increasing concentration of Cu treatment. A quick burst of ROS in RBCs was detected, while mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψ m ) decreased sharply with Cu treatment. Caspase-3 like protease activity showed a tendency of increase with Cu treatment. The potential of Cu to induce PCD in RBCs of cucumber was first proved. Our results showed that ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss played important roles in Cu-induced caspase-3-like activation and PCD in RBCs of cucumber, which provided new insight into the signaling cascades that modulate Cu phytotoxicity mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to investigate the adsorption of water (H 2 O) on Cu(1 1 0) surface and the corresponding dissociation reaction. The equilibrium configurations of H 2 O adsorption on the top, bridge and fcc sites were determined by relaxation of the system. H 2 O is found to be adsorbed preferably on the top site of Cu(1 1 0) surface, OH and O are easily adsorbed on the bridge site, while H favors both bridge and fcc sites. The adsorption is attributed to the interaction between the p orbitals of the adsorbates and the d orbitals of the copper atoms, predominantly on the top layer of the Cu(1 1 0) surface. The dehydrogenation of H 2 O on clean and oxygen-covered copper surfaces was both investigated, and we find that the energy barriers for H–OH and O–H dissociation, which is 162.51 and 230.43 kJ mol −1 on clean copper surface, decreases to 27.05 and 162.88 kJ mol −1 with the aid of pre-adsorbed O atom (O ads ), respectively. These results indicate that the energy barrier of dehydrogenation on the oxygen-covered copper surface is remarkably lowered and O ads can effectively promote H 2 O decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dynamics of reclaimed coastal soils under cultivation has not been well understood. In this study, we analyzed major soil chemical properties under two cropping systems (rice–barley vs. cotton–barley cropping systems) along a 60-year soil chronosequence created by intermittent reclamation of coastal salt marshes in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province of China. Soil horizons were identified and selected pedogenic properties such as soil salinity, pH, organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were used to characterize the horizons. Results showed that the soil profiles with 36-year or longer cultivation durations included the soil horizon arrangement of A–B–C, while those with 28-year or shorter cultivation durations had the soil horizon arrangement of A–C. The paddy soil profiles showed the plow pan and redoximorphic features with rice–barley cropping system, but the upland soil profiles did not show redoximorphic features and a distinct plow pan with cotton–barley cropping system. Rice–barley cropping system significantly increased the contents of SOC, nitrogen, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA)-Mn, DTPA-Zn, and DTPA-Cu in 0–20cm soil depth, but significantly decreased soil pH, salinity and potassium in 0–20cm soil depth. The chronosequence of soil development was obvious in terms of increasing the contents of SOC, nitrogen, phosphorus, DTPA-Mn, DTPA-Zn, and DTPA-Cu with cultivation time, and decreasing soil pH, salinity, and the contents of potassium, total Mn, total Zn and total Cu with cultivation time except for no obvious decreases of total Cu in the cotton–barley cropping systems. Thirty-six years of cultivation history seemed to be long enough to differentiate paddy profiles with rice–barley cropping system from upland ones with cotton–barley cropping system in terms of soil pH, salinity, and SOC contents. Therefore, the direction and intensity of soil development undergone by the reclaimed soils depend not only on their natural characteristics but also on the way and time that they are managed after land reclamation. The results of this work could be helpful for management plans in reclaimed coastal areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The concentrations of many harmful metals in air have been continuously decreasing around the world especially in North America and Western Europe, although deviations from such trend have been observed elsewhere such as East Asia. To help understand spatiotemporal factors governing the environmental behavior of hazardous metals, the concentrations of copper (Cu) in total suspended particulate (TSP) fractions were analyzed in the seven major cities in South Korea over a two decadal period (1991 through 2012). Unlike other metal species, there was no distinctive seasonal trend (e.g., spring/winter maximum and summer minimum) in the Cu levels in most South Korean cities. The long-term trend of Cu, if assessed by its annual mean values, recorded two contrasting trends for each decade: the earlier period (from 1991 to early 2000) is characterized by high variabilities with a maximum concentration of 243 ng m-3 (in 2003), while the later period showed an appreciable (several-fold) reduction to the latest (2012) available concentration level of 35.7 ng m-3. As such, the present Cu levels in Korea should approach those commonly seen in moderately clean urban environments elsewhere. The overall results suggest that South Korean regulatory efforts to control particulate matter (PM) emissions have greatly influenced the present Cu levels consistent with the observed temporal trends of airborne PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family members are targeted by a growing numbers of small molecules and monoclonal antibodies. Resistance against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2-targeting agents is a clinically relevant problem forcing research on optimizing targeting of the HER family. In view of its overexpression in tumors, and compensatory role in HER signaling, HER3 has gained much interest as a potential additional target within the HER family. It is the only member of the HER family lacking intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and therefore its role in cancer has long been underestimated. Drugs that block HER3 or interfere with HER3 dimer signaling, including fully human anti-HER3 antibodies, bispecific antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), are currently becoming available. Several compounds have already entered clinical trial. In the meantime potential biomarkers are tested such as tumor analysis of HER3 expression, functional assays for downstream effector molecules and molecular imaging techniques. This review describes the biology and relevance of HER3 in cancer, agents targeting HER3 and potential biomarkers for effect of HER3-targeting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Iron (Fe) limitation is a widespread agricultural problem in calcareous soils and severely limits crop production. Iron Regulated Transporter 1 (IRT1) is a key component for Fe uptake from the soil in dicot plants. In this study, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) AhIRT1 was introduced into tobacco and rice plants using an Fe-deficiency-inducible artificial promoter. Induced expression of AhIRT1 in tobacco plants resulted in accumulation of Fe in young leaves under Fe deficient conditions. Even under Fe-excess conditions, the Fe concentration was also markedly enhanced, suggesting that the Fe status did not affect the uptake and translocation of Fe by AhIRT1 in the transgenic plants. Most importantly, the transgenic tobacco plants showed improved tolerance to Fe limitation in culture in two types of calcareous soils. Additionally, the induced expression of AhIRT1 in rice plants also resulted in high tolerance to low Fe availability in calcareous soils. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We previously identified the Arabidopsis thaliana-derived decapeptide OSIP108, which increases tolerance of plants and yeast cells to oxidative stress. As excess copper (Cu) is known to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis, and is characteristic for the human pathology Wilson disease, we investigated the effect of OSIP108 on Cu-induced toxicity in yeast. We found that OSIP108 increased yeast viability in the presence of toxic Cu concentrations, and decreased the prevalence of Cu-induced apoptotic markers. Next, we translated these results to the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line, demonstrating anti-apoptotic activity of OSIP108 in this cell line. In addition, we found that OSIP108 did not affect intracellular Cu levels in HepG2 cells, but preserved HepG2 mitochondrial ultrastructure. As Cu is known to induce acid sphingomyelinase activity of HepG2 cells, we performed a sphingolipidomic analysis of OSIP108-treated HepG2 cells. We demonstrated that OSIP108 decreased the levels of several sphingoid bases and ceramide species. Moreover, exogenous addition of the sphingoid base dihydrosphingosine abolished the protective effect of OSIP108 against Cu-induced cell death in yeast. These findings indicate the potential of OSIP108 to prevent Cu-induced apoptosis, possibly via its effects on sphingolipid homeostasis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The current (2005–2011) status of the chemical composition of snow cover and rain collected at a height of 1.5 m above ground was studied within 11 km around the Severonikel industrial complex, one of the largest SO2 and metal contamination sources in N Europe. In spite of a significant decrease in emissions during the past 20 years, Ni and Cu concentrations in snow remain extremely high near the source (2500 and 1500 times background values, respectively). Although showing a five- to six-fold decrease in Ni and Cu concentrations since 1994, rain water currently still has concentrations 150 and 80 times background, respectively. Differences in the chemical composition of snow pack and rain collected at a height of 1.5 m above ground in this case are not caused by seasonal effects, but rather by the height of precipitation sampling relative to the ground. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The immune system of cephalopods remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the specific activity of immune enzymes in epithelial barriers, circulatory and digestive systems of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Three enzyme groups with putative functions in immunity were investigated: phenoloxidases (POs), lysozymes and protease inhibitors (PIs). Consistent with a role in immunity, highest PO activities were found in the integument as well as the respiratory and circulatory organs under zymogenic (proPO) and active form. Surprisingly, high PO activities were also found in the digestive gland and its appendages. Similarly, high lysozyme activities were detected in the integument and circulatory organs, but also in the posterior salivary glands, highlighting the implication of this antibacterial enzyme group in most tissues exposed to the environment but also within the circulatory system. Albeit highest in digestive organs, the ubiquitous detection of PI activity in assayed compartments suggests immune function(s) in a wide range of tissues. Our study reports proPO/PO, lysozyme and PI distributions in S. officinalis body compartments for the first time, and thus provides the fundamental basis for a better understanding of the humoral immune system in cephalopods as well as invertebrates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The distribution and speciation of copper (Cu) in Hood Canal, a fjord in western Puget Sound, Washington, were studied over a 2-year period. Cu is required as a cofactor for many enzymatic pathways, including ammonia oxidation. In Hood Canal, ammonia oxidation is largely dominated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), which have high Cu requirements for other processes as well. Dissolved Cu was slightly depleted in the upper water column, and concentrations were almost unchanged from measurements made in the late 1970s, ranging from 4.08 to 6.12nM. Although this implies that the biological demand is small relative to the large and relatively constant inventory of dissolved Cu, and that Cu limitation is therefore unlikely to influence rates of biological processes, speciation measurements indicated that dissolved Cu is strongly complexed by organic ligands. As a result, bioavailable Cu2+ concentrations were considerably lower, varying from 6.14×10–15 M to 1.36×10–12 M. This is a range that encompasses the threshold (<~2×10–13 M) for Cu limitation of ammonia oxidation by Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1, a representative AOA, in culture (Amin et al., 2013). Furthermore, Cu2+ displayed a clear trend over most sampling periods, with Cu2+ concentrations one to two orders of magnitude higher below 20m in the deeper, saline waters, and exhibiting minima in the upper 15m. The major freshwater input to Hood Canal is not an important source of ligands, which suggests that the ligands are likely produced biologically in the water column and have slow turnover times. In general, ammonia oxidation rates varied considerably but were lowest in the upper water column where Cu2+ concentrations were also lowest. Thus, these findings will facilitate further work to ascertain the relative importance of Cu bioavailability in limiting ammonia oxidation rates versus light inhibition, which has frequently been invoked to account for low rates of nitrification in the upper water column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Freshwater invertebrates are often exposed to metal contamination, and changes in gene expression patterns can help understand mechanisms underlying toxicity and act as pollutant-specific biomarkers. In this study the expressions of genes involved in cysteine metabolism are characterized in the midge Chironomus tepperi during exposures to sublethal concentrations of cadmium and copper. These metals altered gene expression of the cysteine metabolism differently. Both metals decreased S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase expression and did not change the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. Cadmium exposure likely increased cystathionine production by up-regulating cystathionine-β-synthase (CβS) expression, while maintaining control level cysteine production via cystathionine-γ-lyase (CγL) expression. Conversely, copper down-regulated CβS expression and up-regulated CγL expression, which in turn could diminish cystathionine to favor cysteine production. Both metals up-regulated glutathione related expression (γ-glutamylcysteine synthase and glutathione synthetase). Only cadmium up-regulated metallothionein expression and glutathione S-transferase d1 expression was up-regulated only by copper exposure. These different transcription responses of genes involved in cysteine metabolism in C. tepperi point to metal-specific detoxification pathways and suggest that the transsulfuration pathway could provide biomarkers for identifying specific metals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Associations between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality have been widely recognized. However, health effects of long-term exposure to constituents of PM on total CVD mortality have been explored in a single study only. Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the association of PM composition with cardiovascular mortality. Methods: We used data from 19 European ongoing cohorts within the framework of the ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) and TRANSPHORM (Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts — Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter) projects. Residential annual average exposure to elemental constituents within particle matter smaller than 2.5 and 10μm (PM2.5 and PM10) was estimated using Land Use Regression models. Eight elements representing major sources were selected a priori (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc). Cohort-specific analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models with a standardized protocol. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate combined effect estimates. Results: The total population consisted of 322,291 participants, with 9545 CVD deaths. We found no statistically significant associations between any of the elemental constituents in PM2.5 or PM10 and CVD mortality in the pooled analysis. Most of the hazard ratios (HRs) were close to unity, e.g. for PM10 Fe the combined HR was 0.96 (0.84–1.09). Elevated combined HRs were found for PM2.5 Si (1.17, 95% CI: 0.93–1.47), and S in PM2.5 (1.08, 95% CI: 0.95–1.22) and PM10 (1.09, 95% CI: 0.90–1.32). Conclusion: In a joint analysis of 19 European cohorts, we found no statistically significant association between long-term exposure to 8 elemental constituents of particles and total cardiovascular mortality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Na+ uptake and ammonia excretion shift from skin to gills over post-hatch development. [•] Waterborne Cu inhibits Na+ uptake by the skin only in early development (3dph). [•] By late development (25dph), Cu inhibits both gill Na+ uptake and ammonia excretion. [•] The skin is the likely site of Cu toxicity immediately following hatch. [•] This shift in site and possible mechanism of toxicity has implications for the BLM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Epigenetics can play a role in interactions between chemicals, species and ecosystems. [•] Epigenetic features in many eco(toxico)logically relevant species have been discovered. [•] Environmental stress factors including chemical exposure may have epigenetic effects. [•] Potential implications of epigenetics in an ecotoxicological context are outlined. [•] Key knowledge gaps and suggestions for future research are proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Molecular spectroscopy revealed the molecular structural differences. [•] Multivariate analyses distinguished the molecular structure differences. [•] Structural differences were associated with chemical and nutrient profiles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] We investigated the effects of altering copper levels on the SCN in vitro. [•] Copper chelators reset the SCN clock phase when applied during early and late night. [•] These phase shifts require NMDA receptor activation and TrkB signaling. [•] Exogenous copper also resets the clock phase at night, through different mechanisms. [•] These results suggest complex interplay between copper and the SCN circadian clock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The plant hormone ethylene is involved in many physiological processes, including plant growth, development and senescence. Ethylene also plays a pivotal role in plant response or adaptation under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In plants, ethylene production often enhances the tolerance to sub-optimal environmental conditions. This role is particularly important from both ecological and agricultural point of views. Among the abiotic stresses, the role of ethylene in plants under nutrient stress conditions has not been completely investigated. In literature few reports are available on the interaction among ethylene and macro- or micro-nutrients. However, the published works clearly demonstrated that several mineral nutrients largely affect ethylene biosynthesis and perception with a strong influence on plant physiology. The aim of this review is to revisit the old findings and recent advances of knowledge regarding the sub-optimal nutrient conditions on the effect of ethylene biosynthesis and perception in plants. The effect of deficiency or excess of the single macronutrient or micronutrient on the ethylene pathway and plant responses are reviewed and discussed. The synergistic and antagonist effect of the different mineral nutrients on ethylene plant responses is critically analyzed. Moreover, this review highlights the status of information between nutritional stresses and plant response, emphasizing the topics that should be further investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the toxicological effects of different source-related ambient PM10 samples in regard to their chemical composition. In this context we investigated airborne PM from different sites in Aachen, Germany. For the toxicological investigation human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and murine macrophages (RAW264.7) were exposed from 0 to 96 h to increasing PM concentrations (0–100 μg/ml) followed by analyses of cell viability, pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. The chemical analysis of these particles indicated the presence of 21 elements, water-soluble ions and PAHs. The toxicological investigations of the PM10 samples demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability and an increase in pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Use of nanoparticles is among the most promising strategies to overcome microbial drug resistance. This review article consists of three parts. The first part discusses the epidemiology of microbial drug resistance. The second part describes mechanisms of drug resistance used by microbes. The third part explains how nanoparticles can overcome this resistance, including the following: Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles (NO NPs), chitosan-containing nanoparticles (chitosan NPs), and metal-containing nanoparticles all use multiple mechanisms simultaneously to combat microbes, thereby making development of resistance to these nanoparticles unlikely. Packaging multiple antimicrobial agents within the same nanoparticle also makes development of resistance unlikely. Nanoparticles can overcome existing drug resistance mechanisms, including decreased uptake and increased efflux of drug from the microbial cell, biofilm formation, and intracellular bacteria. Finally, nanoparticles can target antimicrobial agents to the site of infection, so that higher doses of drug are given at the infected site, thereby overcoming resistance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Heavy metals can accumulate in organisms via various pathways, including respiration, adsorption and ingestion. They are known to generate free radicals and induce oxidative and/or nitrosative stress with depletion of anti-oxidants. Tuna by-product meal (TBM) is rich in proteins and can, therefore, offer an attractive protein source for animals. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of metals present in TBM, namely cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), separately or in combination with oxidative stress, on cell viability. Three cell models: rat liver FTO2B, human hepatoma HepG2, and human hepatic WRL-68, were used. Cell viability was determined following exposure to various concentrations of the metals. Two antioxidant genes, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were measured to obtain a better understanding of oxidative stress-associated gene expression. Among the metals present in TBM, only Cd at a concentration of 30μM was noted to exhibit cytotoxic effects. This cytotoxicity was even more pronounced after co-stimulation with H2O2, used to mimic systemic oxidative stress. At non-toxic concentrations, Hg and Pb were noted to aggravate oxidative stress toxicity. The results further revealed that exposure to Cd, Pb, and a co-stimulation of H2O2 with Hg resulted in the increased expression of antioxidant gene SOD. A risk assessment of toxic contaminants in TBM indicated that food safety objectives should consider the human health impacts of foods derived from animals fed on contaminated meal and that much care should be taken when TBM is used in animal diet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Project: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disorder characterized by recurrent, painful oral aphthae, and oxidative stress presumably contributes to its pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to scrutinize the relationship between oxidative stress and serum trace elements (copper, Cu; zinc, Zn; selenium, Se), and to evaluate the ratios of Cu/Zn and Cu/Se in this disorder. Procedure: Patients with RAS (n =33) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n =30) were enrolled in this study. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in plasma and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD1; CuZnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) in erythrocyte were determined as spectrophotometric. Also, the levels of Se, Zn and Cu in serum were determined on flame and furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer using Zeeman background correction. Results and conclusions: Oxidative stress was confirmed by the significant elevation in plasma MDA, and by the significant decrease in CAT, SOD1, and GPx (p <0.05). When compared to controls, Zn and Se levels were significantly lower in patients, whereas Cu levels was higher in RAS patients than those in controls (p <0.05). In addition, the correlation results of this study were firstly shown that there were significant and positive correlations between Se–CAT, Se–GPx, and Cu–MDA parameters, but negative correlations between Se–Cu, Se–MDA, Cu–CAT, Cu–SOD1 and Cu–GPx parameters in RAS patients. Furthermore, the ratios of Cu/Zn and Cu/Se were significantly higher in the patients than the control subjects (p <0.05). Our results indicated that lipid peroxidation associated with the imbalance of the trace elements seems to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RAS. Furthermore, the serum Cu/Zn and Cu/Se ratios may be used as biochemical markers in these patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Oral cancer is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide and is prevalent in most areas where tobacco related practices are observed. Essential elements play a role in many biochemical reactions as a micro-source and there is growing evidence that their concentrations are altered on the onset and progress of malignant disease. In this study the levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and molybdenum (Mo) in serum of patients with oral sub mucous fibrosis (OSMF) (n =30) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (n =30); were determined and the alterations of these critical parameters were analyzed in comparison with controls (n =30) to identify predictors amongst these parameters for disease occurrence and progression. The serum Cu and Zn were established using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Serum estimation of Se and Mo was done by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Data analysis revealed a marked, progressive and significant increase in Cu levels in precancer (OSMF) and cancer (OSCC) groups as compared to the normal group. The level of Zn in serum was slightly elevated in OSMF and OSCC though not statistically significant. Cu/Zn ratio was slightly but not significantly elevated. Serum levels of Se and Mo were significantly decreased in the precancer and cancer groups as compared to the normals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The superhydrophobic layers were prepared simultaneously on the copper-based cathode and anode surface by one-step electrodeposition. During the electrodeposition process, the reactions on the surfaces of copper-based cathode/anode electrodes were different, therefore different superhydrophobic layers were formed on cathode/anode surface. The wettability, surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized by contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The formation mechanism and anti-icing performance of the superhydrophobic layers were explored. Superhydrophobic Cu[CH 3 (CH 2) 16 COO] 2 films with dendritic micro/nano hierarchical structure and superhydrophobic Cu 2 O-stearic acid films with cubic crystal-like micro/nano hierarchical structure were prepared on the surface of the anode and cathodic copper electrode respectively. When the deposition voltage was 4 V and the deposition time was 30 min, the static contact angle reached a maximum of 151.3° on the anode surface and 154° on the cathode surface. Both superhydrophobic films can effectively slow down the icing time. The icing delay effect of the superhydrophobic film on the cathode copper is better, and the delay time was up to 221 s, compared to the original copper surface. [Display omitted] • The superhydrophobic layers were prepared simultaneously on the copper-based cathode and anode surface by a one-step electrodeposition method. • Superhydrophobic Cu 2 O-stearic acid films with cubic crystal-like micro/nano hierarchical structure were prepared on the surface of the cathodic copper electrode. • Superhydrophobic Cu[CH 3 (CH 2) 16 COO] 2 films with dendritic micro/nano hierarchical structure were prepared on the surface of the anode copper electrode. • Both superhydrophobic films can effectively slow down the icing time of the copper-based surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We examined the modifying effect of a-LA on tumor promotion by thioacetamide. [•] A-LA suppressed the number of ED2+ hepatic macrophages increased by thioacetamide. [•] A-LA suppressed tumor-promoting activity through anti-inflammatory action. [•] A-LA suppressed apoptosis and subsequent regeneration of non-transformed liver cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Coastal upwelling in the central California Current System (cCCS) delivers macro and micronutrients to the surface ocean that fuel biological productivity. Variations in upwelling strength and continental shelf width affect trace metal sources seasonally. The purpose of this study was to investigate various sources and distributions for a suite of dissolved trace metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd) in the cCCS (34–41°N) as well as to determine the effects of biological uptake, physical advection, and mixing processes on trace metal concentrations during the spring and summer upwelling season. Continental shelf sediments did not substantially affect upwelled concentrations of Ni, Zn, and Cd — three typical nutrient-type trace metals. However, shelf sediments provided a significant external source for Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu — scavenged and hybrid-type trace metals. There was no clear seasonal trend in benthic boundary layer (BBL) Fe concentrations; however, higher concentrations of Mn and Co together with lower O2 concentrations were found in the BBL in the late summer compared to early spring. Conversely, there was a higher sedimentary Cu source to the BBL in the early spring before O2 concentrations dropped. Surface transect samples along the Big Sur Coast (May, 2010) and North Coast (August, 2011) demonstrated both mixing and biological assimilation of NO3 − and trace metals. Iron and Zn showed accelerated drawdown relative to NO3 − during both seasons suggesting an increased metal to nitrogen drawdown ratio at higher dissolved metal concentrations. Surface Mn and Co concentrations were higher in the late summer and both showed evidence for accelerated drawdown relative to NO3 −. Cadmium and Ni were strongly correlated with NO3 − indicating that both are affected by a combination of assimilation and regeneration at a constant rate relative to NO3 −; however, Cd showed slightly increased drawdown in aged upwelled waters during the late summer when Zn and Fe concentrations were low. This study provides field trace metal and macronutrient data supporting past laboratory studies suggesting that complex biological interactions are a key control on trace metal distributions and marine biogeochemical cycles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Study subjects relocated between areas with different air pollution contents. [•] PM2.5 showed the most consistent inverse associations with pulmonary function. [•] Cu, Cd, As and Sn were consistently associated with reduced pulmonary function. [•] Carbonaceous fractions, SO4 2− and Sb were also associated with pulmonary function. [•] Sources may include traffic, industry, coal burning, and long range transported dust. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique chemical and physical properties caused by their small size (1–100nm) and high surface to volume ratio. This means that the NPs are potentially more toxic than their bulk counterparts. In the present study a cultured epithelial cell line from Xenopus laevis (A6) was used to investigate toxicity of copper (Cu) in 3 different forms; Cu ions (Cu2+), CuO NPs (6nm) and poly-dispersed CuO NPs (100nm, poly-CuO). Continuous exposures at concentrations of 143–200μM demonstrated that cytotoxicity differed among the 3 Cu forms tested and that the effects depend on cell state (dividing or differentiated). Dividing cells treated with poly-CuO, CuO NPs (6nm) or Cu2+ showed cell cycle arrest and caused significant increase in cell death via apoptosis after 48h, 6 and 7days of treatment, respectively. Treatment with either CuO NPs (6nm) or Cu2+ caused significant decrease in cell proliferation. Treatments of differentiated cells, revealed the same patterns of toxicity for Cu forms tested, but after shorter exposure periods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Soil and food crops collected in Swat, Pakistan were analyzed for heavy metals (HMs). [•] Health risk associated with ingestion of HM-contaminated food crops were investigated. [•] The level of Cd in most of fruits and vegetables exceeded the WHO permissible limit. [•] MTF of Cd in the crops was highest, with a wide variation among the crop locations. [•] No carcinogenic risk was posed by most of the HMs except Cd, which had a HRI⩾10E−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examines exposure risks associated with lead smelter emissions at children's public playgrounds in Port Pirie, South Australia. Lead and other metal values were measured in air, soil, surface dust and on pre- and post-play hand wipes. Playgrounds closest to the smelter were significantly more lead contaminated compared to those further away (t(27.545) = 3.76; p = .001). Port Pirie post-play hand wipes contained significantly higher lead loadings (maximum hand lead value of 49,432 μg/m2) than pre-play hand wipes (t(27) = 3.57, p = .001). A 1% increase in air lead (μg/m3) was related to a 0.713% increase in lead dust on play surfaces (95% CI, 0.253–1.174), and a 0.612% increase in post-play wipe lead (95% CI, 0.257–0.970). Contaminated dust from smelter emissions is determined as the source and cause of childhood lead poisoning at a rate of approximately one child every third day. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The environmental contamination caused by heavy metals raises the question of their effect on biological systems. Among bio-indicators useful to monitor the toxicological effects of these chemicals, Cnidarians offer a unique model. Cnidarians possess highly specialized stinging cells, termed nematocytes, which respond to hyposmotic solution with well established homeostatic parameters as an acute osmotic phase (OP), leading to cell swelling, and then a slower regulatory volume decrease (RVD) phase, causing cell shrinkage. Here we report the effect of 65% artificial sea water (ASW) containing heavy metals, such as Cd, La, Co, Cu and Zn (concentrations comprised between 100 and 0.1μM) on both OP and RVD in nematocytes isolated from the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca by 605mM NaSCN plus 0.01mM Ca2+. The exposure of the cells to Co and La inhibited RVD but not OP. However, Cu, Cd and Zn prevented the OP in a dose-dependent manner and, hence, also the detection of RVD. These results suggest that, in isolated nematocytes, heavy metal pollutants impair RVD either directly or indirectly through interference with the OP, thus negating RVD. Although further studies need to clarify the exact mechanisms whereby heavy metals exert their toxicity, it is evident that nematocytes of Cnidarians could serve as a model for ecotoxicological investigations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Recent advances in composites of polyaniline with metals and alloys are reviewed. [•] An overview of polyaniline/metalloid and polyaniline/nonmetal composites is given. [•] Special attention was paid to polyaniline composites with CNTs and graphene. [•] Applicability of ternary PANI composites with metals and/or nonmetals is outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A certified reference material (CRM) was characterized for the determination of copper (Cu) in bio-ethanol samples. The material for the CRM was made from rice by fermentation and refined by distillation, which was further added with Cu acetate and acetic acid. Because the ionization of Cu in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was affected by the content of ethanol in the sample, matrix matched methods were developed for the determination of Cu, where the bio-ethanol samples were 10-times (v/v) diluted to 1molL−1 nitric acid solution. All of the standard solutions for calibration were also adjusted to 1molL−1 nitric acid solution with 10% (volume fraction) ethanol. Determination of the concentration of Cu in the sample was carried out by gravimetric standard addition ICP-MS, isotope dilution (ID-) ICP-MS, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). The property value of Cu was calculated based on the weighted mean of the observed values by these methods, with the reciprocal of the uncertainty of each method as the weight. The deviation factor of sampling for characterization was also taken into consideration for calculating the certified value. The combined uncertainty (3.79%, relative value) of the certified value was calculated as a combination of the uncertainties of homogeneity (3.53%), analytical method (0.64%), method-to-method variance (1.16%), and calibration standard (0.35%). The certified value of Cu in the CRM was (53.7±4.1) ngg−1 (property value±expanded uncertainty, k =2), which is traceable to the International System of Units (SI units) via the Japan Calibration Service System (JCSS). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Inhibition of ammonia excretion (J amm) is a common response to Cu exposure in freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) organisms. To determine the mechanism of this response, a euryhaline species of guppy (Poecilia vivipara) was exposed to 20μg Cu/l in FW (0ppt) and SW (25ppt) for 96h. In both salinities, Cu transiently inhibited ammonia excretion (J amm) followed by a full recovery by the end of the 96h exposure. The activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA) were examined in the gills at 12 and 96h of Cu exposure. In both salinity acclimations, CA activity was significantly inhibited following 12h of Cu exposure in P. vivipara, marking the first in vivo evidence of Cu-induced inhibition of CA in fish. Moreover, the inhibition and recovery of this enzyme were correlated with the inhibition and recovery of J amm in both salinity acclimations. The blockade of CA potentially acts as a common mechanism of J amm inhibition in FW and SW. There were no significant effects on Na+/K+-ATPase or H+-ATPase activity at either time point or salinity. However, H+-ATPase activity was upregulated at 96h relative to the 12h time point, potentially involving this enzyme in re-establishing J amm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The copper thin films were deposited by an alternating injection of Cu(ethylketoiminate)2 and H2, and the effects of substrate temperature on the atomic layer deposition and the properties of the deposited thin film were investigated. Continuous films with a small sheet resistance were obtained at a deposition temperature of 140°C. The sheet resistance and the surface roughness increased with increasing deposition temperature due to the agglomeration of copper. The growth rate at 140°C was 0.12nm/cycle, with a copper precursor exposure greater than 1.0×107 L and H2 exposure greater than 3.0×108 L. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An improved approach to the anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) determination of heavy metals, using the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), is reported. It was discovered that using very cathodic accumulation potentials, at which the solvent reduction occurs (overpotential deposition), the voltammetric signals of zinc(II), cadmium(II), lead(II) and copper(II) increase. When compared with the classical methodology a 5 to 10-fold signal increase is obtained. This effect is likely due to both mercury drop oscillation at such cathodic potentials and added local convection at the mercury drop surface caused by the evolution of hydrogen bubbles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thin self-supporting isotopic platinum (Pt) targets of 130–200μg/cm2 thickness have been prepared by evaporation technique, using selective etching and parting reagent methods. The evaporation yield of the selective etching method was higher in comparison to the parting reagent method. Further, the purity of targets formed has been accessed by the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) techniques. The analysis indicated that the targets prepared by the selective etching method contain 2wt% of Cu. Contamination of C was found to be 2.5wt% in the targets prepared by both of these methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, electrochemical–mechanical polishing (ECMP) has been suggested as an alternative to the conventional chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) process. In ECMP process, copper (Cu) ions are electrochemically dissolved by applying an anodic potential to the Cu surface in an electrolyte. In this paper, the voltage-activated electrochemical reactions of Cu for ECMP application were investigated with different concentration of HNO3 electrolyte. The electrochemical characteristics of Cu such as active, passive, transient and trans-passive state were evaluated from its current–voltage (I–V) curve obtained by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. The proposed mechanism and analyses were a good methodology in finding suitable electrochemical process parameter for ECMP application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Superconformal filling of copper (Cu) into the nano-scale SiO2 trench was investigated by controlling the nucleation and growth conditions during the metal organic chemical vapor deposition of Cu. Inductively coupled H2/Ar plasma pretreatment of the Ru-deposited trench pattern with a substrate biasing prior to deposition led to suppression of Cu nucleation on the top and entrance areas of the trench. In turn, Cu grows preferentially inside the trench. Controlled nucleation by plasma pretreatment enabled the achievement of superconformal Cu gap filling of sub-60nm trenches without voids. Suppression of nucleation was attributed to deposition of sputtered silica (Si)-containing species on the top and entrance areas of the trench from the quartz window of the plasma reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]