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Abstract In Earth and planetary sciences, the chemical composition of chondritic meteorites provides an essential reference to constrain the composition and differentiation history of planetary reservoirs. Yet, for many trace elements, and in particular for volatile trace elements the composition of chondrites is not well constrained. Here we present new compositional data for carbonaceous chondrites with an emphasis on the origin of the volatile element depletion pattern. Our database includes 25 carbonaceous chondrites from 6 different groups (CI, CM, CR, CV, CO, CK), two ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites and Murchison powder samples heated up to 1000 °C in O 2 or Ar gas streams, respectively. A total of 51 major and trace elements were analyzed by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS), using chondrite-matched calibration solutions. Our results confirm that parent body alteration and terrestrial weathering only have minor effects on the bulk chondrite compositions. Thermal metamorphism can lead to the loss of some volatile elements, as best observed in the heating experiments and two thermally overprinted chondrites Y-980115 (CI) and EET 96026 (CV4/5 or CK4/5). The effects of aqueous alteration and terrestrial weathering on the Antarctic samples are difficult to discriminate. Both processes may redistribute fluid mobile elements such as K, Na, Rb, U and the light rare earth elements (LREE) within the meteorite. In hot desert finds, the typical weathering effects are enrichments of Sr, Ba and U and a depletion of S. In general, moderately volatile elements with 50% condensation temperatures (T C) ranging from 1250 K to 800 K show an increasing depletion, whereas 11 moderately volatile elements with 50% T C between 800 K and 500 K are unfractionated from each other in most samples. Their extent of depletion is characteristic for the different chondrite groups. Because of this well-defined “hockey stick” pattern, we propose to divide the moderately volatile elements into two subgroups, the ‘slope volatile elements’ and the unfractionated ‘plateau volatile elements’ with lower T C. Notably, the abundances of plateau volatile elements exhibit a co-variation with the matrix abundances of the respective host meteorites. Carbonaceous chondrite matrices are likely mixes of: (i) CI-like material and (ii) chondrule-related matrix. Chondrule-related matrix is expected to be depleted in volatile elements relative to CI and likely formed contemporaneously with chondrules, leading to chondrule-matrix complementarity. The addition of CI-like material only changed the absolute elemental concentrations of bulk matrix and bulk chondrite, while refractory and main component element ratios such as Mg/Si remain unaffected. Such a model can also account for the co-existence of low temperature CI-like material and high temperature chondrule and chondrule-related matrix. However, elevated volatile element abundances observed in chondrules still provide a challenge for the model as proposed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the cell-based smoothed finite element using quadrilateral elements (CS-FEM) is used for 2D contact problems which are converted into linear complementarity problems (LCPs), which can be solved efficiently using the Lemke method. The modified Coulomb friction contact model with tangential strength and normal adhesion is considered, which models sticking-slipping, contacting-departing, and bonding-debonding processes, in a unified formulation. Smoothed Galerkin weak-form with contact boundary is deduced, in which the stiffness is implemented using the CS-FEM with 1 smoothing domain (1SD), 2SD, 3SD, 4SD, 8SD, and 16SD for each element. Contact interface equations are discretized through contact point-pairs that are constructed using a master-slave surface algorithm. Intensive numerical examples are given to investigate the effects of contact parameters on contact behaviors and examine the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The numerical results of CS-FEM models are compared with that of FEM-Q4 model, which demonstrates that all CS-FEM models are softer than FEM-Q4 model. The strain energy solutions, obtained using several CS-FEM models, are monotonically decreasing with the number of the SDs for each element increasing. The upper bound solutions in strain energy can be obtained using a CS-FEM-1SD model in our examples, while the lower bound solutions are obtained using CS-FEM-16SD model or FEM-Q4, with FEM-Q4 solution being the lowest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complementarity has frequently, but mistakenly, been conflated with wave-particle duality, and this conflation has led to pervasive misunderstandings of Bohr's views and several misguided claims of an experimental “disproof” of complementarity. In this paper, I explain what Bohr meant by complementarity, and how this is related to, but distinct from, wave-particle duality. I list a variety of possible meanings of wave-particle duality, and canvass the ways in which they are (or are not) supported by quantum physics and Bohr's interpretation. I also examine the extent to which wave-particle duality should be viewed as an example of the sort of dualities one finds in, e.g., string theory. I argue that the most fruitful way of reading of Bohr's account complementarity is by comparing it to current accounts of effective theories with limited domains of applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the question under which conditions a linear multi-modal system is disturbance decoupled. We establish necessary and sufficient geometric conditions from which the existing results on switched linear systems and conewise linear systems can be recovered as special cases. Also, we apply these conditions to a class of linear complementarity systems in order to obtain a more crisp characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an extensive review of two streams of literature: the first part of the review focuses on policy tools and their interrelationships and the second part focuses on the literature on the state renewable energy policy tools. Based on the reviews, this paper investigates how policymakers choose a set of interrelated renewable energy policy instruments and identify under what conditions policy instruments complement or substitute. We extend the political market framework by examining the influences of: (1) administrative agencies on the supply side; (2) interest groups on the demand side; and (3) the policy-induced problem situation changes on the adoption of state renewable energy policy tools, building upon reviews of both policy tools and policy diffusion theories. A set of hypotheses are advanced for state renewable energy policy interactions among public benefit fund (PBF), renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and corporate tax incentive (CTI). The hypotheses are tested by three Event History models, in which RPS, PBF and CTI serve as dependent variables separately. The complementary effects between previous use of RPS and adoption of PBF, between previous use of PBF and adoption of RPS, and between previous use of CTI and adoption of RPS are confirmed. We also find support for the policy substitutability between previous use of CTI and adoption of PBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review investigates the question of the relationship of different hemispheric specializations. Hemispheric specializations are the result of the seemingly distinctive ability of the left and right hemisphere to specialize in different cognitive functions. The review focuses on the concept of complementarity whereby the lateralization of one function predicts the asymmetric processing of another one. The complementarity of hemispheric specializations presents an interesting dilemma as the literature evidence is outwardly mixed. The causal and statistical hypotheses attempt to account for the observed findings, with support for both hypotheses. However, most of the evidence appears to align with the statistical pattern of complementarity. Converging lines of evidence suggest that there are multiple independent biases that play a role in how these functional cerebral asymmetries are organized in the human brain. Some of the functional and evolutionary implications of the existence of complementarity of hemispheric specializations are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of “Hydrogen Economy” originated in the early 1970s as response to the first oil crisis. Consequently, its implementation needs a well-planned strategy adapted to the decay of the “Fossil Fuel Economy” allowing bridging the gap between both of them. This strategy must encompass Hydrogen production, distribution and utilization and should be built on solid grounds of established science and engineering. There is no doubt that hydrogen will play an important role in the future energy scenario but should not be thought to do so in terms of dominance but rather in competition and complementarity with other energy carriers. Therefore, the strategy for introduction should be planned not in terms of confrontation with the other energy vectors but in terms of convergence and synergies search. In this paper the current situation of the three main fields of the Hydrogen Economy: Production, Distribution and Uses are analyzed and some considerations and suggestions for action are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an interpretation of the quark–lepton symmetry in terms of the unimodularity of the color group S U ( 3 ) and on the existence of 3 generations, we develop an argumentation suggesting that the “finite quantum space” corresponding to the exceptional real Jordan algebra of dimension 27 (the Euclidean Albert algebra) is relevant for the description of internal spaces in the theory of particles. In particular, the triality which corresponds to the 3 off-diagonal octonionic elements of the exceptional algebra is associated to the 3 generations of the Standard Model while the representation of the octonions as a complex 4-dimensional space C ⊕ C 3 is associated to the quark–lepton symmetry (one complex for the lepton and 3 for the corresponding quark). More generally it is suggested that the replacement of the algebra of real functions on spacetime by the algebra of functions on spacetime with values in a finite-dimensional Euclidean Jordan algebra which plays the role of “the algebra of real functions” on the corresponding almost classical quantum spacetime is relevant in particle physics. This leads us to study the theory of Jordan modules and to develop the differential calculus over Jordan algebras (i.e. to introduce the appropriate notion of differential forms). We formulate the corresponding definition of connections on Jordan modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a complement to a resent high-resolution spectrometric investigation of the decay of 194 Au to levels of 194 Pt, a similar study has been undertaken of the decay of 19-h 194 Ir to 194 Pt. The two decays populate a similar set of levels in 194 Pt, and so the complementary investigations with similar resolution and efficiency permit a direct comparison of the two data sets. Overall there is excellent agreement between the energies of the common γ -ray transitions and also between the deduced energies of the excited states in 194 Pt. The 194 Ir half-life has been remeasured to be 19.20(2) h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 14-year high resolution wave and wind hindcast was carried out for Ireland. The wind was dynamically downscaled from the ERA-Interim reanalysis to a 2.5 km horizontal resolution and 65 vertical levels, using the HARMONIE meso-scale model. The wave hindcast was derived using WAVEWATCH III on an unstructured grid with resolution ranging between 10 km offshore and 225 m in the nearshore, forced by the downscaled HARMONIE 10 m winds and ERA-Interim wave spectra. The wind and wave hindcasts were thoroughly validated against available buoy data, including wave buoys in nearshore locations and coastal synoptic stations. In addition, the significant wave heights and winds from the hindcasts were compared against all available altimeter data from the CERSAT database at Ifremer. The quality of both the wind and wave hindcasts was found to be good. The wave and wind energy resource in coastal areas was assessed, and discussed in terms of water depth, distance to shore, and seasonal and inter-annual variability. In addition, the current study investigates the nearshore wind and wave climate in conjunction with each other, and highlights two issues with relevance to the ocean renewable energy industry: (i) the complementarity between the wind and wave energy resource, and (ii) the accessibility for marine operations. Our study highlights sites around the Irish coast that might have been overlooked in terms of the potential for wind, wave or combined wind/wave energy installations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute Rényi entropies for the statistics of a noisy simultaneous observation of two complementary observables in two-dimensional quantum systems. The relative amount of uncertainty between two states depends on the uncertainty measure used. These results are not reproduced by a more standard duality relation. We show that these behaviors are consistent with the lack of majorization relation between the corresponding statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the in silico design, surface property analyses, production and chromatographic evaluations of a diverse set of antibody Fab fragment variants. Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) constitute important binding sites for multimodal chromatographic ligands. Given that antibodies are highly diversified molecules and in particular the CDRs, we set out to examine the generality of this result. For this purpose, four different Fab fragments with different CDRs and/or framework regions of the variable domains were identified and related variants were designed in silico. The four Fab variant libraries were subsequently generated by site-directed mutagenesis and produced by recombinant expression and affinity purification to enable examination of their chromatographic retention behavior. The effects of geometric re-arrangement of the functional moieties on the multimodal resin ligands were also investigated with respect to Fab variant retention profiles by comparing two commercially available multimodal cation-exchange ligands, Capto MMC and Nuvia cPrime, and two novel multimodal ligand prototypes. Interestingly, the chromatographic data demonstrated distinct selectivity trends between the four Fab variant libraries. For three of the Fab libraries, the CDR regions appeared as major binding sites for all multimodal ligands. In contrast, the fourth Fab library displayed a distinctly different chromatographic behavior, where Nuvia cPrime and related multimodal ligand prototypes provided markedly improved selectivity over Capto MMC. Clearly, the results illustrate that the discriminating power of multimodal ligands differs between different Fab fragments. The results are promising indications that multimodal chromatography using the appropriate multimodal ligands can be employed in downstream bioprocessing for challenging selective separation of product related variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first clarifies phenomenology in ways essential to demonstrating its basic concern with Nature and its recognition of individual and cultural differences as well as commonalities. It furthermore clarifies phenomenological methodology in ways essential to understanding the methodology itself, its purpose, and its consequences. These clarifications show how phenomenology, by hewing to the dynamic realities of life itself and experiences of life itself, counters reductive thinking and “embodiments” of one kind and another. On the basis of these clarifications, the paper then turns to detailing conceptual complementarities between phenomenology and the life sciences, particularly highlighting studies in coordination dynamics. In doing so, it brings to light fundamental relationships such as those between mind and motion and between intrinsic dynamics and primal animation. It furthermore highlights the common concern with origins in both phenomenology and evolutionary biology: the history of how what is present is related to its inception in the past and to its transformations from past to present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a theory for the complementarity in temporal interference and quantum erasure. We consider the case of entangled biphoton where we can get the information of single photon's arrival time without making a disturbing measurement. We find a mathematical equation for the complementary relation for a temporal double slit experiment. We also propose a quantum eraser scheme that will elucidate that the complementarity is originated from the quantum entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major unresolved problems in cosmochemistry is the origin of chondrules, once molten, spherical silicate droplets with diameters of 0.2 to 2 mm. Chondrules are an essential component of primitive meteorites and perhaps of all early solar system materials including the terrestrial planets. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed for their origin. Many carbonaceous chondrites are composed of about equal amounts of chondrules and fine-grained matrix. Recent data confirm that matrix in carbonaceous chondrites has high Si/Mg and Fe/Mg ratios when compared to bulk carbonaceous chondrites with solar abundance ratios. Chondrules have the opposite signature, low Si/Mg and Fe/Mg ratios. In some carbonaceous chondrites chondrules have low Al/Ti ratios, matrix has the opposite signature and the bulk is chondritic. It is shown in detail that these complementary relationships cannot have evolved on the parent asteroid(s) of carbonaceous chondrites. They reflect preaccretionary processes. Both chondrules and matrix must have formed from a single, solar-like reservoir. Consequences of complementarity for chondrule formation models are discussed. An independent origin and/or random mixing of chondrules and matrix can be excluded. Hence, complementarity is a strong constraint for all astrophysical–cosmochemical models of chondrule formation. Although chondrules and matrix formed from a single reservoir, the chondrule-matrix system was open to the addition of oxygen and other gaseous components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss complementarity of discovery reaches of heavier neutral Higgs bosons and charged Higgs bosons at the LHC and the International Linear Collider (ILC) in two Higgs doublet models (2HDMs). We perform a comprehensive analysis on their production and decay processes for all types of Yukawa interaction under the softly-broken discrete symmetry which is introduced to avoid flavour changing neutral currents, and we investigate parameter spaces of discovering additional Higgs bosons at the ILC beyond the LHC reach. We find that the 500 GeV run of the ILC with the integrated luminosity of 500 fb-1 shows an advantage for discovering the additional Higgs bosons in the region where the LHC cannot discover them with the integrated luminosity of 300 fb-1. For the 1 TeV run of the ILC with the integrated luminosity of 1 ab-1, production processes of an additional Higgs boson associated with the top quark can be useful as discovery channels in some parameter spaces where the LHC with the integrated luminosity of 3000 fb-1 cannot reach. It is emphasized that the complementary study at the LHC and the ILC is useful not only to survey additional Higgs bosons at the TeV scale, but also to discriminate types of Yukawa interaction in the 2HDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Neutron scattering experiments have been performed on fully deuterated liquid acetic acid (AA) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The scattering data are analyzed to yield the structure factor SM(Q), the molecular form factor F1(Q) and the pair correlation function g(r). To describe the intermolecular arrangement of the liquid, we have considered two dimers and two trimers, involving the isomer cis, already described in our x-ray scattering study. Neutron scattering data show that the local order of the liquid is well described by linear and ring cis trimers. Complementarity with recent x-ray results is then highlighted. Using four force fields, MD simulations show that x-ray and neutron scattering data are better reproduced by both OPLS-AA1 and OPLS-AA2 potentials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We consider a framework in which low energy dynamics of quantum gravity is described preserving locality, and yet taking into account the effects that are not captured by the naive global spacetime picture, e.g. those associated with black hole complementarity. Our framework employs a “special relativistic” description of gravity; specifically, gravity is treated as a force measured by the observer tied to the coordinate system associated with a freely falling local Lorentz frame. We identify, in simple cases, regions of spacetime in which low energy local descriptions are applicable as viewed from the freely falling frame; in particular, we identify a surface called the gravitational observer horizon on which the local proper acceleration measured in the observer's coordinates becomes the cutoff (string) scale. This allows for separating between the “low-energy” local physics and “trans-Planckian” intrinsically quantum gravitational (stringy) physics, and allows for developing physical pictures of the origins of various effects. We explore the structure of the Hilbert space in which the proposed scheme is realized in a simple manner, and classify its elements according to certain horizons they possess. We also discuss implications of our framework on the firewall problem. We conjecture that the complementarity picture may persist due to properties of trans-Planckian physics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Gene regulatory networks control the response of living cells to changes in their environment. A class of piecewise-linear (PWL) models, which capture the switch-like interactions between genes by means of step functions, has been found useful for describing the dynamics of gene regulatory networks. The step functions lead to discontinuities in the right-hand side of the differential equations. This has motivated extensions of the PWL models based on differential inclusions and Filippov solutions, whose analysis requires sophisticated numerical tools. We present a method for the numerical analysis of one proposed extension, called Aizerman–Pyatnitskii (AP)-extension, by reformulating the PWL models as a mixed complementarity system (MCS). This allows the application of powerful methods developed for this class of nonsmooth dynamical systems, in particular those implemented in the Siconos platform. We also show that under a set of reasonable biological assumptions, putting constraints on the right-hand side of the PWL models, AP-extensions and classical Filippov (F)-extensions are equivalent. This means that the proposed numerical method is valid for a range of different solution concepts. We illustrate the practical interest of our approach through the numerical analysis of three well-known networks developed in the field of synthetic biology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We go through Bohr's talk about complementary features of quantum theory at the Volta Conference in September 1927, by collating a manuscript that Bohr wrote in Como with the unpublished stenographic report of his talk. We conclude - also with the help of some unpublished letters - that Bohr gave a very concise speech in September. The formulation of his ideas became fully developed only between the fifth Solvay Conference, in Brussels in October, and early 1928. The unpublished stenographic reports of the Solvay Conference suggest that we reconsider the role that discussions with his colleagues possibly had on Bohr's final presentation of the complementary sides of atomic physics in his 1928 papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of quantum frames can help unravel some of the interpretive difficulties i the foundation of quantum mechanics. In this paper, 1 begin by tracing the origins of this concept in Bohr's discussion of quantum theory and his theory of complementarity. Engaging with various interpreters and followers of Bohr, I argue that the correct account of quantum frames must be extended beyond literal space-time reference frames to frames defined by relations between a quantum system and the exosystem or external physical frame, of which measurement contexts are a particularly important example. This approach provides superior solutions to key EPR-type measurement and locality paradoxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that instead of a rather narrow focus on N. Bohr's account of complementarity as a particular and perhaps obscure metaphysical or epistemological concept (or as being motivated by such a concept), we should consider it to result from pursuing a particular method of studying physical phenomena. More precisely, I identify a strong undercurrent of Baconian method of induction in Bohr's work that likely emerged during his experimental training and practice. When its development is analyzed in light of Baconian induction, complementarity emerges as a levelheaded rather than a controversial account, carefully elicited from a comprehensive grasp of the available experimental basis, shunning hasty metaphysically motivated generalizations based on partial experimental evidence. In fact. Bohr's insistence on the "classical" nature of observations in experiments, as well as the counterintuitive synthesis of wave and particle concepts that have puzzled scholars, seem a natural outcome (an updated instance) of the inductive method. Such analysis clarifies the intricacies of early Schrödingers critique of the account as well as Bohrs response, which have been misinterpreted in the literature. If adequate, the analysis may lend considerable support to the view that Bacon explicated the general terms of an experimentally minded strand of the scientific method. developed and refined by scientists in the following three centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recently it has been speculated that the S-matrix elements satisfy the Ward identity associated with the T-duality. This indicates that a group of S-matrix elements is invariant under the linear T-duality transformations on the external states. If one evaluates one component of such T-dual multiplet, then all other components may be found by the simple use of the linear T-duality. The assumption that fields must be independent of the Killing coordinate, however, may cause, in some cases, the T-dual multiplet not to be gauge invariant. In those cases, the S-matrix elements contain more than one T-dual multiplet which are intertwined by the gauge symmetry. In this paper, we apply the T-dual Ward identity on the S-matrix element of one RR -form and two NSNS states on the world volume of a -brane to find its corresponding T-dual multiplet. In the case that the RR potential has two transverse indices, the T-dual multiplet is gauge invariant, however, in the case that it has one transverse index the multiplet is not gauge invariant. We find a new T-dual multiplet in this case by imposing the gauge symmetry. We show that the multiplets are reproduced by explicit calculation, and their low energy contact terms at order are consistent with the existing couplings in the literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the relationships between switching systems defined from a partition of the state space into convex cells, and relay or complementarity dynamical systems, which are other classes of discontinuous systems. Well-posedness results (i.e. results on the existence and the uniqueness of solutions) for different classes of relay and complementarity systems which are also switching systems are presented. The reverse issue (when can a switching system be rewritten equivalently as a relay or a complementarity system) is also tackled. Many examples from Mechanics, Circuits, and Biology illustrate the developments throughout the paper. The paper focuses on systems with continuous solutions (i.e. with no state jumps). Convexity is the central property. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Stability analysis is a crucial aspect of structural design, particularly for beam type structures. This paper addresses the development of a complementary-energy based (dual) stability criterion for the quasi-static analysis of three-dimensional framed structures modeled using the so-called geometrically exact (Reissner–Simo) beam theory. The criterion is derived from the well known primal stability criterion based on the condition of minimum total potential energy. This is accomplished by resorting to the Lagrangian multiplier method together with the Legendre transformation. Several numerical benchmark problems are analyzed. The analyses are carried out using two dual finite element models and their corresponding stability criteria, namely, the traditional two-node displacement/rotation-based model with the primal stability criterion, and a recently introduced equilibrium-based model with the proposed dual stability criterion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Canalization is a typical self-organization process leading to complementarity between parts and the whole. In the field of developmental biology, concerns about morphogenesis canalization are often framed as the French flag problem, questioning how each cell knows its own position in the whole system. Although chemical gradients have been suggested to provide positional information, there is no direct evidence that gradients are used to gain positional information. The chemical gradient hypothesis is based on the assumption that agents (e.g., cells) in a domain that locally interact with each other can generate a chemical gradient thanks to a global reference point. Instead of a chemical gradient, we here propose a model based on agents that are equipped with sociality that is based not on a global reference but rather on the ability to sense other neighboring agents, or potential resonance. The interaction among the agents with sociality, developed from undifferentiated types or tokens, is implemented using asynchronous updating automata equipped with potential resonance. We show that these automata can generate a French flag pattern that is very robust against perturbations without positional information by comparing automata with synchronous updating and asynchronous automata without potential resonance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) models for silica(SiO2)-based dielectrics are revisited so as to better understand the ability of each model to explain quantitatively the generally accepted TDDB observations. Molecular dielectric degradation models, which lead to percolation path generation and eventual TDDB failure, tend to fall into three broad categories: field-based models, current-based models, and complementary combinations of field and current-based models. A complementary combination of field-induced polar-bond stretching and current-induced bond-catalysis seems to be required, at the molecular level, to explain the generally accepted TDDB observations. Thus, TDDB modeling is not simply the use of field or current – but both. Complementary combinations of field and current are required to fully explain the generally accepted TDDB observations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cement-bonded strawboard was developed as a new siding product with desired aesthetic attributes, workability and engineering characteristics. The high extractive and wax content of straw presents important challenges to production of cement-bonded strawboard. A broad variety of straw pretreatment techniques were evaluated for enhancement of straw compatibility with hydration of cement. Accelerated processing techniques involve applying pressure for densification and heating system were used. Use of admixtures and the specifics of strawboard production techniques were also essential to successful development of cement-bonded strawboard. The complementary use of these measures contributed towards development of cement-bonded strawboards which met the standard requirements for cement-based siding products and did not exhibit any degradation upon exposure to accelerated aging effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report on high-mobility top-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and complementary-like inverters fabricated with a solution-processed molecular bis(naphthalene diimide)-dithienopyrrole derivative as the channel semiconductor and a CYTOP/Al2O3 bilayer as the gate dielectric. The OFETs showed ambipolar behavior with average electron and hole mobility values of 1.2 and 0.01cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Complementary-like inverters fabricated with two ambipolar OFETs showed hysteresis-free voltage transfer characteristics with negligible variations of switching threshold voltages and yielded very high DC gain values of more than 90V/V (up to 122V/V) at a supply voltage of 25V. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The complexity of air quality modeling systems, air quality monitoring data make ad-hoc systems for model evaluation important aids to the modeling community. Among those are the ENSEMBLE system developed by the EC-Joint Research Center, and the AMET software developed by the US-EPA. These independent systems provide two examples of state of the art tools to support model evaluation. The two systems are described here mostly from the point of view of the support to air quality model users or developers rather than the technological point of view. While ENSEMBLE is a web based platform for model evaluation that allows the collection, share and treatment of model results as well as monitoring data, AMET is a standalone tool that works directly on single model data. The complementarity of the two approaches makes the two systems optimal for operational, diagnostic and probabilistic evaluations. ENSEMBLE and AMET have been extended in occasion of the AQMEII two-continent exercise and the new developments are described in this paper, together with those foreseen for the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We developed an active inter-connecting layer (ICL) composed of SnCl2Pc/Al/F16CuPc/ZnPc to achieve an effective organic tandem solar cell consisting of complementary absorbing layers. This ICL provides a new function to improve the light response of the top cell to enhance current matching between bottom cell and top cell. Meanwhile, the ICL is highly transparent and has efficient charge collections to realize electric connection in series. Finally, in the tandem cell, the open-circuit voltage of 1.52V is obtained that is the summation of the single cells (1.08V and 0.46V), and the power conversion efficiency of 3.21% under 100mW/cm2 is achieved that is higher than those of the single cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The mechanism of the mechanochemical reaction between Na2CO3 and Nb2O5, particularly the reaction course, was explored in detail. New data on the transitional (intermediate) phase of the reaction were obtained, including the characteristics of Nb―O bonding and chemical environment of Na+ ions. This was achieved by using analytical methods sensitive to the short-range (local) structural order, i.e., Raman and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The paper demonstrates the importance of selecting a combination of appropriate analytical tools; through the example of mechanochemistry, we show these tools provide far enriched information on complex reaction mechanisms, like those encountered during processing involving amorphous phases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the latest results of a large mixing angle for neutrinos by the T2K, MINOS and Double Chooz experiments, we find that the self-complementarity (SC) relations agree with the data in some angle-phase parametrizations of the lepton mixing matrix. There are three kinds of self-complementarity relations: (1) ; (2) ; (3) (where i, j, k denote the mixing angles in the angle-phase parametrizations). We present a detailed study on the self-complementarity relations in nine different angle-phase parametrizations, and also examine the explicit expressions in reparametrization-invariant form, as well as their deviations from global fit. These self-complementarity relations may lead to new perspective on the mixing pattern of neutrinos. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study the determinant of the average quadratic error matrix is used as the measure of state estimation efficiency. Minimizing this quantity gives us the optimal measurements in different scenarios. We present applications when von Neumann measurements or a single positive operator-valued measure are used, when there is no known information or a part of the parameters of the state is given. Under some restrictions the optimality is found for n-level systems. The optimal measurements have some complementary relation to each other and to the available data, moreover, symmetric informationally complete systems appear, containing a new, conditional version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Based on QCD sum rules we explore the consequences of a scenario for the ρ meson, where the chiral symmetry breaking condensates are set to zero whereas the chirally symmetric condensates remain at their vacuum values. This clean-cut scenario causes a lowering of the ρ spectral moment by about 120 MeV. The complementarity of mass shift and broadening is discussed. A simple parametrization of the ρ spectral function leads to a width of about 280 MeV if no shift of the peak position is assumed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Complementarity of the recently proposed comprehensive decomposition analysis of stabilization energy (CDASE) – scheme and the conventional ‘supermolecular approach’ is studied in the present article. While supermolecular approach complements the CDASE scheme by providing geometries of the individual components in the supermolecular environment, the CDASE scheme complements supermolecular approach by providing the direction of electron flow through reliable energetic parameters. The qualitative trend of stabilization energy values, generated by the CDASE scheme and derived from the conceptual density functional theory (DFT) based reactivity descriptors of the individual components in the overall geometry of the molecular complex, fully agrees with the trend of interaction energy values generated from supermolecular approach. Geometrical and the electronic parameters (i.e., bond distances, charges, etc.) also support the above results which are also as observed experimentally. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We estimated the photoconduction characteristics of some cells made in our laboratory from monomeric metal/salt phthalocyanines (Pc''s) and dibromoanthrone (DBA). Measurements were made at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for the following samples: LiPc, PbPc, and AlClPc compactions; DBA surface and sandwich cells; and FePc, PbPc, and AlClPc sandwich cells. Measurements were also made for the AlClPc sandwich cell under vacuum. Complementary steady-state and chopped-light techniques enabled estimation of the nature (whether Ohmic or first-order), size, speed, and lifetimes of photoresponses. An absorption spectrum and action spectrum (wavelength dependence of the steady-state photocurrent) were measured for the AlClPc sandwich cell. These preliminary data provide examples of photoconduction properties that one could expect if one chose to use any of these compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report on terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) as electron acceptor for bulk-heterojunction solar cells using poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) as complementary donor component. Enhanced absorption was observed in the blend compared to pure P3HT. As shown by the very efficient photoluminescence (PL) quenching, the generated excitons are collected at the interface between the donor and acceptor, where they separate into charges which we detect by photoinduced absorption and electron-spin resonance (ESR). Time-of-flight (TOF) photoconductivity measurements reveal a good electron mobility of 10−3 cm2V−1 s−1 in the blend. Nevertheless, the photocurrent in solar cells was found to be surprisingly low. Supported by the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum as well as morphological studies by way of X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, we explain our observation by the formation of a TDI hole blocking layer at the anode interface, which prevents the efficiently generated charges to be extracted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Piezoresistors of polycrystalline silicon were obtained by the aluminum induced crystallization (AIC) process-route. Tri-layer samples with the layer sequence Si/Al/Si were deposited by means of e-beam evaporation. The Si layer thickness was held constant at 300nm, whereas the Al thickness was varied between 25 and 125nm. The annealing was performed in vacuum at temperatures between 330 and 660°C for up to 6h. The piezoresistors exhibit gauge factors (GFs) of 4.5 up to 17, with temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) between −0.4 and −0.1%/K and temperature coefficients of GF (TCGF) between −0.1 and 0.4%/K. These values depend on the annealing conditions applied and the Al layer thickness of the sample. Complementary measurements on a bi-layer system of Al/Si=300nm/300nm were performed after annealing under vacuum conditions and a subsequent wet-etch removal of the Al top-layer. GFs up to 24, TCRs of −0.4 to −0.2%/K, and TCGFs of −0.2 to 0.2%/K were determined for these samples. As piezoresistive AIC-silicon is obtained using much lower process temperatures, compared to common high temperature processes, the process route presented becomes interesting for sensor applications on temperature sensitive substrates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electrically percolative composites of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) filled with different concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon black (CB) and (CNT–CB) hybrid fillers were fabricated by melt blending. The effects of filler type and composition on the electrical properties of the percolative TPE composites were studied. Percolation threshold for CB-, CNT- and (CNT–CB)-based composites was found to be 0.06, 0.07 and 0.07 volume fraction respectively. Compared to CB-based composites and earlier reported results, CNT- and (CNT–CB)-based ones revealed an unexpectedly high percolation threshold, which otherwise considered an unwelcome phenomenon, lead to distinct and rare percolation characteristics of CNT filled percolative composites like per-percolation conductivity and a relatively steep percolation curves. CB-based composites showed a comparatively sharp insulator–conductor transition curve complementing the percolation characteristics CNT- and (CNT–CB)-based composites. Percolation threshold conductivity of the fillers was in the order of CB>CNT>(CNT–CB), while maximum attained conductivities followed the order of CNT>(CNT–CB)>CB. Conductivity order of fillers not only denied much reported synergic effect in (CNT–CB) filler but also highlighted the effect of percolation characteristics on the outcome of conductivity values. Results obtained were of theoretical as well as practical importance and were explained in the context of filler morphology and different dispersion characteristics of the carbon based fillers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Solid acid–base sensors were prepared by encapsulating two pH indicators (brilliant yellow or acridine) within a silica matrix by the sol–gel method using three different routes: (1) non-hydrolytic, (2) acid catalyzed and (3) base catalyzed. The interactions of the silica-indicator with the resulting materials were then investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Complementary, ultraviolet–visible, photoacoustic spectroscopy was employed for the characterization of the interactions by monitoring the band shifts (bathochromic or hypsochromic, depending on the sol–gel route) between the neat pH indicators and those encapsulated within the silica network. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the N 1s binding energy in brilliant yellow was shifted for the material resulting from the acid route. The electrochemical behavior and the pH indicator interactions with the silica network were dependent on the nature of the employed sol–gel route. For the sensors prepared with acridine, the interactions with the silica network took place through the nitrogen group from the pyridinic ring. For the brilliant yellow indicator, different behaviors were observed depending on the route, suggesting different processes during preparation or analysis. For the basic catalyzed and non-hydrolytic routes, it was not possible to assign a specific interaction. Nevertheless, it seemed that interactions might have taken place through the hydroxyl and/or sulphonic groups. Furthermore, for the brilliant yellow sensor prepared through the acid route, it was possible to show that the interaction probably or partially occurred through the azo groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An approach is presented for dynamic analysis of tensegrity structures in the small displacement regime. Such analyses are characterized by cables switching between taut and slack states. The approach is based on casting the computation in each time increment as a complementarity problem. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the approach. Despite the nonsmooth nature of cables switching between taut and slack states, the computed solutions exhibit remarkable long-term energy balance. Furthermore, by exploiting some features of the tensegrity model, significant computational efficiency can be gained in the solution of the complementarity problem in each time increment. Due to the use of linearized kinematics, the method is not applicable as is to tensegrity structures with internal mechanisms or where the geometric stiffness is significant compared to the material stiffness. The method however plays a role in a more general nonlinear kinematics formulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A sub-channel flow blockage may be initiated by an ingression of damaged fuel debris or foreign obstacles into a core subassembly for the sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) due to the compact design of the fuel arrangement. Since local coolant temperature could go up high enough to reach a safety limit by the blockage disturbance in the subassembly, the MATRA-LMR-FB code was developed to analyze such blockage effect. An effort has been undergoing to enhance its reliability. In this study, a code-to-code comparison analysis with another code, SABRE4, was performed to supplement a qualification of the MATRA-LMR-FB. The two codes were applied to the analysis of partial sub-channel blockage accidents in a subassembly of the KALIMER-150, which is a conceptual design of a sodium-cooled fast reactor with an electric output of 150MW. The analyses were carried out not only for radially different blockage positions but also for different blockage sizes in the subassembly. In result, the two code results were generally agreed both in magnitude and trend within a range. Therefore, it was concluded that the comparison results could support complementarily the applicability of the MATRA-LMR-FB to the partial flow blockage accident in the subassembly of the SFR. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel configuration using only one Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for photonic-assisted instantaneous microwave frequency measurement is proposed. The amplitude comparison function (ACF), related to the input microwave frequency while independent of the input optical power and modulate index, is achieved by using a ratio of low-pass to bandpass frequency responses introduced by intensity and phase modulation with a shared MZI. The microwave frequency can be estimated by the measured ACF. A proof-of-concept experiment for measurement of RF from 5 to 10GHz is successfully demonstrated with the measurement errors less than ±0.2GHz. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we consider a class of stochastic linear complementarity problems (SLCPs) with finitely many elements. We present a smoothing Newton algorithm for solving the SLCP. Under suitable conditions, we obtain the global convergence and locally quadratic convergence of the proposed algorithm. Some numerical results are reported in this paper, which confirm the good theoretical properties of the proposed algorithm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel Hilbert-shaped complementary single split ring resonator (H-CSSRR) with an alterative split gap was initially presented and studied. Transmission characteristics of several CSSRR cells were assessed by full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation and analyzed by electrical simulation (equivalent circuit model). Miniaturization mechanism as well as effective EM parameters retrieval is also involved. Comparing to conventional CSSRR, proposed H-CSSRR was demonstrated with a merit of lower primary transmission zero realized by negative effective permittivity and multi-resonance behavior attributing to self-similarity of Hilbert geometry. For application, a tunable assembled low-pass filter (LPF) by periodically loading H-CSSRR cells and open stubs is designed, fabricated and measured. Measurement results indicate that the designed LPF has many good performances such as relative low insertion loss (maximum 0.59dB) in passband, ultra-wide stop-band characterized by 20dB insertion loss (from 2.45 to 25GHz) as well as steep rejection with sharp transition band (2.15–2.45GHz) out of band. Excellent property and consistent numerical and experimental results of the developed LPF have confirmed the effectiveness of this design concept. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Direct probe in vacuo chemical ionization (isobutane CI-MS) and Pyroprobe atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI-MS) are complementary techniques for the analysis of polymeric materials. Both techniques can generally be used to detect residual chemicals and more volatile additives (via thermal desorption), as well as polymeric components (via pyrolysis). Isobutane CI-MS is often a “softer” technique than APCI-MS, giving less background, less fragmentation, and more predictable and reproducible spectra. APCI, on the other hand, provides a higher maximum temperature and a means to carry out sample heating at atmospheric pressure (to simulate TGA). Pyroprobe APCI with high performance instruments has the added features of high resolution mass measurement (to determine atomic compositions) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS, to obtain fragmentation patterns). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The symmetric cone complementarity problem (denoted by SCCP) is a class of equilibrium optimization problems, and it contains the standard linear/nonlinear complementarity problem (LCP/NCP), the second-order cone complementarity problem (SOCCP) and the semidefinite complementarity problem (SDCP) as special cases. In this paper, we present a regularized smoothing Newton algorithm for SCCP by making use of Euclidean Jordan algebraic technique. Under suitable conditions, we obtain global convergence and local quadratic convergence of the proposed algorithm. Some numerical results are reported in this paper, which confirm the good theoretical properties of the proposed algorithm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A method of total excitation energy (TXE) partition between fully-accelerated fission fragments based exclusively on the systematic behaviour of experimental ( as a function of being parameterized) is proposed. This TXE partition method has the advantage to be not dependent on models and assumptions made at scission and in this sense it can be taken as a possible reference method. From this TXE partition applied on many fissioning systems a general parameterization of the fragment residual temperature ratio as a function of is obtained, giving the possibility to predict prompt fission quantities as a function of fragment. Other TXE partition methods (based on models and assumptions at scission or on equal residual temperatures of complementary fragments at full acceleration) are compared to this one, revealing limits of applicability as well as the sensibility of prompt neutron emission models to the TXE partition. The behaviour of experimental with the increase of incident energy consisting in the multiplicity increase for heavy fragments only, is argued and entirely supported by the quantitative Point-by-Point model results of describing very well the experimental of 237Np(n, f) at 0.8 and 5.5 MeV incident energies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]