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Previous studies have confirmed that irisin is released during and after exercise, a subset of physical activity. However, the association between incidental physical activity, including walking up the stairs or to the bus stop, and irisin levels in adults remains unclear. We investigated the association between incidental physical activity and circulating irisin levels in adults. We searched PubMed and Web of Science databases from inception to March 1, 2023. Studies investigating the association between physical activity (but not exercise) and irisin levels in adults were included. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to identify the factors that could modify the association between physical activity and irisin. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference (SMD) in circulating irisin levels between the least and most active groups. Twenty articles were included in this systematic review, totaling 6881 adults. Adults engaging in physical activity showed a higher circulating irisin concentration than inactive counterparts (SMD: 1.56; 95%CI: 1.49, 1.63; I2 = 99.1%). Meta-regression revealed that the SMD between active and inactive adults was lower in women than men. Sporadic physical activity is positively associated with circulating irisin levels in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of lifestyle factors on cognitive function related to four major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases, and the relationship between these NCDs and cognitive function have not been fully studied. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations between these NCDs and cognitive function in middle-aged and older people, and the combined effects of lifestyle factors. By employing the data from three large-scale cohort studies from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (2010–2019), English Longitudinal Study of Aging (2014–2019), and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2019), this study carried out a multi-cohort analysis to 77, 210 participants. Fixed-effects regression models were used to examine associations between NCD status and cognitive function. Margin plots were used to illustrate the effect of lifestyle factors. Our findings revealed the dose-dependent association between mounting these NCDs and declining cognitive performance, ranging from one NCD (β = −0.05, 95 % CI: −0.08 to −0.02) to four NCDs (β = −0.51, 95 % CI: −0.75 to −0.28). Decline in cognitive function associated with NCDs was exacerbated with physical inactivity, current smoking status, and an increase in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. The observational study design precludes causal interrogation of lifestyles and four NCDs on cognitive function. An increasing number of these NCDs were dose-dependently associated with the decline in cognitive function score. Unhealthy lifestyle factors expedite decline in cognitive function linked to these NCDs. • Rise in 4 major NCDs and decline in cognitive function alarms health. • More NCDs dose-dependently associated with lower cognitive function scores. • Unhealthy lifestyle factors expedite decline in NCD-linked cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unhealthy lifestyles, such as chronic consumption of a Western Diet (WD), have been associated with increased systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS), a condition that may favour cognitive dysfunctions during aging. Polyphenols, such as rosmarinic acid (RA) may buffer low-grade inflammation and OS, characterizing the aging brain that is sustained by WD, promoting healthspan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of RA to prevent cognitive decline in a mouse model of WD-driven unhealthy aging and to gain knowledge on the specific molecular pathways modulated within the brain. Aged male and female C57Bl/6N mice were supplemented either with RA or vehicle for 6 weeks. Following 2 weeks on RA they started being administered either with WD or control diet (CD). Successively all mice were tested for cognitive abilities in the Morris water maze (MWM) and emotionality in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Glucose and lipid homeostasis were assessed in trunk blood while the hippocampus was dissected out for RNAseq transcriptomic analysis. RA prevented insulin resistance in males while protecting both males and females from WD-dependent memory impairment. In the hippocampus, RA modulated OS pathways in males and immune- and sex hormones-related signalling cascades (Lhb and Lhcgr genes) in females. Moreover, RA overall resulted in an upregulation of Glp1r, recently identified as a promising target to prevent metabolic derangements. In addition, we also found an RA-dependent enrichment in nuclear transcription factors, such as NF-κB, GR and STAT3, that have been recently suggested to promote healthspan and longevity by modulating inflammatory and cell survival pathways. Oral RA supplementation may promote brain and metabolic plasticity during aging through antioxidant and immune-modulating properties possibly affecting the post-reproductive hormonal milieu in a sex-dependent fashion. Thus, its supplementation should be considered in the context of precision medicine as a possible strategy to preserve cognitive functions and to counteract metabolic derangements. [Display omitted] • Western diet (WD) precipitates aging in mice in a sex-dependent manner. • Rosmarinic acid (RA) prevents WD-mediated metabolic derangements in males. • RA decreases anxiety and enhances cognition in both sexes. • RA modulates oxidative stress, immune- and sex hormones-related pathways in the hippocampus. • RA supplementation could be a feasible strategy to promote healthspan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies on post-COVID syndrome (PCS) describe persisting symptoms of cognitive impairment. Previous studies, however, often investigated small samples or did not assess covariates possibly linked to cognitive performance. We aimed to describe 1) global and domain-specific cognitive performance in adults with PCS, controls with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and healthy controls, 2) associations of sociodemographics, depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue, somatic symptoms and stress with cognitive performance and subjective cognitive decline (SCD), using data of the LIFE-Long-COVID-Study from Leipzig, Germany. Group differences in cognitive performance and associations with sociodemographic and neuropsychiatric covariates were assessed using multivariable regression analyses. Our study included n = 561 adults (M age : 48.8, SD: 12.7; % female: 70.6). Adults with PCS (n = 410) performed worse in tests on episodic memory (b = −1.07, 95 % CI: −1.66, −0.48) and visuospatial abilities (b = −3.92, 95 % CI: −6.01, −1.83) compared to healthy controls (n = 64). No impairments were detected for executive function, verbal fluency, and global cognitive performance. Odds of SCD were not higher in PCS. A previous SARS-CoV-2 infection without PCS (n = 87) was not linked to cognitive impairment. Higher age and higher levels of stress and fatigue were linked to worse performance in several cognitive domains. Routine administration of tests for episodic memory and visuospatial abilities might aid in the identification of individuals at risk for cognitive impairment when reporting symptoms of PCS. Low numbers of participants with severe COVID-19 infections possibly limit generalizability of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of cognitive function on suicidal tendency in patients with schizophrenia is still inconclusive. This study aimed to explore the effect of cognitive impairment on suicidal tendency in schizophrenia patients and the risk factors of suicidal tendency in schizophrenia patients with cognitive impairment. A total of 988 subjects were recruited for this study and finally 517 patients were included in the statistical analysis. Sociodemographic information was collected for each subject. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess patients' cognitive functioning. In addition, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI) were used to assess psychotic symptoms, severity of insomnia, and intensity of suicidal ideation, respectively. Schizophrenia patients with cognitive dysfunction were significantly less likely to develop suicidal tendencies than those without cognitive dysfunction (P < 0.05, OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.39–0.81). In patients with cognitive impairment, those with suicidal tendency had substantially higher scores on BSI, ISI, EC, PD, IRI, F1, and PANSS positive subscale, and took more types of antipsychotic drugs than those without suicidal tendency (all P < 0.05), and the results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that, PANSS positive subscale score (B = 0.06, p = 0.04, OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.00–1.13) was a risk factor for suicidal tendencies. Our findings suggest that schizophrenia patients with cognitive dysfunction are significantly less likely to develop suicidal tendencies. Moreover, positive symptom is a risk factor for suicidal tendencies in schizophrenia patients with cognitive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nearly a quarter of individuals with pre-T2DM experience mild cognitive impairment. • Age, living alone, smoking, physical activity, social support, depression, and HBA1c status were found to be associated with mild cognitive impairment. • The nomogram provides a clinical basis for detecting mild cognitive impairment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is steadily increasing among elderly people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study aimed to create and validate a predictive model based on a nomogram. This cross-sectional study collected sociodemographic characteristics, T2DM-related factors, depression, and levels of social support from 530 older adults with T2DM. We used LASSO regression and multifactorial logistic regression to determine the predictors of the model. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated using calibration curves, receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and decision curve analysis (DCA). The nomogram comprised age, smoking, physical activity, social support, depression, living alone, and glycosylated hemoglobin. The AUC for the training and validation sets were 0.914 and 0.859. The DCA showed good clinical applicability. This predictive nomogram has satisfactory accuracy and discrimination. Therefore, the nomogram can be intuitively and easily used to detect MCI in elderly adults with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore nurses' experiences of establishing partnerships with parents for pain care of hospitalized children with cognitive impairment (CI) and identify related facilitators and barriers. In this qualitative, interpretive descriptive study, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted via videoconferencing with pediatric nurses from inpatient wards in a Canadian pediatric quaternary hospital. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using an inductive, data-driven thematic analysis approach. Eleven nurses were interviewed. The overarching theme was Assessing Pain as an Outsider: "A Complete Guessing Game". Seven major themes were identified.: Relying on Parent Expertise for Pain Assessment, Brainstorming with Parents for Pain Treatment, Supporting Parents as Advocates for Pain Care, Individualizing Pain Care with Parents, Involving the Child in Pain Care: A Spectrum, Barriers to Partnership in Pain Care and Facilitators to Partnership in Pain Care. Nurses described the many ways they involve parents as partners in pain care. However, nurses shared strong feelings of uncertainty associated with pain care in children with CI. Consequently, nurses felt the need to rely on parents for appropriately assessing and treating pain in children with CI. Findings highlighted the practice and education gaps that may contribute to nurses' uncertainty and reliance on parents. By identifying related practice and education gaps, healthcare organizations can implement strategies to further support nurses in establishing partnerships and potentially optimize pain care practices. • Nurses felt uncertain about pain care for children with cognitive impairment. • Nurses expressed the need to rely on parents' expertise in pain care. • Several related practice and education gaps to address were identified by nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the relationship between the responses of a number of different cognitive trainings on cognitive functioning in middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Randomized controlled experimental studies published publicly from the time of inception to October 30, 2023 were searched through Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases. Traditional and network meta-analyses were performed using Stata 17.0 software. Fifty papers on 4 types of cognitive training were included. Traditional meta-analysis showed that virtual reality training (SMD = 0.53, 95% CI : [0.36,0.70], P = 0.00), neuropsychological training (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI : [0.18,0.70], P = 0.00), cognitive strategy training (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI : [0.16,0.36], P = 0.00), and cognitive behavioral therapy (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI : [0.08,0.41], P = 0.00) all had significant improvement effects on the cognitive function of middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Network meta-analysis revealed neuropsychological training as the best cognitive training, and subgroup analysis of cognitive function subdimensions showed that neuropsychological training had the best effects on working memory, lobal cognitive function, memory, and cognitive flexibility improvement. Meanwhile, virtual reality training had the best effects on processing speed, verbal ability, overall executive function, spatial cognitive ability, and attention improvement. Cognitive training can significantly improve the cognitive function of middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment, and neuropsychological training is the best intervention, most effective in interventions lasting more than 8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its relation with cognitive dysfunction. The study was carried out on 60 RA patients; 30 were active (group A) and 30 were non active (group B); and 30 controls (group C). RA disease activity was assessed via DAS28 tool, cognitive function via The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and depression via the PHQ depression scale. Serum BDNF levels were measured. The mean age in group A was 37.8 (± 9.37) years with 83.3% females, in group B was 39.97 (± 8.04) years with 86.7% females and in group C was 33.17 (± 3.6) years with 93.3% females. Abnormal cognitive functions test was detected in 66.7% of group A, 66.7% of group B, and in 23.3% of group C. There was a statistically significant difference in BDNF serum level between both groups of patients (1.58 ± 0.9 ng/ml for group A, 1.81 ± 1.17 ng/ml for group B) compared with the control group (3.01 ± 1.25 ng/ml, p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between BDNF and both disease duration and cognitive function, also no statistically significant difference regarding cognitive function, depression, and BNDF levels in patients with and without fibromyalgia. At a cut-off value of <2 ng/ml, BDNF detected RA patients with cognitive dysfunction with a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 96.67%. BDNF can be a potential biomarker of cognitive dysfunction in RA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • RES can alleviate depressive behavior in PSD rats. • RES can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain tissue of PSD rats. • RES can ameliorate cognitive impairment in PSD rats. • RES can activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in the brain tissue of PSD rats. • The repressed Nrf2/HO-1 pathway reverses the effect of RES on PSD rats. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a prevalent mental health issue, and resveratrol (RES) has been implicated in its management. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of RES on PSD. A PSD rat model was established through middle cerebral artery occlusion and chronic unpredictable mild stress. Rats received RES via gavage, and depressive behaviors were evaluated through various measures. Cerebral infarction areas and brain tissue pathology were assessed using TTC and H&E staining. Levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-10), neurotransmitters (ACH/DA/5-HT/BDNF), and oxidative stress-related indicators (SOD/GSH-Px/MDA), along with the total Nrf2/C-Nrf2/N-Nrf2/HO-1 proteins, were analyzed. The role of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was investigated by co-treating rats with RES and either an Nrf2 pathway specific inhibitor (ML385) or activator (dimethyl fumarate). PSD rats exhibited depressive behaviors, disrupted neurotransmitter levels, and oxidative stress markers. RES treatment effectively alleviated these symptoms and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in PSD rat brain tissues. Co-administration of ML385 attenuated the beneficial effects of RES in PSD rats. Altogether, RES mitigates depressive behaviors, improves cognitive dysfunction, and reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in PSD rats. These effects are mediated through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, suggesting RES as a potential therapeutic agent for PSD-related cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disease that manifests before the age of 16 years, following a remitting - relapsing course. The clinical presentation in children is multifaceted, most commonly including constitutional, hematological, cutaneous, renal, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric manifestations range widely, affecting approximately 14–95 % of jSLE patients. They are associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly at a younger age. Headaches, seizures, cognitive dysfunction, and mood disorders are the most frequent neuropsychiatric manifestations. The pathophysiological mechanism is quite complex and has not yet been fully investigated, with autoantibodies being the focus of research. The diagnosis of neuropsychiatric jSLE remains challenging and exclusionary. In this article we review the clinical neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with jSLE with the aim that early diagnosis and prompt treatment is achieved in children and adolescents with the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on existing evidence of the effects of the most commonly used non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), which includes transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the cognitive improvement and safety of NIBS on schizophrenia-related cognitive impairment. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the included RCTs; Review Manager, version 5.4.1, was used to perform the statistical analysis. Twenty double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trials involving 997 patients were included. As a result, no significant improvement in cognitive function was observed after NIBS treatment. However, the overall treatment effect of the two main NIBS modes (i.e., rTMS and tDCS) was associated with significantly larger improvements in negative symptoms and good tolerability in patients with schizophrenia compared to sham-controls (SMD = −0.56, 95% CI [−1.03, −0.08], p = 0.02, I2 = 88%). NIBS model and stimulus parameters influenced the effect of NIBS. More favorable effects were observed in patients who received rTMS stimulation (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI [0.01, 0.49], p = 0.04, I2 = 0%) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a stimulation intensity of 20 Hz (p = 0.004) for a period longer than 1 month (p < 0.05). Yet, due to the limited number of included studies and heterogeneity in both study design and target population, the results of this analysis need to be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study were to explore trajectories for patterns of postoperative pain intensity during the first year following hip fracture surgery and the relationships between pain trajectory groups, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms. A prospective cohort correlational study. A total of 325 patients aged 60 years or older who had received hip fracture surgery at a 3000-bed medical center in northern Taiwan from September 2012 to March 2020. Data were collected before hospital discharge and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postdischarge. Pain intensity was measured using a numeric rating scale; cognitive function was measured with the Taiwan version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; and depressive symptoms were measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale–Short Form. Patients with similar postoperative pain trajectories were categorized into groups and compared with group-based trajectory modeling. Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms associated with each group were identified by logistic regression. Three different pain trajectory groups were identified: drastic decline–minimum pain (47.7%), gentle decline–mild pain (45.5%), and slight decline–moderate pain (6.8%). Patients with cognitive impairment [odds ratio (OR) 11.01, 95% CI 2.99-10.51] and at risk for depression (OR 49.09, 95% CI 10.46-230.30) were more likely to be in the moderate pain group than the minimum pain group. Patients with cognitive impairment (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.25-3.42) were more likely to be in the mild pain group than the minimum pain group. Patients at risk for depression (OR 9.68, 95% CI 3.16-29.63) were more likely to be in the moderate pain group than the mild pain group. Identifying postoperative pain trajectories can provide insight into the most appropriate pain management for older persons following hip fracture surgery. Attention should focus on assessments for cognitive impairment and risk of depression to prevent persistent postoperative pain. Future studies of older patients with clinically diagnosed cognitive impairment and depression are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the effects of volatile anesthetics and propofol on neurocognitive function after cardiac surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted. A total of 10 randomized controlled trials comparing volatile anesthetics and propofol in cardiac surgery were included in the study. The standardized mean difference and risk ratio were calculated to estimate pooled effect sizes. The primary outcome was the postoperative neurocognitive function score, and the secondary outcome was the incidence of delirium after cardiac surgery. The analysis did not show significant differences in postoperative neurocognitive function scores (standardized mean difference − 0.06, 95% CI − 0.81-0.69; p = 0.879). The incidences of delirium (risk ratio 1.10, 95% CI 0.81-1.50) between the volatile anesthetics and propofol groups were not significant (p = 0.533). Unlike noncardiac surgery, there are no differences between volatile anesthetics and propofol regarding postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aimed to explore the abnormal spontaneous brain activity by regional homogeneity (ReHo) and its association with cognitive function to understand the neuropathology of major depressive disorder (MDD). ReHo was used to investigate brain activities of 60 patients with first-episode drug-naive MDD and 60 healthy controls (HCs). Partial correlation analysis was conducted on altered ReHo values and the severity of symptoms and cognitive deficits. Moreover, support vector machine analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of abnormal ReHo values in distinguishing patients with MDD from HCs. Compared with HCs, patients with MDD showed significantly increased ReHo values in the right cerebellum crus2 and right thalamus and decreased ReHo values in the right angular gyrus (AG) and right precuneus (PCUN). The ReHo values in right cerebellum crus2 and right AG were positively associated with working memory and visual learning, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of ReHo values in the right cerebellum crus2 and right PCUN discriminated the patients with MDD from HCs with specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of 0.9688, 0.6250, and 0.90, respectively. The design of repeated cross-sectional surveys does not allow analyses of within individual changes. Our study revealed that the pathophysiology mechanism of cognitive deficits in MDD may be related to abnormal spontaneous brain activity. Moreover, the combination of ReHo values in the right cerebellum crus2 and right PCUN can be used to discriminate patients with MDD from HCs effectively. • Widespread ReHo alterations and cognitive dysfunction in MDD • Cognitive deficits in MDD were related to abnormal spontaneous brain activity. • Abnormalities might distinguish patients with MDD from healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality traits have been associated with cognitive functioning and risk of cognitive decline. Fewer studies have investigated how personality facets are associated with cognition in large cohorts with a prospective design. The association between eight personality facets and cognition (speed measures reflecting psychomotor speed and visual attention; hit rate measures reflecting visual learning and working memory) was analyzed in middle-aged adults from the Lifelines cohort (N = 79911; age 43 ± 11 years). High hostility, high vulnerability, low excitement seeking, and low competence were associated with worse cognitive performance on all tasks. Impulsivity-related facets had weak and differential associations, with self-discipline negatively associated with accuracy and deliberation negatively associated with speed. These associations remained largely unchanged when accounting for lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity). The associations with cognition were stronger in older people for impulsiveness, deliberation, and hostility, while stronger in younger people for excitement seeking, self-discipline, and vulnerability. In a large population-based sample with a broad age range, the associations of personality facets with cognitive functioning had small effect sizes, were independent of lifestyle factors, and varied with age and among facets within the same personality domain. These findings highlight the importance of developmental stages and facet-level research in personality-cognition associations. [Display omitted] • Personality facets are associated with cognition in 79911 middle-aged adults. • Associations are unchanged when accounting for lifestyle factors and vary with age. • Developmental stages and facet-level research need to be considered in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unresolved surgical inflammation might induce chronic cognitive decline in older adults. Although inflammatory biomarkers have been correlated with perioperative cognitive impairment and delirium, the effects of prolonged inflammation on cognition are not well studied. This prospective cohort study investigated 1-yr dynamics in plasma interleukin-6 levels and executive function. Patients undergoing major surgery (n= 170) aged ≥65 yr completed Trail Making Test B and other neuropsychological assessments with plasma interleukin-6 levels collected on postoperative days 1–9 and 90, and at 1-yr. Mixed-effects analyses were conducted for Trail Making Test B (and other assessments), including interleukin-6 levels, time, and additional confounders (fixed effects), and a random effect for participant. Changes in interleukin-6 levels were associated with changes in Trail Making Test B over 1 yr in a generalised additive model (β =0.074, P <0.001) supporting that unresolved inflammation impaired executive function. This result was robust to confounders, outlier rejection, and fitting to non-linear models. Changes in interleukin-6 levels also correlated with changes in Trail Making Test A and Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Sensitivity analyses conducted on binary definitions of cognitive decline (>1, >1.5, or >2 standard deviations from baseline) were also associated with interleukin-6 changes. Delayed resolution of inflammation is associated with cognitive impairment after surgery. Monitoring interleukin-6 might provide an opportunity to intervene with anti-inflammatory therapies in vulnerable patients. NCT01980511, NCT03124303. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The environment determines the mental and physical health of the older adults. • Better environmental characteristics decrease the chances of functional limitation. • Poor safety increases the chances of limitations in mobility and muscle strength. • Better streets/sidewalks decrease 57% the likelihood of cognitive impairment. It is important to identify the association between characteristics of the neighborhood environment, cognitive impairment and functional limitations to organize early and effective intervention strategies. A cross-sectional survey of 308 community-dwelling older adults was conducted. Logistic Regression analyses were performed to verify the associations between self-perceived characteristics of the neighborhood environment (Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale), cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination) and functional limitations (mobility, lower limb muscle strength and balance). Significant negative associations were observed: (1) better infrastructure, traffic and safety and mobility limitation; (2) better infrastructure and muscle weakness; (3) better safety and balance limitation; and (4) better streets/sidewalks and cognitive impairment. On the other hand, positive associations were observed between poor safety with mobility limitation and muscle weakness. Our findings contribute to greater knowledge about neighborhood characteristics regarding mental and physical health in community-dwelling older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between thiamine blood level (TBL) and cognition remains uncertain, including among alcohol-dependent persons (ADP). To evaluate this relationship during protocol-driven inpatient alcohol detoxification treatment including thiamine supplementation (AD + Th). Prospective 3-week study with 100 consecutively admitted detoxification-seeking ADP (47.7 ± 11 years old, 21% females) without superseding comorbidities requiring treatment. TBL and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were measured at admission (t 1 , pre-AD + Th) and discharge (t 3 , post-AD + Th). Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) was performed at t 1. AD + Th included abstinence, pharmacological alcohol withdrawal syndrome treatment, and oral thiamine supplementation (200 mg/day for 14 days). Regression and mediation analyses assessed TBL-cognition relationships. We found no cases of Wernicke Encephalopathy (WE) and only one case of thiamine deficiency. Both MoCA and TBL significantly improved across AD + Th (with medium-to-large effect sizes). At t 1 , TBL significantly predicted MoCA and FAB sum scores (medium effect sizes; extreme and very strong evidence, respectively). The clear TBL-MoCA association disappeared at t 3. In multivariate regression and mediation analyses exploring key influential factors of cognition (identified by LASSO regression), the TBL-MoCA interactions did not relevantly change at t 1 and t 3. Age, serum transaminases, vitamin D levels, drinking-years, and depression score weakly modified the relationship. TBL was a robust predictor of pre-detoxification cognitive impairment, and both TBL and cognition improved significantly during AD + Th (including abstinence) in our ADP population, supporting routine thiamine supplementation for ADP, even those at low WE-risk. The TBL-cognition relationship was minimally confounded by age, alcohol-toxicity proxies, mood, and vitamin D levels. • The relationship between thiamine blood level (TBL) and cognition is still unclear. • This is a prospective 3-week study with 100 detoxifying adult alcohol-dependent persons. • TBL and cognition significantly improved during the detoxification treatment including thiamine supplementation. • TBL significantly predicted pre-detoxification cognition, esp. visuospatial, executive, memory, and abstraction abilities. • Significant TBL-cognition association was missing at post-detoxification (presumably owning to a ceiling effect upon MOCA). • TBL-cognition association was not meaningfully confounded by alcohol-toxicity proxies, homocysteine, mood, serum vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is the primary question addressed by this study? Is there any association between social isolation and perceived loneliness with cognitive performance in a nationally representative sample of people aged 50 years and older from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). • What is the main finding of this study? In a large sample from a low-to-middle-income countries (LMIC), social isolation, and perceived loneliness were associated with worse cognitive performance. Depressive symptoms decrease the strength of these associations, suggesting weaker associations as the number of depressive symptoms increased. • What is the meaning of the finding? This study shows the importance of assessing social support, cognitive performance, and depression symptoms in older adults living in LMIC. The association between social isolation and cognitive performance has been less investigated in low-to-middle-income countries (LMIC) and the presence of depression as a moderator on this association has not been examined. The authors examined the associations of social isolation and perceived loneliness with cognitive performance in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging. In this cross-sectional analysis, social isolation was evaluated by a composite score including marital status, social contact, and social support. The dependent variable was global cognitive performance, which considered memory, verbal fluency, and temporal orientation tests. Linear and logistic regressions were adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. The authors added interaction terms of depressive symptoms with social isolation and loneliness to examine whether depression, measured through the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, modified these associations. Among 6,986 participants (mean age = 62.1 ± 9.2 years), higher levels of social connections were associated with better global cognitive performance (B = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.02; 0.04). Perceived loneliness was associated with worse cognition (B = −0.26, 95%CI = −0.34; −0.18). Interactions of depressive symptoms with social connections scores were found on memory z-score and with loneliness on global and memory z-scores, suggesting a weaker association between social isolation or loneliness and cognition among those with depressive symptoms. In a large sample from an LMIC, social isolation and loneliness were associated with worse cognitive performance. Surprisingly, depressive symptoms decrease the strength of these associations. Future longitudinal studies are important to assess the direction of the association between social isolation and cognitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive dysfunction is a serious complication of moyamoya disease (MMD) in adults, and reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) might be the potential cause. We aimed to explore the correlation between cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive function in adults with MMD by using three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (3D-pCASL). A total of 24 MMD patients with a history of cerebral infarction, 25 asymptomatic MMD patients, and 25 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled in this study. All participants were performed 3D-pCASL, and cognitive function was evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), and the Trail Making Test Part A (TMTA). The correlation between cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive function was explored in the region of interest-based analysis. Compared with healthy controls, both CBF and cognition decreased in adult MMD. In the infarction group, the MMSE and MoCA scores correlated with CBF of the right anterior cerebral artery (P = 0.037 and 0.010, respectively) and the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) cortical territories (P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively), and the TMTA time-consuming has a negative correlation with CBF of the right and left MCA cortical territories (P = 0.044 and 0.010, respectively); in the asymptomatic group, the MMSE and MoCA scores correlated with CBF of the left MCA cortical territory (P = 0.032 and 0.029, respectively). The 3D-pCASL can find the hypoperfusion area of CBF in adults with MMD, and hypoperfusion in specific brain regions may cause cognitive dysfunction even in asymptomatic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative delirium is an important complication of surgery and is associated with poor long-term cognitive outcomes, although the neural basis underlying this relationship is poorly understood. Neuroimaging studies and network-based approaches play an important role in our understanding of the mechanism by which delirium relates to longitudinal cognitive decline. A recent resting state functional MRI study is reviewed, which shows reduced global connectivity up to 3 months after delirium, supporting recent models of delirium and opening the door for applying this approach to understanding the complex inter-relationship between delirium and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common type of MS with prevalence rate 20–60 patients/100.000 individuals in Egypt. Poor postural control and cognitive dysfunctions are well-established complications of RRMS without potent remedy yet. The latest evidence highlighted the potential and independent immune-modulating effects of vitamin D 3 and ultraviolet radiation in the management of RRMS. To investigate the efficacy of broadband ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) versus moderate loading dose of vitamin D 3 supplementation in improving postural control and cognitive functions. Pretest-posttest randomized controlled study. Multiple sclerosis outpatient unit of Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital. Forty-seven patients with RRMS were recruited from both genders, yet only 40 completed the study. Patients were randomized into two groups: UVBR group involved 24 patients, received sessions for 4 weeks and vitamin D 3 group involved 23 patients, took vitamin D 3 supplementation (50 000 IU/week) for 12 weeks. Overall balance system index (OSI) and symbol digit modalities test (SDMT). Highly significant decrease (P < 0.001) of the OSI in both groups post-treatment, indicating improved postural control. Moreover, highly significant improvement in the SDMT scores was noted, indicating information processing speed enhancement. Nonetheless, no statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05) differences were evident between the two groups post-treatment in all tested measures. Both therapeutic programs were statistically equal in improving postural control and cognitive functions. However, clinically, UVBR therapy was more convenient owing to its shorter treatment time and higher percentage of change for all tested measures. • Enhanced cognition & alleviated fatigue are imperative for postural control in MS. • Cognitive dysfunctions and fatigue are often overlooked in current MS Management. • To date, There are no satisfactory Drugs to improve all of the three symptoms. • Ultraviolet & vitamin D efficiently, quickly and safely treated all three at once. • Patients with MS will immensely benefit from both therapies in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the relationship between hearing ability and cognitive domains and determine how the relationship changes after 6 months of introducing a hearing aid. We conducted a 6-month hearing aid lending study between September 2014 and March 2019, including 59 older participants who visited the Memory Clinic at the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology. The hearing level was assessed using pure tone audiometry. Speech intelligibility was measured using the monosyllabic word discrimination score. We assessed the relationship between hearing ability and cognitive domains using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total score and four subscale scores (orientation, memory, attention, and language). Differences in the cognitive function between baseline (pre-) and 6 months later (post-) after introducing a hearing aid were also assessed. The pre-orientation score was significantly associated with the pure-tone average (p = 0.013), and the pre-language score was significantly associated with speech intelligibility (p = 0.006) after adjusting for confounders. None of the MMSE subscale scores were significantly different between pre- and post-scores, however, an expectation of improvement with continuous hearing aid use was implied in the attention domain. We found a significant association between hearing ability and cognitive domains in individuals whose cognitive functions were not considered healthy. The presence of a potential relationship between cognitive domains, hearing ability, and auditory compensation is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a concern after anaesthesia and surgery, but preoperative discussion of neurocognitive risks with older patients rarely occurs. Anecdotal experiences of POCD are common in the popular media and may inform patient perspectives. However, the degree of alignment between lay and scientific perspectives on POCD is not known. We performed inductive qualitative thematic analysis on website user comments publicly submitted under an article entitled, 'The hidden long-term risks of surgery: "It gives people's brains a hard time"', published by the UK-based news source The Guardian in April 2022. We analysed 84 comments from 67 unique users. Themes that emerged from user comments included the importance of functional impact ('Couldn't work ... even reading was a struggle'), attribution to a range of causes but particularly the use of general, rather than consciousness-preserving, anaesthesia techniques ('side effects aren't fully understood'), and inadequate preparation and response by healthcare providers ('I would have benefited by being warned'). There is misalignment between professional and lay understandings of POCD. Lay people emphasise subjective and functional impact of symptoms, and express beliefs about the role of anaesthetics in causing POCD. Some patients and caregivers affected by POCD report feeling abandoned by medical providers. In 2018, new nomenclature for postoperative neurocognitive disorders was published, which better aligns with lay perspectives by including subjective complaints and functional decline. Further studies based on newer definitions and public messaging may improve concordance between different understandings of this postoperative syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated an association between clinical atrial fibrillation (AF) and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to further clarify the impact of AF burden on cognitive function based on detailed electrophysiological recordings and standardized assessments of cognitive function. This prospective cohort study, conducted at the Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinic of a tertiary center, included patients with non-valvular AF. AF burden was evaluated using 14-day patch-based electrocardiography. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Enrolled patients (n = 253) were grouped according to the median AF burden (13.52%). Patients with higher AF burden were significantly older and had larger left atrium size, a worse ejection fraction, and a lower MoCA score than those with lower AF burden. Predictors of MoCA score included age, CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score, AF burden, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores. The association between MoCA scores and AF burden remained significant after adjustment for demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, and echocardiographic parameters (standardized beta coefficient: −0.159, 95% confidence interval: −0.020 to −0.004, p = 0.004). AF burden is associated with cognitive function in patients with AF. Further studies are required to determine whether reducing AF burden can preserve cognitive function in these patients. • This is the first prospective study to clearly demonstrate the association between cognitive function and AF burden in patients with AF. • When treating a patient with AF, even if it cannot be eliminated, reducing AF burden may aid in preserving cognitive function. • Defining AF burden as the percentage of time spent in AF may be easier and more appropriate for evaluating the severity of AF than defining based on the longest AF duration or number of AF events. • The effects of AF burden on cognitive function appear to become more evident as the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is recommended as a sensitive method to explore white matter (WM) microstructural alterations. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) may be accompanied by extensive WM microstructural deterioration, while cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are an important factor affecting CSVD. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) images from 49 CSVD patients with CMBs (CSVD-c), 114 CSVD patients without CMBs (CSVD-n), and 83 controls were analyzed using DTI-derived tract-based spatial statistics to detect WM diffusion changes among groups. Compared with the CSVD-n and control groups, the CSVD-c group showed a significant FA decrease and AD, RD and MD increases mainly in the cognitive and sensorimotor-related WM tracts. There was no significant difference in any diffusion metric between the CSVD-n and control groups. Furthermore, the widespread regional diffusion alterations among groups were significantly correlated with cognitive parameters in both the CSVD-c and CSVD-n groups. Notably, we applied the multiple kernel learning technique in multivariate pattern analysis to combine multiregion and multiparameter diffusion features, yielding an average accuracy >77 % for three binary classifications, which showed a considerable improvement over the single modality approach. We only grouped the study according to the presence or absence of CMBs. CSVD patients with CMBs have extensive WM microstructural deterioration. Combining DTI-derived diffusivity and anisotropy metrics can provide complementary information for assessing WM alterations associated with cognitive dysfunction and serve as a potential discriminative pattern to detect CSVD at the individual level. • Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) may be accompanied by extensive WM microstructural deterioration, while cerebral microbleeds are an important factor affecting CSVD. • Diffusion tensor imaging is recommended as a sensitive method to explore white matter microstructural alterations. • The multiple kernel learning technique in multivariate pattern analysis were applied to combine multiregion and multiparameter diffusion features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A 12-week multimodal intervention program consisting of cognitive training and cognitive-stimulation activities was tested. • Multimodal intervention program improved global cognitive function. • Cognitive capability and independent functioning can be maintained. • Older adults at high risk for dementia in rural areas are the target group. This pilot study aimed to explore the effects of a 12-week multimodal intervention program, comprising cognitive training and cognitive-stimulation, on cognitive performance and daily function of older adults in rural communities. Fifty-one participants were equally assigned to the multimodal intervention, cognitive-stimulation, and no-intervention control groups. Cognition and daily function were assessed using the Korean version of neuropsychological test battery and instrumental activities of daily living at baseline and at the 12-week follow-up assessment, respectively. Compared with the two other groups, the multimodal intervention group showed significant improvement in global cognitive function, attention, and executive function. A significant group-by-time interaction in instrumental activities of daily living was observed among the groups, with a greater improvement observed in the multimodal intervention group and little changes or decreases over time in the other groups. This study suggested the beneficial effects of a multimodal intervention on cognitive and behavioral improvement in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Significant efforts are increasingly directed towards identifying novel therapeutic targets for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with a rising role of aberrant glutamatergic transmission in the pathogenesis of ASD-associated cellular and behavioral deficits. This study aimed at investigating the role of chronic memantine (20 mg/kg/day) and aripiprazole (3 mg/kg/day) combination therapy in the management of prenatal sodium valproate (VPA)-induced autistic-like/cognitive deficits in male Wistar rats. Pregnant female rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of VPA (600 mg/kg) to induce autistic-like behaviors in their offspring. Prenatal VPA induced autistic-like symptoms (decreased social interaction and the appearance of stereotyped behavior) with deficits in spatial learning (in Morris water maze) and cognitive flexibility (in the attentional set-shifting task) in addition to decreased hippocampal protein levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and gene expression of glutamate transporter-1 (Glt-1) with a decline in GABA/glutamate ratio (both measured by HPLC). These were accompanied by the appearance of numerous neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) with enhanced apoptosis in hippocampal sections. Memantine/aripiprazole combination increased the protein levels of p-CREB, BDNF, and Glt-1 gene expression with restoration of GABA/glutamate balance, attenuation of VPA-induced neurodegenerative changes and autistic-like symptoms, and improvement of cognitive performance. This study draws attention to the favorable cognitive effects of memantine/aripiprazole combination in autistic subjects which could be mediated via enhancing CREB/BDNF signaling with increased expression of astrocytic Glt-1 and restoration of GABA/glutamate balance, leading to inhibition of hippocampal NFTs formation and neuronal apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • β-1, 3-galactosyltransferase 2 (B3galt2) contributes to diabetic encephalopathy. • F3/contactin is involved in B3galt2-mediated hippocampus neuron apoptosis. • Diabetic cognitive dysfunction can be alleviated by salidroside. • B3galt2/F3/Contactin pathway plays a vital role in diabetic cognitive dysfunction. Diabetes is frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment with insidious onset, and progressive cognitive and behavioral changes. β-1, 3-galactosyltransferase 2 (B3galt2) contributes to glycosylation, showing a clue for neuronal apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. However, the role of B3galt2 in diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) has not been investigated. In the present study, we aimed to explore the role of B3galt2 in DCD. Additionally, the potential therapeutic effects of salidroside on DCD was also explored. Diabetic C57BL/6J mice showed cognitive dysfunction together with down-regulated B3galt2. Overexpression of B3galt2 reversed the cognitive decline of diabetic C57BL/6J. Moreover, cognitive impairment was aggravated in B3galt2+/− diabetic mice compared with C57BL/6J diabetic mice. Immunohistochemistry fluorescence indicated that B3galt2 and F3/Contactin were co-localized in the hippocampal regions. Importantly, the expression of F3/Contactin can be regulated by the manipulation of B3galt2, overexpression of which assuaged hippocampal neuronal damage, protected the synapsin, and reduced neuronal apoptosis in diabetic mice. Interestingly, SAL alleviated DCD and reversed the expression of B3galt2 in diabetic C57BL/6J mice. These findings indicate that inhibition of B3galt2/F3/Contactin pathway contributes to DCD, and participates in SAL reversed DCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-stroke chronic stress (PSCS) is generally associated with the poorer recovery and more pronounced cognitive dysfunction. Recent evidence has implied that S-ketamine can reduce suicidal ideation in treatment-resistant depression. In this current study, we aimed to investigate whether the administration of S-ketamine ameliorated cognitive deficits under PSCS conditions, which was established by a model combining middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and chronic restraint stress. Our data suggested that mice exposed to PSCS exhibited depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment, which coincided with astrocytosis as indicated by increased GFAP-positive cells and impairment of long-time potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1. Subanesthetic doses (10 mg/kg) of S-ketamine have significantly mitigated depression-like behaviors, cognitive deficits and LTP impairment, reduced astrocytosis, excessive GABA, and inflammatory factors, including NLRP3 and IL-18 in astrocytes in the CA1. Besides, neuroprotective effects induced by S-ketamine administration were found in vitro but could be partially reversed by an agonist of the NLRP3 nigericin. Our current data also suggests that the subanesthetic doses of S-ketamine improved cognitive dysfunction via the inhibition of hippocampal astrocytosis in a mouse model of PSCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even after recovery from overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE), minimal HE (MHE), which impairs quality of life (QoL), can persist. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was performed to determine the impact of albumin vs. saline on MHE and QoL in individuals with prior HE already on standard of care. Outpatients with cirrhosis and prior HE, MHE and hypoalbuminemia already on treatment for HE were included. Patients on regular IV albumin infusions were excluded. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either weekly infusions of 25% IV albumin 1.5 g/kg or saline over 5 weeks. MHE was defined using either psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES), Stroop or critical clicker frequency. MHE, QoL (based on sickness impact profile [SIP] total, physical, psychosocial domain) and serum markers (inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and ischemia-modified albumin) were compared between baseline, the final infusion visit (end-of-drug [EOD]) and 1-week post final infusion (end-of-study [EOS]). Forty-eight (24/group) participants were randomized and balanced (including by HE medication use) at baseline. Adverse events were similar, with MELD and ammonia remaining stable between/within groups. Albumin levels increased and ischemia-modified albumin decreased only in the albumin group at EOD and EOS vs. baseline. PHES and Stroop MHE reversal and improvement were greater in the albumin group at EOD and persisted at EOS. SIP total and psychosocial, but not physical, domain improved only in the albumin group at EOD and EOS vs. baseline. A significant reduction in IL-1β and endothelial dysfunction markers was also observed in the albumin group. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of outpatients with cirrhosis, prior HE and current MHE, albumin infusions were associated with improved cognitive function and psychosocial QoL, likely due to amelioration of endothelial dysfunction. www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT03585257. Even after recovery from overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE), minimal HE (MHE), which impairs quality of life, can persist. We found that intravenous albumin infusions were associated with improved cognitive function and psychosocial quality of life, likely owing to amelioration of endothelial dysfunction, compared to placebo in outpatients with prior HE and current MHE. In patients who continue to demonstrate cognitive dysfunction and impaired quality of life despite standard of care therapy for HE, albumin infusions could be considered if these results are validated. [Display omitted] • Persistent cognitive impairment affects quality of life in individuals with cirrhosis who have had prior episodes of HE. • We found in a randomized-controlled trial that weekly albumin infusions improved cognition vs. placebo. • Albumin improved quality of life, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. • Higher albumin levels and cognitive benefit persisted even after infusions had stopped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brain biochemical abnormalities have been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and cognitive impairments. However, the cognitive performance and neurometabolic alterations of MDD patients accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms remain to be elucidated. We aimed to reveal the features and correlation between cognitive impairments and brain biochemical abnormalities of depressed patients with GI symptoms.Methods: Fifty MDD patients with GI symptoms (GI group), 46 patients without GI symptoms (NGI group) and 50 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) assessments. In addition, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to obtain ratios of N-acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) and choline-containing compounds to creatine (Cho/Cr) in the thalamus, putamen and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Finally, association analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships of these measurements.Results: Compared to HCs, participants in both the GI and NGI groups had significantly reduced performance in the six MCCB cognitive domains (all p < 0.05), except for reasoning and problem solving. Higher Cho/Cr ratios in the right thalamus (p < 0.05) and lower NAA/Cr ratios in the left putamen (p < 0.05) were found in the NGI group than in the GI group. The severity of GI symptoms was negatively correlated with Cho/Cr ratios in the right ACC (r = -0.288, p = 0.037). In addition, the T-scores of visual learning were negatively correlated with NAA/Cr ratios in the right ACC (r = -0.443, p = 0.001) and right thalamus (r = -0.335, p = 0.015).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MDD patients with GI symptoms may exhibit greater neurometabolic alternations than those without GI symptoms, while both show similar cognitive dysfunction. In addition, neurometabolic alterations in the ACC and thalamus may underlie the neural basis of GI symptoms and cognitive impairment in MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent trials are conflicting as to whether titration of anaesthetic dose using electroencephalography monitoring reduces postoperative delirium. Titration to anaesthetic dose itself might yield clearer conclusions. We analysed our observational cohort to clarify both dose ranges for trials of anaesthetic dose and biological plausibility of anaesthetic dose influencing delirium. We analysed the use of sevoflurane in an ongoing prospective cohort of non-intracranial surgery. Of 167 participants, 118 received sevoflurane and were aged >65 yr. We tested associations between age-adjusted median sevoflurane (AMS) minimum alveolar concentration fraction or area under the sevoflurane time×dose curve (AUC-S) and delirium severity (Delirium Rating Scale-98). Delirium incidence was measured with 3-minute Diagnostic Confusion Assessment Method (3D-CAM) or CAM-ICU. Associations with previously identified delirium biomarkers (interleukin-8, neurofilament light, total tau, or S100B) were tested. Delirium severity did not correlate with AMS (Spearman's ρ=–0.014, P =0.89) or AUC-S (ρ=0.093, P =0.35), nor did delirium incidence (AMS Wilcoxon P =0.86, AUC-S P =0.78). Further sensitivity analyses including propofol dose also demonstrated no relationship. Linear regression confirmed no association for AMS in unadjusted (log (IRR)=–0.06 P =0.645) or adjusted models (log (IRR)=–0.0454, P =0.735). No association was observed for AUC-S in unadjusted (log (IRR)=0.00, P =0.054) or adjusted models (log (IRR)=0.00, P =0.832). No association of anaesthetic dose with delirium biomarkers was identified (P >0.05). Sevoflurane dose was not associated with delirium severity or incidence. Other biological mechanisms of delirium, such as inflammation and neuronal injury, appear more plausible than dose of sevoflurane. NCT03124303, NCT01980511. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between preoperative cognitive impairment, postoperative pain, and postoperative delirium in older patients after noncardiac surgery is not known. This was a secondary analysis of datasets from three previous studies. Patients aged ≥55 yr who underwent elective noncardiac surgery were enrolled. Preoperative cognitive impairment was defined as Mini-Mental State Examination <27. Pain intensity with movement was assessed using an 11-point numeric rating scale at 12-h intervals during the first 72 h after surgery; time-weighted average (TWA) pain score was calculated. Primary outcome was the occurrence of delirium within the first 5 postoperative days. Mediation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between cognitive impairment, pain score, and delirium. A total of 1497 patients were included. Prevalence of preoperative cognitive impairment was 40.3% (603/1497). Patients with cognitive impairment suffered higher TWA pain score within 72 h (4 [3–5] vs 3 [2–5], P =0.004) and more delirium within 5 days (12.9% [78/603] vs 4.9% [44/894], P <0.001) when compared with those without. Total and direct associations between cognitive impairment and delirium were (adjusted β) 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8–12.0%; P <0.001) and 7.8% (95% CI, 4.4–12.0%; P <0.001), respectively. A significant indirect association with acute pain was observed between cognitive impairment and delirium (adjusted β=0.4%; 95% CI, 0.1–1.0%; P =0.006), accounting for 4.9% of the total effect. The association between preoperative cognitive impairment and delirium is significantly mediated by acute pain in patients after noncardiac surgery. Considering the small effect size, clinical significance of this mediation effect requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a main cause of dementia and exhibits abnormality in cognitive behaviors. Here, we probed into the role of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in cognitive dysfunction in AD. Primarily, C57BL/6 mouse and neuroblastoma cells were treated by amyloid-beta1–42 (Aβ 1–42), respectively, to establish the in vivo and in vitro models of AD. The downstream genes of p75NTR were predicted by RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Then the interaction among p75NTR, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), microRNA-210-3p (miR-210-3p) and phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase 2 (PYCT2) was verified, followed by analysis of their effects on cognitive behaviors and biological characteristics of hippocampal neurons of mouse with AD-like symptoms. p75NTR knockout alleviated cognitive dysfunction in mice with AD-like symptoms and reduced Aβ 1–42 -induced hippocampal neuron damage and apoptosis. p75NTR up-regulated miR-210-3p expression by activating NF-κB, thereby limiting PCYT2 expression. PCYT2 silencing in p75NTR−/− mice promoted neuronal apoptosis and aggravated cognitive dysfunction in AD mouse models. In summary, p75NTR is capable of accelerating cognitive dysfunction in AD by mediating the NF-κB/miR-210-3p/PCYT2 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Individuals with higher reserve showed a reduced risk of cognitive decline. • Reserves defined by the residual method were strong predictors of cognitive change. • The estimated stage duration from preclinical to mild AD dementia varied by reserve. The relationship of cognitive reserve and measures of reserve with longitudinal cognitive change and the duration of preclinical, prodromal, and mild Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia remains to be fully characterized. In our study, 660 β-amyloid-positive participants staged with preclinical AD, prodromal AD, and dementia due to AD from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were selected. Cognitive reserve and brain reserve were defined by conventional proxies or the residual method at baseline. We evaluated the utility of these reserves in predicting longitudinal cognitive change by mixed effects models and used a multi-state model to estimate stage duration stratified by reserve groups. Corrected for age, sex, and APOE-ε4 status, reserve was associated with cognitive decline, and the effects changed depending on the specific measures of reserve and the stage of AD. Reserves defined by the residual method were stronger predictors of cognitive change than those defined by conventional proxies. The estimated time from preclinical to mild AD dementia varied from 15–24 years based on the different reserve groups, and we observed a linear trend for the longest duration in individuals with high cognitive reserve/high brain reserve, followed by those with high cognitive reserve/low brain reserve, low cognitive reserve/high brain reserve, and low cognitive reserve/low brain reserve. This study showed a reduced risk of cognitive decline for individuals with higher level of reserve regardless of methods for measuring reserve. Interindividual differences in reserve may be important for clinical practice and trial design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early identification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is critical for mitigating the many negative functional outcomes associated with its diagnosis. Because of the strong genetic basis of ADHD, the use of polygenic risk scores (PRS) could potentially aid in the early identification of ADHD and associated outcomes. Therefore, a systematic search of the literature on the association between ADHD and PRS in pediatric populations was conducted. All articles were screened for a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria, and, after careful review, 33 studies were included in our systematic review and 16 studies with extractable data were included in our meta-analysis. The results of the review were categorized into three common themes: the associations between ADHD-PRS with 1) the diagnosis of ADHD and ADHD symptoms 2) comorbid psychopathology and 3) cognitive and educational outcomes. Higher ADHD-PRS were associated with increased odds of having a diagnosis (OR = 1.37; p<0.001) and more symptoms of ADHD (β = 0.06; p<0.001). While ADHD-PRS were associated with a persistent diagnostic trajectory over time in the systematic review, the meta-analysis did not confirm these findings (OR = 1.09; p = 0.62). Findings showed that ADHD-PRS were associated with increased odds for comorbid psychopathology such as anxiety/depression (OR = 1.16; p<0.001) and irritability/emotional dysregulation (OR = 1.14; p<0.001). Finally, while the systematic review showed that ADHD-PRS were associated with a variety of negative cognitive outcomes, the meta-analysis showed no significant association (β = 0.08; p = 0.07). Our review of the available literature suggests that ADHD-PRS, together with risk factors, may contribute to the early identification of children with suspected ADHD and associated disorders. • Polygenic risk scores may assist with early identification of children at risk for ADHD. • ADHD polygenic risk were associated with ADHD diagnosis and levels of symptomatology. • ADHD polygenic risk were associated with negative cognitive and educational outcomes. • ADHD polygenic risk were associated with aggression and conduct symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were associated with cognitive decline, sedentary behaviour, and childhood trauma in patients with major affective disorders. This study aims to examine the association of peripheral CRP levels, cognitive function, childhood trauma, sedentary behaviour, and quality of life in individuals with major affective disorders, including bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and individuals without mood disorders (controls). We included outpatients with BD (n = 42), MDD (n = 27), and healthy controls (n = 40). All participants were assessed by a questionnaire, structured clinical interview, and the following scales: international physical activity questionnaire, childhood trauma questionnaire, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS 17), and World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument, brief version (WHOQOL-BREF). Other measures were included: hs-CRP levels, anthropometric measures, and cognitive tests (Trail-making test part A and part B, Stroop test, phonemic verbal fluency test, and semantic verbal fluency test). Our results indicated that BD outpatients were less significantly physically active on leisure domain than controls. Levels of hs-CRP ≥ 5 mg/L were significantly linked with a history of childhood sexual abuse and childhood physical abuse, as well as worse neurocognitive performance in major depressive disorders, mainly in BD. There was a significant negative correlation between Trail-making part B score and WHOQOL-BREF total score. The findings support the hypothesis that levels of hs-CRP ≥ 5 mg/L may be a possible predictor of cognitive dysfunction, childhood sexual abuse and sedentary behaviour in major affective disorders. • Bipolar disorder (BD) outpatients were less physically active on leisure activities. • Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were associated with cognitive dysfunction in BD. • Increased CRP levels were associated with childhood trauma, mainly in BD. • Higher CRP levels were associated with sedentary behaviour, mainly in BD. • There was a negative correlation between cognitive impairment and quality of life in BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Videoconferencing is appreciated by family caregivers and residents. • Videoconferencing is perceived as complementary to face-to-face meetings. • Videoconference equipment need to be better adapted to residents' physical condition. Visiting restrictions had to be imposed to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus and ensure the safety of long-term care home (LTCH) residents. This mixed method study aimed to explore residents' and family caregivers' acceptability of electronic tablets used to preserve and promote contact. Semi-structured individual interviews with 13 LTCH residents and 13 family caregivers were done to study their experiences, as well as the challenges and resources encountered in the implementation and use of videoconferencing. They had to rate, on a scale from 0 to 10, each of the 6 Theoretical Framework of Acceptability' constructs of the acceptability of the intervention. The results confirm acceptability of videoconferencing, giving residents and caregivers the opportunity to talk to and see each other during the pandemic. Videoconferencing had some benefits, such as being less expensive, and taking less time and effort for family caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New volunteer program to support older patients in the emergency department (ED). • Training of volunteers was successful in increasing expertise and knowledge. • Volunteers' most frequent strategies applied were conversations. • Some difficulties occurred (e.g., coordination with staff, challenging patients). • Overall, the program is beneficial for patients, volunteers, and ED nurses. Admission to an emergency department (ED) is challenging for older patients with cognitive dysfunction (PWCD). Targeted patient-oriented approaches to improve the care for PWCD are needed. The aim of this pilot study was to design and evaluate a program for volunteers to support PWCD in the ED. Volunteers (N = 9) first received a training and during the following six months (N = 90 shifts), they accompanied PWCD (N = 112) during their stay. Results showed that the training increased volunteers' knowledge and expertise, but not shift-related self-efficacy. The most frequent strategies applied were conversations, holding hands and touching, and providing food and drinks. After six months, volunteers reported a great sense of meaningfulness and felt that they were highly appreciated by the patients. ED nurses' sceptical attitudes towards the program decreased. The program is beneficial for PWCD, appears to be meaningful for volunteers and is appreciated by ED nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Acute neuropsychological assessment using a new brief test to predict functional outcome in traumatic brain injury. • Administration of new brief test during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury to predict long-term functional outcome. To determine how results on the EXAmen Cognitif abrégé en Traumatologie (EXACT), a new test specifically designed to briefly assess global cognitive functioning during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI), can predict long-term functional outcome compared with length of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), a well-established predictor. Inception cohort. Level 1 trauma center. A total of 90 patients (N=90) hospitalized for a moderate or severe TBI. Not applicable. Performance on the EXACT in the first 3 months after injury and results on the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) at follow-up 1-2 years later. EXACT scores were all correlated with length of PTA and DRS result. Compared with length of PTA, the EXACT added significantly to the regression and improved prediction of functional outcome. More specifically, a total score ≤80 on the EXACT was associated with a higher rate of long-term disability because of more severe TBI consequences. Behavioral regulation and executive functions were the cognitive domains that showed the most impairment, followed by attention and working memory as well as episodic memory. Except for length of PTA and hospital stay, the DRS score was not correlated with other demographic (age, education) or clinical variables (Glasgow Coma Scale and maximum score on the Therapy Intensity Level Scale). The EXACT can be administered to most patients early in the acute phase of TBI, and results could be used, along with other predictors such as PTA, to estimate their long-term functional sequelae. The EXACT may be a promising brief cognitive instrument for future studies investigating recovery after TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive dysfunction, encompassing perioperative psychological distress and cognitive impairment, is a prevalent postoperative complication within the elderly population, and in severe cases, it may lead to dementia. Building upon our prior research that unveiled a connection between postoperative mood fluctuations and cognitive dysfunction with the phosphorylation of P38, this present investigation aims to delve deeper into the involvement of the P38 MAPK/NLRP3 pathway in perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) in an abdominal exploratory laparotomy (AEL) aged mice model. C57BL/6 mice (male, 18-month-old) underwent AEL with 3 % anesthesia. Then, inhibitors targeting P38 MAPK (SB202190, 1 mg/kg) and GSK3β (TWS119, 10 mg/kg) were administered multiple times daily for 7 days post-surgery. The NLRP3-cKO AEL and WT AEL groups only underwent the AEL procedure. Behavioral assessments, including the open field test (OFT), novel object recognition (NOR), force swimming test (FST), and fear conditioning (FC), were initiated on postoperative day 14. Additionally, mice designated for neuroelectrophysiological monitoring had electrodes implanted on day 14 before surgery and underwent novel object recognition while their local field potential (LFP) was concurrently recorded on postoperative day 14. Lastly, after they were euthanasized, pathological analysis and western blot were performed. SB202190, TWS119, and astrocyte-conditional knockout NLRP3 all ameliorated the cognitive impairment behaviors induced by AEL in mice and increased mean theta power during novel location exploration. However, it is worth noting that SB202190 may exacerbate postoperative depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in mice, while TWS119 may induce impulsive behaviors. Our study suggests that anesthesia and surgical procedures induce alterations in mood and cognition, which may be intricately linked to the P38 MAPK/NLRP3 pathway. • Abdominal surgery plus anesthesia can cause cognitive impairment and mood changes in aged mice. • The inhibitor of P38 MAPK can improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction but aggravate mood changes. • GSK3β inhibitors can also improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction, but similarly cause mood changes. • The P38 MAPK/NLRP3 pathway is involved in the postoperative cognitive dysfunction and mood changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive dysfunction and systemic disease activity are common manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), a condition that affects a patient's health and quality of life. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that intermittent fasting (IF) improves health conditions and quality of life. Therefore, we aimed to test whether IF improves cognitive dysfunction and systemic disease activities in mice with NPSLE and to examine the underlying mechanisms. NPSLE-prone MRL/lpr mice underwent 8 weeks of alternate-day fasting or ad libitum feeding, followed by behavioral tests to assess cognitive manifestations and biochemical tests to evaluate systemic disease activities. IF significantly improved cognitive functionality, decreased blood-brain barrier permeability, and reduced the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampi of MRL/lpr mice. IF also improved systemic disease activities, including reduced kidney glomerular injury and interstitial inflammation, peripheral blood autoantibody titer, and splenic T lymphocyte contents. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that IF attenuates cognitive dysfunction by facilitating the microglial transition to the M2-like phenotype via the AMPK/PPARγ/NF-κB pathway. Together, observations from this study suggest a potential therapeutic benefit of IF in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in patients with NPSLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome elicited neuron injury (especially in the hippocampus and cortex), contributing to cognitive dysfunction. This study investigated the effects and clarified the mechanisms of ETS domain-containing protein Elk-4 (ELK4) on the cognitive function and neuroinflammation of mice with IH. Mouse microglia BV2 cells were induced with IH by exposure to fluctuating O 2 concentrations (alternating from 5 % to 21 % every 30 min), and mice with OSA were developed and subjected to lentivirus-mediated gene intervention. ELK4 expression was significantly reduced in IH-induced microglia and brain tissues of mice with OSA. Overexpression of ELK4 attenuated oxidative stress, decreased the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and increased the level of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β1, as well as the neuroprotective factor BDNF. ELK4 promoted the transcription of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) by binding to the promoter of FNDC5. Knockdown of FNDC5 in IH-induced microglia and animals reversed the protective effects of ELK4 on OSA-associated neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Overall, the results demonstrated that ELK4 overexpression repressed microglial activation by inducing the transcription of FNDC5, thus attenuating neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction induced by OSA. • ELK4 is lowly expressed in microglia induced with IH and mice with OSA. • ELK4 ameliorates pro-inflammatory activation of microglia in mice induced with OSA. • Overexpression of ELK4 reduces levels of inflammation in microglia and oxidative stress. • ELK4 transcriptionally promotes FNDC5 expression by binding to the promoter of FNDC5. • KD-FNDC5 reverses the effect of ELK4 on neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chronic intermittent hypoxia leads to cognitive impairment in young mice. • Chronic intermittent hypoxia triggers damage to prefrontal cortical neurons. • Ferroptosis contributes to neuron damage induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. • Ferroptosis-mediated PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway contributes to neuron damage. • Nrf2 plays a potential role in ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Obstructive sleep apnea, typically characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), is linked to cognitive dysfunction in children. Ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death characterized by lethal iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and ischemia–reperfusion injuries. Nevertheless, its contribution to CIH-induced cognitive dysfunction and its interaction with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) remain uncertain. In this study, utilizing a CIH model in 4-week-old male mice, we investigated ferroptosis and its potential involvement in ERS regulation during cognitive dysfunction. Our findings indicate ferroptosis activation in prefrontal cortex neurons, leading to neuron loss, mitochondrial damage, decreased levels of GPX4, SLC7A11, FTL, and FTH, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), Fe2+, ACSL4, TFRC, along with the activation of ERS-related PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway. Treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) and the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) effectively mitigated the neuron injury and cognitive dysfunction induced by CIH, significantly reducing Fe2+ and partly restoring expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins. Furhermore, the use of Lip-1 and DFO downregulated p-PERK, ATF4 and CHOP, and upregulated Nrf2 expression, suggesting that inhibiting ferroptosis reduce ERS and that the transcription factor Nrf2 is involved in the process. In summary, our findings indicate that cognitive impairment in CIH mice correlates with the induction of neuronal ferroptosis, facilitated by the System x c − GPX4 functional axis, lipid peroxidation, and the iron metabolism pathway, along with ferroptosis-mediated ERS in the prefrontal cortex. Nrf2 has been identified as a potential regulator of ferroptosis and ERS involved in the context of CIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Preparations of Ficus platyphylla (FP) are used in traditional medicine to manage epilepsy. • FP ameliorated seizure severity, neuronal cell loss, depressive-like behaviors, cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in PTZ–kindled rats. • FP may be beneficial in the management of chronic epilepsy and associated comorbidities via modulation of oxidative stress. PTZ kindling induces oxidative stress, neuronal cell degeneration, and neurobehavioral alterations in rodents that mimic neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy, which could be initiated or aggravated by some antiepileptic drugs. Here, we investigated the effects of the methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla (FP) on severity scores for seizures, neuronal cell degeneration, and neurobehavioral alterations in rats kindled with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and probed the involvement of oxidative stress in these ameliorative effects of FP. FP (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated seizure severity, neuronal cell degeneration, depressive behaviors, cognitive dysfunctions, and oxidative stress in rats kindled with PTZ (42.5 mg/kg, i.p.). The findings from this study give additional insights into the potential values of FP in the treatment of persistent epilepsy and major neuropsychiatric comorbidities via modulation of oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between social frailty and cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults. This retrospective cohort study is based on the first to eighth waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006-2020). The participants were 2106 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older and without cognitive impairment in 2006. Social frailty was assessed with 5 items including social support, social activity, social network, loneliness, and living alone (0 = social nonfrailty, 1 = social prefrailty, 2 or more = social frailty). Cognitive function was assessed using the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination, and scores below 24 indicated cognitive impairment. We used the generalized estimating equation to assess the longitudinal relationship between social frailty and cognitive impairment. Of the 2106 participants, 515 (24.4%) had social frailty, 669 (31.8%) had social prefrailty, and 922 (43.8%) were social nonfrailty based on the baseline assessments. Relative to the social nonfrailty group, the odds ratios of the social prefrailty and social frailty groups for cognitive impairment were 1.30 (95% CI 1.10-1.54) and 1.41 (95% CI 1.16-1.71), respectively, during the follow-up. Subgroup analysis showed that social inactivity and loneliness were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. These findings highlight the need for health care providers to introduce and use available social resources for older adults with social frailty to increase the relationships between individual and social context. Social inactivity and loneliness were the major domains associated with cognitive impairment, and loneliness can be resolved by participating in social activities. Therefore, health care providers especially provide opportunities for social activities, such as group-based programs in the community, to reduce social frailty and cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cognitive functioning heterogeneity is a well-recognized phenomenon in individuals diagnosed with mood disorders. • Cognitive reserve has been linked to multiple positive outcomes, including cognitive performance in these patients. • Cognitive reserve was found to be associated with performance in all cognitive domains, and meta-regression analyses unveiled that the duration of illness, sex, and severity of depression may play a substantial role in shaping the association between CR and cognitive functioning. • CR emerges as a possible protective factor for cognitive functioning in adult individuals with mood disorders, potentially helping to mitigate the cognitive impairments associated with the disorder. Cognitive functioning heterogeneity is a well-recognized phenomenon in individuals diagnosed with mood disorders. Cognitive Reserve (CR) has been linked to multiple positive outcomes, including cognitive performance in these patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between CR and cognitive functioning in individuals with mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and depressive disorders. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of original research exploring the relationship between CR and cognitive performance in adult individuals with mood disorders. The literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, from 2002 to September 2023, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Overall, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and 11 for the meta-analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative findings suggested a positive relationship between CR measures and cognitive domains. CR emerges as a possible protective factor for cognitive functioning in adult individuals with mood disorders, potentially helping to mitigate the cognitive impairments associated with the disorder. These findings underscore the importance of the fact that promoting and enhancing CR could help in the cognitive prognosis of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]