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Beach debris abundance and weight were estimated from surveys on 11 beaches of the Gulf of Oman along the Omani coast. Debris were collected on two occasions from 100 m transects, sorted and categorized by origin and type. Overall contaminations ranged from 0.43 to 6.01 items m-1 of beach front on different beaches with a mean value of 1.79 ± 1.04 g m-1 (95% C.I). In terms of weight, contamination levels ranged from 7.8 to 75.44 g m-1 of beach front with a mean contamination of 27.02 ± 14.48 g m-1 (95% C.I). In terms of numbers of items, plastic debris ranked first on all beaches followed by either wood items or other organic materials such as cigarette butts. Industrial debris remained few on all beaches (<10%). Most debris had a local origin and, in terms of numbers, were associated with beach recreational activities whereas fishing debris represented the largest proportion of the debris in terms of weight. There were notable differences between beaches in the relative abundance of recreation-related and fishing-related debris. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We investigated two coral patch reefs of probably Weichselian age (Wyns et al., 1992a) which have been uplifted above sea-level in the coastal setting of uplifted marine terraces adjacent to the Oman Mountains. Uplift is also manifested in raised beach conglomerates and a wave-cut notch. We document some of the main reef features in the apprehension that building/development will preclude the study of the reefs in the near future. The reefs formed above a hardground of bioclastic limestone (mudstone to wackestone), characterized by intense bioerosion and red algae. The red algae may occur so plentiful to form (very localized) bafflestones. The diagenetic history of the rocks includes a transition from a marine environment (first cement) to meteoric conditions (dissolution and second cement). The reefs are 1.5 m thick and display planar as well as gently ocean-dipping reef tops, suggesting exposure to the wave-cut activity and, thus, shallow and nearshore deposition. The reefs are dominated by one coral species, identified as Cyphastrea serailia . On the protected side of the reefs the corals developed wavy and columnar growth forms while on the ocean facing side irregularly shaped exoskeletons developed. Our GPS-based topographic survey revealed an elevation of the two reefs of 21.5 m ± 0.06 m above sea-level. Taking into account (1) the global Holocene sea-level rise of 120 m ± 20 m (Pirazzoli and Pluet, 1991), (2) formation of the reefs slightly below sea-level (∼1.5 m) as well as (3) their present position above sea-level, we quantify the total upward transfer of the reefs to be 143 m and the average uplift rate to be 6.8 or 4.6 mm/yr depending on the correct age (either ∼21,000 or ∼31,000 yr B.P.). As the causes of uplift we mainly consider isostatic rebound following the late Cretaceous formation of the Oman Mountains (Yuan et al., 2016). The terrace development went through the following stages: (1) The patch reefs formed in shallow water. (2) Initial, gentle uplift caused abrasion of the reef tops. (3) Uplift continued and beach conglomerate 1was deposited on top of the reefs. (4) Abrasion continued, creating an abrasion platform. Uplift and creation of borings in platform required time and an interval of relatively slow uplift and tectonically and climatically stable conditions. (5) Uplift took place, and a wave-cut notch formed below the reefs. (6) Notch formation, including the borings into the notch, required time and stable conditions and was followed by deposition of beach conglomerate 2. (7) Finally, emergence/exposure of the notch and conglomerate 2 above sea-level ensued due to pronounced uplift, possibly associated with faulting and earthquakes. Formation of the reefs and the abrasion platform can be correlated with MIS 3 (Marine Isotope Stage 3) and notch formation with MIS 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six common soft coral species ( Sarcophyton sp., Sinularia sp.1 and sp.2, Cladiella sp., Scleronephthya sp. and Dendronephthya sp.) from Bandar Al-Khayran (Sultanate of Oman) had significantly lower bacterial density in comparison with surfaces of empty shells. Methanol: chloroform (1:1) extracts of these species were tested against Gram positive ( Micrococcus luteus, Staphlococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp.) and Gram negative ( Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Cytophaga sp., Pseudomonas sp., Shewanella sp.) marine biofouling and pathogenic bacterial strains. All tested extracts had some activity against human pathogens and the highest antimicrobial activity was observed for extracts of Sinularia sp.1 and Cladiella sp. (inhibited 50% and 60% of the strains, respectively). Only ethyl acetate extracts of Cladiella sp. inhibited growth of biofouling bacteria. The active fraction was purified and identified as a mixture of hexadecyl palmitate and hexadecyl stearate. Pure hexadecyl palmitate inhibited growth ( Bacillus sp. and Psychrobacter sp.) and attachment ( Bacillus sp., Cytophaga sp., Pseudomonas sp., Psychrobacter sp., Shewanella sp.) of the marine biofouling bacteria. The results of this study suggest that soft corals have developed mechanisms to combat microbial infections and inhibit bacterial fouling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Instrumental texture of dates was correlated with physico-chemical properties. [•] Principal component analysis identified six groups of variables to differentiate the dates. [•] Cluster analysis classified dates into three distinct groups. [•] Regression models for instrumental texture were developed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]