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The interfacial characteristics of platinum (Pt) metal catalysts can be systematically regulated by interacting them with electropositive metals, leading to synergistic interactions for extensive catalytic applications. In this study, an evenly dispersed polyol-synthesized iron (Fe)-promoted Pt bimetallic nanoparticle (BNPs) system was embedded in MIL-101(Cr). The PtFe 2 @MIL-101(Cr) catalyst unveiled remarkable activity (86%) and selectivity (89%) for the superior hydrogenation of the targeted C O bond of cinnamaldehyde (CAL). The exceptional hydrogenation performance can be credited to the interplay of the geometric and electronic properties arising from charge shuttling between Fe and Pt within the homogenously distributed Pt–Fe bimetallic nanoparticle system. The experimental results indicate enhanced valence electrons in the Pt d-band through the mutual synergetic interface between the Pt and Fe BNPs. Consequently, these Fe–Pt sites functioned as interfacial electrophilic and nucleophilic (Lewis acid-base) sites, enhancing H 2 activation and facilitating C O bond conversion to yield unsaturated cinnamal alcohols (COL). Additionally, the narrow pores of MIL-101(Cr) encapsulating the Pt–Fe BNPs induced steric hindrance, allowing only C O bond hydrogenation. Furthermore, the PtFe 2 @MIL-101(Cr) catalyst maintained its optimal hydrogenation performance over five cycles, demonstrating no substantial loss in either CAL conversion or COL yield, thus endorsing the universal practical applicability of the catalyst. [Display omitted] • Polyol-synthesized iron (Fe) promoted Pt bimetallic nanoparticle (BNPs) systems embedded in MIL-101(Cr). • PtFe 2 @MIL-101(Cr) showed remarkable activity in the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. • The exceptional performance can be attributed to the interplay of the geometric and electronic properties arising from the Pt–Fe BNPs. • The PtFe 2 @MIL-101(Cr) catalyst maintained optimal performance over a series of five cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemo-selective hydrogenation of carbonyl bond of cinnamaldehyde to cinamyl alcohol with star-shaped nickel (Ni) supported tungsten oxide (WO 3) catalyst was fabricated using a simple one pot synthesis approach. Nano-structured Ni particles were dispersed over WO 3 nanoparticles by employing this surfactant-assisted synthesis method. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements were carried out to examine the chemical nature, morphology and surface area of the synthesized catalyst. By selective hydrogenation of the cinnamaldehyde, the synthesized nanostructured catalyst was highly effective for selective production of cinnamyl alcohol. Various reaction parameters were assessed with regard to substrate conversion, product yield, and selectivity towards the desired product, including temperature, time, catalyst loading, and pressure. The catalyst achieved >97% conversion and 84% selectivity for cinnamyl alcohol under optimized reaction conditions. Even after the fifth cycle of recycling performance, the catalyst was still effective for the conversion. The remarkable efficiency of the catalyst may be associated with the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) between metallic Ni and WO 3 substrate. [Display omitted] • In-situ hydrothermal synthesis of nickel supported tungstate oxide. • Selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over Ni/WO 3 nanostructures. • 97 % conversion of cinnamaldehyde and 84 % selectivity for cinnamyl alcohol. • High recyclability upto 5th cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laminectomy is a widely employed surgical procedure for the treatment of spinal stenosis, but it may lead to epidural fibrosis (EF) and failed back surgery syndrome. Cinnamaldehyde, a phenylpropanoid found in cinnamon, has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we hypothesized that topical application and systemic administration of cinnamaldehyde could be helpful in the prevention of EF in a rat laminectomy model. The rats were randomly assigned to control, local, and systemic Tween-80 and local and systemic cinnamaldehyde experimental groups (n = 6, per group). In the control group, just laminectomy was performed. In local treatment groups, applications were done just after the laminectomy onto dura. In systemic treatment groups, intraperitoneal administrations were performed following skin suturing. The degree of epidural fibrosis was evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically 4 weeks later. Macroscopic assessment revealed decreased EF with both topical and systemic cinnamaldehyde application, whereas microscopic examination results were not significant. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence of cinnamaldehyde's potential protective effects against EF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous phase selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CALD), as a representative α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, into cinnamyl alcohol (CALA) has been investigated over monometallic Ru and bimetallic RuCo catalysts on pristine h-BN support. Using water as the solvent, the optimal 0.5%Ru-1.1%Co/h-BN catalyst exhibits 510 h−1 specific reaction rate and 78.9 % CALA selectivity as well as good recycling stability at 100 °C. Based on the structure characterizations of catalysts, metal nanoparticles consisting of metallic Ru0 and partially oxidized Ruδ+ sites are uniformly dispersed on h-BN thin sheets. In comparison to monometallic catalysts, additive Co metals in bimetallic RuCo/h-BN catalysts play significant geometric and electronic modification roles on Ru active sites depending on the Ru/Co ratio, and therefore remarkably enhances the preferential activation of CALD C O bond and selectivity of CALA product as well as accelerates the catalytic reaction. Furthermore, the hydrogen dissociative activation ability of various Ru and RuCo catalysts was evaluated, while the superior catalytic performance in water than other commonly used solvents was also clarified and discussed. [Display omitted] • h-BN-supported bimetallic RuCo catalyst exhibits high activity and selectivity in cinnamaldehyde C O hydrogenation. • Co additive metal plays geometric and electronic modification roles on Ru active site. • Partially oxidized Ruδ+ and decorated CoO x serve as Lewis acid sites for enhancing C O activation. • Hydrogen dissociative activation ability can be promoted by bimetallic RuCo catalyst. • Water as the solvent plays multiple positive roles of polarizing C O bond and hydrogen transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) is a new category of green solvent that is environmentally friendly and efficient, which can be a substitute of conventional extraction solvent. In the current study, the hydrogen bonding formation in NADES was identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The extraction efficiency of twelve NADESs was screened. The combination of choline chloride and levulinic acid (NADES 9) at a molar ratio of 1:2 showed the highest extraction yield of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from the Cinnamomum cassia bark compared to other NADESs, ethanol and water. Based on the One-Factor-At-a-Time experiment, the extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology using the Box-Behnken design. The optimum extraction conditions were 26% water content in NADES 9, extraction time of 22 min, solvent-to-solid ratio of 15 mL/g, and ultrasonic power of 160 W. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yields of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde were around 0.5714–0.5979 mg/g and 26.2722–27.1490 mg/g, respectively. The validation of experimental and predicted results under optimum conditions demonstrated good agreement. The morphology analysis of C. cassia powder after extraction showed that the application of NADES 9 enhanced the pore formation compared to ethanol. [Display omitted] • Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and ultrasound as a promising green extraction method. • Comparison between the cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde yield using NADES and conventional extraction solvent. • Relationship and influencing parameters were studied and optimized using Box Behnken design. • The synergistic effect of NADES and ultrasound on the cell wall structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde is the principal compound of cinnamon essential oil. • Cinnamaldehyde metal complexes are more stable than its Schiff bases. • Its metal complexes possess better pharmacological efficacy as compared to Schiff bases. • Docking studies confirmed the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde is the natural principal phytocompound from cinnamon. It possesses enormous therapeutic applications. Its Schiff bases and metal complexes exhibit comparably higher cellular absorption and specific medicinal attributes than cinnamaldehyde. Therefore, the present study was framed on the coordination chemistry and biomedicinal aspects specifically antimicrobial and anticancer activity of cinnamaldehyde derivatives. The mechanistic insights behind the antimicrobial and anticancer approaches were also emphasized. The thermal behavior and in-silico studies of cinnamaldehyde derivatives were also highlighted. It has been observed that cinnamaldehyde Schiff bases and metal complexes synthesis is the positive approach to enhancing cinnamaldehyde's medicinal properties. The computer-aided drug designs also authenticate the cinnamaldehyde antimicrobial and anticancer efficacies. The hydrophobicity and altered redox behaviour of cinnamaldehyde and its metal complexes were attributable to their antimicrobial and anticancer activity, respectively.Hence cinnamaldehyde derivatives provide an excellent approach to furnish cinnamaldehyde's full therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde-based sulfonated amphiphilic all-polyester prodrug, RCSAP. • RCSAP NPs with ROS-responsive core exhibit dual synergistic antibacterial mechanism. • RCSAP NPs show high efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus, including MRSA. • RCSAP NPs show accelerated wound healing, low toxicity. Excessive antibiotic usage has resulted in antibiotic resistance. This work introduces a novel ROS-responsive, cinnamaldehyde (CA)-based sulfonated all-polyester prodrug (RCSAP) to combat antibiotic resistance. RCSAP is a unique amphiphilic pseudo triblock copolymer comprising of two hydrophilic, heparin-mimicking sulfonated polyester (HSP) blocks and a hydrophobic polymeric block containing ROS-responsive CA thioacetal. RCSAP nanoparticles (NPs) not only achieve self-amplifying degradation and release, but orchestrate a "dual wielding" synergistic antibacterial mechanism. HSP shell competes with bacteria for host cell surface binding, hindering its internalization and infection. Simultaneously, ROS-responsive core liberates CA, boosting bacterial membrane permeability. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined. RCSAP NPs display exceptional antibacterial efficacy against both E. coli and S. aureus , as confirmed by survival analysis, colony-forming unit (CFU) quantification, microbial growth curve analysis, and live/dead bacterial viability assays. Importantly, RCSAP NPs effectively eradicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, RCSAP NPs possess the unique ability to bind to S. aureus , aggregate and precipitate it. They competitively hinder S. aureus infection in both ARPE-19 and 293 T cells. Molecular simulation further verified the electrostatic interactions between HSP and the S. aureus SpA protein, which may mediate the binding of RCSAP NPs to S. aureus. In vivo assessments demonstrated that RCSAP NPs significantly accelerates wound healing in S. aureus -infected models, with excellent biocompatibility and minimal systemic toxicity. This work paves the way for all-polyester-based nanomedicines harnessing the power of natural antibacterial and heparin-mimicking agents synergistically for enhanced disinfection and wound healing, curbing drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde, a yellowish essential oil, has potential applications because of its antibacterial ability but is limited by its instability. In this study, we prepared the microencapsulated cinnamaldehyde emulsion co-stabilized by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase-catalyzed (CGTase-catalyzed) starch products and Tween 80. Microscopic structure analysis by transmission electron microscopy, inverted fluorescence microscopy, and size distribution determination revealed that additional CGTase-catalyzed starch products could increase their homogeneity and decrease their particle sizes by 67.8%. Fluorescence spectra analysis showed the interactions between cinnamaldehyde and the wall materials with a decrease of 29.2% in fluorescence intensity. The cinnamaldehyde emulsion had good temperature, ionic strength, pH, and storage stability. Time-kill curve and inhibition zone showed increased antibacterial activity. Mechanism analysis by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the emulsion had a dual structure of gel network and cyclodextrin inclusion, contributing to its stability. This study could give new insights into the cinnamaldehyde emulsion and provide a good guidance for its application. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde emulsion was stabilized by CGTase-catalyzed products. • CGTase-catalyzed products increased the homogeneity and decreased particle sizes. • The emulsion had better environmental stress stability and storage stability. • The emulsion had better antibacterial activity. • Gel network structure and cyclodextrin inclusion greatly enhanced the stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes are the vectors of numerous diseases such as malaria, Dengue and Zika. Controlling mosquito vectors is essential for preventing and managing diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Larvicides target larvae within their breeding habitats before they mature into adult mosquitoes and disperse. In this study, using α -hexyl cinnamaldehyde (HCA) as a lead compound, three series of derivatives comprising a total of 78 compounds were designed and synthesized. The larvicidal activities of these compounds against Aedes albopictus were evaluated, resulting in the identification of ten promising compounds. Among them, furan-3-ylmethyl cinnamate (compound 2v) and (E)-allyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)acrylate (compound 4c) exhibited the lowest LC 50 values (8.0 ppm and 7.2 ppm respectively). In a 96-h acute toxicity assay conducted on zebrafish, 2v showed no or very low toxicity with an LC 50 higher than 100 ppm. To elucidate their mode of action, morphological and histopathologic analyses were performed, and the effects of the compounds on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and phosphatase activities were evaluated. Results suggested that the active HCA derivatives induce injury to intestinal epithelial cells by inhibiting phosphatase activity, ultimately resulting in the mortality of mosquito larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Antimicrobial properties of CNMA against EHEC bacteria were determined. • CNMA antibacterial effect was resolved on physiological and gene expression level. • CNMA activity induce (p)ppGpp alarmones synthesis via RelA function. • Elevated (p)ppGpp attenuate Stx prophage development and Shiga toxin synthesis. • CNMA antimicrobial activity in vivo was evaluated in G. mellonella. Compounds of natural origin are potent source of drugs with unique mechanisms of action. Among phytochemicals, trans -cinnamaldehyde (t- CA) exhibits a wide range of biological activity, thus has been used for centuries to fight bacterial and fungal infections. However, the molecular basis of these properties has not been fully covered. Considering that difficult-to-control infections are becoming a rising global problem, there is a need to elucidate the molecular potential of t- CA. To evaluate the antibacterial activity of t -CA against Shiga-toxigenic E. coli strains and elucidate its mechanism of action based on the inhibition of the virulence factor expression. The antimicrobial potential of t -CA was assessed with two-fold microdilution and time-kill assays. Further evaluation included bioluminescence suppression assays, quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and assessment of NAD+/NADH ratios. Morphological changes post t- CA exposure were examined using transmission electron microscopy. RNA sequencing and radiolabeling of nucleotides elucidated the metabolic alterations induced by t- CA. Toxin expression level was monitored through the application of fusion proteins, monitoring of bacteriophage development, and fluorescence microscopy studies. Lastly, the therapeutic efficacy in vivo was assessed using Galleria mellonella infection model. A comprehensive study of t- CA's bioactivity showed unique properties affecting bacterial metabolism and morphology, resulting in significant bacterial cell deformation and effective virulence inhibition. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms indicated that t- CA activates the global regulatory system, the stringent response, manifested by its alarmone, (p)ppGpp, overproduction mediated by the RelA enzyme, thereby inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Intriguingly, t- CA effectively downregulates Shiga toxin gene expression via alarmone molecules, indicating its potential for therapeutic effect. In vivo validation demonstrated a significant improvement in larval survival rates post- t- CA treatment with 50 mg/kg (p < 0.05), akin to the efficacy observed with azithromycin, thus indicating its effectiveness against EHEC infections (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results reveal the robust antibacterial capabilities of t- CA, warranting its further exploration as a viable anti-infective agent. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric mucosal injury is a chronic and progressive stomach disease that can be caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find safe and effective drugs to prevent gastric mucosal injury due to NSAIDs. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a bioactive compound extracted from the rhizome of cinnamon and has various pharmacological functions, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant activities. However, the potential pharmacological effect of CA on gastric mucosal injury remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of CA on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury and to explore its mechanism of action The effect of CA on gastric mucosal injury was investigated in vitro and in vivo, in vitro mouse model of gastric mucosal injury induced by aspirin, in vitro model of GES-1 cell injury by aspirin and Erastin. The mechanism of action of CA was determined using Transcriptomics and bioinformatics. CA exerted its protective effects against gastric mucosal injury by modulating the downstream targets, including mTOR, GSK3β, and NRF2, via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit autophagy, apoptosis, and ferroptosis in the gastric epithelial cells. Further cellular experiments confirmed that the PI3K/AKT pathway was a key target for CA against gastric mucosal injury. This study provides the first evidence of CA, an active compound in cinnamon, possessing therapeutic potential in preventing and treating gastric mucosal injury, with its mechanism involving the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis in gastric epithelial cells mediated by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (CNE) was obtained through ultrasonication, using Tween 80 as an emulsifier. The CNE was then applied to chilled pork in conjunction with a high-voltage electrostatic field (HVEF) to mitigate quality deterioration during refrigerated storage. The particle size of CNE ranged from 60 to 150 nm and was positively correlated with the amount of added cinnamaldehyde. The polydispersity index and zeta potential of CNE ranged from 0.25 to 0.30 and − 12 to −11 mV, respectively, indicating a narrow size distribution and stability. The CNE released the odor specific to cinnamaldehyde to pork in the first 4 days of chilling; however, it had little effect on the taste. HVEF pretreatment reduced the initial total viable count (TVC) in pork by 1.14 log cycle. The combination of CNE with HVEF successfully slowed down the loss of moisture, decrease in pH, and accumulation of total volatile basic nitrogen in pork during refrigeration. Furthermore, it mitigated the increase in TVC of pork. Therefore, this integrated method appears to be suitable for extending the shelf life of chilled pork. • Different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsions (CNE) were prepared. • CNE encapsulates cinnamaldehyde and has good stability. • HVEF is effective in killing microorganisms initially. • CNE combined with HVEF can slow down the quality deterioration of pork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact and mechanism of soy lecithin incorporation into the gelatin-cinnamaldehyde emulsion, focusing on how it influences emulsion stability during the electrospinning process. In this work, a cinnamaldehyde/gelatin/soy lecithin (CGS) fiber membrane with excellent antibacterial properties was successfully created. The addition of soy lecithin improves the stability of the emulsion and improves the loading performance and fiber morphology of the CGS fiber membrane. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and urea addition confirmed that soy lecithin may strengthen the interface structure of gelatin in the oil and water phases through hydrogen bonds, thus enhancing the stability of the emulsion in electrospinning. The application tests also revealed that the CGS fiber membrane effectively preserved the sensory quality of beef. This study indicates that the vector construction method can extend the utilization of cinnamaldehyde in food industry. [Display omitted] • CGS nanofiber films based on CMA, gelatin and SL have been successfully produced. • Hydrogen bonds between SL and gelatin enhance the electrospinability of emulsion. • CGS films show higher loading and better sustained-release effect on essential oils. • SL optimizes core-shell and fiber structure of CGS nanofibers. • CGS films are very effective in antibacterial and delaying beef quality change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum cassia Presl (Cinnamomum cassia) is a common traditional Chinese medicine, which can promote the secretion and digestion of gastric juice, improve the function of gastrointestinal tract. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a synthetic food flavoring in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. This study aimed to search for the active ingredient (CA) of inhibiting H. pylori from Cinnamomum cassia , and elucidate mechanism of action, so as to provide the experimental basis for the treatment of H. pylori infection with Cinnamomum cassia. It's in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties were evaluated based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and an acute gastric inflammation model in mice infected with H. pylori. Drug safety was evaluated using the CCK8 method and high-dose administration in mice. The advantageous characteristics of CA in inhibiting H. pylori were confirmed using acidic conditions and in combination with the antibiotics. The mechanism underlying the action of CA on H. pylori was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), adhesion experiments, biofilm inhibition tests, ATP and ROS release experiments, and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) screening of target proteins. The protein function and target genes were verified by molecular docking and Real-Time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The results demonstrated that CA was found to be the main active ingredient against H. pylori in Cinnamomum cassia in-vitro tests, with a MIC of 8–16 μg/mL. Moreover, CA effectively inhibited both sensitive and resistant H. pylori strains. The dual therapy of PPI + CA exhibited remarkable in vivo efficacy in the acute gastritis mouse model, superior to the standard triple therapy. DARTS, molecular docking, and qRT-PCR results suggested that the target sites of action were closely associated with GyrA , GyrB , AtpA , and TopA , which made DNA replication and transcription impossible, then leading to inhibition of bacterial adhesion and colonization, suppression of biofilm formation, and inhibition ATP and enhancing ROS. This study demonstrated the suitability of CA as a promising lead drug against H. pylori , The main mechanisms can target GyrA ect, leading to reduce ATP and produce ROS, which induces the apoptosis of bacterial. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde can inhibit the sensitive and resistant Helicobacter pylori. • Helicobacter pylori is not easy to develop resistance to cinnamaldehyde. • Cinnamaldehyde has a good antibacterial effect under acidic conditions. • Cinnamaldehyde can treat acute gastritis with Helicobacter pylori infecting. • Cinnamaldehyde can target the GyrA , GyrB , AtpA and TopA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium alginate (SA) is widely used in the food, biomedical, and chemical industries due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and excellent film-forming properties. This article introduces a simple method for preparing uniform alginate-based packaging materials with exceptional properties for fruit preservation. The alginate was uniformly crosslinked by gradually releasing calcium ions triggered by the sustained hydrolysis of gluconolactone (GDL). A cinnamaldehyde (CA) emulsion, stabilized by xanthan without the use of traditional surfactants, was tightly incorporated into the alginate film to enhance its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and UV shielding properties. The alginate-based film effectively blocked ultraviolet rays in the range of 400–200 nm, while allowing for a visible light transmittance of up to 70 %. Additionally, it showed an increased water contact angle and decreased water vapor permeability. The alginate-based film was also employed in the preparation of coated paper through the commonly used coating process in the papermaking industry. The alginate-based material displayed excellent antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Botrytis cinerea , successfully extending the shelf life of strawberries to 7 days at room temperature. This low-cost and facile method has the potential to drive advancements in the food and biomedical fields by tightly incorporating active oil onto a wide range of biomacromolecule substrates. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malassezia globosa is a commensal basidiomycetous yeast occurring on the skin that causes pityriasis versicolor (PV) and seborrheic dermatitis, but that has also been implicated in other dermatoses. Cinnamaldehyde (CM) has antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, but the effect of CM on M. globosa -infected PV has not been clarified. The study aimed to investigate the possible antifungal and antibiofilm activities of CM against M. globosa -infected PV in vivo and in vitro. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CM against M. globosa. The crystal violet staining assay and XTT assay were used to investigate the inhibition of CM on biofilm formation and the eradication of mature biofilms. The visualizations of the biofilm and cell distribution in the biofilm matrix were performed with a scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope. The kits of antioxidant kinase were used to determine the activities of oxidative stress markers in M. globosa -stimulated HaCaT cells. Western blot assays were used to evaluate the role of TLR2/NF-κB in vitro. Furthermore, the protective effect of CM was assessed in M. globosa -associated PV mice. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis were screened using ELISA assays. The expressions of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured by an immunohistochemistry method in vivo. Our results showed that the MIC of CM against planktonic cells of M. globosa was 4 µg/ml and treatment with 20 × MIC CM eradicated mature biofilms of M. globosa. In vitro , after CM treatment the levels of oxidative stress indicators (i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione) significantly increased, while the levels of malondialdehyde decreased. In addition, the expression of TLR2/NF-κB in HaCaT cells was significantly reduced after CM treatment. On the other hand, an in vivo therapeutic effect of CM was assessed against M. globosa -infected mice. The fungal load on the skin decreased after treatment with CM compared to the M. globosa- infected group. In addition, the uninfected animals showed a normal skin structure, whereas, the M. globosa -infected mice showed extensive infiltration of neutrophils in skin tissues that improved after treatment with CM. Meanwhile, the levels of inflammatory and apoptotic factors improved after CM treatment. Our results showed that CM inhibits the biofilm formation of M. globosa and eradicates mature biofilms of M. globosa. Treatment with CM significantly decreased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory markers in the skin tissue and HaCaT cells. Hence, this study suggests that CM is a good candidate therapeutic agent against M. globosa -induced PV infections because of its antifungal, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogenation of aldehydes (RHO) is one of the frequently used reactions in organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals industries. In this contribution, we have synthesized control shaped and nano-sized tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO 2), palladium supported on zirconia (Pd/t-ZrO 2) and nickel promoted palladium supported on zirconia (Ni-Pd/t-ZrO 2) though modified microwave irradiation method. All the prepared samples were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and pore size analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Theoretical calculation (DFT) revealed high interaction of Pd with t-ZrO 2 (101) surface. Furthermore, adsorption energy, support relaxation and charge transfer studies confirmed the stability of Pd on t-ZrO 2 (101) surface. The catalytic activity of catalysts was tested for cinnamaldehyde (CAL) hydrogenation in a modified microwave reactor. The comparative study of microwave irradiated (MW) and conventional heating (C-Heating) systems show supremacy of MW over C-Heating by a factor of 46% under optimal reaction parameters for Pd/t-ZrO 2 catalyst. The stability, life span, conversion and selectivity of Pd/t-ZrO 2 under MW system suggest the applicability of the catalysts for a variety of organic hydrogenation reactions. Palladium supported on tetragonal zirconia efficiently utilized for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde under microwave protocol. [Display omitted] • Palladium supported tetragonal zirconia was synthesized under microwave environment. • Theoretical calculation shows that Pd on ZrO 2 (101) is energetically stable. • Experimental results proved the advantageous aspect of microwave irradiation in the organic transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Cerium–zirconium mixed oxides with different Ce/Zr ratio were prepared and used as supports for Pt-containing catalysts. The study of the catalysts in the cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation reaction has shown that cinnamaldehyde conversion and cinnamyl alcohol selectivity strongly depend on the CeO 2 content in the support. The highest cinnamyl alcohol yield of 81% was obtained in 105 min at room temperature and atmospheric pressure over the 1%Pt/CeO 2 –ZrO 2 catalyst with Ce : Zr atomic ratio equal to 4 : 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La cannelle de Ceylan est une épice très appréciée pour ses qualités alimentaires dont est extraite de l'huile essentielle issue des feuilles ou du bois. Elle contient un aldéhyde aromatique, le cinnamaldéhyde, puissant et caustique, ainsi qu'un phénol considéré comme moins caustique que les autres. Ces deux molécules ont des propriétés anti-infectieuses importantes et à large spectre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor cells with innate oxidative stress are more susceptible to exogenous ROS-mediated oxidative damage than normal cells. However, the generated ROS could be scavenged by the overexpressed GSH in cancer cells, thus causing greatly restricted efficiency of ROS-mediated antitumor therapy. Herein, using cinnamaldehyde (CA) as a ROS generator while β-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) as a GSH scavenger, we designed a tumor-targeted oxidative stress nanoamplifier to elevate intracellular ROS level and synchronously suppress antioxidant systems, for thorough redox imbalance and effective tumor cells killing. First, an amphiphilic acid-sensitive cinnamaldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid conjugates (HA-CA) were synthesized, which could self-assemble into nano-assembly in aqueous media via strong hydrophobic interaction and π-π stacking. Then, aromatic PEITC was appropriately encapsulated into HA-CA nano-assembly to obtain HA-CA/PEITC nanoparticles. Through enhanced permeability retention (EPR) effect and specific CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis, HA-CA/PEITC nanoparticles could accumulate in tumor tissues and successfully release CA and PEITC under acidic lysosomal environment. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that the nanoparticles could efficiently boost oxidative stress of tumor cells via generating ROS and depleting GSH, and finally achieve superior antitumor efficacy. This nanoamplifier with good biosafety provides a potential strategy to augment ROS generation and suppress GSH for enhanced oxidation therapy. • The tumor-targeted hyaluronic acid-based nanoamplifier was developed. • The nanoamplifier was efficiently cleaved under acidic lysosomal environment. • The nanoamplifier could utilize CA and β-PEITC for enhanced ROS-mediated oxidation. • The nanoamplifier could augment ROS generation and suppress antioxidant systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger, valued for its culinary and medicinal properties, suffers substantial production loss—up to 90 %—due to fungal soft rot. To combat this, we have developed an environmentally sustainable antifungal polysaccharide gel derived from a water-soluble Schiff base of O -carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN). Terpene incorporation was confirmed via various characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), pH-dependent release, solubility, thermogravimetric analysis, and UV–vis spectra. Results showed successful grafting of CIN onto the polysaccharide, at a CIN:CMC ratio of 120 mg/g. In vitro evaluation demonstrated significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum , with a MIC value of 159.25 μg/mL. Application of the CMC=CIN gel to ginger rhizomes inhibited spore germination in all evaluated wounds, enhancing gloss and appearance. These findings validate the efficacy of this novel, environmentally friendly gel in preventing ginger loss caused by fungal infections. [Display omitted] • A new water soluble Carboxymethyl chitosan-cinnamaldehyde gel (CMC=CIN) were obtained. • Successful grafting of CIN onto polysaccharide was obtained, with a ratio of 120 mg/g. • New gel displayed higher antifungal activity with a minimum MIC of 159.25 μg/mL. • Gel on ginger rhizomes inhibited spore germination, enhancing the appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A hydrophobic and porous Fe-Pdb (CFs) was prepared by a hydrothermal method. • The Fe-Pdb (CFs) was used to fabricate an effective Pt-Fe/Fe-Pdb (CFs) catalyst. • The Pt-Fe/Fe-Pdb (CFs) catalyst showed better catalytic activity and selectivity. • The CAL conversion and COL selectivity were 88.9% and 85.8% at 60℃. The selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol has remained a ponding challenge due to competitive hydrogenation reactions between C C and C O groups. In this work, a hydrophobic and porous Fe and 3,3′-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)-dibenzoic acid coordination framework structure (Fe-Pdb (CFs)) was employed to support Pt-Fe nanoparticles and synthesize a high-performance Pt-Fe/Fe-Pdb (CFs) heterogeneous catalyst. The reactivity activity could be greatly improved by introducing electrophilic sites and enhancing the enrichment effect of Fe-Pdb (CFs) material. Thus, the optimal cinnamaldehyde conversion reached approximately 88.9%, with a better selectivity of 85.8% towards cinnamyl alcohol at 60°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong volatility and instability of cinnamaldehyde (CA) limits its application in food and flavor industry. Combining physical encapsulation techniques and chemical bonding methods is a novel strategy to overcome this challenge. Herein, a cinnamaldehyde-chitosan hollow microsphere pro-flavor (CHMP) was developed through interfacial Schiff-base bonding reaction with an average size of 220∼800 nm. Hydrophilic macromolecules of glycol chitosan (GC) are fixed at the oil/water interface via numerous hydrophobic small molecules of CA, forming the CHMP with a positively charged surface and lipophilic cavity. Thus, physical and chemical double-barrier CA delivery system was fabricated in which CA molecules were chemically linked to GC and at the same time embedded in the particles' core. This structure endows CHMP excellent stability and pH-responsive release abilities. After 48 d of open storage at room temperature, the retention rate of CA in CHMP powder was above 85%. CA release from CHMP exhibited a sustained release rate at neutral pH and a fast release under acidic condition. CHMP also retained excellent sensory profile and exhibited durable antibacterial performance against both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Therefore, rather than most of the traditional methods, this CHMP may open a new path for CA controlled release, widening their applications with multifunctionalities. [Display omitted] • CHMP is a novel double-barrier cinnamaldehyde delivery system. • CHMP is fabricated through oil/water interfacial Schiff-base bonding reaction. • CHMP presents excellent stability and pH-responsive release properties. • CHMP exhibits stable sensory profile and durable antibacterial performance. • CHMP performs promising multifunctional applications in the food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cinnamaldehyde (CA) is an excellent antimicrobial agent, its application in the food industry was limited by its volatility and lack of antimicrobial persistence. Herein, aminated hollow mesoporous silica (NH 2 -HMSN) was prepared by selective etching and amino-modified. Subsequently, long-acting antibacterials with regulated release (NH 2 -HMSN@CA) were obtained by using NH 2 -HMSN as cinnamaldehyde carrier. NH 2 -HMSN@CA can effectively regulate the release of CA, and has 100 % inhibition effect on the growth of E. coli , S. aureus and C. acutatum. In addition, nanocellulose/NH 2 -HMSN@CA (CHA) coating film was prepared for postharvest preservation of loquat. The coating film effectively improved the storage quality and shelf life of loquat , and delayed the postharvest decay of loquat. The prepared coating film active packaging for long-term preservation is expected to provide a scheme for promoting sustainable preservation of postharvest loquat. • Long-acting NH 2 -HMSN@CA antibacterials with regulated release were prepared. • The modified SiO 2 @CA/nanocellulose coating film with good safety were obtained. • The antibacterials had 100 % inhibition effect on the growth of bacteria and fungi. • The coating film effectively improved the storage quality and shelf life of loquat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing bifunctional innovative food packaging for maintaining and monitoring food freshness is crucial for food safety. Here, we prepared tannic acid cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsions through self-assembly and ionic cross-linking between the natural emulsifiers tannic acid and cinnamaldehyde, and were incorporated into chitosan as a protective outer layer. Sodium alginate anchored with alizarin was employed as the sensing inner layer. A pH-sensitive bilayer film integrating real-time monitoring and maintenance of food fresh food freshness was designed using layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) technology. The prepared bilayer film exhibited 100 % UV protection, >99 % antimicrobial effect, and 94.86 % and 97.91 % clearance rates for DPPH and ABTS free radicals, respectively. In addition, the bilayer film exhibited high biosafety and sensitive, reversible, and rapid response to pH/NH 3. Shrimp preservation experiments showed that the smart bilayer film could effectively slow down the growth of microorganisms on the surface of shrimp, extend the freshness period of shrimp, and could monitor the freshness of shrimp in real-time through color changes. In conclusion, the prepared SL-CCT bilayer film has excellent potential for food preservation and freshness monitoring, providing a new perspective for design and development of multifunctional smart food packaging films. • Ultrasonically triggered preparation of emulsions by self-assembly of tannins with cinnamaldehyde without emulsifiers. • pH-sensitive sodium alginate-anchored chymotrypsin for sensitive and rapid monitoring of shrimp freshness. • The bilayer film has excellent antimicrobial properties and stability, effectively extending the shelf life of the shrimp. • Outstanding biosafety with bilayer membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic antibacterial effect as a promising strategy against foodborne pathogens is compelling since the development of novel antibacterial agents is not so easy. Here we investigated the synergistic effect of cell wall hydrolase Lys14579 and cinnamaldehyde (CAL) against emetic Bacillus cereus. The MICs of Lys14579 and CAL against emetic B. cereus were 25 and 200 μg/mL, respectively. The combination of Lys14579 and CAL displayed a synergistic antimicrobial effect with a Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of 0.375. Bactericidal assays revealed that this combination had better bactericidal performance than either substance alone. Furthermore, the combination of Lys14579 and CAL effectively inhibited the biofilm formation of emetic B. cereus at the concentrations of 6.25 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, it down-regulated the cereulide synthetase gene (cesB) expression at the transcription level and reduced swarming motility by 55%. Scanning electron microscope and PI uptake assays further demonstrated that the combination accelerated the disruption of emetic B. cereus cells. Finally, the synergistic preservative effect of this combinational was observed in boiled rice and fresh lean beef. Thus, the combination of Lys14579 and CAL represents a potential synergistic strategy for controlling emetic B. cereus contamination in the food industry. [Display omitted] • The combination of Lys14579 and cinnamaldehyde showed synergistic antimicrobial effects against emetic B. cereus. • Lys14579 induced cell wall degradation, thus facilitating subsequent membrane damage mediated by cinnamaldehyde. • The combination of Lys14579 and cinnamaldehyde could effectively control emetic B. cereus contamination in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilled meat is tender and juicy, with good nutritional content. In recent years, with the increasing demand for food quality, chilled meat has gradually replaced frozen meat as the mainstream choice for raw meat due to its nutritional value and freshness. However, chilled meat is highly susceptible to microbial infection and oxidative rancidity during storage. Chilled meat packaging can significantly extend the shelf life of chilled meat, which is of great significance for the development of the chilled meat industry and market. In this study, a sustainable electrospun membrane based on polycaprolactone mixed with cinnamaldehyde chitosan nanoparticles has been developed as a promising antibacterial fresh-keeping packaging membrane. Bacteria that cause foodborne illnesses are inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, an antimicrobial compound obtained from cinnamon essential oil. Chitosan nanoparticles can be used to wrap cinnamaldehyde essential oil to minimize the loss of this highly volatile oil during high-pressure spinning. Furthermore, its physical properties, antibacterial activity, and shelf life impact on pork were studied. In addition, the electrospinning film significantly reduced the microbial content, thiobapitur, pH value and volatile salt-based nitrogen content of chilled pork stockpiled at 4 °C for 12 days, prolonging the shelf life. • Preparation of nanoparticles that can control the release of cinnamaldehyde. • Preparation of electrospun membrane using cinnamaldehyde nanoparticles and PCL. • Electrospun membrane has good inhibitory effects on four foodborne pathogens. • Wrapping pork with electrospun membrane slows down its spoilage rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent research, treating heart failure (HF) by inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) to improve myocardial energy metabolism has been identified as a potential approach. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN), a phenylpropyl aldehyde compound, has been demonstrated to exhibit beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. However, whether CIN inhibits GRK2 to ameliorate myocardial energy metabolism in HF is still unclear. This study examines the effects of CIN on GRK2 and myocardial energy metabolism to elucidate its underlying mechanism to treat HF. The isoproterenol (ISO) induced HF model in vivo and in vitro were constructed using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Based on this, the effects of CIN on myocardial energy metabolism and GRK2 were investigated. Additionally, validation experiments were conducted after interfering and over-expressing GRK2 in ISO-induced NRCMs to verify the regulatory effect of CIN on GRK2. Furthermore, binding capacity between GRK2 and CIN was explored by Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST). In vivo and in vitro , CIN significantly improved HF as demonstrated by reversing abnormal changes in myocardial injury markers, inhibiting myocardial hypertrophy and decreasing myocardial fibrosis. Additionally, CIN promoted myocardial fatty acid metabolism to ameliorate myocardial energy metabolism disorder by activating AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Moreover, CIN reversed the inhibition of myocardial fatty acid metabolism and AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway by GRK2 over-expression in ISO-induced NRCMs. Meanwhile, CIN had no better impact on the stimulation of cardiac fatty acid metabolism and the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway in ISO-induced NRCMs when GRK2 was disrupted. Noticeably, CETSA and MST confirmed that CIN binds to GRK2 directly. The binding of CIN and GRK2 promoted the ubiquitination degradation of GRK2 mediated by murine double mimute 2. This study demonstrates that CIN exerts a protective intervention in HF by targeting GRK2 and promoting its ubiquitination degradation to activate AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway, ultimately improving myocardial fatty acid metabolism. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of cathepsins as a potential target for anticancer drugs has led to extensive research in the development of their inhibitors. In the present study, we designed, synthesized, and characterized several cinnamaldehyde schiff bases employing diverse hydrazines, as potential cathepsin B inhibitors. The parallel studies on cathepsin B isolated from liver and cerebrospinal fluid unveiled the significance of the synthesized compounds as cathepsin B inhibitors at nanomolar concentrations. The compound, 7 exhibited the highest inhibition of 83.48 % and 82.96 % with an IC 50 value of 0.06 nM and 0.09 nM for liver and cerebrospinal fluid respectively. The inhibitory potential of synthesized compounds has been extremely effective in comparison to previous reports. With the help of molecular docking studies using iGEMDOCK software, we found that the active site -CH 2 SH group is involved in the case of α-N-benzoyl-D, l-arginine-b-naphthylamide (BANA), curcumin 2 , 3, 6, and 7. For toxicity prediction, ADMET studies were conducted and the synthesized compounds emerged to be non-toxic. The results obtained from the in vitro studies were supported with in silico studies. The synthesized cinnamaldehyde schiff bases can be considered promising drug candidates in conditions with elevated cathepsin B levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural preservatives such as cinnamaldehyde (CIN) are garnering increasing interest to replace their synthetic counterparts in maintaining fruit freshness and safety. However, their long-term effectiveness and widespread application have been greatly limited due to high volatility and potent aroma. To address these challenges, we developed a viable and simple strategy to prepare a multifunctional active coating for fruit preservation by incorporating host-guest inclusion complex of CIN and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) CIN@HP-β-CD into hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural polysaccharide with exceptional film-forming properties. The as-prepared HA/CIN@HP-β-CD coatings exhibited universal surface affinity, excellent antimicrobial performance, and satisfactory antioxidant properties with no potential toxicity. Release kinetic studies have demonstrated that CIN in the coating is continuously and slowly released. Furthermore, freshness preservation experiments on bananas and fresh-cut apples demonstrated that the developed coating is effective in preserving the color of fruit, decreasing the weight loss rate, preventing the microorganism's growth, and significantly extending the period of freshness, exhibiting the potential for application in fruit preservation. • A bioactive HA-based coating incorporating CIN@HP-β-CD inclusion was developed. • The coating exhibits an excellent inhibition of foodborne microorganisms. • The coating possesses universal surface affinity, transparency, and long-lasting antioxidant activity. • The coating could prolong the freshness of bananas and fresh-cut apples (7 days and 24 h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Symmetric ether, sulfide and sulfone derivatives were synthesized based on Schiff base. • TD-DFT was pursued to explore the origin of electronic transitions. • Solvatochromism was investigated in various protic and aprotic solvents. • Global reactivity parameters were estimated from the HOMO and LUMO. • Experimental and computational findings were in a respectable agreement. Symmetric ether, sulfide and sulfone derivatives based on Schiff base functionalized group (3a-c) were synthesized via classical condensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl precursors (1a-c) and cinnamaldehyde (2) in methanol at ambient reaction settings. The compounds were characterized using CHN, UV–Vis, FTIR, and 1H- and 13CNMR. The origin of absorption spectra was chased using Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory (TD-DFT) in order to figure out the electronic transitions. The compounds exhibited almost a similar electronic potential as displayed by the molecular electrostatic potential. The energy gap of these materials was extracted from the computational approaches, showing ΔE of 3.778, 3.724, and 4.014 eV respectively for 3a, 3b , and 3c. These values were further harnessed to estimate the global reactivity parameters. Moreover, the electrophilic and nucleophilic points were examined through surface analysis of the optimized structures via DFT simulations. Such investigations support the compounds' molecular structures via common noncovalent interaction, like hydrogen bonding and non-classical C H...π forces. Experimental and computational findings were in a respectable agreement to display that only compound 3c possesses the ability of altering its maximum absorption under different solvent conditions. A substantial shifting of the maximum absorption was noticed with ethyl alcohol at λ max = 321 nm, referring to a 32 nm of blue shift in respect to acetic acid, which could be responsible for the partial protonation of the sulfone group. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavored e-liquid use has become popular among e-cigarette users recently, but the effects of such products outside the lung are not well characterized. In this work, acute exposure to the popular flavoring cinnamaldehyde (CIN) was performed on human proximal tubule (HK-2) kidney cells. Cells were exposed to 0–100 µM CIN for 24–48 h and cellular stress responses were assessed. Mitochondrial viability via MTT assay was significantly decreased at 20 µM for 24 and 48 h exposure. Seahorse XFp analysis showed significantly decreased mitochondrial energy output at 20 µM by 24 h exposure, in addition to significantly reduced ATP Synthase expression. Seahorse analysis also revealed significantly decreased glycolytic function at 20 µM by 24 h exposure, suggesting inability of glycolytic processes to compensate for reduced mitochondrial energy output. Cleaved caspase-3 expression, a mediator of apoptosis, was significantly increased at the 24 h mark. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, a mediator of ER-induced apoptosis, was induced by 48 h and subsequently lost at the highest concentration of 100 µM. This decrease was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in its downstream target cleaved caspase-3 at the 48 h mark. The autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B light chain 3 (LC3B-I and LC3B-II) expression was significantly increased at 100 µM by 24 h. Autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) protein and mitophagy-related proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and PARKIN expression were significantly reduced at 24 and 48 h exposure. These results indicate acute exposure to CIN in the kidney HK-2 model induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular stress responses. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CWCs browning via different pathways. • Comprehensive exploration of the mechanism of action of cinnamaldehyde on CWCs. • Carefully evaluate changes in CWCs in storage. The quality of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnuts (CWCs) rapidly deteriorates with prolonged storage time, thus affecting its commercial value. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CA) treatment on the quality of fresh-cut CWCs and its mechanism of action. CA treatment maintained good appearance and higher total soluble solids content (TSS) of fresh-cut CWCs and also significantly inhibited microbial proliferation, respiration, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) and enzymatic browning substance content. Moreover, CA treatment increased the antioxidant capacity and defense function-related enzyme activities (PPO and POD) of fresh-cut CWCs, and suppressed ·OH production rate and MDA content. Meanwhile, CA treatment significantly increased the content of antioxidant compounds and enzyme activities of the AsA-GSH cycle system. In conclusion, CA can inhibit surface discoloration of fresh-cut CWCs and extend their shelf life, thus increasing their commercial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde displays strong antifungal activity against fungi such as Aspergillus niger , but its precise molecular mechanisms of antifungal action remain inadequately understood. In this investigation, we applied chemoproteomics and bioinformatic analysis to unveil the target proteins of cinnamaldehyde in Aspergillus niger cells. Additionally, our study encompassed the examination of cinnamaldehyde's effects on cell membranes, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activity, and intracellular ATP levels in Aspergillus niger cells. Our findings suggest that malate dehydrogenase could potentially serve as an inhibitory target of cinnamaldehyde in Aspergillus niger cells. By disrupting the activity of malate dehydrogenase, cinnamaldehyde interferes with the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to a significant decrease in intracellular ATP levels. Following treatment with cinnamaldehyde at a concentration of 1 MIC, the inhibition rate of MDH activity was 74.90 %, accompanied by an 84.5 % decrease in intracellular ATP content. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde disrupts cell membrane integrity, resulting in the release of cellular contents and subsequent cell demise. This study endeavors to unveil the molecular-level antifungal mechanism of cinnamaldehyde via a chemoproteomics approach, thereby offering valuable insights for further development and utilization of cinnamaldehyde in preventing and mitigating food spoilage. • Cinnamaldehyde targets and inhibits the activity of Aspergillus niger malate dehydrogenase. • Cinnamaldehyde disrupts the integrity of Aspergillus niger cell membranes. • Cinnamaldehyde perturbs the mitochondrial TCA cycle of Aspergillus niger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic antimicrobials have been questioned by consumers; thus, natural antimicrobials have emerged as an alternative. However, their use is limited by their low miscibility in high-moisture foods. The objective of this work was to formulate and characterize microparticles of cinnamaldehyde (E -CIN) and vanillin (E-VA) using whey protein concentrate (WPC), and to assess the effect of the encapsulation on the inactivation of L. innocua in a protein beverage. The concentration of WPC (1:1 or 2:1) in the E -CIN did not affect the droplet size and stability, thus the 1:1 ratio was selected. On the contrary, in E -VA increasing WPC concentration (2:1) reduced the droplet size, increasing stability. E -CIN presented greater antimicrobial activity than the unemulsified CIN. E-CIN (1.0 g/L) showed the greatest antimicrobial activity with 3.5 log cycles reduction of L. innocua. While vanillin encapsulation had an insignificant effect on the antimicrobial activity, reducing 1.0 log cycles of L. innocua. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde was more effective than vanillin, and the encapsulation with WPC increased its antimicrobial activity. Further research is necessary to improve the stability and the antimicrobial activity of vanillin microparticles. This work proposes an alternative to replace synthetic antimicrobials with natural antimicrobials of plant origin. It is based on solving the problem of the low miscibility of hydrophobic antimicrobials such as cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon oil) and vanillin, to incorporate them into foods with high moisture content. This information could be useful for the beverage and juice industry, as encapsulated natural antimicrobials can be used to obtain high-quality, fresh, clean label products. Additionally, extending the shelf life of the product can be advantageous for commercialization purposes. • Hydrophobic natural antimicrobials were encapsulated with whey protein concentrate. • Whey protein concentration affected only the stability of the vanillin formulations. • Emulsification of cinnamaldehyde improved antimicrobial activity against Listeria. • Vanillin encapsulation had no effect on antimicrobial activity. • Encapsulation was a good strategy to improve miscibility, thus antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pesticide nanocapsules (PNs) were prepared by a facile and green preparation process. • PNs have desirable physicochemical properties. • PNs show an improved biological activity and duration. • PNs can destroy cell membranes and synergistically eradicate pathogens. • PNs reduce the pesticide toxicity to non-targets. The low utilization efficiency of pesticides poses a significant challenge to the sustainable development of agriculture. The nanocapsule-based pesticide delivery systems combine the advantages of nanotechnology and advanced materials to achieve on-demand and accurately targeted release. Herein, a facile and universal strategy was used to fabricate photosensitive pesticide nanocapsules using a versatile imine polymer derived from cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and ε-poly-L-lysine (PLL). Characterization results demonstrated that the nanocapsules prepared under optimal conditions exhibited uniform sizes (200–400 nm) and high encapsulation efficiency (>90 %). Photodegradation experiments revealed a significant increase of half-lives (7.21–55.57 times) under UV irradiation for the different pesticide nanocapsules. Furthermore, the pesticide nanocapsules demonstrated a high biological activity and excellent physicochemical properties, including pH-responsive release, maximum retention, and rain erosion resistance. The results of the mechanistic studies on the increased biological activity indicated that the nanocapsules could be adsorbed on the surface of target pathogenic cells and then released CIN and PLL, destroying the integrity of the cell membrane, and synergistically and effectively eradicating the pathogen with pesticide. Additionally, nanocapsules exhibited lower toxicity to zebrafish and genetic toxicity to Vicia faba than pesticide technical. Therefore, stimuli-responsive nanocapsules based on imide polymer have broad application prospects in the field of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an edible composite film with pH-responsive release was prepared by the formation of Schiff-base imine bonds between chitosan (CS) and oxidized fucoidan (CS–FU) and encapsulating cinnamaldehyde (CA). Fourier-transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography confirmed the formation of CS–FU. The result showed that, oxidation degree of FU, degrees of substitution, average molecular weight and yield of CS–FU were 25.57 %, 10.48 %, 23.3094 kDa and 45.63 ± 0.64 %, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CA was encapsulated within the CS–FU matrix. Increasing the CA content could improve the mechanical properties and ultraviolet and visible-light resistances of the CS–FU coating films but enhance their water vapor permeabilities. The release of CA increased as the pH decreased, and the antibacterial rate at pH 5 was 2.3-fold higher than that at pH 7, indicating good pH-responsive release and antibacterial properties in mildly acidic environments. Owing to their excellent properties, the CA/CS–FU-0.1 coating films maintained the appearance and quality indices of litchis for at least eight days. Hence, multifunctional composite coating films are prospective eco-friendly and intelligently responsive controlled-release packaging materials for fruit preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to determine the effects of the mixture of glycerol monolaurate and cinnamaldehyde (GCM) supplementation on the intestinal morphology, immunity, antioxidant status and cecal microbiota of laying hens. A total of 1,120 healthy laying hens (Jingfen-1 strain) at the age of 14 wk were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 replicates of 28 layers in each and layers were fed diets containing 0 (control group), or 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg GCM for 12 wk. The results showed that dietary supplementation with GCM significantly increased intestinal villus height and villus height/crypt depth, duodenal villus area, total superoxide disumutase activities in the liver and jejunum, jejunal glutathione peroxidase activities while decreased duodenal and jejunal crypt depth, hydrogen peroxide content in the liver and jejunal malondialdehyde content of laying hens aging 28 wk (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, GCM addition significantly increased serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M concentration of layers at the age of 20, 24, and 28 wk (P < 0.05). Moreover, it was observed in the 16S rRNA sequencing that the addition of GCM elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in laying hens. The predominant bacteria from each group were Bacteroidota and Firmicutes at the phylum level and Bacteroides and Lactobacillus were the dominant genera. The composition and structure of cecal microflora were changed by the addition of GCM to the diet of laying hens. In conclusion, the addition of GCM (500–1,000 mg/kg diet) can improve intestinal morphology, immune function, intestinal and liver antioxidant status and intestinal flora of laying hens, thereby improving intestinal digestion and absorption capacity. These findings provide a new way to further explore the mechanism of GCM improving intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amalgamation of an appropriate cocatalyst is a proficient technique to expand the efficacy of precious Pt-based catalytic materials. In this study, Mo 2 N–TiO 2 with regularly distributed Mo 2 N particles were simply prepared for the deposition of precious Pt nanoparticles (NPs). Numerous techniques were implemented to thoroughly explore, how synthesis method influence the bulk structural, interfacial and cata1ytic features of the as-prepared 3 wt%Pt/TiO 2 and 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalytic materials. The catalytic results obviously show that the 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst has exceptional hydrogenation performance when compared to 3 wt%Pt/TiO 2 catalyst. The 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst displayed high conversion (72.4 %) of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) with a maximum selectivity (82.1 %) towards C O bond. The excellent hydrogenation performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction taking place between Pt NPs and Mo 2 N entities of 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2. Also, the enhanced standardized dispersal of Pt NPs on the Mo 2 N–TiO 2 surface causes more exposed Pt0 sites on the 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 surface, which is productive for the improved activation and conversion of C O bond of CAL to yield COL. In addition, the 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst retained its higher catalytic activity for consecutive five successive rounds without substantial loss in either conversion or selectivity. [Display omitted] • Mo 2 N–TiO 2 were synthesized through one pot synthetic procedure. • Pt NPs was uniformly dispersed over Mo 2 N–TiO 2 by a simple polyol method. • The Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst exhibits good catalytic activity for CAL hydrogenation. • Pt has synergistic effect with Mo 2 N for the selective hydrogenation of CAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is the key component of the essential oil derived from cinnamon bark and recommended as a health factor in foods for the prevention and intervention of metabolic disorders. This research aims to reveal the association between the difference in the electrophilic abilities of functional groups in CA and 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (PA), and their regulation of lipid peroxidation as well as energy metabolism in free fatty acids (FFAs) overloaded HepG2 cells. CA treatment reduced lipid accumulation and synthesis-related factors, increased levels of factors associated with fatty acid β-oxidation, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and restored mitochondrial function and was superior to PA. Moreover, CA treatment increased nuclear Nrf2 protein levels and regulated the nuclear/cytoplasmic Nrf2 ratio, which suggested that CA effectively upregulated the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that CA possessed an electrophilic index of 2.45 covalently bound to Nrf2-associated Keap1 protein with an affinity of −3.6 kcal/mol, which was much stronger than PA, and HPLC-MS/MS analysis further confirmed that CA covalently modified Cys151 on Keap1 protein. In conclusion, CA has the capacity to attenuate hepatic steatosis and cellular oxidative response via Nrf2 signaling pathway, which is closely related to its strong electrophilic ability. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde improved hepatic steatosis in free fatty acids-induced HepG2 cells. • Cinnamaldehyde regulated cellular energy metabolism and oxidative homeostasis. • Cinnamaldehyde activated Nrf2 pathway via cysteine residue modification in Keap1. • α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group enhanced electrophilic capability of cinnamaldehyde. • Cinnamaldehyde reduced hepatic steatosis associated with electrophilic capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for paper-based packaging materials as an alternative to incumbent disposable petroleum-derived polymers for food packaging applications is ever-growing. However, typical paper-based formats are not suitable for use in unconventional applications due to inherent limitations (e.g., excessive hydrophilicity, lack antimicrobial ability), and accordingly, enabling new capabilities is necessity. Herein, a simple and environmentally friendly strategy was proposed to introduce antimicrobial and hydrophobic functions to cellulose paper through successive chemical grafting of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and cinnamaldehyde (CA). The results revealed that cellulose paper not only showed long-term antibacterial effect on different bacteria, but also inhibited a wide range of fungi. Encouragingly, the modified paper, which is fluorine-free, displays a high contact angle of 119.7°. Thus, even in the wet state, the modified paper can still maintain good mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the multifunctional composite papers have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Compared with ordinary cellulose paper, multifunctional composite paper can effectively prolong the shelf life of strawberries. Therefore, the multifunctional composite paper represents good application potential as a fruit packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Core-shell structured NPs that consisted of Pt cores and Sn shells were prepared. • The partial coverage of Pt by Sn facilitated their adsorption of C O bonds. • The strong Pt-Sn interaction is responsible for the enhanced performance. The selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to prepare cinnamyl alcohol (COL) is challenging as the unwanted hydrogenation of C C bond in CAL is thermodynamically more favorable than the hydrogenation of C O bond. We herein designed core–shell structured nanoparticles (NPs) that consisted of Pt cores and Sn shells to catalyze the CAL to COL conversion. By simply changing the amount of Sn precursor, we generated Pt@Sn NPs with different Sn shell thickness and catalytic performance. Among the samples, Pt@Sn/SiO 2 with Pt/Sn of 1/1 achieved the highest CAL conversion (87.2 %) as well as the COL selectivity (95.4 %), which were 5-fold and 6-fold, respectively, higher than those of Pt/SiO 2. This catalyst was also applicable to the hydrogenation of other α, β-unsaturated aldehyde and unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Both experiments and theoretical calculations indicated that the strong Pt-Sn interaction and the partial coverage of Pt by Sn facilitated their adsorption of C O bonds, thus enhancing the conversion of CAL and the selectivity towards COL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible films with modulated release of antimicrobial agents are important for food preservation. Herein, antimicrobial edible films were prepared using whey protein (WP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HM) as polymer matrix materials and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) as antimicrobial agent. The mass ratios of WP and HM were 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100. The release kinetics of CIN through the film was studied, applying the Fickian model, power law and Weibull model. The films were also characterized by physical and structural characteristics, and antibacterial activity. In comparison to other films, the CIN-loaded film with a WP/HM ratio of 50/50 had better moisture resistance, water vapor barrier properties and mechanical properties. High correlation factors were obtained by fitting the CIN release data with the power law (R 2 > 0.96) and Weibull model (R 2 > 0.97). The diffusion mechanism of CIN was pseudo-Fickian. The diffusion coefficients (D 1 and D 2) had a positive linear relationship with the HM ratio, suggesting that a high HM ratio was beneficial to the CIN release. Finally, the WH50-C film was successfully used to preserve Mongolian cheese. This research provides a new perspective on the design of active packaging film with sustained-release characteristics. • Antibacterial edible films of WP/HM incorporated with CIN were developed. • The CIN release kinetics was studied using the Fickian, power law and Weibull model. • The diffusion mechanism of CIN was observed to follow pseudo-Fickian diffusion. • The release of CIN was dependent on the WP/HM ratio in the film. • The WH50-C film with better characteristics was effective in preserving Mongolian cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde (CA), the main active constituent of cinnamon oil, is reported to have neuroprotective effects. However, the potential benefits of CA for brain protection in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are still not understood. Thus, the present study investigates the possible ameliorative effect of CA (70 mg/kg/day, I.P.) either alone or in combination with lactulose (Lac) (5.3 g/kg/day, oral) against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats. For induction of HE, TAA (200 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for 1 week at alternative days. CA, Lac and Lac+CA were administered for 14 days prior to and for further 7 days together with TAA injection. CA, Lac and Lac+CA combination effectively attenuated TAA-induced HE; as indicated by the improvement in behavioral tests, mitigation of pathological abnormalities in both liver and brain, the significant reduction in serum hyperammonemia and amelioration in liver function biomarkers; ALT and AST. This was accompanied with a substantial restoration of redox state in liver and brain; MDA and GSH levels. Moreover, CA, Lac and Lac+CA combination reduced neuroinflammation as demonstrated by the notable attenuation of P2X7R, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, GFAP and Iba1 brain levels, as well as the amelioration of brain edema as manifested by reduction in AQP4 levels in brain. Our study has demonstrated that CA in combination with Lac possesses a superior neuroprotective effect over Lac alone against TAA-induced HE by attenuation of P2X7R/NLRP3 mediated neuroinflammation and relieving brain edema. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde (CA)/lactulose (Lac) combination therapy has a neuroprotective activity against acute hepatic encephalopathy. • CA/Lac combination therapy alleviates hyperammonemia-induced cognitive/motor deficits and brain edema. • CA/Lac combination therapy attenuates P2X7R/NLRP3 mediated neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybutylene succinate (PBS) film containing spherical lignin nanoparticles (LNP) and natural agents (NA) such as vanillin (VAN), trans -cinnamaldehyde (CIN), and citral (CIT) was produced via blown film extrusion. The effect of the substance on controlled release qualities and inhibitory action against tropical fruit diseases in the vapor phase was investigated. Solvent extraction results revealed that PBS/LNP/NA composite films have a greater remaining content of each active agent than PBS/NA films. The morphology, mechanical properties, and barrier properties of the PBS/LNP/NA composite films were influenced by the lignin and natural agents. The release behavior of natural agents released into the headspace was appropriately described by mathematical models, with diffusion mainly dependent on NA concentration. According to the diffusion coefficient, PBS/LNP/NA films have a slow and steady constant release into a food matrix. Trans -cinnamaldehyde exhibited the fastest migration, followed by vanillin and citral, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 10−9 to 10−13 m2/s. Furthermore, the composite films were found to exhibit improved antifungal efficacy against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in the vapor phase. The results show that the biodegradable PBS/LNP/NA film could potentially be used as active packaging to extend the shelf life of tropical fruits. • Active films are produced by PBS-loaded LNP and natural agents (NA) via blown film extrusion. • LNP enhanced the remaining contents of NA after processing by solvent extraction. • The controlled release of NA in the vapor phase was described in Fick's second law. • The release behavior of PBS, LNP, and NA films showed slow, constant release. • PBS/LNP/CIN film exhibited antifungal activity in the vapor phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CIN restricted the interaction between oxygen agents and oil droplets. • CIN improved the uniformity of emulsion droplets and the antioxidation of oil. • CIN/β-CD composite improved the bioaccessibility of α-tocopherol. • CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion was an excellent delivery system. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Pickering emulsion and cinnamaldehyde/β-cyclodextrin (CIN/β-CD) Pickering emulsion were prepared and the influences of oxidation and digestion were investigated. CIN/β-CD composite was better dispersed at the oil–water interface than β-CD. Hydrophobic group of CIN anchored in the oil phase and Hydrophilic hydroxyl group of β-CD extended into the aqueous phase, which allowed CIN/β-CD composite to be oriented at the oil–water interface and formed a more stable oil–water interface layer. β-CD Pickering emulsion was more susceptible to oxidative deterioration than CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion, its malondialdehyde (MDA) value was as high as 509.41 ± 9.37 nmol/L. Digestion experiment indicated that CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion was released inner oil phase in the small intestine and free fatty acid (FFA) release rate was 44.32 ± 1.08%. Pharmacokinetic parameters manifested that α-tocopherol peak concentration (C max) was 64.32 ± 6.45 mg/L and the peak time (T max) appeared at 5 h after administration of CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co-based catalysts are prepared via calcination and reduction of Co-Al-contained hydrotalcites. • Reduction condition of Co 2 Al catalyst was optimized for good selectivity of C=O hydrogenation. • Co2+ species as Lewis acid site prefers to activate and hydrogenate the C=O bond. • Small-size metallic Co site promotes the hydrogen activation and dissociation. • Water as the solvent or additive facilitates the production of cinnamyl alcohol. Non-noble metal-catalyzed selective C O hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to corresponding alcohols is chemically atom economic and practically feasible. This work reports hydrotalcite-derived Co-based catalysts for catalyzing aqueous phase selective hydrogenation reaction of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol. The structure characterizations demonstrate the phase transition from hydrotalcite to co-existed CoO x and metallic Co0 in the optimal Co 2 Al-H 2 -400 catalyst. It exhibits superior catalytic activity and selectivity relative to other as-obtained Co catalysts, because of the synergy effect of Co2+ sites to promote the adsorptive activation of C O group and small-size Co0 sites to facilitate the activating dissociation of hydrogen. Furthermore, the catalytic role of water has also been explored. Adopting water as pure solvent and partially adding water into organic solvent can both effectively enhance the activity and selectivity. Such reaction environment may induce creation of more intermolecular hydrogen bonds for promoting the hydrogen transfer and thus boosting the hydrogenation reaction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle-filled films were fabricated as smart and active packaging materials to monitor and preserve the freshness of foods (fish). Antisolvent precipitation was used to produce zein nanoparticles containing anthocyanin in their hydrophobic cores and cinnamaldehyde on their surfaces. These nanoparticles were then coated with a layer of carrageenan, resulting in the formation of anthocyanin-zein-cinnamaldehyde-carrageenan (AZCC) composite nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the properties of these composite nanoparticles. The particles formed were spherical and had relatively small diameters (563 nm) and high negative charges (−24.6 mV). The particles were mainly held together by hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. The impact of nanoparticle concentration on the physical, structural, and functional properties of nano-composite films was investigated. Increasing the nanoparticle concentration led to changes in the opacity (17.42 A mm−1), microstructure, thermal stability (65.3%), and antioxidant activity of the films, as evaluated through DPPH (48.39%) and ABTS (92.77%) assays. The changes in color (S Lab : 16.98%–85.98%) of the nanoparticle-loaded films was sensitive to pH and ammonia content, which meant that they could be used as quality sensors. The release of anthocyanins from the films depended on the polarity of the model food they were in contact with. Optimized films significantly extended the freshness of Mandarin fish, resulting in a 13.3% reduction in total volatile base-nitrogen levels, which highlights their potential for monitoring and controlling the freshness of packaged foods. [Display omitted] • Nanoparticles-filled film was developed by antisolvent precipitation and solvent casting method. • Nanoparticles-filled film can simultaneously prevent food spoilage and detect freshness. • Nanoparticles enhance the physical properties and antioxidant activities of the films. • Carrageenan shell serves to protect the active substances and regulate their release. • The color of the nanoparticles-filled film varies with changes in environmental pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]