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[Display omitted] • Industrial pollution threatens marine life with hazardous metals like vanadium. • Thraustochytrid removed vanadium up to 50.8 % at optimal pH and temperature. • EDTA and citric acid enhanced removal up to 65.2 % & raised lipid content to 75.3 %. • Thraustochytrium sp. removes vanadium via biosorption and bioaccumulation. • Sustainable bioremediation technique offers promising industrial-scale application. Rising concerns about global environmental degradation underscore the pressing need for effective solutions to combat heavy metal pollution. Industries such as semiconductor and steel production discharge vanadium into marine ecosystems, posing significant risks to both marine life and human health. The current study investigates efficacy of utilizing marine thraustochytrid for efficient vanadium removal outcompeting other microbial sources. By optimizing pH and temperature conditions during harvesting, achieved a remarkable 50.80 % enhancement in vanadium removal efficiency, from 19.31 to 29.12 mg/L. Furthermore, chelating agents EDTA and citric acid supplementation demonstrated promising enhancements, reaching up to 31.21 and 32.59 mg/L, respectively. Notably, vanadium-treated biomass supplemented with citric acid exhibited maximum enhancement in lipid content, from 58.47 to 75.34 %, indicating thraustochytrid's potential for biofuel production. This study presents a sustainable approach for industrial-scale vanadium bioremediation, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals focused on dual benefits of environmental protection and renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Optimization led to 32.30 % increase in Thraustochytrium biomass (9.88 g/L). • Lipid yield experienced a significant surge, rising by 31.92 % to reach 6.57 g/L. • DHA concentration exhibited an impressive increase of 69.91 %, reaching 1.63 g/L. • EPA and DPA exhibited notable enhancements by 82.69 and 31.47%, respectively. • MANOVA showed significant optimization effect on biomass, and DHA yield (p < 0.05). The escalating demand for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) due to their vital health effects has deepened the exploration of sustainable sources. Thraustochytrium sp. stands out as a promising platform for omega-3 and 6 PUFA production. This research strategically optimizes key parameters: temperature, salinity, pH, and G:Y:P ratio and the optimized conditions for maximum biomass, total lipid, and DHA enhancement were 28 °C, 50 %, 6, and 10:1:2 respectively. Process optimization enhanced 32.30 and 31.92 % biomass (9.88 g/L) and lipid (6.57 g/L) yield. Notably, DHA concentration experienced a substantial rise of 69.91 % (1.63 g/L), accompanied by notable increases in EPA and DPA by 82.69 % and 31.47 %, respectively. MANOVA analysis underscored the statistical significance of the optimization process (p < 0.01), with all environmental factors significantly influencing biomass and lipid data (p < 0.05), particularly impacting DHA production. Thraustochytrium sp. can be a potential source of commercial DHA production with the fine-tuning of these key process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Thraustochytrium sp. was recognized as a high DHA and DPA and low EPA producer. • The best glucose concentration was 30 g/L for producing max. lipids and DHA. • Max. relative lipid and DHA yields were 67.6 % and 963.58 mg/L, respectively. • Highest yields of EPA, and DPA were 104.14 and 693.10 mg/L, respectively. • Relative DHA, and DPA were up to 22.61 and 20.7%, respectively, in total lipid. In recent studies, thraustochytrid has emerged as a sustainable substitute to fish oil or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources: docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Due to growing health concerns, there is increasing demand for food and health applications of PUFA for several diseases, aquaculture feeds, and dietary products. Thraustochytrium sp. found a sustainable source for considerable PUFA and SFA production and to meet omega PUFA demand globally. This study aims to increase PUFA yield by the maximum possible glucose carbon with an appropriate nitrogen ratio (10:1). The maximum biomass and lipid obtained from 40 g/L glucose, were 7.47 ± 0.3 g/L and 4.63 g/L (60.84 ± 1.4%), respectively. However, maximum relative lipid, DHA and DPA yields were from 30 g/L glucose i.e , 67.6 ± 1.9 % and 963.58 ± 24 and 693.10 ± 24 mg/L respectively with complete glucose assimilation. Thus, this could be a potential source of commercial DPA and DHA producers under the biorefinery scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Aurantiochytrium sp. was identified as high ω-3 PUFAs and low ω-6 producer. • A 30 g/L glucose was determined as the best optimized concentration. • The maximum yield of lipid and DHA at 30 g/L glucose were 4.30 and 1.34 g/L. • Lipid and DHA content was 62.4 and 33.49 % of total biomass and total lipid. • Relative PUFA was maximum 46.97 % (DHA) at 10 g/L glucose concentration. Due to growing health concerns, the urban population is utterly inclined towards a healthy lifestyle and incorporated nutritional food supplements to lower common health risks. The ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs consumption is increasing, hence alternative commercial production is essentially developed. The microbial source is an emerging platform to overcome the global demand for omega PUFAs. Marine oleaginous protist Aurantiochytrium sp. found a potential source to produce substantial DHA and SFA. The objective of the present research was to enhance the PUFA yield by optimizing maximum tolerable glucose concentration with a suitable nitrogen ratio (10:1). The maximum lipid and DHA yield and content were determined 4.30, 1.34 g/L, and 62.4, 33.49 % of total biomass and lipid at 30 g/L glucose respectively, which is one of among highest reported, however relative PUFA was maximum 46.97 % (DHA) in total lipid at 10 g/L glucose. Remaining 42–53.6 % SFA could be used for biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Balanced ω-3:ω-6 fatty acid diet ratio (1:4) leads to good health management. • Their imbalance ratio causes chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, obesity, etc. • Large-scale microbial ω-FAs production is a prerequisite for their rising demands. • Strategy to enhance microbial ω-6 could be promising for wellbeing and bioeconomy. Healthy foods containing omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been in great demand because of their unique dietary and health properties. Reduction in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has shown their therapeutic and health-promoting effects when consumed under recommended ratio 1:1–1:4, however imbalanced ratios (>1:4, high omega-6) enhance these risks. The importance of omega-6 is apparent however microbial production favors larger production of omega-3. Current research focus is prerequisite to designing omega-6 production strategies for better application prospects, for which thraustochytrids could be promising due to higher lipid productivity. This review provides recent updates on essential fatty acids production from potential microbes and their application, especially major insights on omega research, also discussed the novel possible strategies to promote omega-3 and omega-6 accumulation via engineering and omics approaches. It covers strategies to block the conversion of omega-6 into omega-3 by enzyme inhibition, nanoparticle-mediated regulation and/or metabolic flux regulation, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, algal-derived glycans and oligosaccharides have become increasingly important in health applications due to higher bioactivities than plant-derived oligosaccharides. The marine organisms have complex, and highly branched glycans and more reactive groups to elicit greater bioactivities. However, complex and large molecules have limited use in broad commercial applications due to dissolution limitations. In comparison to these, oligosaccharides show better solubility and retain their bioactivities, hence, offering better applications opportunity. Accordingly, efforts are being made to develop a cost-effective method for enzymatic extraction of oligosaccharides from algal polysaccharides and algal biomass. Yet detailed structural characterization of algal-derived glycans is required to produce and characterize the potential biomolecules for improved bioactivity and commercial applications. Some macroalgae and microalgae are being evaluated as in vivo biofactories for efficient clinical trials, which could be very helpful in understanding the therapeutic responses. This review discusses the recent advancements in the production of oligosaccharides from microalgae. It also discusses the bottlenecks of the oligosaccharides research, technological limitations, and probable solutions to these problems. Furthermore, it presents the emerging bioactivities of algal oligosaccharides and their promising potential for possible biotherapeutic application. [Display omitted] • Structurally diverse algal PSs are desirable for a wide range of OSs bioactivities. • Enzymatic OSs production reduces solubility and renders higher bioactivities. • Hydrothermal and γ-irradiation were most effective for OSs yield (87-91%) from PSs. • Major bottlenecks of algal OSs application lie in unclear rheology and bioactivity. • Advances are needed for a precise correlation between structure and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Microalgal astaxanthin is a super antioxidant molecule used as dietary supplements. • It possesses multifold bioactivities than other carotenoids/artificial astaxanthin. • Microalgal carotenoid market is expected to reach million ∼$550 by the year 2025. • Microalgal carotenoids exhibit 2–10 folds higher bioactivity than synthetic pigments. Microalgae have emerged as the best source of high-value astaxanthin producers. Algal astaxanthin possesses numerous bioactivities hence the rising demand for several health applications and is broadly used in pharmaceuticals, aquaculture, health foods, cosmetics, etc. Among several low-priced synthetic astaxanthin, natural astaxanthin is still irreplaceable for human consumption and food-additive uses. This review highlights the recent development in production enhancement and cost-effective extraction techniques that may apply to large-scale astaxanthin biorefinery. Primarily, the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin is elaborated with the key enzymes involved in the metabolic process. Moreover, discussed the latest astaxanthin enhancement strategies mainly including chemicals as product inducers and byproducts inhibitors. Later, various physical, chemical, and biological cell disruption methods are compared for cell disruption efficiency, and astaxanthin extractability. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of advancements in astaxanthin research covering scalable upstream and downstream astaxanthin bioproduction aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]