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Flux-mediated crystal growth strategy is highlighted by its feasibility of low-temperature, fast growth of high-quality metal oxides, as a result of enhanced diffusion of reactants. Herein, this strategy is successfully extended for CsPbIBr 2 film for the first time by simply incorporating a certain amount of CH 3 NH 3 Br into the precursor film. The CH 3 NH 3 Br species served as flux agents could dramatically boost the growth and coarsening of CsPbIBr 2 grains. Hence, a dense and uniform CsPbIBr 2 film consisted of micro-sized and high-crystallinity grains is attained at a low temperature of 200 °C. This processing temperature is lowered by one-third in contrast to the previous methods. More importantly, the carbon-based, all-inorganic perovskite solar cell (PSC) based on such desired CsPbIBr 2 film yields an optimized efficiency of 10.82%, which stands a record-high value for CsPbIBr 2 -based PSCs without configuration modifications. Meanwhile, the PSC delivers excellent operation stability under light, thermal, and humidity stresses. Consequently, the work contributes to establish a facile approach to low-temperature preparation of high-quality CsPbIBr 2 film for development of practical and efficient PSCs. Flux-mediated crystal growth strategy is extended to prepare high-quality CsPbIBr 2 film at a low temperature of 200 °C. The carbon-based, all-inorganic perovskite solar cell with the film yields a record-high efficiency of 10.82%. Image 1 • Flux-mediated crystal growth strategy is extended for the first time to prepare CsPbIBr 2 film. • A CsPbIBr 2 film with micro-sized and high-crystallinity grains is obtained at low temperature of 200 °C. • The carbon-based, all-inorganic PSC yields a record-high efficiency of 10.82%. • The PSC also delivers excellent operation stability under light, thermal, and humidity stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Potential of perovskite materials in underwater (UW) photovoltaic cells is systematically investigated. • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate significant advantages for UW applications in water with different depth and clarity. • The inorganic PSCs can obtain the PCE of 41.9% even in deep water, obviously higher than silicon cells. • This work reveals the significant value of inorganic PSCs in power supply for underwater device. Power supply for underwater devices such as vehicles, sensors and autonomous systems is an important factor which limits their practical application. Solar energy is a promising energy source but high-efficient solar cells on land cannot maintain their original superiority for the change of underwater solar irradiance caused by absorption and scattering in water. Here, we investigate the solar irradiance for water with different clarity and discuss the potential applications of different materials in underwater photovoltaic cells. By calculating and comparing the device performance of underwater solar cells (UWSCs) with different bandgap, it is demonstrated that wide bandgap (1.8 eV-2.3 eV) inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have significant advantages for underwater applications due to its outstanding photoelectric properties and suitable range of bandgap. The IPSCs can obtain the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 41.9% and power density of 3.11 mW/cm2 at the depth of 50 m in water, which is obviously higher than silicon solar cells. No matter what types of water we choose, the optimal bandgap of UWSC's active layer get wider with the increasing of water depth and the wide bandgap inorganic perovskites with 2.0–2.2 eV is an optimal choice. Our work reveals the significance of IPSCs in underwater photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an underground source of natural gas, shale gas is important for ensuring national energy security and promoting the "dual carbon" target. However, shale gas extraction produces flowback fluid that requires efficient treatment to avoid negative impacts on the environment and human health. In this study, a pilot plant was constructed to implement a novel membrane-integrated process to treat fracturing flowback fluid. This process employs an aeration reaction sedimentation (ARS) tank and a tubular ultrafiltration (TUF) membrane for pretreatment, followed by three separate membranes for nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and reverse osmosis (RO). The pretreatment removed 99.3% of total hardness, 99.4% of total suspended solids (TSS), and 88.1% of total organic carbon (TOC). Four different types of TUF membranes were tested and compared. It was also found that physico-chemical cleaning of the TUF membrane using the ceramic particle technology resulted in a flux recovery rate of up to 98%. In addition, the NF and ED membranes can remove 99.4% of Na 2 SO 4 and 90% of NaCl, respectively, resulting in an 85.6% decrease in TSS. Water recovery rate of the total system can reach 90%. Based on concept of sustainable green development, carbon footprint of integrated membrane process for treating fracturing flowback fluid was approximately 86.7 kgCO 2 eq lower than that of traditional process. Low carbon emissions and no generation of secondary pollutants have become the keys to treat fracturing wastewater. In summary, the integrated TUF-NF-ED-RO process based on membranes is very promising for treating fracturing flowback fluid. [Display omitted] • An integrated membrane system was proposed to treat fracturing flowback fluid. • A pilot plant was constructed to demonstrate long-term stable operation. • The TUF-NF-ED-RO membrane system demonstrated good performance and high fouling resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEI additives in CsPbIBr 2 precursor can enable the thin film with homogeneous grain growth. Meanwhile, leads to a more matched the energy level between the TiO 2 electron transporting layer (ETL) and CsPbIBr 2 has been matched, finally realizing the carbon-based, self-powered photodetectors with superior performance. • The homogeneous grain growth in CsPbIBr 2 film is realized by use of PEI additive. • The PEI additive also promotes the energy band alignment at CsPbIBr 2 /TiO 2 interface. • The self-powered PD based on CsPbIBr 2 film with PEI additive yields the outstanding performance. Self-powered, all-inorganic photodetectors (PDs) have attracted ever-increasing research attention recently, because of their upgraded stability, promising performance, and free of external power supply. However, most of the inorganic perovskite films used for such PDs are prepared by solution methods, for which the crystal sizes vary significantly among different areas. This issue is more serious among different samples and eventually stands a substantial hindrance to PDs' applications. In this paper, we introduced an amount of polyethyleneimine (PEI) species into the CsPbIBr 2 precursor, which enabled a thin film with the homogeneous grain growth. Moreover, with the PEI modification, the conduction band energy level of resulting CsPbIBr 2 film was also reduced, which leads to a more favored interfacial energy alignment between it and the TiO 2 electron transporting layer (ETL). Consequently, the champion PD yielded the dark current of 3.12 × 10−10 A, the peak responsivity (R) of 0.20 A/W, the maximum specific detectivity (D*) of 6.01 × 1012 Jones, and the response time of 2.07 μs, which are far beyond those of the one prepared without PEI additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]