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The essential oil (EO) extraction is one of the ways to utilize of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) peel waste. However, the low stability and penetration problems of EO limit their use. These limitations can be overcome by nanoemulsions. Therefore, this study aimed to form and characterize of the grapefruit peel essential oil nanoemulsion (EO N) and investigate its insecticidal properties against Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1875) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) for an alternative bio-economic way. The grapefruit peel EO N (4:3:3:90 w/w, EO:Tween 80:Ethanol:water) was formed by using the grapefruit peel EO with major chemical components such as d-limonene (85.70 %), myrcene (3.57 %), α-pinene (1.17 %). The grapefruit peel EO N was characterized by TEM (50–120 nm), Zeta sizer (the mean droplet particle size: 109.3 nm, ζ-potential value:-20.6 mV, polydispersity index:0.265) and FT-IR analysis. 500 ppm of the grapefruit peel EO N caused 50 % and 20 % mortality in S. granarius and T. castaneum after 7 days, respectively. 1000 ppm of the grapefruit peel EO N caused 85 % and 50 % mortality in S. granarius and T. castaneum after 7 days, respectively. Based on the findings, the grapefruit peel EO N may be considered having the potential to integrate management strategies for these pests and open a new bio-economic way. [Display omitted] • One of the ways to evaluate grapefruit peel waste is essential oil (EO) extraction. • Limitations on the use of EO can be overcome with nanoemulsion (N) form. • Grapefruit peel EO N (50–120 nm and −20.6 mV of ζ potential) was formed. • Grapefruit peel EO N showed a higher toxicity against S. granarius than T. castaneum. • EO N can be one of bio-economic ways of grapefruit peel waste in pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is linked with pathological conditions that can be managed with diet. Citrus, which belongs to the family Rutaceae, are used for several medicinal purposes. This study evaluated the modulatory effect of Citrus aurantifolia (lime) on some pathological conditions associated with aging. Twenty female albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (water), the model (D-galactose), the treatment group (D-galactose and lime), and the standard (D-galactose and quercetin). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid profile were monitored in the heart, liver, kidney, and the brain. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10), and reproductive hormones were analyzed in the blood using the ELISA kits. CAT increased in the treated and standard groups (14.03 and 13.60 U/mg respectively) compared with the model (9.18 U/mg). There was a decrease in liver SOD, but an increase in brain and kidney SOD. The level of IL-6 was reduced in treated and standard groups compared to the model. LDL-C was reduced in the treated and standard groups while the level of HDL-C increased in the treated groups. Luteinizing hormone (LH) increased while the follicle-stimulating hormone reduced. C. aurantifolia extract ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia associated with aging and its processes. [Display omitted] • C. aurantifolia is a member of the rutaceae plant family commonly used worldwide for different pharmacological purposes. • The anti-aging potentials of C. aurantifolia juice was monitored using galactose-induced aging rat models. • Results showed that pathological conditions associated with aging were ameliorated in the aging rats. • It was concluded that the juice of C. aurantifolia could modulate some metabolic processes associated with aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and warrants numerous interventions, mostly using functional foods or medicinal plants to combating obesity. This review focuses on medicinal plants that elicit anti-obesity effect targeting pancreatic lipase enzyme (PLE). However, the putative processes of the plants targeting PLE and its consequential effects on triglyceride breakdown remains elusive. The effect of aqueous methanolic extracts, fractions and isolates of selected plants on PLE was tested in-vitro. The potent plant extract was examined for its effect on triglyceride levels in rats administered using saturated fat-rich coconut milk versus non-fat milk model in-vivo. Our observations illustrates that the Citrus paradisi aqueous methanolic extract (CPAME) inhibits PLE and modulate the saturated fat-induced weight gain and triglyceride levels. Whilst, the hesperidin isolated from CPAME has shown potential to inhibit PLE, the observations warrant further investigations on flavonoid and other compounds in grape fruit. Therefore, CPAME could be a promising target in combating obesity by inhibiting PLE. [Display omitted] • Combating obesity with pancreatic lipase inhibitors as an emerging druggable target. • Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi aqueous methanol extract inhibits pancreatic lipase enzyme. • Citrus paradisi aqueous methanol extract modulates the saturated fat-rich coconut milk-induced weight gain, triglyceride levels and fecal lipids. • Hesperidin isolated and reported for the first time from Citrus paradisi aqueous methanolic extract inhibiting pancreatic lipase enzyme. • Grapefruit could be used as a potential functional food to combat obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A protocol for simplified crude citrus plant extract prepared in phosphate and NaOH:EDTA buffer. • A simplified RPA-based detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). • Developed assay could detect the CLas infection with sufficient sensitivity. • Developed RPA assay was field and was more sensitive compared to standard PCR. Huanglongbing disease caused by ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' is a serious threat to citrus production at global level. Its management largely relies on accurate detection and taking preventive measures to check its spread through sensitive and reliable diagnosis. The available standard nucleic acid-based detection assays rely on use of purified DNA as template and are cumbersome. This study reports a simplified extraction protocol of citrus phloem tissues for rapid recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay-based detection of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas)-associated with huanglongbing (HLB). Simplified crude plant extract prepared in phosphate buffer and NaOH:EDTA (using mortar pestle or extraction bag without the use of liquid nitrogen) was successfully employed in the RPA assay. Developed assay targeted specific outer membrane protein (OMP) and ribosomal protein (RP) genomic regions of CLas and could detect its infection up to 10−9 to 10−11 dilution of plant extract and up to 1−10 ag µl−1 of DNA of CLas positive citrus tissues and plasmid DNA having respective gene insert, thus exhibiting sufficient sensitivity. Assay was highly specific and showed no cross-reactivity with the common pathogens infecting citrus exhibiting high reliability. Developed RPA assay was validated using 447 citrus samples collected across the Indian citrus belts, where 79.19 % were detected CLas positive and was more sensitive as compared to PCR wherein 0.45 % to 3.80 % samples were detected false negative. The developed RPA assay rapidly detected CLas infection in simply prepared crude plant extract in cost-effective manner and can be performed at low isothermal temperature in resource-poor laboratories for prevalence studies, bud wood certification and production of CLas-free planting materials of citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation operational pH is a critical parameter for hydrogen production and aiming to improve the pH stability in the process, supplementation with buffering agents can be an alternative. The effect of two buffering agents, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), in hydrogen production from citrus peel waste (CPW) and citrus processing wastewater (CPWW) was evaluated, in assays carried out in batch reactors. The calcium carbonate was identified the buffering agent with the most significant positive effect on H 2 production. The effect of CaCO 3 concentration (1.0–4.0 g L−1) with variations in the citrus peel waste (7.0–25.0 gTVS.L−1) and citrus processing wastewater (1.0–3.0 gCOD.L−1) concentrations were evaluated through an experimental design. In the assays with CaCO 3 and NaHCO 3 , the hydrogen production was 1099.7 mL L−1 and 517.3 mL L−1, respectively, representing an increase of 176.8 % and 30.2 % when compared to the control assay (397.4 mL L−1), and CaCO 3 was identified as the best alternative for alkalinizing the process. Through experimental design assays the high importance of the adjustment between buffering capacity and substrate availability for hydrogen production was verified. Higher H 2 production (940.0 mL L−1) was obtained in the assay with 2.5 g.L-1 of CaCO3, 16.0 gTVS.L-1 of CPW, 2.0 gCOD.L-1 of CPWW, and 3.5 gTVS.L−1 of inoculum sludge, resulting in a gCaCO 3.g−1CHO ratio of 0.45. For the assay with the highest hydrogen production, butyric acid (1752.1 mg L−1) and acetic acid (1768.3 mg L−1) were the metabolites in the highest concentration and a relative abundance higher than 90 % of Clostridium sensu stricto was identified. A maximum energy potential of 634.91 MJ t−1 of CPW was obtained with an estimated electricity generation potential of up to 3.2 million MWh per year. [Display omitted] • Supplementation with calcium carbonate resulted in an increase of 176.8 % in hydrogen production. • Adjustment of buffering agent and substrate concentrations was crucial for process stability. • Butyric and acetic acids were predominant in assays with higher H 2 production. • Lactic acid was the main metabolite for assays with low H 2 production. • Clostridium sensu stricto was identified in relative abundance higher than 90 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The use of two rootstocks in common pots favors the increase of all levels of A, E and gs even in full irrigation. • The association between genotypes in the same pot caused different physiological responses. • The use of two rootstocks in common pots is more effective tool for analyses of citrus plants under drought stress conditions. Brazil is a country focused on agribusiness and is the world's largest producer of orange juice. However, citrus production in certain regions of the world is affected by irregular rainfall, which imposes drought stress conditions and causes behavioral changes in plant survival, growth, and productivity. In this context, the objective of this work was to assess a methodology for the selection of citrus rootstocks tolerant to drought when exposed to water deficit regimes. This work was conceived with prior knowledge of the responses to drought tolerance of three rootstocks: Rangpur Lime (RL), Sunki Tropical (ST) and Sunki Maravilha (SM). The study was carried out with Valencia Orange (VO) scion varieties grafted on these three rootstocks. Two plants were conditioned per pot, forcing competition for available water in the soil, and all combinations were exposed to three different water regimes (irrigated, water deficit, and rehydrated). The hydric and physiological relationships were then evaluated. The results showed that in addition to the availability of water, the association between genotypes in the same pot caused different physiological responses. In view of the contrasting strategies of survival/tolerance adopted by these genotypes in response to water deficit, the combination with RL allowed a higher tolerance, showing less water extraction, lower leaf water potential, and relative water content, as well as an increase in the photosynthetic parameters when combined mainly with SM. The methodology used is a promising and more effective tool for analyses of citrus plants under drought stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Leach Bed Reactor (LBR) application is a promising alternative for the anaerobic digestion of solid waste and wastewater. In this study, the LBR was continuously operated for 160 days in four different phases, for co-fermentation of solid and liquid waste from the citrus agroindustry, at 37 °C, evaluating the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR). The maximum volumetric hydrogen production (VHPR) was observed at an HRT of 12h (958.3 mLH 2.L-1.d-1); however, the highest hydrogen yield (HY) was identified at an HRT of 24h (104.9 mLH 2.g-1CHO). Based on the metabolic characteristics of microorganisms identified in higher relative abundance, by 16S rRNA sequencing, such as Lactobacillus, Caproicoproducens, Bifidobacterium, Olsenella, and Solobacterium, an occurrence of chain elongation pathways in the production of butyric and caproic acids was inferred, with hydrogen production resulting from the lactic acid oxidation. The maximum electricity production potential of 16.3 kWh.m-3 liquor was estimated. [Display omitted] • The leach bed reactor was applied to the dark fermentation of citrus waste. • The highest H 2 yield was obtained in a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24h. • The highest volumetric H 2 production rate was verified in HRT of 12h. • Lactobacillus was predominant in the fixed bed and leachate tank at HRT of 12h. • Caproiciproducens were identified with high relative abundance in HRT of 36h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the energy recovery of citrus wastes with pure cultures (Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, Clostridium beijerinckii ATCC 10132 – Inocula 1 and 2, respectively) and an autochthonous microbial (Inoculum 3) from citrus wastewater (CW) in anaerobic batch reactors to produce biofuels (H 2 and ethanol) fed with different carbon sources (glucose, maltose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, lactose, starch, acetate, and glycerol) in addition to CW. 4 conditions are tested: 1st - Inoculum 3, composed by Bacillus (20.44%), Clostridium (13.65%) and Lactobacillus (10.61%) was able to produce H 2 with sucrose, glucose and fructose. 2nd - The highest metabolites were produced with TYA medium with Inocula 1 (374 mg L−1 of acetic acid) and 2 (611 mg L−1 of butanol). Inoculum 3 generated the highest ethanol (1571.8 mg L−1) in PYG medium. 3rd - In the same nutritional conditions (PYG), Inocula 1 and 2 produced H 2 (36.80 and 64.10 mmol L−1, respectively) and acetic acid (246 and 201 mg L−1, respectively); the H 2 was suppressed with inoculum 3 due to Lactobacillus genus. 4th H 2 production was favored by autochthonous bacteria in CW. This study valued the autochthonous microorganisms in the possibility of bioconversion of organic matter into value-added products in addition to contribute to an environment-sustainable solution for citrus processing. [Display omitted] • Autochthonous consortium from citrus wastewater was able to produce 37.8 mmol H 2 L−1. • Bacillus , Clostridium and Lactobacillus were identified in autochthonous microbial. • Clostridium beijerinckii ATCC 10132 was able to produce 611 mg L−1 of butanol. • Autochthonous microbial generated the highest ethanol (1571.8 mg L−1) in PYG medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online sales are essential for linking smallholder farmers to a wide range of markets. In essence, online sales not only influence the income received from selling a specific product but also generate spillover effects on total farm income and household income because they promote the sales of other agricultural products and generate regional off-farm work opportunities (e.g. product sorting, packaging, and delivery). Taking citrus as an example, this study explores the income effects of online sales with a focus on net returns from citrus production, net farm income, and household income. We used an endogenous treatment regression model to address the self-selection bias issues of online sales and estimated data collected from 926 citrus-producing households in Jiangxi Province, China. The results show that online citrus sales boost income growth in rural China. Specifically, online sales significantly increased net returns from citrus production, net farm income, and household income by 5,000 Yuan/capita, 8,580 Yuan/capita, and 17,830 Yuan/capita, respectively. The income-enhancing effects of online sales are greater for female household heads than they are for their male counterparts. Our findings emphasise the importance of promoting online sales to improve rural household welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naringenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavonone) is a phytochemical mainly found in citrus fruits. It is a promising phytochemical for human health because of its beneficial effects. This review aims to present comprehensive information on naringenin biological activities along with its action mechanisms and explain the pharmacokinetic properties of naringenin. This study involves a comprehensive literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies examining the effects of naringenin. Naringenin has antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiobesity, gastroprotective, immunomodulator, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. These properties are primarily attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The most important antioxidant activities of naringenin including free radical scavenging and preventing lipid peroxidation. Naringenin can increase the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and inhibit metal chelation and various pro-oxidant enzymes. Anti-inflammatory activities of naringenin are associated with decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase activities and nuclear factor kappa B by modulating the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokine and enzymes. In vitro and in vivo studies show that naringenin has promising biological activities for a variety of diseases. More research must be conducted on the bioactivities of naringenin, and to determine its optimum dose. In addition, the efficiency of naringenin must be examined with enhanced bioavailability methods to be able to increase its therapeutic effect. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chloroplast genome of 'Zangju' had one less protein-coding gene (rpl22) than 'Tuju'. • There were high commonality of codons and a significant AT preference in chloroplast genomes of the two citrus varieties. • The chloroplast genomes of different citrus species could share one haplotype. • Citrus species had complex lineage relationships and extensive hybridization. Citrus plants, comprising some of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, have great research value. We assembled and annotated the chloroplast genomes of two local important citrus varieties of China, 'Tuju' and 'Zangju', and comparatively analyzed their sequences. The full lengths chloroplast genomes of 'Tuju' and 'Zangju' were 160,121 and 160,694 bp, respectively. Both featured a quadripartite structure with two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) separated by small (SSC) and large (LSC) single-copy regions. 'Tuju' chloroplast genome contained 134 genes. 'Zangju' had one less protein-coding gene (rpl22) than 'Tuju'. We also found 27 and 21 optimal codons, all of which ended with A or U, for chloroplast protein-coding genes of 'Tuju' and 'Zangju', respectively. There were 32 haplotypes obtained from 43 citrus chloroplast genomes, some different species or cultivars could share one haplotype. Of them, 'Tuju', one individual of Citrus limon , one individual of Citrus maxima and Citrus platymamma shared one haplotype, which implied they had the same maternal origin. The phylogenetic trees supported that all haplotypes could be divided five groups, while haplotype network analysis tended to get three groups. Our study reveals the complex lineage relationship of citrus plants at a certain level, and provides a valuable reference tool for future research on citrus plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how to obtain high levels of two major flavonoids, hesperidin and narirutin, from GY (green yuzu) powder and investigate their biological properties. We selected solvent extraction and enzyme treatment conditions before purification with an HP-20 Diaion column. We determined the appropriate extracted condition as 5 % GY with a 50 % ethanol solvent, and the enzyme treatment condition as 0.05 % RF enzyme for 24 h. Purification using 50 % ethanol as an eluent resulted in highly-enriched narirutin and hesperidin (50.78 % and 42.43 %, respectively). We also investigated the biological activities of extracts from each step, including the assessment of MMP-1 and tyrosinase inhibition activities, antibacterial properties, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activities. The extracts exhibited desirable properties such as skin elasticity, whitening effects, and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 cells. Highly purified extracts showed better antibacterial activity against food and dermatological pathogens. The results suggested that narirutin and hesperidin concentration and purity may influence the extracts' biological effects. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the improved extraction and purification of narirutin and hesperidin from GY powder and their biological activities, highlighting their potential as a functional food and health product ingredients. [Display omitted] • Efficient extraction of hesperidin and narirutin from green yuzu was performed. • Enzyme treatment and Diaion HP-20 column chromatography provided 93 % yield. • Purified extracts showed antibacterial activity against food and skin pathogens. • Purified extract showed functions related to skin elasticity and whitening. • Anti-inflammatory activity of purified extract was observed in RAW264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement (GCE) on the performance, rumen fermentation, methane emissions, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows. Fourteen multiparous Nordic Red cows in mid-lactation from the research herd of Luke (Jokioinen, Finland) were allocated to 7 blocks in a complete randomized block design based on body weight, days in milk, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk yield. Animals within each block were randomly allocated to a diet with or without GCE. The experimental period for each block of cows (one for each of the control and GCE groups) consisted of 14 d of adaptation followed by 4 d of methane measurements inside the open circuit respiration chambers, with the first day being considered as acclimatization. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Methane production (g/d) and methane intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) were lower by 10.3 and 11.7%, respectively, and methane yield (g/kg of DMI) tended to be lower by 9.7% in cows fed GCE compared with the control. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition were similar between treatments. Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were similar, whereas GCE tended to increase molar propionate concentration and decrease the molar ratio of acetate to propionate. Supplementation with GCE resulted in greater abundance of Succinivibrionaceae , which was associated with reduced methane. The relative abundance of the strict anaerobic Methanobrevibacter genus was reduced by GCE. The change in microbial community and rumen propionate proportion may explain the decrease in enteric methane emissions. In conclusion, feeding GCE to dairy cows for 18 d modified rumen fermentation and microbiota, leading to reduced methane production and intensity without compromising DMI or milk production in dairy cows. This could be an effective strategy for enteric methane mitigation of dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a serious challenge for all humans, and global net-zero targets can only be achieved with collaborative endeavors from various industries. Citrus is one of the largest fruit industries in the world, and vast quantities of citrus by-products (CBP) are produced due to large-scale planting and processing activities. However, CBP are usually left in the environment, leading to economic loss, environmental pollution, and carbon emissions. Even though a small fraction of CBP can be valorized, the processing may cause energy loss and secondary pollution. For global net-zero targets, there is an urgent need for technological innovation to develop green low-carbon processing industries and facilitate better utilization of citrus biomass resources to reduce carbon emissions. This review summarizes the far-reaching impacts of CBP management on climate change, and proposes innovative technologies and solutions for CBP to facilitate sustainable development and global carbon neutrality goals. CBP exhibit great potential for achieving net-zero targets in terms of yield, utilization status, and composition characteristics. The carbon footprint during processing can be reduced through green equipment and solvents, as well as renewable energy sources and digital aids. Besides, the rich variety of by-product types and compositions contribute to great potential to reduce carbon footprint in food systems (soil carbon sequestration, management of livestock methane (CH 4), development of low-carbon food, and reduction of food waste), develop biomass energy (biodiesel, biofuel cells and combustible gases), and sustainable materials for livelihood, pollution control and energy storage. • Citrus by-products (CBP) have great potential to achieve net-zero targets. • Value-added use of CBP from a climate change perspective is reviewed. • Blind citrus processing may have negative impacts on climate change. • Carbon footprint can be reduced from energy and chemical use in citrus processing. • CBP can be applied in food, energy and sustainable materials to reduce emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, physicochemical, microbiological qualities and biological activities of fruit juices obtained from three different citrus fruits and fermented products obtained as a result of inoculation of nine different lactic acid bacteria were investigated. As a result of the research, was determined that titration acidity, free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic substance values increased due to fermentation process, whereas pH, aw, dry matter, viscosity, brix and L* values decreased. Among the samples, the lowest DPPH value was determined by B. animalis spp.lactis inoculation, and the highest total phenolic content value was found in the samples obtained by L. plantarum inoculation among three citrus species. Moreover, it was determined that the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the obtained products increased on the strains used in the study, especially with fermentation. It was determined that the antibacterial effect is more effective on Gram (-) bacteria in general. [Display omitted] • The free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic substance values increased on the fermentation process. • pH, aw, dry matter, viscosity, brix and L* values decreased with the fermentation process. • The antibacterial effect increased with heat treatment and especially the fermentation process. • The antibacterial effects of samples were more effective on Gram (-) bacteria • The antifungal effect increased with the fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel methodological approach for parcel-based crop classification in highly fragmented landscapes is presented. • The potential of Sentinel-2 time series to identify citrus crops status is studied. • Differences were found in the OSAVI and NDMI profiles that enable the identification of non-productive, productive and abandoned crops. • The spatial and temporal transferability of the OSAVI and NDMI time series is assessed. Agricultural land abandonment (ALA) is becoming a growing phenomenon around the world that needs to be monitored and quantified. A massive abandonment of citrus orchards has been experienced in the last years in the Comunitat Valenciana (CV) region (Spain) driven by different socio-economic factors. Therefore, developing time and cost-efficient methods for monitoring ALA is a priority. Citrus are a perennial crop trees which make orchards have low spectral variation during the year. In the CV region, they are planted in relatively small parcels, thus creating a highly fragmented and heterogeneous landscape. This study proposes a machine learning-based classification framework that uses annual time series of spectral indices extracted from Sentinel-2 images to identify crop status at parcel level. The method is based on features extracted from the reconstructed OSAVI and NDMI time series used to train a Random Forest classifier. Then, a parcel-based classification is performed using the parcel boundaries and the probabilities of belonging to each category for the full pixels inside the boundaries. The research assessed the potential to identify three statuses of crops (non-productive, productive, and abandoned). Results on three different temporal and spatial datasets provided an overall accuracy ranging from 89 to 92 %, demonstrating the importance of multi-temporal data to identify the abandonment of perennial crops. Furthermore, we studied the ability of the model to be spatially and temporally transferred. Limitations to recall the abandoned parcels when using models trained in other areas or time periods are exposed, opening the way to model improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• External standard calibration method was used for quantifying the main components of the essential oils (EOs) of citrus, lavender and rosemary. • The biological properties of the EOs and standard volatiles' combinations were evaluated and compared. • The antioxidant activity of the EOs were better than the standard volatiles' combinations. • The combination of 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol was better as inhibitor of the α-glucosidase activity than the EOs. Since ancient times, essential oils or their volatiles have been used in food, health and aromatherapy. Essential oils are complex mixtures constituted by dozens of compounds, which makes it difficult to attribute their biological properties to this or that compound or compound combinations. Moreover, the quantification of the volatiles is generally made through their relative percentage abundances. In the present study, the major volatiles isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia , and Citrus aurantium essential oils extracted by simultaneous hydrodistillation-steam distillation were quantified through the external standard calibration method. Fifteen volatile mixtures were made using individual volatiles identified in the essential oils (EOs) to better find their role in the biological activities (antioxidant, anti-glucosidase, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities). For almost mixtures assayed, the in vitro biological activities were generally poorer than those obtained for crude EOs, with the exception of the inhibitory effect on the α-glucosidase activity. In this case, 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol seem to have a positive role in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, in contrast to camphor and borneol, which had the opposite action. Therefore there was a possible antagonist effect of both camphor and borneol in the volatile mixtures assayed on inhibiting the α-glucosidase activity. This approach also permitted us to conclude that there were several other factors not determined in the present work that were responsible for the activities found in the EOs, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The haploids used in breeding programs facilitates the genetic analysis by eliminating the complexity of the heterozygous state. However, this technique has not provided satisfactory results when applied to Citrus and related genera. In the present study, we aimed to refine the protocols for producing calluses in different species of Citrus and one species of Poncirus. The plant material used was collected from the Citrus Germplasm Active Bank of EMBRAPA Cassava & Fruits, and the work was developed in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of this institution. Four culture media were used in the callus induction stage. Each culture medium was considered an isolated factor and applied to each of the eight genotypes studied, totaling 32 experiments. Among the genotypes, different experiments were conducted based on the difference in the size of the floral buds. Only the anthers extracted from the floral buds of the Citrus medica L. genotype responded to the treatments applied in the induction stage. Consequently, only this species was submitted to the callus multiplication stage, in which two experiments were performed with two culture media. The other genotypes are still being investigated to promote future protocol adjustments to allow the continuity of the studies on callus induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interveinal chlorosis in old leaves is a common occurrence in citrus orchards in southern China. The present study investigates the 'Langfeng' navel orange (LF, Citrus sinensis) grafted onto a Trifoliate orange (TO, Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock, which exhibits healthy green leaves, and the 'Newhall' navel orange (NHE, C. sinensis) grafted onto TO, which has typical magnesium (Mg) deficiency-induced chlorosis. Chemical analysis of the rhizosphere soil revealed that the pH values were around 3.92 and that both Mg and calcium (Ca) were significantly deficient in the rhizosphere soil of both grafting combinations (LF/TO and NHE/TO). Furthermore, the chlorotic leaves of NHE/TO had significantly lower levels of Mg, Ca, and phosphorus (P), and the green leaves of NHE/TO had significantly lower levels of Mg and Ca compared to the green leaves of the LF/TO. This suggests that Mg deficiency may be the primary cause of chlorosis in NHE/TO. A greenhouse study using the same graft combinations showed that the LF/TO plants had better growth than the NHE/TO, possibly by promoting Mg uptake and/or improving Mg distribution to leaves, thereby increasing carbon dioxide (CO 2) assimilation and photosynthesis, optimizing carbohydrate distribution, and increasing plant biomass. This results in a phenotype that is tolerant to Mg deficiency. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the LF navel orange could be utilized in the development of new citrus varieties with improved Mg-use efficiency. • Interveinal chlorosis is common in southern China citrus orchards. • Study compares "Langfeng" navel orange (LF) on Trifoliate orange rootstock (TO) to "Newhall" navel orange (NHE) on TO. • Soil analysis showed Mg and Ca deficiencies and NHE/TO had lower levels of Mg, Ca, and P in chlorotic leaves. • Greenhouse study showed better growth in LF/TO plants, indicating improved Mg uptake and tolerance to Mg deficiency. • Findings suggest LF navel orange can be used in new citrus varieties with improved Mg-use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a kind of superabsorbent resin (SAR) with superior quality for hygiene products was developed using Fructus Aurantii Immaturus pectin (FAIP) from Citrus aurantium L.. FAIP-g-AM/AMPS SAR was established by free radical graft co -polymerization with FAIP as skeleton structure, N, N′-Methylene-bis (acrylamide) (MBA) as the cross-linker. Meanwhile, the functional monomers of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) were introduced. The structure and morphology of FAIP-g-AM/AMPS were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, XRD, SEM and TG-DSC analysis. The results confirmed that the AFIP-g-AM/AMPS SAR was successfully prepared, which exhibited a three-dimensional (3D) network structure and an excellent thermal stability. The absorption and retention capacity of FAIP-g-AM/AMPS was comparable to or even better than commercial diapers and sanitary napkins. Significantly, FAIP-g-AM/AMPS itself exhibited excellent antibacterial and safety. FAIP-g-AM/AMPS has an inhibition ratio of 97.1 % for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 98.5 % for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and was non-irritating and non-allergic to the skin. In addition, FAIP-g-AM/AMPS presented amazing biodegradability and a weight loss reached 37.1 % after 30 days by soil burial test. The research provides a safe and high-performance SAR, which expected to be used in hygiene products such as baby diapers, adult incontinence pads and sanitary napkins. [Display omitted] • Natural macromolecule pectin was employed to prepare SAR with superior properties. • SAR shown excellent salt resistance, antibacterial, nonirritant and biodegradability. • Inhibition ratio was 97.1 % for E. coli and 98.5 % for S. aureus. • Degradation ratio reached 37.1 % after 30 days by soil burial test. • A safe and high-performance SAR has bright prospect in hygiene products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulated evidences have revealed the critical roles of calcium binding protein (CaBP) in growth and stress responses of plants. However, its function in woody plants is poorly understood. In this study, we cloned the CDS, gDNA and promoter sequences of three tandem-duplicated CaBPs (CsCaBP1 , CsCaBP2 and CsCaBP3) from Citrus sinensis , analyzed their sequence characteristics, and investigated their gene expression patterns and promoter activities under treatments of CaCl 2 , several phytohormones and wounding. Results showed that the three CsCaBPs have high sequence similarity. Their expression was strongly induced by CaCl 2 , ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and wounding, and the promoting effect of wounding on their expression was found to be partially ethylene-dependent. Consistently, we identified many phytohormone-related cis -acting elements in their promoters, and their promoter activity could be induced significantly by ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and wounding. All the three CsCaBPs can interact with WRKY40, whose encoding gene showed a similar expression pattern to CsCaBPs under phytohormone and wounding treatments. In addition, CsERF14, CsERF21, CsERF3 and CsERF2 could bind to their promoters. The results obtained in this study indicated that the three duplicated CsCaBPs were functionally redundant and played similar roles in the phytohormone and wounding responses of C. sinensis. • The expression of three duplicated CsCaBPs was strongly induced by CaCl 2 , ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and wounding, and the promoting effect of wounding on their expression was partially ethylene-dependent. • CsCaBPs interact with WRKY40, whose encoding gene showed a similar expression pattern to CsCaBPs under phytohormone and wounding treatments. • CsERF14, CsERF21, CsERF3 and CsERF2 can bind to CsCaBPs promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is one of the most commonly farmed and popular fruit crops globally. Citrus fruits are high in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibre, which are essential for overall health. Oranges are the most widely traded citrus fruit, accounting for more than half of global citrus production. Tangerines, lemons, and mandarins are the next most commonly farmed varieties. Citrus production and export have steadily expanded over the previous three decades, though slower than competing items like mangoes, avocados, and melons. The production of citrus fruit is heavily hampered due to diseases in its growth stages. Again, the diseases not only appear in leaves but also in fruits. So, the quality of fruits is degraded due to the appearance of flaws. The citrus fruits are graded in two ways: first based on their skin tone and second on their size. So, there is a requirement to assess citrus diseases to avoid the degradation of production. Further, there is a need to grade citrus fruit to make easy packaging concerning its quality; so that the proper values of Citrus fruits be generated. This article studied and analysed different methodologies reported for citrus disease prediction and grading of citrus fruit in the postharvest stage based on machine vision between 2010 and 2021. This paper outlines the current achievements, limitations, and suggestions for future research on citrus diseases and their fruit grading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature stress, in the form of chilling and freezing, is one of the major environmental factors impacting on citrus yield, which changes plant's water state and results in the crops' sub-health or injury. The innovative terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and imaging based sensing technology has been shown to be a suitable tool for plant leaf water status determination, due to THz radiation's innate sensitivity to hydrogen bond vibration in aqueous solutions, which is usually related to plant phenotype change. We demonstrate experimentally that the THz absorption coefficient of leaf could be used for distinguishing plant's physiological stress status, exhibiting clear decreasing or increasing trend under chilling or freezing stress respectively. The underlying rationale might be that membrane damage shows a diverse pattern, changing the intra- or extra-cellular liquid environments, likely being linked to the various THz spectral characteristics. There were different adaptations in leaf morphology, leading to different leaf density, which in turn affects the water volume fraction. Moreover, different patterns of the dynamic equilibrium state of free water and bound water under chilling and freezing treatment were revealed by THz spectroscopy. Here, THz spectroscopic monitoring has shown unique potential for judging citrus's low temperature stress state through bio-water detection and discrimination. • The absorption of leaf in THz band increases abnormally after freezing and thawing. • Free water and bound water content are analyzed quantitatively by THz spectroscopy. • Dynamic equilibrium of leaf water is different under chilling and freezing environment. • THz spectroscopy indicates and analyzes the state of low temperature stress of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is susceptible to Penicillium digitatum (P. digitatum) infection in post-harvest storage, resulting in enormous economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity and potential mechanism of the combination of Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and citral (two natural antifungal components derived from citrus) against P. digitatum in vitro and citrus fruit. The results show that PMFs can enhance the antifungal activity of citral nanoemulsion, and PMFs-loaded citral nanoemulsion (PCT) has significant antifungal activity in a concentration-dependent manner. PCT can evidently inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth in vitro , and effectively control the growth of green mold on postharvest citrus fruit. Furthermore, PCT treatment resulted in the alteration of mycelia morphology, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and membrane lipid peroxidation. These changes can disrupt the normal structure and function of the cell membrane, as evidenced by the reduction of total lipid and ergosterol content in the mycelia and the stronger red fluorescence of the cells emitted after PI staining. Based on the above results, we infer that PCT has a strong inhibitory effect on P. digitatum , and its potential mechanism is related to the destruction of the cell membrane. Therefore, PCT can be considered as a botanical fungicide for citrus preservation. [Display omitted] • Addition of PMFs enhances the antifungal activity against P. digitatum of citral nanoemulsions. • PCT exhibits antifungal effects against P. digitatum in vitro and in vivo. • PCT damages the cell membrane of P. digitatum. • PCT stimulates the accumulation of ROS in the mycelia of P. digitatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naringin, a flavonoid present in citrus fruits, has been known for the capacity to reduce lipid synthesis and anti-inflammatory. In this study, we investigated whether naringin increases lipolysis and fatty acid β- oxidation to change fat deposition. In in vivo experiment, obese adult mice (20-weeks-old, n = 18) were divided into control group fed with normal diet and naringin-treated group fed with naringin-supplemented diet (5 g/kg) for 60 days, respectively. In in vitro experiment, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for four days with or without naringin (100 µg/mL). Supplementing naringin significantly reduced the body weight, abdominal fat weight, blood total cholesterol content of mice, but did not affect food intake. In addition, naringin decreased levels of pro-inflammatory factors in adipose tissue including interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Naringin increased the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key factor in cellular energy metabolism, and raised the ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK in mouse liver tissue. The protein expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), phospho-HSL563 (p-HSL563), p-HSL563/HSL, and adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was significantly increased in the adipose tissue of naringin-treated mice. Furthermore, naringin enhanced the expression of fatty acid β -oxidation genes, including carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (AOX1) in mouse adipose tissue. In in vitro experiment, similar findings were observed in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with naringin treatment. The treatment remarkably reduced intracellular lipid content, increased the number of mitochondria and promoted the gene expression of HSL , ATGL , CPT1 , AOX1 , and UCP2 and the phosphorylation of HSL protein. Naringin reduced body fat in obese mice and lipid content in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which was associated with enhanced AMPK activation and upregulation of the expression of the lipolytic genes HSL , ATGL , and β -oxidation genes CPT1 , AOX1 , and UCP2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of citrus brown spot because of Alternaria is one of the most destructive citrus diseases. Additionally, Alternaria species produce highly toxic mycotoxins. Mass screening is a valid method to control the spread of Alternaria. Morphological analysis and polymerase chain reaction combined with gene-sequencing technique are the most commonly used techniques for detecting Alternaria. However, they are limited by either low convenience and accuracy or low instrument accessibility and high cost. To balance the convenience, accuracy, test availability, and low cost, we develop a CRISPR/Cas12a-based photothermal platform for the portable detection of Alternaria genes using a thermometer. Using this platform, the Alternaria genes from the synthetic sequences and cultured fungus of citrus, tomato, and apple can be detected using a thermometer with a detection limit of 1.5 pM. With the aid of the CRISPR/Cas12a system, citrus-associated Alternaria can be specifically differentiated from other citrus disease-associated microorganisms. When the photothermal platform is applied to analyze the citrus fruit samples collected in the field, good-consistency results are obtained with the gene-sequencing technology. The excellent performance of this portable method shows that it can be applied to screen for Alternaria in resource-poor settings. • A portable method based on the CRISPR/Cas12a system for citrus-associated Alternaria genes was developed. • This method relied on the effective photothermal conversion of oxTMB under 808 nm laser irradiation. • A thermometer was employed to record the detection signal. • Alternaria genes from synthetic sequences, cultured fungus, and citrus fruit samples were analyzed. • Excellent specificity for other citrus disease-related microorganisms was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants, and its deficiency causes a change in the citrate concentration in leaves of young navel orange plants. Although citrate has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression for many transcripts, it is unclear whether citrate can affect metabolic profiling under B deficiency and if so, how many metabolites are affected. In this study, GC-TOF-MS-based untargeted metabolite profiling was used to identify the physiological effects of exogenous citrate on recovery of metabolites in B-deficient orange plants. There were 31 increased and 24 decreased metabolites in the boron-deficient (BD) group leaves relative to those of the boron-adequate (BA) group. Boron deficiency-induced changes in many metabolites were restored to the level of BA (control) group leaves or showed a recovery tendency at 1 week after citrate supply (foliar application of citrate, BDFC), including 11 organic acids, 9 sugars and polyols, 10 amino acids, and 4 other compounds. To compare with the metabolic recovery effects of exogenous citrate on B deficiency, exogenous application of B (borate) was also performed under same conditions (BDFB), and similar effects on the regulation of metabolic homeostasis under B deficiency were observed. Both the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that BA, BDFC, and BDFB were relatively similar and clustered close to each other. There are different responsive and regulatory mechanisms to the additions of exogenous citrate in navel orange leaves under B adequate and deficient conditions. Based on these results, we suggest that citrate is an important component of the B deficiency stress response, and exogenous application of citrate generally restores the leaf metabolic profiles of navel orange plants under boron deficiency, which might play a positive role in this stress tolerance. • Boron may play a key role in the tightly coupled primary and secondary metabolic pathways. • Exogenous citrate differentially changed metabolite profiles in plants with and without B supply. • Citrate regulates pyruvate metabolism under B deficiency to restore metabolic homeostasis. • The metabolome response to citrate is similar to borate under B deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of agroforest systems in pathogen regulation through structural characteristics such as shade and tree diversity is recognized. However, few studies have examined the importance of these factors on the spread of diseases of associated fruit trees in agroforestry systems, especially cocoa-based agroforestry systems (CBAS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of associated tree diversity and shade rate into CBAS on citrus Phytophthora foot rot disease (PFRD) intensity. The study was carried out in five citrus production basins of Cameroon, contrasted by ecology and rainfall regimes. A set of 33 CBAS plots was mapped and their species composition and vertical structure were determined. Field data were used to reconstruct CBAS in 3D with Shademotion 5.1.47 software. Using static simulations with shadow overlays, shade rate received by each citrus tree was calculated. Subsequently, citrus trees were grouped into three categories according to the shade rate they received: (i) full sun, with shade rate <30%; (ii) light shade with shade rate 30–70% and, (iii) dense shade, with shade rate >70%. PFRD intensity was determined by measuring the canker extent relatively to the citrus crown circumference. A significant difference in PFRD intensity was observed between the different shade rates. Citrus trees receiving no shade were significantly more attacked by PFRD than those receiving little shade or dense shade. The antagonistic effect of shade was demonstrated. At the expense of factors related to the specific composition of the CBAS, shade, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were found to be the main factors explaining PFRD intensity in CBAS. This study shows that microclimatic alterations due to the biodiversity in tropical agroforestry systems contribute to sustainable pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Insect visits to mandarin flowers improved their fruit set. • Mandarin fruit set increased with higher visitation rate by native insects. • Mandarin quality decreased with higher visitation rate by honeybees. • Flower visitor diversity increased with higher surrounding forest covers. Family farms can benefit from the presence of a diverse set of native pollinators and associated pollination services. In the present study we assessed the effect of flower visitor richness and visitation rate by honeybees and native insects on mandarin production (Citrus reticulata 'Criolla´), in ten citrus family farms located in the Dry Chaco region of northwest Argentina. An exclusion experiment was conducted to explore how pollinators influence the fruit set and quality of 'Criolla´ mandarin. The influence of features such as local richness and abundance of flowering plants, farm size, and surrounding natural/semi-natural habitats in the diversity of flower visitors was also evaluated. Fruit set in open pollination branches was three times higher than in bagged branches, where flower visitors were excluded. Moreover, the mandarin fruit set increased with a higher native visitation rate, and mandarin quality (fruit weight and size) decreased with a higher honeybee visitation rate. Flower visitor diversity was higher in farmlands with a greater proportion of surrounding natural and semi-natural habitats. Our results demonstrate the negative effects of excessive honeybee visitation on citrus fruit quality and highlight the importance of native pollinators and natural habitat conservation to increase the fruit set and quality of mandarin in family farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pyrolysis of four types of citrus wastes was studied; • The derived biochars and activated carbons could be used as Cu(II) adsorbents; • The adsorption capacity of the biochars are comparable with the literature. A route based on pyrolysis and physical activation with H 2 O and CO 2 was proposed to reuse citrus waste traditionally discarded. The citrus wastes were orange peel (OP), mandarine peel (MP), rangpur lime peel (RLP), and sweet lime peel (SLP). The main aim was to use the solid products of this new route as adsorbents for Cu(II) ions. Copper ions are among the most important water pollutants due to their non-degradability, toxicity, and bioaccumulation, facilitating their inclusion and long persistence in the food chain. Besides the solid products, the liquid and gaseous fractions were evaluated for possible applications. Results showed that the citrus waste composition favored the thermochemical treatment. In addition, the following yields were obtained from the pyrolysis process: approximately 30 % wt. of biochar, 40 % wt. of non-condensable gases, and 30 % wt. of bio-oil. The biochars did not present a high specific surface area. Nevertheless, activated carbons with CO 2 and H 2 O presented specific surface areas of 212.4 m2/g and 399.4 m2/g, respectively, and reached Cu(II) adsorption capacities of 28.2 mg g−1 and 27.8 mg g−1. The adsorption kinetic study revealed that the equilibrium was attained at 60 min and the pseudo-second-order model presented a better fit to the experimental data. The main generated gases were CO 2 , which could be employed as an activating agent for activated carbon production. d -limonene, used for food and medicinal purposes, was the main constituent of the bio-oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A data augmentation process based on contrast enhancement techniques is proposed. • A EfficientNet-b0 via Self-attention, is developed with additional layers and minimization weights. • The model is trained using optimized hyperparameters through Bayesian Optimization. • Fused features and selected best features using an improved tree growth optimization algorithm and fuzzy function. One of the most significant issues in the agricultural and remote (RS) sensing industry is detecting infected plants at the early stages. Deep learning-based methods for classifying and detecting agricultural diseases have shown remarkable achievements in technologically sophisticated horticultural research in recent decades. The shortage of imaging data for training a deep neural network model is challenging for accurately classifying fruit disease. Moreover, the remote sensing imaging data includes complex patterns of plant areas that are difficult to identify using conventional techniques. Remote sensing technology efficiently gathers fruit health data, detects disease signs, and monitors citrus orchards for early diagnosis and prevention. The fuzzy deep neural network techniques performed better for classifying remote sensing and digital imaging data for agriculture. This paper proposes a fuzzy deep learning and optimization-based novel framework for citrus fruit disease and agriculture land cover recognition. The Mendeley dataset and NWPU-RESISC45 are employed in this work for the experimental process. The challenge is that these datasets contain a limited number of images. Also, the classes are imbalanced, degrading the learning capability of the proposed models. Therefore, in the first step, we proposed a contrast enhancement technique based on brightness preserving histogram and entropy that generated the improved images that later merged with original data as an augmentation step. We modified the EfficientNet-b0 model in the next step by adding a few convolutional and self-attention layers. Bayesian Optimization has initialized hyperparameter values such as learning rate and momentum. The modified model is trained separately on original and enhanced images to keep distinct fuzzy information at the output layer. After that, deep features are extracted and fused using an Entropy-Serial approach called improved serial fusion. The fused features set observed a few irrelevant information that was further optimized using an improved tree growth optimization algorithm with a fuzzy function. The selected features are finally classified using shallow neural networks and machine learning classifiers. The experimental process obtained an improved average accuracy of 98% and 96.5% on the Mendeley and NWPU datasets, respectively. A t -test is also conducted to check the means of two classifiers (best and worst). In addition, a comparison is performed with recent techniques, showing improved precision and recall rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green mold is a common postharvest disease infected by Penicillium digitatum that causes citrus fruit decay, and severely affects fruit storage quality. This work aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of Sanxiapeptin against P. digitatum , and elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. Sanxiapeptin was capable of inhibiting spore germination, germ tube length and mycelial growth. The SYTOX green staining assay revealed that Sanxiapeptin targeted the fungal membrane, and changed the membrane permeability, leading to the leakage of cell constituents. Meanwhile, Sanxiapeptin could influence the cell wall permeability and integrity by increasing the activities of chitinase and glucanase, resulting in abnormal chitin consumption and the decrease of glucan. Intriguingly, Sanxiapeptin could effectively control postharvest decay in citrus fruits, and activate the host resistance responses by regulating the phenylpropanoid pathway. In conclusion, Sanxiapeptin exhibits multiphasic antifungal mechanisms of action to control green mold in citrus fruits, shows great potential as novel food preservatives. [Display omitted] • Antimicrobial peptide Sanxiapeptin inhibited the growth of P. digitatum in vitro. • Sanxiapeptin treatment disrupted the cell membrane and wall integrity of P. digitatum. • Sanxiapeptin reduced the green mold incidence of citrus fruit in vivo. • Sanxiapeptin could induce resistance against green mold in citrus fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The temporal and spatial expression of DcitOBP9 in D. citri was studied. • The odorant ligand binding to DcitOBP9 was obtained by fluorescence competitive binding experiment. • Molecular docking was used to simulate the binding of recombinant protein to ligand. • Verification of ligand binding type to DcitOBP9 by fluorescence quenching. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are crucial in insect olfaction. The most abundant expressed OBP of citrus psyllids, DcitOBP9 encodes 148 amino acids. DcitOBP9 lacks a transmembrane structure and possesses a 17-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminus. Characterized by the six conserved cysteine sites, DcitOBP9 is classified as the Classical-OBP family. RT-qPCR experiments revealed ubiquitous expression of DcitOBP9 across all developmental stages of the citrus psyllid, with predominant expression in adults antennae. Fluorescence competitive binding assays demonstrated DcitOBP9′s strong affinity for ocimene, linalool, dodecanoic acid, and citral, and moderate affinity for dimethyl trisulfide. Additionally, it binds to myrcia, (−)- trans -caryophyllene, (±)-Citronellal, nonanal, and (+)-α-pinene. Among them, ocimene, linalool, and dodecanoic acid were dynamically bound to DcitOBP9, while citral was statically bound to DcitOBP9. Molecular docking simulations with the top five ligands indicated that amino acid residues V92, S72, P128, L91, L75, and A76 are pivotal in the interaction between DcitOBP9 and these odorants. These findings suggest DcitOBP9′s involvement in the citrus psyllid's host plant recognition and selection behaviors, thereby laying a foundation for elucidating the potential physiological and biological functions of DcitOBP9 and developing attractants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Global immobilization yield was improved by chemical amination. • Stability of immobilized catalyst improved when enzyme was chemically aminated. • Application of biocatalyst in juice debittering reduced naringin concentration. A naringinase complex was chemically aminated prior to its immobilization on glyoxyl-agarose to develop a robust biocatalyst for juice debittering. The effects of amination on the optimal pH and temperature, thermal stability, and debittering performance were analyzed. Concentration of amino groups on catalysts surface increased in 36 %. Amination reduced the β-glucosidase activity of naringinase complex; however, did not affect optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme and it favored immobilization, obtaining α- l -rhamnosidase and β- d -glucosidase activities of 1.7 and 4.2 times the values obtained when the unmodified enzymes were immobilized. Amination favored the stability of the immobilized biocatalyst, retaining 100 % of both activities after 190 h at 30 °C and pH 3, while its non-aminated counterpart retained 80 and 52 % of α-rhamnosidase and β-glucosidase activities, respectively. The immobilized catalyst showed a better performance in grapefruit juice debittering, obtaining a naringin conversion of 7 times the value obtained with the non-aminated catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (AFI) was structurally divided into two parts named "peel" and "pulp". The exocarp and mesocarp of materials named "peel". The endocarp separated into multiple compartments and the cystic hair attached to it named "pulp". In order to explore the distribution and content of constituents in AFI, an efficient method to explore the distribution of constituents was developed based on matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-FTICR-MSI). After simple processing, thirty-two constituents with distinct localization in the mass range of 101–1200 Da were identified by MALDI-FTICR-MSI. In addition, the identified four flavnoids (poncirin, sinensetin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptemthoxyflavone, and tangeritin) were analyzed for differences between using LC-MS. Quantitative analysis results supported the quantitative results from MALDI-FT-ICR-MSI. The results implied that different parts had different constituents in AFI, and demonstrated MALDI-MSI have high potential in the direct analysis of constituents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penicillium digitatum is a pathogenic fungus of postharvest green mold in citrus, leading to significant economic losses in the citrus industry. The establishment of cell polarity in filamentous fungi plays a pivotal role in morphogenesis, colonization, and host infection. Here we present the functional characterization of PdMesA to elucidate its significance in the development and virulence of P. digitatum. The results demonstrate that deletion mutants of the PdMesA gene exhibit hyphal distortion, increased hyphal branching, and decreased spore germination rate, suggesting that PdMesA is involved in the maintenance of cell polarity. Additionally, the RT qPCR analysis of the Δ PdMesA mutants exhibited significant changes in the expression of the chitin synthase gene in Δ PdMesA. These changes could account for the enhanced tolerance of the Δ PdMesA strain towards SDS, CR, and CFW. Therefore, PdMesA is essential for cell wall structural and functional integrity. Furthermore, deletion of the PdMesA gene suppresses pectinase, cellulase, and organic acid-related genes, resulting in the virulence of P. digitatum being considerably diminished. Our study reveals that PdMesA regulates hyphal polar growth, cell wall integrity, and full virulence in P. digitatum. Consequently, PdMesA holds significant promise as a target for the research of innovative fungicides. • PdMesA is a critical gene for maintaining the polar growth of P. digitatum. • PdMesA maintains cell wall integrity by regulating CHS gene expression. • PdMesA is involved in the response of P. digitatum to DMI fungicides. • PdMesA deletion reduced the virulence of P. digitatum in citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation water salinity is a major limiting factor in arid and semi-arid environments. The use of rootstock is one of the appropriate agronomic techniques that attempt to support and limit the negative effect of salinity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of eight one-year-old rootstocks grown in pots under salt stress conditions (30 and 60 mM NaCl). Some genotypes, i.e. C35 citrange, Bitters, Carpenter and Furr citrandarins were recently released or spread and poor information on their behavior in saline conditions is available, while Carrizo citrange, Swingle Citrumelo, Citrus volkameriana and Citrus macrophylla are spread since long ago in the Mediterranean basin. The results clearly demonstrated that the most salt sensitive genotypes were Carrizo and C35 citrange, that reduced morphological and gas exchanges performances. Furr, Bitters and Carpenter citrandarins revealed good physiological and hormonal behavior. An intense antioxidant enzymatic activity was noted in C35 and Carrizo citranges, while Furr showed a decrease in malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymatic activities at 60 mM NaCl. Its tolerance to saline water was also confirmed by transcriptomic analyses. • Citrus rootstocks limit the negative effect of salinity water irrigation. • Citranges confirmed to be salt-sensitive in multi-omics analyses. • Novel Bitters, Carpenter and Furr could be considered salt-tolerant rootstocks. • Furr showed positive antioxidant enzymatic activity and hormonal responses. • Transcriptomic analyses confirmed the tolerant behavior of Furr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus plants are grown in diverse regions of the world, from subtropical to semi-arid and humid tropical areas. Through mechanisms essential for their survival, they adapt to the environmental conditions to which they are subjected. Although there is vast literature on adaptation of citrus plants to individual stresses, plant responses to interaction among different types of stresses have not been clearly examined. Abiotic or biotic stresses, or a combination of these stresses, result in reorganization of plant energy resources for defense, whether it be for resistance, tolerance, or prevention of stress. Plants generally respond to these stress factors through production of secondary metabolites, such as volatile compounds, derived from different biosynthesis and degradation pathways, which are released through distinct routes. Volatile compounds vary among plant species, meeting the specific needs of the plant. Simultaneous exposure to the stress factors of water deficit and herbivory leads to responses such as qualitative and quantitative changes in the emission of secondary metabolites, and compounds may accumulate within the leaves or predispose the plant to more quickly respond to the stress brought about by the herbivore. The genetic makeup of citrus plants can contribute to a better response to stress factors; however, studies on the emission of volatile compounds in different citrus genotypes under simultaneous stresses are limited. This review examines the effects of abiotic stress due to water deficit and biotic stress due to herbivory by Diaphorina citri in citrus plants and examines their connection with volatile compounds. A summary is made of advances in knowledge regarding the performance of volatile compounds in plant defense against both stress factors, as well as the interaction between them and possible findings in citrus plants. In addition, throughout this review, we focus on how genetic variation of the citrus species is correlated with production of volatile compounds to improve stress tolerance. • To survive, citrus plants have evolved to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. • Defense mechanisms include the production of secondary metabolites, such as volatile organic compounds. • Plant responses can be enhanced through the interaction between herbivory by D. citri and water deficit. • There is limited knowledge regarding plant responses to multiple stress factors such as water deficit and ACP herbivory. • Developing resilient cultivars that can withstand multiple stress factors is crucial in the face of climate change and HLB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uneven coloration is a common phenomenon in citrus fruit during the ripening stage, as affects the appearance and economic value of the fruit. The elevated expression of CsERF003 during the degreening process of both lemon and satsuma mandarin peels was reported. In this research, a similar performance of CsERF003 in the pericarp coloration process was also identified by transcriptome analysis of 'Fengjie 72–1' navel orange and Lane Late navel orange. However, the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 is not clear yet. Overexpression of CsERF003 could deepen the color of citrus callus and promote peel degreening of Newhall navel orange, which was attributed to the upregulation of genes involved in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid synthesis. Furthermore, CsERF003 acted as an activator to promote the expression of CsLCYE , but couldn't activate the expression of CsLCYB1 and CsLCYB2 ; CsERF003 could also bind to the promoter of CsSGR to activate its expression. Together, our findings shed light on the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, particularly in the α-branch of carotenoid metabolism. These insights offer valuable perspectives for the genetic enhancement of peel coloration in citrus. [Display omitted] • Overexpression of CsERF003 deepened the color of citrus callus and promoted peel degreening in Newhall navel orange. • CsERF003 activated the expression of CsLCYE and promoted the accumulation of lutein in the α-branch. • CsERF003 activated the expression of CsSGR and promoted the degradation of chlorophyll in the pericarp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a plant pathogen which attacks vines, citrus fruits, olive, almond and several many other species, causing considerable economic losses. In the last few years Xf has become a global threat after being a local problem for decades: while it was once known only in circumscribed regions of the Americas, in 2013 it began to devastate olive groves in Southern Italy, and its presence has also been reported in France, Spain, and Portugal. Even though Xf has been under study since the late 1980s, the rapid worldwide spread raises the question of whether research infrastructure is adequately prepared to address new challenges, such as the need for novel methods to control and prevent Xf infection, gaining a deeper understanding of its biology and life cycle to identify vulnerable intervention points, coordinating international responses to combat its spread, and mitigating impacts on crops and the agricultural environment. Using a bibliometric approach, this study tried to answer this question by tracing an overview of the evolution of Xf literature from 1989 to present. The analysis was conducted on the Scopus database focusing separately on three periods (1989–1999; 2000–2010; 2011–2021). After a pioneering phase in 1989–1999, the intermediate period resulted the one with the highest scientific production, in which most currently ongoing research lines were started. The last period showed a revitalization of research after some years of decline, mostly due to the recent outbreak on olive in Europe, but it was characterized by a slower increment of topics with a growth of interconnection level among themes, indicating an ongoing process of consolidation of the established research lines. The authorship and thematic characterization demonstrated that Xf research was shaped by a "geographical factor", which has represented a crucial element over time and continues to have an impact on how collaborations and topics are organized. [Display omitted] • Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is the pathogenic cause of severe diseases in many tree crops. • Once known only in the Americas, it has recently spread to Europe. • It has been investigated how research is responding to the pathogen's global spread. • To this end, a bibliometric analysis embracing 33 years of Xf literature was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan/guar gum/polyvinyl alcohol (CGP) matrix (CGPC) films with different concentrations of polymethoxyflavone (PMF)-rich citrus extracts were developed. The results showed that these films had 11.90–16.77 μm of thickness, 32.53 %–41.53 % of moisture content, 33.16 %–121.64 % of water solubility, 2.14–3.18 × 10−10 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1 of water vapor permeability, 65.57 %–148.74 % degree of swelling, 6.08–16.05 MPa of tensile strength and 28.25 %–62.82 % of elongation at break. SEM and TEM observations indicated that the content of PMF-rich extracts affected the distribution and structure of the film matrix, which were confirmed by FT-IR and XPS outcomes. TGA-DTG and DMTA analysis revealed that the presence of 0.02 % PMF-rich extracts enhanced the thermal stability and cross-linking density of the film. Moreover, the incorporation of the PMF-rich citrus extract significantly improved the DPPH radical scavenging rate (increased from 26.22 % to 94.19 %) and antifungal property (against Rhizopus stolonifera in vitro). Furthermore, the inclusion of citrus extracts in the CGP matrix effectively inhibited the deterioration and weight loss of strawberry fruits. Thus, the CGP film incorporated with PMF-rich citrus extract has significant potential as an active packaging material for preserving fresh fruit. [Display omitted] • Chitosan/guar gum/polyvinyl alcohol films combined with PMF-rich citrus extracts were prepared. • The CGPC films showed excellent mechanical and UV–Vis light barrier properties. • The CGPC films exhibited decreased water vapor permeability and water solubility. • The CGPC films improved antifungal activity and extended shelf-life of strawberry fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A segmentation model for citrus surface defcets driven by superpixel features was proposed. • Multiscale superpixel region feature (MSRF) branch was proposed to strengthen the feature learning ability of multiscale defects. • Superpixel Loss was designed to optimize the segmentation performance of boundary. • Multiscale channel cross-fusion transformer (MCCT) was introduced to reconstruct the skip connection layer, realizing the fusion of multiscale features. The segmentation of surface defects in citrus fruit makes a significant contribution to quality assessment and post-harvest processing. However, semantic segmentation of citrus surface defects remains challenging owing to the complexity of defect features, unclear defect boundaries and semantic gaps in models. Therefore, a superpixel driven and multiscale channel cross-fusion transformer (MCCT)-based UNet (named SPMUNet) was proposed to segment citrus surface defects. The model first created a multiscale superpixel region feature (MSRF) branch using the simple linear iterative cluster (SLIC) algorithm to form the key features embedded in the downsampling layer. Then, the proposed Superpixel Loss optimized the loss function based on superpixel grid to provide error information for boundary segmentation. In addition, the MCCT module was used to improve the skip connection layers, and feature fusion was achieved by collaborative learning. Finally, the performance of the model was validated through ablation studies, feature map visualization, and comparison experiments. The results showed that the mPA, mIoU, and dice coefficients of SPMUNet for citrus surface segmentation were 89.1%, 83.8%, and 88.6%, respectively. Compared with the baseline, the proposed MSRF branch, MCCT, and Superpixel Loss improved mIoU by 2.6%, 1.3%, and 4.2%, respectively. And the effectiveness of the proposed methods was also validated by the feature map visualization. Furthermore, the proposed SPMUNet achieved optimal segmentation performance compared to other semantic segmentation models (UNet, ResUNet++, DeepLabv3+, SwinUNet, TransUNet). SPMUNet also excelled in the segmentation of small targets and boundaries, improving by 10.2% and 7.0%, respectively, over the baseline. The improvement in segmentation performance demonstrated the effectiveness of the selected superpixel features. The proposed citrus surface defect segmentation model achieved high-precision segmentation and serves as a technical reference for citrus sorting and quality assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A bioplastic was synthesized from citrus peel biomass. • Bioplastic is safely degradable and recyclable, enabling a perfect closed-loop cycle. • Bioplastics exhibit unique antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. • Bioplastics can extend the shelf life of perishable fruits. • The universality of this strategy was validated in a wide range of fruit peels. The development of biodegradable antimicrobial bioplastics for food packaging holds great promise for solving the pollution and safety problems caused by petrochemical plastics and spoiled food. Herein, a natural active-bioplastic synthesized from citrus peel biomass is presented for perishable fruit preservation. These plastics are characterized by the nanoscale entanglement and recombinant hydrogen bonding between the endogenous pectin, polyphenols and cellulose micro/nanofibrils. They have attractive flexibility, tensile strength, gas barrier properties and antimicrobial activities, and can effectively extend the shelf life of perishable fruits such as banana and mango when used as food packaging. Cytotoxicity, degradability tests and life-cycle assessment show that these plastics had excellent nontoxicity and can be safely degraded or easily recycled. This work demonstrates a sustainable strategy for converting peel waste into eco-friendly bioplastics, providing a unique and novel insight into radically reducing the pollution and life-health threats posed by petrochemical plastics and spoiled food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary approaches to agriculture must be reimaged to include ecological techniques that maximise ecosystem services, so that food can be produced sustainably whilst simultaneously meeting yield demands. Pest regulation services, harnessed through the conservation of natural enemies in the agri-environment are an economically important service degraded by conventional citrus production practices. For the first time, a sown wildflower strip composed of native forbs and tussock-forming grasses has been investigated for its influence on natural enemies and their pest regulation services in citrus orchards. A novel management strategy was applied, using the predicted generation times of Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) , a key pest in citrus, to determine whether cutting the wildflower strips could force spill-over of natural enemies onto the adjacent crop, enhancing pest regulation services. Three treatments applied to orange orchard alleyways were compared: i) a control treatment, the standard orchard practice of regular cutting to 5 cm throughout the year, ii) a sown wildflower treatment managed with cutting once a year in February to a height of 10 cm (standard management wildflower treatment, SMWT), and iii) the same sown wildflower treatment but managed with two additional cuts in May and June (active management wildflower treatment, AMWT). Orange tree canopies were sampled for natural enemies, and pest regulation services were quantified using sentinel prey cards baited with Ephestia kuehniella eggs. Natural enemy richness was greatest in canopies with SMWT, supporting a greater relative abundance of primary parasitoids and lower relative abundances of antagonists (ants) compared to the control. This was associated with enhanced pest regulation services (depletion of sentinel prey from baited cards), especially during the early summer months, which coincides with a critical period to control A. aurantii and other key citrus pests. In contrast, AMWT did not enhance natural enemy richness, and pest regulation services were diminished. This study suggests that leaving wildflower strips uncut throughout the season, as in SMWT, may help to mitigate pest incidence through enhanced pest regulation services. Further studies are now required to determine how this would influence populations of target pests. • A sown wildflower strip composed of native forbs and tussock-forming grasses is investigated for its influence on natural enemies and associated pest regulation services in citrus orchards. • Different management practices were compared, including a novel strategy to determine whether cutting the wildflower strips (active management) could force spill-over of natural enemies onto the adjacent crop. • Wildflower strips supported greater relative abundance of primary parasitoids and lower relative abundances of antagonists compared to the control. • There was no evidence of forced spill-over by cutting the wildflower strips. Natural enemy richness and pest regulation services were similar in the crop adjacent to active management wildflower strips as in the control. • Natural enemy richness was greatest in the citrus crop adjacent to wildflower strips that were left uncut throughout the season and this translated to enhanced pest regulation services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Aluminum (Al) affected the contents of N-containing compounds in Citrus. • Al affected the activities of N metabolism–related enzymes in Citrus. • Al differentially affected N metabolism between Citrus sinensis and C. grandis. • Increased leaf GOGAT might be an index of Al–tolerance in Citrus plants. Citrus are mostly planted in tropical/subtropical acidic soil areas, and are susceptible to aluminum (Al) toxicity, which affects tree growth and fruit quality. However, the effects of Al stress on the nitrogen (N) metabolism in different Al-tolerant Citrus varieties, and whether N metabolism is related to Al-tolerance in different Citrus varieties, were remained unveiled. In the current study, Al-tolerant "Xuegan" (Citrus sinensis) and Al-sensitive "Sour pummelo" (C. grandis), were irrigated with different nutrient solutions with or without Al. Al decreased the dry weights (DW) of leaves, stems and roots, as well as the N content, the N accumulation, total soluble proteins (TSPs) and total free amino acids (TFAAs) of different tissues of C. grandis , but it increased the ratio of root DW to shoot DW. In contrast, Al did not change the parameters mentioned above, except for decreasing the content and accumulation of N in C. sinensis roots. Al did not change the content of NO 3 – in different position leaves and roots, but decreased the content of NH 4 + in C. grandis. Al decreased the content of NO 3 – in different position leaves and roots, but except for the lower leaf, Al did not change that of NH 4 + in C. sinensis. Although Al affected the activities and gene expression levels of N metabolism–related enzymes in the leaves and roots of these two Citrus species, the effects of Al on these parameters were more pronounced in C. grandis than in C. sinensis. Results from correlation analysis (CoA) and principal components analysis (PCA) indicated that the increased root DW/shoot DW and NO 3 --N content in the roots and middle/upper leaves might be the related indicators of Al toxicity, whereas the enhanced activity of leaf GOGAT might be related to the Al–tolerance in Citrus plants. In conclusion, this study preliminarily revealed that the impact of Al on N metabolism and the response of N metabolism–related indicators to Al stress in Citrus , providing scientific reference for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of Citrus grown in acidic soil areas. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Root traits such as root diameter, root number, root length differ among rootstocks. • The seasonal change of fine roots in Trifoliate differs from the other 3 rootstocks. • Citrus fine roots distributed 28–68 cm and −45∼−20 cm horizontally and vertically. • Fine roots' spatial distribution differs among rootstocks in different seasons. Understanding fine roots' spatial distribution and dynamics in citrus can enable proper site and time of fertilizing to improve the nutrient uptake efficiency below the root zone, reduce agricultural non-point source pollution and improve the performances. However, the seasonal changes and spatial distribution of citrus fine roots remain unclear. Here we investigated the dynamical changes and spatial distribution of fine roots in four rootstocks by 30° angle tube instillation and monthly capturing within a year with minirhizotrons. The results indicated that in the whole investigation, root diameter of Trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata) was smallest, while root diameter and root number of Carrizo (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata) was biggest. In winter under water scarcity condition, root diameter, root length and root surface area of Trifoliate changed rapidly, then moderately in other seasons. However, the change pattern of Trifoliate differed obviously from that of the other three rootstocks. Fine roots of Trifoliate distributed nearest to the trunk and deepest belowground, while that of Rusk (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata) and Xiangcheng (C. junos) distributed the longest distance and the shallowest depth, respectively. Root length of Trifoliate and Rusk distributed mainly in depth of -45∼-30 cm, that of Xiangcheng distributed mostly in depth of -30∼-15 cm. However, root length of Carrizo distributed mostly in different depths in varied seasons. This research not only uncovered the differences in root traits and their changes of different rootstocks, which indicates the differences root phenology and probably contribute the differences in performances, but also revealed their root space distribution, which is very essential for citrus precise cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hapten of tangeretin has been designed and synthesized. • MAb 6A3A7 showed no CR with other structural analogs of tangeretin. • The developed icELISA provides a simple method for the detection of tangeretin content in citrus and herbal samples. Tangeretin, a polymethoxyflavone abundant in citrus fruits, is acclaimed for its diverse biological benefits to human health and is a significant component of traditional Chinese medicine. This study reports the development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) with monoclonal antibody for quantifying tangeretin in various citrus and herbal medicines. The optimized icELISA demonstrated a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 5.57 ng/mL, encompassing a dynamic range of 1.54–25.38 ng/mL, and showcased average recoveries ranging from 81.65 % to 105.75 % in citrus peel and pulp samples. Extensive analysis of six citrus cultivar samples and four herbal samples was conducted using the developed assay, with results corroborated by Ultra–Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). These findings confirm the assay's efficacy and reliability for tangeretin detection, offering a practical method for evaluating this bioactive compound in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment was defined as a processing technology in the production of tribute citrus powder, and it could increase the flavonoid compounds in the processing fruit powder. A total of 183 upregulated metabolites and 280 downregulated metabolites were obtained by non-targeted metabolomics, and the differential metabolites was mainly involved in the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. A total of 8 flavonoid differential metabolites were obtained including 5 upregulated metabolites (6"- O -acetylglycitin, scutellarin, isosakuranin, rutin, and robinin), and 3 downregulated metabolites (astragalin, luteolin, and (−)-catechin gallate) by flavonoids-targeted metabolomics. The 8 flavonoid differential metabolites participated in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The results provide a reference for further understanding the relationship between food processing and food components, and also lay a basis for the development of food targeted-processing technologies. [Display omitted] • Ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment could alter flavonoids in tribute citrus powder. • 463 differential metabolites were obtained by non-targeted metabolomics. • 8 flavonoid metabolites were obtained by flavonoids-targeted metabolomics. • The biosynthesis pathways of flavonoid, flavone and flavonol, and isoflavonoid was involved. • The pathway map of 8 flavonoid metabolites was elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange processing generates 1.3 billion tons of by-products yearly, destined for animal feed or improperly discarded, causing adverse environmental impacts, such as soil contamination, water pollution, and disease transmission, and wasting a large amount of material that could still have a high added value. By-products can be of animal and vegetable origin. The primary by-products generated include peels, pomace, and seeds, recognized for their richness in high-value compounds such as essential oils, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamins (C and E). These compounds have diverse applications in the food industry, such as dietary fibres, encapsulating agents, and food additives, and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Several conventional extraction methods are used to obtain these valuable compounds. However, these methods have disadvantages, such as longer process time, greater energy consumption, and large amounts of toxic solvents. Recently, deep eutectic solvents have been studied to achieve a green and sustainable extraction process. Deep eutectic solvents are formed by the addition of two or more elements substances capable of donating and receiving hydrogen bonds, forming a eutectic mixture with a lower melting point than its constituents and consequently with improved characteristics for extracting bioactive compounds. Therefore, this article explores the potential of deep eutectic solvents in extracting bioactive compounds from orange by-products, presenting their advantages and main physicochemical properties as a possible alternative to conventional extraction methods. [Display omitted] • Valorization of agro-industrial by-products from the Citrus industry shows significant extracts. • Orange by-products are rich in several bioactive compounds. • Deep eutectic solvents are a sustainable alternative to conventional organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anagyrus vladimiri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main parasitoid of Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which is one of the most important pests of citrus crops in the Mediterranean Basin. Pesticide residue on trees and in the nectar of wildflowers growing in citrus orchards might cause side effects in beneficial insects. In the present study, we assessed the effects of six systemic pesticides (acetamiprid, dimethoate, cyantraniliprole, flupyradifurone, spirotetramat and sulfoxaflor) on the survival and progeny of A. vladimiri. Anagyrus vladimiri fed on the pesticide solutions and on the nectar of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench plants that had been watered with a solution containing these pesticides. Acetamiprid, dimethoate, flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor increased female mortality more than the control (water) after 6h; after A. vladimiri consumed these pesticides, female mortality ranged from 62% to 73%. Cyantraniliprole had no immediate toxic effect on parasitoid survival but caused mortality after 15 days. All tested pesticides except flupyradifurone and spirotetramat reduced parasitoid progeny. After six days of feeding on F. esculentum nectar of plants watered with a pesticide solution, significantly increased female mortality was observed with dimethoate (96%), spirotetramat (80%), acetamiprid (62%), cyantraniliprole (62%) and sulfoxaflor (50%). Progeny was reduced in females that fed on plants treated with spirotetramat and dimethoate. These results demonstrate that some of these insecticides can have lethal or sublethal effects on A. vladimiri by both routes of exposure, via direct or indirect pesticide consumption through the nectar of treated plants. • Pesticides that systemically reach the nectar can negatively affect parasitoids. • Anagyrus vladimiri fitness was negatively affected by direct pesticide consumption. • Treated plants nectar consumption have lethal or sublethal effects on A. vladimiri. • Pesticide sprays drift and runoff are an entomofauna toxic exposure route. • Systemic pesticides have shown different behavior through buckwheat nectar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]