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Engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs) towards more efficient targeting and uptake to specific cells has large potentials for their application as therapeutics. Carbohydrates play key roles in various biological interactions and are essential for EV biology. The extent to which glycan modification of EVs can be achieved through genetic glycoengineering of their parental cells has not been explored yet. Here we introduce targeted glycan modification of EVs through cell-based glycoengineering via modification of various enzymes in the glycosylation machinery. In a "simple cell" strategy, we modified major glycosylation pathways by knocking-out (KO) essential genes for N-glycosylation (MGAT1), O-GalNAc glycosylation (C1GALT1C1), glycosphingolipids (B4GALT5/6), glycosaminoglycans (B4GALT7) and sialylation (GNE) involved in the elongation or biosynthesis of the glycans in HEK293F cells. The gene editing led to corresponding glycan changes on the cells as demonstrated by differential lectin staining. Small EVs (sEVs) isolated from the cells showed overall corresponding glycan changes, but also some unexpected differences to their parental cell including enrichment preference for certain glycan structures and absence of other glycan types. The genetic glycoengineering did not significantly impact sEVs production, size distribution, or syntenin-1 biomarker expression, while a clonal influence on sEVs production yields was observed. Our findings demonstrate the successful implementation of sEVs glycoengineering via genetic modification of the parental cell and a stable source for generation of glycoengineered sEVs. The utilization of glycoengineered sEVs offers a promising opportunity to study the role of glycosylation in EV biology, as well as to facilitate the optimization of sEVs for therapeutic purposes. • Glycan modification of sEVs can be accomplished by genetic glycoengineering the cells from which they originate. • Glycan alterations on sEVs are not always in line with those found on their parental cells. • Glycoengineering of cells does not significantly affect the production, size, or expression of biomarkers on sEVs. • Cell-based glycoengineering enables the stable large-scale production of glycoengineered sEVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity and quality of maternal nutrition in the periconception period is an important determinant for embryonic and foetal development and subsequent pregnancy course and outcome. The intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has increased worldwide and adverse health outcomes have been reported. However, the impact of UPF intake on the placenta, essential for prenatal nourishment, is unknown. Therefore, we aim to investigate associations between the periconceptional maternal intake of UPF, energy and related macronutrients, and first-trimester utero-placental vascular development. We included 214 ongoing pregnancies in the Virtual Placenta study, a subcohort of the Rotterdam periconception cohort. At enrollment, participants filled out a food frequency questionnaire from which we calculated the average daily energy from UPF, total energy intake and macronutrient intake from UPF. At 7-9-11 weeks of gestation, we performed sequential three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasounds of the first-trimester utero-placental vasculature. Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) software, Virtual Reality segmentation and a skeletonization algorithm were applied to measure placental volume (PV), utero-placental vascular volume (uPVV) and generate the utero-placental vascular skeleton (uPVS). Absolute vascular morphology was quantified by assigning a morphologic characteristic to each voxel in the uPVS (end-, bifurcation-, crossing- or vessel point) and used to calculate density of vascular branching. Linear mixed models adjusted for confounders were used to investigate associations between maternal intake of UPF, total energy and macronutrients from UPF and PV, uPVV and uPVS characteristics. Energy intake from UPF and total energy intake were not consistently associated with imaging markers of utero-placental vascular development. Higher carbohydrate intake of 10 g/day from UPF was associated with increased uPVS trajectories (end points (β = 0.34, 95%CI = 0.07; 0.61), bifurcation points (β = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.05; 0.70), vessel points (β = 0.957, 95%CI = 0.21; 1.71). No associations were observed with PV. Against our hypothesis, periconceptional maternal intake of UPF and total energy were not convincingly associated with impaired first-trimester utero-placental vascular development. Remarkably, the increased intake of carbohydrates from UPF, which is often considered 'unhealthy', is positively associated with first-trimester utero-placental vascular development. Given the complexity of diet, further research should elucidate what underlies these findings to be able to interpret how nutrition may impact utero-placental vascular development in early pregnancy. This study is registered at the Dutch Trial Register (NTR6854). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Nahrungsergänzungsmittelkonsum ist unter Sportlern aber auch in der Bevölkerung weit verbreitet. Das Angebot an Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln (NEM) hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Vor dem Inverkehrbringen müssen NEM lediglich angezeigt werden. Eine Prüfung auf Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit findet, anders als bei Arzneimitteln, nicht statt und muss vom Hersteller gewährleistet werden. International werden NEM im Sport häufig in die Kategorien Sports Food, Medical Supplements und Performance Supplements unterteilt. Der folgende Beitrag soll einen Überblick über ausgewählte NEM geben. The consumption of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes but also among the population. The range of dietary supplements has increased significantly in recent years. Before being placed on the market, food supplements only need to be notified. In contrast to pharmaceuticals, there is no testing for efficacy and safety and must be guaranteed by the manufacturer. Internationally, food supplements in sports are often divided into the categories of sports food, medical supplements and performance supplements. The following article is intended to give an overview of selected food supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression remains a significant global mental health challenge. However, the relationship between the Caloric Ratio of Carbohydrate Intake (CRC) and depression remains unclear. This study utilizes data from the NHANES database spanning 2005–2020 and employs R programming language for data analysis. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). CRC was calculated as total carbohydrate intake*4/total caloric intake. Multivariable logistic regression models and regression spline models were applied to further explore the relationship between CRC and Depression. Data from 9254 participants were included, with 1530 individuals identified with depression. A higher CRC, exceeding 54.1 % (Quartile 4 (Q4) of the population), was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models indicated a higher depression level (β = 0.5102, 95%CI [0.2419–0.7784], P = 0.0002), higher risk of depression (HR = 1.3380, 95 % CI [1.1331–1.5812], P = 0.0006) and higher impact of depression on life (HR = 1.5133, 95 % CI [1.1656–1.9746], P = 0.0020) at CRC-Q4 levels compared to Quartile 1 (Q1) of the population levels. In this extensive cross-sectional study, our findings suggest that a higher CRC is significantly associated with an increased likelihood of depressive symptoms among U.S. adults. • A higher Caloric Ratio of Carbohydrate Intake (CRC) is associated with increased depressive symptoms in US adults. • Individuals with a CRC over 54.1% have a higher risk of depression, and a greater impact on their lives. • Maintaining a balanced CRC may be important for mental health and reducing the risk of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of dietary carbohydrate profile and soybean meal (SBM) replacement with either Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CHL) or Spirulina platensis (SPI) on in vitro fermentation. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design, with fermentation run (3 runs) considered as blocks. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial design, where the first factor was the carbohydrate profile, which was composed of diets containing 42.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 26.8% starch (HF-LS) or 26.8% NDF and 40.6% starch (LF-HS), and the second factor was the protein source, in which a control diet (100% SBM), partial replacement of SBM with CHL (1/2CHL) or SPI (1/2SPI), or total replacement of SBM with CHL or SPI were used. All experimental diets were formulated to have 17% crude protein. The ruminal fluid was collected from 2 lactating Holstein cows, buffered with Van Soest medium at a ratio of 1:2 and added to serum bottles containing 0.50 g of the experimental diets. Bottles were incubated at 39°C for 24 and 48 h in triplicate; headspace pressure was measured, along with gas collection for methane (CH 4) quantification at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation. The final medium was used to measure pH, ammonia, and VFA. After incubation, feed bags were recovered and used for estimation of dry matter (DM), NDF, and organic matter (OM) degradability. Statistical analysis was carried out using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with carbohydrate profile, protein source, assay, and their interactions as fixed effects, with run and bottle as random effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare carbohydrate profile, algae species, carbohydrate profile × algae interaction, and linear and quadratic effects of SBM replacement with CHL or SPI. There was no interaction effect between carbohydrate profile and algae source. The LF-HS improved gas production, degradability of nutrients, and VFA, mainly increasing the production of butyrate and propionate. When compared with CHL, SPI had a greater degradability of nutrients and branched VFA, along with reduction in total gas production and tended to reduce total CH 4 yield. The replacement of SBM with algae linearly reduced the degradability of nutrients, along with a linear reduction in gas production. When replacement of SBM with only SPI was evaluated, SPI slightly reduced the degradability of nutrients; however, it promoted a linear reduction in CH 4 yield, as well as reduction in CH 4 yield by unit of degraded DM, NDF, and OM. In summary, there was no interaction of carbohydrate profile and protein source, which means that SBM replacement had a similar effect, regardless of dietary carbohydrate profile. Spirulina may be a more suitable algae source than Chlorella due to the potential to reduce CH 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an edible medicinal resource and a by-product of the sheep meat industry abomasum is a valuable origin of bioactive proteinaceous compounds. To obtain glycoprotein-rich native-sourced bioactive compounds, six different extraction methods were conducted. The extracts were compared on yield, protein and carbohydrate content, and antioxidant activity, while also analyzing their physicochemical properties. The glycoprotein-rich compound marked as M4 extracted with a yield of 22.3±1.45 % contains 24.9±0.53 % protein and 13.85 % carbohydrate. M4 showed antioxidant activity against DPPH•, ABTS+•, and •OH, with IC 50 of 82.1±9.8 µ g/mL, 261.3±5.7 µ g/mL, and 347.3±9.8 µ g/mL, respectively. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis with glycoprotein visualization by periodic acid-Schiff staining showed glycoprotein bands in the range of 6.6～66 kDa. Antitumor activity study on HT-29 human colon cancer cells showed an EC 50 327.5±39 µ g/mL and revealed no cytotoxicity on L02 human normal liver cells. Results confirm the abomasum is a reliable source of antioxidant and antitumor glycoprotein, and has the potential for scientific study and utilization. [Display omitted] • Sheep abomasum is rich in native-sourced antioxidants. • Phosphate buffer extract gives higher antioxidant activity than Tris-HCl. • Neutral extracting conditions give higher ABTS+. and .OH scavenging activity. • Aromatic and basic amino acids results in higher antioxidant activity. • Sheep abomasum could be a new source of antitumor proteinaceous substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This meta-analysis found no variation in gut peptides between obesity and leanness. • Different dietary interventions alter gut peptides in people with obesity. • Pea protein, whey protein, and guar gum can increase the expression of gut peptides. Gut peptides play a role in signaling appetite control in the hypothalamus. Limited knowledge exists regarding the release of these peptides in individuals with obesity before and during external stimuli. We hypothesize that the expression of gut peptides is different in the fasting and postprandial states in the scenario of obesity. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Science Direct electronic databases were searched. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Software. Randomized controlled trials that measured gut peptides in both obese and lean subjects were included in the analysis. A total of 552 subjects with obesity were enrolled in 25 trials. The gut peptide profile did not show any significant difference between obese and lean subjects for glucagon-like peptide 1 (95% confidence interval [CI], –1.21 to 0.38; P =.30), peptide YY (95% CI, –1.47 to 0.18; P =.13), and cholecystokinin (95% CI, –1.25 to 1.28; P =.98). Gut peptides are decreased by an increased high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and by decreased chewing. There is no statistically significant difference in gut peptides between individuals with obesity and leanness in a fasting state. However, the release of gut peptides is affected in individuals with obesity following external stimuli, such as dietary interventions and chewing. Further studies are necessary to investigate the relationship between various stimuli and the release of gut peptides, as well as their impact on appetite regulation in subjects with obesity. Gut peptides undergo changes in response to various stimuli following a dietary intervention. Certain stimuli could either decrease or increase the expression of these peptides in the gastrointestinal tract. In obese individuals, diminished chewing and a diet rich in carbohydrates and fats seems to lower the expression of gut peptides. Conversely, the consumption of whey protein, pea protein, and guar gum appears to elevate the expression of gut peptides in the context of obesity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial pancreas systems should be designed considering different patient profiles, which is challenging from a control theory perspective. In this paper, a flexible-hybrid dual-hormone control algorithm for an artificial pancreas is proposed. The algorithm handles announced/unannounced meals by means of a non-interacting feedforward scheme that safely incorporates prandial boluses. Also, a coordination strategy is employed to distribute the counter-regulatory actions, which can be delivered as a continuous glucagon infusion via an automated pump, as an oral rescue carbohydrate recommendation, or as a rescue glucagon dose recommendation to be administrated through a glucagon pen. The different configurations of the proposed controller were evaluated in silico using a 14-day virtual scenario with random meal intakes and exercise sessions, achieving above 80% time-in-range and low time spent in hypoglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Morphological characteristics and metabolite profiles of hemp exhibit distinct responses to varying light intensities. • Amino acids, soluble protein, carbohydrates, and plant growth influenced by light intensity. • Desired metabolites contents can be achieved by changing light intensity. • Optimum light intensity could be valuable in the pharmaceutical and nutritional field. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a high-yielding cash crop with strong stress resistance, and its fibrous and metabolic profile holds significant development potential. In this study, we measured various agronomic traits, amino acids, saccharides, and their derivatives under four different light intensities (30 μmol·m−2·s−1, 80 μmol·m−2·s−1, 130 μmol·m−2·s−1, 180 μmol·m−2·s−1). Results showed that plant height decreased with increasing light intensity and reached a minimum at 180 μmol·m−2·s−1, which was 27 % less than the control treatment. Further, stem diameter increased by 52 %, leaf fresh weight by 130 %, stem fresh weight by 116 %, and root fresh weight by 264 % were at their maximum at 130 μmol·m−2·s−1. Plant dry weight of leaf (113 %), stem (214 %), and root (427 %) were also found to be maximum at 130 μmol·m−2·s−1. Metabolic results revealed that the free amino acid content was 10 %, 61 %, and 60 % higher under 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared to 80, 130, and 180 μmol·m−2·s−1. Additionally, soluble protein contents were 42 %, 81 %, and 77 % higher under 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared to 80, 130, and 180 μmol·m−2·s−1. In contrast, the soluble sugar contents were 42 %, 61 %, and 75 % higher than in the other three treatments. In conclusion, industrial hemp morphological characteristics and metabolite profiles exhibit distinct responses to different light intensities. To achieve desired outcomes, it is imperative to carefully choose an optimized light intensity specifically tailored to align with the defined objectives. These findings provide a foundation for a deeper understanding of the characteristics of industrial hemp, optimizing cultivation techniques, and investigating the impact of light intensity on industrial hemp vegetative period growth, amino acids, and saccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Front-of-pack warning labels may reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, potentially mitigating negative health outcomes. Comparisons between different warning label types to inform future research and policy directions are lacking. This study compared 27 warning labels across six message types for their potential to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. A national sample of regular soda (n = 2578) and juice (n = 1048) consumers aged 14–60 years participated in an online survey. Participants evaluated randomly allocated labels; one from each of six warning label sets (health-graphic, sugar-pictogram, sugar-text, exercise equivalents, health-text, energy information) on four measures of perceived effectiveness (PE: overall effectiveness, discourage from drinking, emotional response, persuasive potential). Participants could also provide open comments. A general linear model compared differences in mean scores across label sets for each measure of PE. PE ratings differed significantly between label sets. Labels clearly quantifying sugar content (sugar-teaspoons) received consistently high PE ratings, whereas 'high in sugar' labels did not. Health-graphic labels were rated highly across all PE measures except persuasive potential. Exercise labels only rated highly on persuasive potential. Health-text results were mixed, and energy labels were consistently low. Simple, factual labels were easily interpreted and perceived as most effective. Labels quantifying sugar content were consistently high performers and should be advanced into policy to help decrease overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationship between preoperative Carbohydrate Antigen19-9(CA19-9)and pancreatic cancer occult metastasis. Systematic search of MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science and bibliographic reference lists were conducted. All comparative observational studies investigating the predictive ability of preoperative CA 19-9 in patients with pancreatic cancer were considered. Mean CA-19-9 value in the pancreatic cancer patients with and without metastasis were evaluated. Best cut-off value of CA 19-9 for metastasis was determined using ROC analysis. Ten comparative observational studies reporting a total of 1431 pancreatic cancer patients with (n = 496) and without (n = 935) metastasis were included. Subsequent meta-analysis demonstrated that mean preoperative CA 19-9 level was significantly higher in patients with metastases compared to those without (MD: 904.4; 95 % CI, 642.08–1166.74, P < 0.0001). The between-study heterogeneity was significant (I2: 99 %, P < 0.00001). ROC analysis yielded a cut-off CA 19-9 level of 336 with a sensitivity and specificity for predicting metastasis of 90 % and 80 %, respectively (AUC = 0.90). CA 19-9 level is significantly higher in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. A preoperative CA 19-9 value of 336 should be considered as an acceptable cut-off value to design prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In patients with McArdle disease, which is characterized by complete muscle glycogen unavailability, pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake exerted beneficial effects on exercise tolerance and maximal exercise capacity. • Although not all outcomes followed the same pattern, CHO benefits on maximal exercise capacity showed a dose–response association. • A dose–response effect of exogenous glucose on lactate production was observed in McArdle mouse myotubes. This study aimed to determine the effect of different carbohydrate (CHO) doses on exercise capacity in patients with McArdle disease—the paradigm of "exercise intolerance", characterized by complete muscle glycogen unavailability—and to determine whether higher exogenous glucose levels affect metabolic responses at the McArdle muscle cell (in vitro) level. Patients with McArdle disease (n = 8) and healthy controls (n = 9) underwent a 12-min submaximal cycling constant-load bout followed by a maximal ramp test 15 min after ingesting a non-caloric placebo. In a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over design, patients repeated the tests after consuming either 75 g or 150 g of CHO (glucose:fructose = 2:1). Cardiorespiratory, biochemical, perceptual, and electromyographic (EMG) variables were assessed. Additionally, glucose uptake and lactate appearance were studied in vitro in wild-type and McArdle mouse myotubes cultured with increasing glucose concentrations (0.35, 1.00, 4.50, and 10.00 g/L). Compared with controls, patients showed the "classical" second-wind phenomenon (after prior disproportionate tachycardia, myalgia, and excess electromyographic activity during submaximal exercise, all p < 0.05) and an impaired endurance exercise capacity (–51% ventilatory threshold and –55% peak power output, both p < 0.001). Regardless of the CHO dose (p < 0.05 for both doses compared with the placebo), CHO intake increased blood glucose and lactate levels, decreased fat oxidation rates, and attenuated the second wind in the patients. However, only the higher dose increased ventilatory threshold (+27%, p = 0.010) and peak power output (+18%, p = 0.007). In vitro analyses revealed no differences in lactate levels across glucose concentrations in wild-type myotubes, whereas a dose–response effect was observed in McArdle myotubes. CHO intake exerts beneficial effects on exercise capacity in McArdle disease, a condition associated with total muscle glycogen unavailability. Some of these benefits are dose dependent. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HR were high in energy, proteins, and lipids but low in carbohydrates. • Ash content varied widely and mainly related by eggshell content. • HR composition favors BSF bioconversion for nutrient valorization. • Fermentation treatment should be applied upstream to control microbiological risks. • On-farm recovery depends on local regulations and economic feasibility. The conventional management of hatchery residues is associated with greenhouse gas and unpleasant odor emissions, the presence of pathogens and high disposal costs for producers. To address these issues, on-farm alternatives like composting, fermentation, and insect valorization are promising approaches. This study aims to characterize hatchery residues and define critical quality thresholds to identify effective processes for their management. Hatchery residue samples were collected bi-monthly over a year (N = 24) and were analyzed for proximate composition (dry matter, ash, energy, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, carbohydrates), pH, color (L*a*b*, Chroma) and microbiological loads (total aerobic mesophilic counts, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria). Volatile fatty acid composition was also measured (N = 8). Significant correlation coefficients were found between TAM and LAB loads and residue characterization (pH, chroma, crude fibers, carbohydrates, and temperature). On a dry matter basis, residues were high in energy (2498 to 5911 cal/g), proteins (21.3 to 49.4 %) and lipids (14.6 to 29.1 %), but low in carbohydrates (0 to 15.3 %) despite temporal fluctuations. Ash content varied widely (8.6 to 49.1 %, dry matter) and is influenced by eggshell content. Microbiological loads were high for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (6.5 to 9.1 log cfu/g), coliforms (5.4 to 8.5 log cfu/g) and lactic acid bacteria (6.7 to 9.0 log cfu/g). Valorization of hatchery residues on the farm will depends on the optimization of effective upstream stabilization processes. The critical points are discussed according to the valorization potentials that could be implemented on the farm from composting to upcycling by insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes derived from microbial sources have gained increasing popularity in industrial applications over the past decades. Despite the high production cost, alkaline proteases have wide applications in industries such as tanneries, food production, and detergents. In recent years, there has been a shift towards utilizing natural carbon sources for cultivating microorganisms and extracting proteases in order to reduce production costs. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical and kinetic properties of protease enzymes obtained from Aspergillus niger cultivated in a paper waste medium and compare with the enzyme produced in a basal medium. Glucose is a more favorable carbon source compared to cellulose, so paper waste was pretreated with cellulose-degrading bacteria to convert cellulose into smaller carbohydrates. After the growth of A. niger in basal and combinational media, the enzymatic properties were compared between the extracted enzymes by using casein as substrate. The results demonstrated that A. niger could produce protease enzymes in the paper waste medium similar to the basal medium with more than 5-fold cost saving. The specific activity of the enzymes isolated from the basal and paper waste media was calculated to be 184.95 ± 10.56 U ml−1 and 169.88 ± 11.05 U ml−1, respectively. Carbon sources did not affect the optimum pH and temperature of the protease enzyme, which were found to be 8 and 37 °C, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into the production of alkaline protease from A. niger using a combinational medium (paper waste pretreated by cellulose-degrading bacteria), offering a cost-effective approach for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketone supplementation is gaining popularity. Yet, its effects on exercise performance when muscle glycogen cannot be used remain to be determined. McArdle disease can provide insight into this question, as these patients are unable to obtain energy from muscle glycogen, presenting a severely impaired physical capacity. We therefore aimed to assess the effects of acute ketone supplementation in the absence of muscle glycogen utilization (McArdle disease). In a randomized cross-over design, patients with an inherited block in muscle glycogen breakdown (i.e., McArdle disease, n = 8) and healthy controls (n = 7) underwent a submaximal (constant-load) test that was followed by a maximal ramp test, after the ingestion of a placebo or an exogenous ketone ester supplement (30 g of D-beta hydroxybutyrate/D 1,3 butanediol monoester). Patients were also assessed after carbohydrate (75 g) ingestion, which is currently considered best clinical practice in McArdle disease. Ketone supplementation induced ketosis in all participants (blood [ketones] = 3.7 ± 0.9 mM) and modified some gas-exchange responses (notably increasing respiratory exchange ratio, especially in patients). Patients showed an impaired exercise capacity (−65 % peak power output (PPO) compared to controls, p < 0.001) and ketone supplementation resulted in a further impairment (−11.6 % vs. placebo, p = 0.001), with no effects in controls (p = 0.268). In patients, carbohydrate supplementation resulted in a higher PPO compared to ketones (+21.5 %, p = 0.001) and a similar response was observed vs. placebo (+12.6 %, p = 0.057). In individuals who cannot utilize muscle glycogen but have a preserved ability to oxidize blood-borne glucose and fat (McArdle disease), acute ketone supplementation impairs exercise capacity, whereas carbohydrate ingestion exerts the opposite, beneficial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptra: Noctuidae) is considered one of the most destructive insect pests in Egypt. A field trail was conducted at the experimental farm of Nubaria agricultural research station, Behaira Governorate, Egypt, during 2021 and 2022 seasons to evaluate the performance of 14 new genotypes and two check varieties under the cotton leaf worn natural infestation conditions. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The combined results revealed that there were substantial differences across genotypes for all evaluated parameters. The genotypes (H7L39/2015, H6L49, and H6L28) were considered as more resistant ones over the resistant check variety (Giza 111) which recorded the least infestation (25.86, 27.57 and 32.14 %, respectively), with feeding damage area of 18.52, 19.58 and 18.58 %, respectively. These genotypes gave the highest leaf content of P%, K%, total phenolic compounds, yield, and its components. The correlations between infestation% and leaflet area damage% or N all were positive on one another. All other correlations, with the exception of plant height and branches no plant-1, had negative effects on one another. The results proposed that the genotypes (H7L39/2015, H6L49 and H6L28) are promising and could be planted at Nubaria region and used in the breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breynia vitis-idaea (Phyllanthaceae) is used in the Chinese traditional medicinal system, to treat chronic lung disease and wound healing. This study was aimed to identify the chemical constituents of B. vitis-idaea having biological properties by in-vitro and in-silico methods. Breynia vitis-idaea leaf extract was screened for the presence of phenol, flavonoid contents, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. Molecular docking of secondary metabolites with target proteins and ADMET analysis was done. Preliminary phytochemical screening of B. vitis-idaea contains a variety of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannin, saponin, terpenoids, phenol, protein, steroids and glycosides. The antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extract of B. vitis-idaea evaluated against Escherichia coli (17 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 mm), Bacillus subtilis (22 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm) showed high activity. Antioxidant activities were assessed by ABTS and FRAP assays and their IC 50 values were 41.06 µg/mL and 46.40 µL/mL, respectively. α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity showed IC 50 values of 20.42 µg/mL and 14.60 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking study showed strong binding activity of γ-sitosterol to α-amylase and α-glucosidase, followed by guanosine and arbutin. ADMET analysis shows that γ-sitosterol, guanosine, and arbutin are good drug candidates. This work demonstrates the anti-diabetic potential of B. vitis-idaea. [Display omitted] • GC-MS study of B. vitis-idaea reveals 21 secondary metabolites • Three major compounds were identified (γ-sitosterol, guanosine and arbutin) • Strong binding affinity to α-amylase and α-glucosidase observed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrinogen C domain-containing protein 1 (FIBCD1) is an immune protein proposed to be involved in host recognition of chitin on the surface of pathogens. As FIBCD1 readily binds acetylated molecules, we have determined the high-resolution crystal structures of a recombinant fragment of the FIBCD1 C-terminal domain complexed with small N-acetyl-containing ligands to determine the mode of recognition. All ligands bind at the conserved N-acetyl-binding site (S1) with galactose and glucose-derived ligands rotated 180° relative to each other. One subunit of a native structure derived from protein expressed in mammalian cells binds glycosylation from a neighboring subunit, in an extended binding site. Across the various structures, the primary S1 binding pocket is occupied by N-acetyl-containing ligands or acetate, with N-acetyl, acetate, or sulfate ion in an adjacent pocket S1(2). Inhibition binding studies of N-acetylglucosamine oligomers, (GlcNAc)n, n = 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, via ELISA along with microscale thermophoresis affinity assays indicate a strong preference of FIBCD1 for longer N-acetylchitooligosaccharides. Binding studies of mutant H396A, located beyond the S1(2) site, showed no significant difference from wildtype, but K381L, within the S1(2) pocket, blocked binding to the model ligand acetylated bovine serum albumin, suggesting that S1(2) may have functional importance in ligand binding. The binding studies, alongside structural definition of diverse N-acetyl monosaccharide binding in the primary S1 pocket and of additional, adjacent binding pockets, able to accommodate both carbohydrate and sulfate functional groups, suggest a versatility in FIBCD1 to recognize chitin oligomers and other pathogen-associated carbohydrate motifs across an extended surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares hydrothermal and diluted acid-thermal pretreatments at 100 °C for hydrolysate production from Ulva spp. Aiming at bioH 2 production at 55 °C. Three extractants were evaluated in hydrothermal pretreatment: distilled water (H-DW), natural (H-NS) and synthetic seawater (H-SS). The HCl concentration (N), the Ulva spp. Percentage (% w/v), and hydrolysis time (h) in diluted acid-thermal pretreatment were optimised using a central composite design and a desirability function to maximise the total carbohydrate concentration and yield while minimising the HMF and furfural concentration. The hydrolysate from hydrothermal pretreatments, depending on the pretreatment time and % Ulva , achieved bioH 2 production from 20 to 47% lower than the optimised diluted acid-thermal pretreatment (0.3 N HCl, 35% Ulva, and 2.5 h), which was 66.83 (±3.89) NmL g glucose −1. The hydrolysate also indicates potential for lactic acid (HLa) production, resulting in 1.47 molHLa mol glucose −1, before being consumed after 1.6 days and contributing to the bioH 2 production. [Display omitted] • Acid-thermal pretreatment optimisation of HCl concentration, %Ulva and process time. • Desirability function for sugars release maximisation and inhibitor minimisation. • Carbohydrate yield improved in 300%, HMF 10.48 mg L−1 and no furfural. • Optimised hydrolysate generated lactic acid yield of 1.47 mol mol glucose −1. • 66.8 NmL-H 2 g glucose −1 was produced from optimised hydrolysate by mixed culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeybush tea is made from the fynbos plant Cyclopia subternata , which is unique to South Africa. Cultivation takes place in its natural environment, which has a Mediterranean climate with dry summers and wet winters. During the summer, the plant is vulnerable to drought, an abiotic stress factor that is likely to affect its development and yield. This study investigated the effect of drought stress for a short duration on the leaf, as well as the quality of the herbal tea. Protein expression in the leaf was measured to gain insight into possible mechanisms used by the plant to cope with drought stress conditions. Fifteen-month-old C. subternata plants were subjected to three water treatments (control, moderately-stressed (MS), and severely-stressed (SS)) for ten days. Leaves were sampled at regular intervals throughout the treatment period to determine their relative water content (RWC). Leaves were also sampled on the 11th day for untargeted and targeted chemical composition and protein expression analyses. The remaining leaves and stems were processed to obtain the herbal tea. Descriptive sensory analysis of the herbal tea was performed to determine whether drought stress affected product quality. RWC was substantially higher (p < 0.05) in the control plants (100%) than in the MS and SS treated plants (83–90% and 47%, respectively). Untargeted analysis revealed that drought stress considerably altered leaf chemical composition. According to targeted analysis, the proline content of SS treated plants increased more than 40-fold when compared to the control, however, the treatments had no effect on the total carbohydrate and major phenolic compound content of the leaves, nor on the sensory quality of the herbal tea. Differences in the expression of 27 proteins, 24 of which were identified using proteomic analysis, were observed. During drought stress, 17 of these proteins increased, whereas seven decreased. Thirteen of the 24 identified proteins produced statistically significant results based on their Byonic scores. The findings laid the foundation for future research into the functions of drought response genes in Cyclopia species, as well as helping with the identification of stress-tolerant honeybush genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to overcome the challenges of structural complexity, synthesis, source heterogeneity, and lack of analytical tools, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carbohydrate-based adjuvants for the design of new putative vaccines. The physicochemical factors of carbohydrates, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, functional groups, and spatial conformation, determine their recognition by pattern recognition receptors, consequently affecting their immunomodulatory activities. Carbohydrate-based adjuvants may harbor advantages in the regulation of antigen transport, presentation, and processing, thus enriching the type of adaptive immunity that can be initiated. Advanced chemical and computational technologies can provide new tools for the development of carbohydrate-based adjuvants. By increasing our efforts to elucidate the immunomodulatory mechanisms of carbohydrates, especially those representing or mimicking microbial infections, we might provide new biological evidence and engineering perspectives for the design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants are essential components of modern vaccines. One general mechanism underlying their immunostimulatory functions is the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of innate immune cells. Carbohydrates – as essential signaling molecules on microbial surfaces – are potent PRR agonists and candidate materials for adjuvant design. Here, we summarize the latest trends in developing carbohydrate-containing adjuvants, with fresh opinions on how the physicochemical characteristics of the glycans (e.g., molecular size, assembly status, monosaccharide components, and functional group patterns) affect their adjuvant activities in aiding antigen transport, regulating antigen processing, and enhancing adaptive immune responses. From a translational perspective, we also discuss potential technologies for solving long-lasting challenges in carbohydrate adjuvant design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Arsenic (As) stress hampers the growth and biochemical attributes in mustard. • As toxicity also enhances the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation. • Supplementation of salicylic acid (SA) and sulphur (S) regulates the negative effect of As and enhances growth. • SA and S boots antioxidants activity to minimize the oxidative stress in plants. • SA and S also regulates the stomatal behavior under As toxicity. The presence of arsenic as a soil contaminant leads to a significant reduction in crop yield worldwide. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate how salicylic acid (SA) and sulfur (S) can effectively reduce the negative effects of arsenic (As) on Brassica napus Neelam cultivar by analyzing the physiological and biochemical responses of the plants. The toxicity of As (200 mg As kg−1 soil) caused a robust increase in the oxidative stress levels and led to a remarkable reduction in S uptake, S assimilation, and plant growth and photosynthetic parameters. The foliar application of SA (500 mM) and soil-supplied elemental sulfur (200 mg S kg−1 soil) in plants affected by As resulted in a decrease in oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), superoxide anion (O 2 •−), and lipid peroxidation with lower As accumulation in roots and leaves. Additionally, there was an increase in photosynthetic efficiency, non-protein thiol, and phytochelatin production, as well as the effectiveness of antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic). Carbohydrates play a crucial role in plants during times of stress. When plants are subjected to various environmental stresses such as drought, extreme temperature, salinity, or pathogen attack, they undergo physiological and biochemical changes to adapt and survive. Carbohydrates help in energy sources, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant production, signaling, and structural support. The benefits of SA coupled with S were exhibited by a modulation in ethylene production. The results suggest that the mitigation of As toxicity by SA and S, along with the enhancement of photosynthetic capability, was the result of their coordination with ethylene, which equipped Brassica napus plants with higher tolerance to As. The findings of this study have practical implications for the management and remediation of contaminated soils exposed to potentially toxic metals such as As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predictive value of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) for adjuvant chemo(radiation) therapy of resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is undefined. We analyzed CA19-9 levels in patients with resected PDAC in a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with or without additional chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Patients with postoperative CA19-9 ≤92.5 U/mL and serum bilirubin ≤2 mg/dL were randomized to 2 arms: patients in 1 arm received 6 cycles of gemcitabine, whereas those in the other received 3 cycles of gemcitabine followed by CRT and another 3 cycles of gemcitabine. Serum CA19-9 was measured every 12 weeks. Those who had CA19-9 levels always <3 U/mL were excluded from the exploratory analysis. One hundred forty-seven patients were enrolled in this randomized trial. Twenty-two patients with CA19-9 levels always ≤3 U/mL were excluded from the analysis. For the 125 participants, median overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival were 23.1 and 12.1 months, respectively, with no significant differences between the study arms. Postresection CA19-9 levels and, to a lesser extent, CA19-9 change predicted OS (P =.040 and.077, respectively). For the 89 patients who completed the initial 3 cycles of adjuvant gemcitabine, the CA19-9 response was significantly correlated with initial failure over the distant site (P =.023) and OS (P =.0022). Despite a trend of less initial failure over the locoregional area (P =.031), neither postoperative CA19-9 level nor CA19-9 response helped to select patients who might have a survival benefit from additional adjuvant CRT. CA19-9 response to initial adjuvant gemcitabine predicts survival and distant failure of PDAC after resection; however, it cannot select patients suited for additional adjuvant CRT. Monitoring CA19-9 levels during adjuvant therapy for postoperative patients with PDAC may guide therapeutic decisions to prevent distant failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the associations of macronutrient quality indices with the incident metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO) phenotypes. This prospective study included 512 metabolically healthy normal weight and 787 metabolically healthy overweight/obese adults from the third study examination of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The participants were followed through the sixth study examination. Diet was measured with a food frequency questionnaire. The macronutrient quality index (MQI), carbohydrate quality index (CQI), fat quality index (FQI), and healthy plate quality index (HPPQI) were calculated. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) were estimated for incident unhealthy phenotypes using Cox regression. After controlling all possible confounding factors, a one-point higher HPPQI was linked to a 28 % lower risk of MUNW (HR = 0.72; 95 % CI = 0.59, 0.87). Compared to the lowest quartile, the incident MUNW was also lower in the two last quartiles of the HPPQI. A one-unit increase in MQI was associated with a 5 % lower incident MUO (HR = 0.95; 95 % CI = 0.92, 0.99). The incident MUO was also higher for the highest compared to the lowest MQI quartile. In quartiles 2–4 of the HPPQI, incident MUO was lower with respective HRs (95 % CI) of 0.71 (0.54, 0.93), 0.60 (0.45, 0.80), and 0.66 (0.50, 0.86) in the fully-adjusted model. A higher overall macronutrient quality was independently associated with a lower incident MUO. A higher dietary protein quality was related to a lower risk for MUNW and MUO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plasma palmitic acid is derived from dietary fat and also from de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and lipolysis. • A low-fat diet promotes palmitic acid synthesis and a high-fat diet provides palmitic acid from food. • Palmitic acid increases CVD risk by raising LDL-C, synthesis of ceramides and branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) derived from palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the predominant dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the US diet. Plasma palmitic acid is derived from dietary fat and also endogenously from de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and lipolysis. DNL is affected by excess energy intake resulting in overweight and obesity, and the macronutrient profile of the diet. A low-fat diet (higher carbohydrate and/or protein) promotes palmitic acid synthesis in adipocytes and the liver. A high-fat diet is another source of palmitic acid that is taken up by adipose tissue, liver, heart and skeletal muscle via lipolytic mechanisms. Moreover, overweight/obesity and accompanying insulin resistance increase non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) production. Palmitic acid may affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk via mechanisms beyond increasing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), notably synthesis of ceramides and possibly through branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) from palmitic acid. Ceramides are positively associated with incident CVD, whereas the role of FAHFAs is uncertain. Given the new evidence about dietary regulation of palmitic acid metabolism there is interest in learning more about how diet modulates circulating palmitic acid concentrations and, hence, potentially CVD risk. This is important because of the heightened interest in low carbohydrate (carbohydrate controlled) and high carbohydrate (low-fat) diets coupled with the ongoing overweight/obesity epidemic, all of which can increase plasma palmitic acid levels by different mechanisms. Consequently, learning more about palmitic acid biochemistry, trafficking and how its metabolites affect CVD risk will inform future dietary guidance to further lower the burden of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Leaf extracts of 11 South African plants were screened as potential hypoglycaemia agents. • Six species had high flavonoid, total phenolic and/or condensed tannin content. • These six species also had good antioxidant activity in two assays (DPPH and FRAP). • They had high α-glucosidase and moderate pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory potential. • Endostemon obtusifolius, Combretum kraussi and Catha edulis were the most promising therapeutic agents. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic dysfunction characterised by hyperglycaemia. It is strongly linked to oxidative stress. Post-meal elevation of blood glucose levels predisposes humans to Type 2 DM. Retardation of the digestive enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase is an efficient therapeutic approach to regulate hyperglycaemia. Many indigenous plants are commonly used in managing DM. However, most of these claims have not been verified scientifically. This study investigated eleven indigenous South African plants for their antioxidant and hypoglycaemic potentials. The phytochemical content (total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins) was quantified colormetrically. The antioxidant potential of crude leaf extracts was evaluated against ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) by the extracts were used to evaluate their antidiabetic activities. Six of the plant species investigated, namely, Catha edulis, Combretum kraussii, Lippia javanica, Endostemon obtusifolius, Psidium guajava and Syzygium cordatum had significant concentrations of flavonoids, total phenolics and/or condensed tannins. These six plant species generally demonstrated significantly lower IC 50 values than the positive controls (butylated hydroxyl-toluene (BHT) and acarbose) in the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assays. These results support the use of some of the investigated traditional plants in DM management. The antidiabetic potential of E. obtusifolius , a relatively under-utilized plant, as well as C. kraussii and C. edulis were highlighted as promising species for further investigation as hypoglycaemic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measured all proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) levels in response to administration of three mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTs), examining differences in postprandial PGDP responses in subjects with leanness and obesity or between high-fat vs. high carbohydrate meals. We designed three physiology interventional studies, administering MMTs over a 180-min period to individuals without diabetes after an overnight fast. In Study 1, a 450 kcal MMT was administered to n = 4 normal weight and n = 9 individuals with obesity. In Study 2, a 600 kcal high-fat MMT was administered to n = 15 normal-weight and n = 15 individuals with obesity. In Study 3, n = 32 participants with obesity were assigned to receive a 600-kcal high-fat (n = 15) or an isocaloric high-carbohydrate MMT (n = 17). Fasting and postprandial levels of c-peptide and PGDPs (proglucagon, GLP-1, GLP-2, glicentin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon, major proglucagon fragment [MPGF]) were assessed. In study 1, individuals with normal weight displayed elevated glicentin postprandial secretion compared with people with obesity (p = 0.002). Following a high-fat MMT with 33% higher energy content in study 2, all postprandial PGDPs levels were elevated (p-time<0.001), irrespective of weight status. In study 3, a prolonged postprandial upregulation of PGDPs during the high-fat MMT was observed in contrast with the acute, short-term (max 60 min) PGDP responses to a high-carbohydrate MMT (p-time∗meal<0.001). Across both studies 2 and 3, the postprandial responses of glucagon and MPGF were higher in subjects with male sex whereas glicentin was higher in subjects with female sex. Fat and carbohydrate content of a meal can substantially affect the postprandial levels of PGDPs. Circulating levels of PGDPs are influenced by the energy content of the meal, and additionally, the presence of leanness or obesity affects circulating levels of select PGDPs. These results, which are to be confirmed by additional studies, expand our understanding of PGDP physiology in leanness and obesity. (NCT04170010, NCT04430946, NCT04575194). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formic acid (FA) is considered an ideal energy carrier for hydrogen. Catalytic aerobic oxidation of biomass-derived carbohydrates is a promising method to produce renewable FA. Interestingly, the addition of some low-carbon alcohols or dimethyl sulfoxide remarkably improved FA selectivity in the popular vanadium-based catalytic system. This work unveils an advanced mechanism of the product improvement with additives. Control experiments of vanadium-substituted heteropolyacids (HPA- n) in different redox states and ESR spectroscopy verified that hydroxyl radicals were formed in the re-oxidation of reduced HPA- n. Different-type oxidations and model reactions revealed that the hydroxyl radicals caused overoxidation by oxidizing aldehydic groups to carboxylic groups as the precursors of CO 2. The additives scavenged hydroxyl radicals so glucose was oxidized into FA with high selectivity. Furthermore, the hydroxyl radicals were quantified and the effect of isopropanol dosage on glucose oxidation was investigated. The CO 2 -inhibition effect of isopropanol was also exhibited for various carbohydrates and vicinal diols. Based on the mechanism, catalytic co-oxidation of glucose and methanol was proposed, showing an extremely high FA yield from glucose and high reactivity of methanol. The findings shed light into the mechanism of the product improvement with additives and pave an efficient way to produce a renewable energy carrier. • Renewable formic acid is selectively produced from biomass by catalytic oxidation. • Hydroxyl radicals are formed in the re-oxidation of the reduced HPA- n with O 2 • The hydroxyl radicals cause the overoxidation of carbohydrates to CO 2. • Additives scavenge the hydroxyl radicals to improve the selectivity of formic acid. • The coupled oxidations of glucose and methanol show high products selectivities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated circulating carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) is a marker of congestion and a predictor of outcomes in acute heart failure (HF). Less is known about CA125 in chronic ambulatory HF with reduced ejection fraction. This study examined the association between baseline CA125 (and changes in CA125) and outcomes in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction in the DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure; NCT03036124) trial and its relationship with the effect of dapagliflozin. The primary outcome was a composite of a first episode of worsening HF or cardiovascular death. CA125 was measured at baseline and 12 months following randomization. Median baseline CA125 was 13.04 U/mL (IQR: 8.78-21.13 U/mL) in 3,123 of 4,774 patients with available data. Compared with CA125 ≤35 U/mL (upper limit of normal), patients with CA125 >35 U/mL were at a higher risk of the primary outcome (adjusted HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.29-1.96). The adjusted risks of the primary outcome relative to quartile 1 (Q1) (≤8.78 U/mL) were as follow: Q2, 8.79-13.04 U/mL (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.71-1.24); Q3, 13.05-21.13 U/mL (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.94-1.59); Q4, ≥21.14 U/mL (HR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.28-2.09). The beneficial effect of dapagliflozin compared with placebo on the primary outcome was consistent whether CA125 was analyzed in quartiles (interaction P = 0.13) or as a continuous variable (interaction P = 0.75). The placebo-corrected relative change in CA125 at 12 months was −5.2% (95% CI: −10.6% to 0.5%; P = 0.07). In DAPA-HF, elevated CA125 levels were an independent predictor of the risk of worsening HF or cardiovascular death. Dapagliflozin reduced the risk of worsening HF or cardiovascular death regardless of baseline CA125. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fabrication of TmVO 4 nanocomposites by sonochemical approach. • Different solvents and content of TmVO 4 affect the purity, morphology, and size of products. • Investigation effect of tetra ethylene pentaamine as both capping and alkaline agent on size. • Utilization of TmVO 4 as a nanophotocatalyst for water treatment. • High ability of TmVO 4 for degradation of methyl violet dye (83%) in the visible area. The development of photocatalysts with adequate functions, particularly in the visible range, is one of the most significant issues facing scientists since they are essential compounds for the protection of the environment. A primary objective of this work was to simplify the preparation of thulium vanadate (TmVO 4) nanostructures in order to improve their photocatalytic efficiency. By using a facile auto-combustion route, this study presents a new method for fabricating TmVO 4 nanostructures. In order to achieve the desired size and homogeneity of the products, multiple factors were considered. As part of these parameters, several saccharides, such as glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and cellulose are analyzed for the first time, as well as the calcination temperature and the molar ratio. Various dye types and dye concentrations were studied to enhance catalyst performance. According to the catalyst activity, TmVO 4 was able to degrade 83.5% of the methyl violet (MV) after 90 min. TmVO 4 was found to be stable in the recycle test, with an efficiency reduction of 14.6% after five cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly semi-synthetic β -lactam antibiotics play critical roles in prevention and treatment of β -lactam antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Acetyl xylan esterases belong to carbohydrate esterase 7 family can specifically hydrolyze 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) to produce deacetyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (D-7ACA) which is one of the most important starting materials to synthesize newly semi-synthetic β -lactam antibiotics. Here, an effective acetyl xylan esterase, ThAXE, from Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462 T, was firstly identified and characterized. ThAXE exhibited its highest catalytic activity against p -nitrophenyl acetate (p -NPC 2) at pH 8.5 and 50 °C, with K m and K cat / K m were 1.0 ± 0.1 mM and 2262.9 mM−1 s−1, respectively. Additionally, ThAXE can hydrolyze the acetyl group of 7-ACA at its C3' position with the specific activity of 7.4 U mg−1. Furthermore, molecular docking combined with site-directed mutagenesis validation demonstrated that the pocket of catalytic residues Ser186, Asp272, and His301 could accommodate p -NPC 2 and 7-ACA ligands. This is the first report of a novel acetyl xylan esterase from T. halotolerans that has considerable potential biotechnological values. [Display omitted] • A novel thermostable and halotolerant acetyl xylan esterase (ThAXE) was characterized. • Residues Ser186-Asp272-His301 are critical for ThAXE activity. • ThAXE remains stable in 50 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 8.5) containing NaCl at a concentration of 20% (w/v). • ThAXE can transform 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) to deacetyl-7ACA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foods programs for households (ie, The Emergency Food Assistance Program, Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, and Commodity Supplemental Food Program) are designed to provide nutritious foods at no cost to income-eligible individuals in the United States. Our aim was to evaluate the nutritional quality of the foods available from 3 USDA Foods programs for households (ie, The Emergency Food Assistance Program, Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, and Commodity Supplemental Food Program) according to the Healthy Eating Research (HER) Guidelines for the Charitable Food System. Review of the nutritional information of the foods available from USDA Foods programs for households was performed. Using the HER Guidelines, foods were categorized into a 3-tiered system (ie, choose often/green; choose sometimes/yellow; choose rarely/red) based on levels of saturated fat, sodium, and added sugar per serving, and presence of whole grains. All unique foods available from The Emergency Food Assistance Program, Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, and Commodity Supplemental Food Program (n = 152) for fiscal year 2022 were evaluated. Nutritional quality of the foods available from USDA Foods programs for households according to the HER guidelines was measured. Foods were ranked green, yellow, red, or not ranked. The proportion of foods in each HER Guidelines' rank was calculated across the 3 USDA Foods programs for households and by each program. The majority of USDA Foods were ranked green (57.3%) or yellow (35.5%). A small number of items were ranked red (3.3%) or were unranked condiments or cooking staples (3.9%). The USDA Foods available in the household programs were primarily fruits and vegetables; lean proteins; whole grains; and low-fat dairy products that were consistent with national dietary guidelines. There is some room for improvement, and adjustments in the specifications for certain items are recommended to strengthen the nutritional value of the foods provided through these important federal programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthy dietary patterns with adequate fiber improve cardiometabolic (CM) outcomes and attenuate disease progression. Resistant starch (RS) is a fermentable fiber that affects CM outcomes; however, studies are heterogeneous and inconsistent. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to assess the impact of RS intake by type and amount on CM outcomes while considering subject characteristics and trial duration. Randomized crossover or parallel studies (n = 31) were selected and compared according to acute (1 day; n = 12), medium (>1-30 days; n = 8), or long (>30 days; n = 11) duration. Most acute trials in healthy adults showed improvements in postprandial glycemic outcomes irrespective of RS type or amount. However, a more pronounced reduction occurred when test meals did not match for available carbohydrate. Daily RS intake had a minimal effect on CM outcomes in medium duration trials, but insulin resistant adults had better glycemic control at 4 weeks. Several longer duration trials (8-12 weeks) showed favorable CM outcomes with daily RS intake in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but not in those at risk for T2D. Furthermore, some studies reported improved lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, and heart rate. Future studies should consider matching for available carbohydrates between the RS and control groups to understand the gut microbiome's role. Furthermore, energy and fiber should be considered. Overall, the acute intake of RS improves glycemic outcomes, and consuming RS at for least 4 and up to 8 to 12 weeks in adults with prediabetes and T2D, respectively, appears to improve CM outcomes. CM, cardiometabolic; RS, resistant starch; SCFA, short chain fatty acid; T2D, type 2 diabetes.Y [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, formic acid (FA) shows great potential in fuel cells and hydrogen storage. For FA production from renewable resources, catalytic aerobic oxidation of biomass to FA has been reported. However, the yield of by-product CO 2 is fairly high, limiting the FA selectivity and causing greenhouse gas emission. Herein, a novel chemical looping oxidation of biomass-derived carbohydrates to FA was first proposed. A heteropolyacid H 8 PV 5 Mo 7 O 40 (HPA-5) was selected as an excellent oxygen carrier. Oxidation of carbohydrates to FA and re-oxidation of reduced HPA-5 (HPA-5 red) by O 2 were separately performed, by which the FA yield from glucose achieved 95.4%. The extremely high yield of FA is attributed to two reasons. On one hand, the chemical looping process avoids over-oxidation caused by the hydroxyl radicals formed in the re-oxidation of HPA-5 red. On the other hand, abundant HPA-5 promotes the glucose oxidation to FA, suppressing the acid-catalyzed decomposition and the oxidation toward saccharic acids. Besides, HPA-5 red can be completely re-oxidized by O 2 and the chemical looping oxidation has stably performed well in five chemical cycles. This oxidation strategy also shows outstanding FA yields from xylan, cellulose and raw biomass. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the first example of combined sequential extraction by pulsed electric fields (PEF) (3 kV/cm, 100 kJ/kg, 2 Hz, 100 ms) and supercritical (SC) fluid extraction (SFE) (15 MPa, 25 mUmin, 50°C, 60 min) with CO2 (SC-CO2) for the valorisation of almond hull (AH) biomass. PEF+SFE boosted the efficiency of the protocol up to 77% for total antioxidant capacity and 20% in terms of polyphenols recovery compared to the traditional soaking. Triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS analysis provided the phenolic profiles for the PEF and SC: CO2 extracts, observing significant differences in the polyphenol profile according to the technology applied. Additionally, NMR analysis detected the presence of the carbohydrate soluble (mainly glucose, fructose and sucrose) and lipidic fractions, both selectively extracted by PEF or SC-CO2, respectively. Finally, the post-extraction residual solid biomass was characterized by several techniques such as TGA, FT-IR and SEM. For the latter, the formation of surface pores after PEF and a high fibre compaction after SFE was observed. On the other hand, DTG curves allowed to firmly propose concurrent valorisation routes for this solid, in agreement with a zero-waste approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop yield and quality are often limited by the amount of phosphate fertilizer added to infertile soils, a key limiting factor for sustainable development in modern agriculture. The polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene -expressing transgenic rice with a single-copy line (ETRS) is constructed to improve phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency for phosphorus resource conservation. To investigate the potential mechanisms of the increased biomass in ETRS in low phosphate culture, ETRS was cultivated in a low inorganic phosphate (Pi) culture medium (15 μmol/L Pi, LP) and a normal Pi culture medium (300 μmol/L Pi, CP), respectively. After 89 d of cultivation in different concentrations of phosphate culture media, the total phosphorus, polyphosphate (polyP), biomass, photosynthetic rate, nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, related enzyme activities, and related gene expression levels were analyzed. The results showed that ETRS had a high polyP amount to promote the photosynthetic rate in LP, and its biomass was almost the same as the wild type (WT) in CP. The NSC content of ETRS in LP was higher than that of WT in LP, but slightly lower than that of WT in CP. PolyP notably promoted the sucrose phosphate synthase activities of ETRS and significantly down-regulated the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes (OsSUT3 and OsSUT4), resulting in inhibiting the transport of sucrose from shoot to root in ETRS. It was concluded that polyP can stimulate the synthesis of NSCs in LP, which improved the growth of ETRS and triggered the biological activities of ETRS to save phosphate fertilizer. Our study provides a new way to improve the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in rice production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for lactating dairy cows, and dairy diets are usually formulated for certain concentrations of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch due to their direct effects on dry matter intake and milk production. Forage NDF exerts greater filling effects in the rumen than other dietary components and can limit maximum voluntary feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Since an analytical method for NDF was developed more than a half century ago, it has been used widely to characterize forages and diets for dairy cows. However, because NDF is a chemical measurement varying in its digestibility, in vitro digestibility measurements were developed as a biological approach to assess forage quality. Research efforts over the last several decades led to the development of forage cultivars or hybrids with enhanced in vitro NDF digestibility, such as brown midrib, and management practices considering differences in NDF digestibility of forages. In addition, in vitro NDF digestibility and undigested NDF are commonly measured in commercial labs, and estimated rates of digestion are used in dynamic models in an effort to improve the accuracy and precision of diet formulation. Starch digestion in the rumen also varies among starch sources, being affected by grain type, extent of processing, and conservation method. The site and rate of starch digestion affect dry matter intake and nutrient partitioning in dairy cows by modifying temporal supply of fuel. In addition, dietary starch content and its fermentability can affect digestion rates of starch itself and NDF in the rumen. Previous research has increased our understanding of dietary carbohydrates, but its application for diet formulations requires integrated approaches accounting for factors affecting the filling effects of forage NDF, starch digestion, and temporal fuel supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae produce and secrete large quantities of polysaccharides into the culture medium that is discarded when biomass is separated. The main objective of this study was to add value to the exhausted culture medium (ECM) of Porphyridium cruentum through the recovery of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) by different extracting and purifying methods for the future biotechnological applications. The ECM was submitted to precipitation with cold absolute ethanol, using ultrasound, dialysis, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as purification methods. The purification provided a lower yield, with higher carbohydrate content. The TCA purified sample presented up to twice as much total carbohydrates as the non-purified samples, mainly composed of xylose, galactose, and glucose. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed the smooth structure of P. cruentum EPS, in which TCA post-treatment and dialysis allowed obtaining larger and purest particles, being a good candidate for film making. Microalgal polymeric by-products are a sustainable source to recover valuable compounds, and the purification treatment proved to be an important step to valorize this material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic fuel cells that use microorganisms to oxidize different organic substances to generate electricity are gaining importance due to their versatility to use different fuels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has used for various purposes due to its capacity to ferment broad spectrum of carbohydrates. In this research, the development of bioanodes based on the immobilization of this yeast was carried out to apply them in the evaluation of a paper lateral-flow microfluidic fuel cell. Immobilization was performed using two different supports, Vulcan carbon and graphene oxide, and four carbohydrates as fuel (saccharose, glucose, fructose, and maltose). The results indicated that the yeast is better distributed and reaches a higher capacity to oxidize carbohydrates when is immobilized on graphene oxide, this bioanode shows better performance in the microfluidic device, reaching a potential above 0.9V when saccharose are used as fuel, representing a promising approach to use microbial bioanodes in small energy conversion devices. • Electrodes based on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization were used to make paper lateral-flow microfluidic fuel cells. • Immobilization was performed using Vulcan carbon (VC) and graphene oxide (GO) as supports. • Saccharose, glucose, fructose, and maltose were used as fuel in the microfluidic device. • The GO-based bioanode shows better performance, reaching a potential greater than 0.9V when saccharose is supplied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is a fatal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with highest morbidity and mortality every year. The evolution of anti-TB drugs is promising in controlling and treating TB. Yet, the drug response varies depending on the bacterial load and host immunological profiles. The prolonged anti-TB treatment regimen and high pill burden leads to poor adherence to treatment and acquired drug resistance. In the clinical arena, sustainable nanotechnology improves the targeted strategies leading to enhance therapeutic recovery with minimum treatment duration and virtuous drug adherence. Determinants of nanosystems are the size, nature, formulation techniques, stable dosing patterns, bioavailability and toxicity. In the treatment of chronic illness, nanomedicines inclusive of biological macromolecules such as lipids, peptides, and nucleic acids occur to be a successive alternative to synthetic carriers. Most biological nanomaterials possess antimicrobial properties with other intrinsic characteristics. Recently, the pulmonary delivery of anti-TB drugs through polymeric nanocarrier systems is shown to be effective in achieving optimal drug levels in lungs for longer duration, enhanced tissue permeation and sustained systemic clearance. This thematic review provides a holistic insight into the nanodelivery systems pertinent to the therapeutic applications in pulmonary tuberculosis describing the choice of carriers, optimized process, metabolic action and excretion processes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies about the influence of lignin on enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulose have focused on the content and properties, but less on the detaching behavior of lignin. The samples were prepared from Pinus massoniana wood chips by kraft cooking followed by delignification using oxygen/alkali (KP-O) and chlorine dioxide (KP-D), respectively. Two oxidative delignified samples with a similar lignin content were subject to enzymatic hydrolysis at both pH of 5.0 and 5.5 to investigate the effects of lignin detached rate (LDR) on substrate enzymatic digestibility (SED). The LDRs and the SEDs from both samples increased with the enzymatic hydrolysis time, and the situations of KP-D were much higher than those of KP-O under the same enzymatic hydrolysis time. The results of enzymatic hydrolysis at an elevated pH of 5.5 and the changes in concentration of free cellulase of the two samples indicated that the lignin detaching increased the free cellulase concentration, and thus promoted the enzymatic digestibility. Moreover, lignin distribution analysis by X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated surface lignin being preferentially detached. This work provided a reference for rationally designing pretreatment strategies, which can improve the efficiency of enzyme hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gene encoding rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase, Ct Pae12B from Clostridium thermocellum was cloned, expressed, purified and biochemically characterized. Purified Ct Pae12B was soluble and exhibited homogenous single band. Phylogenetically it was most closely related to an RGAE, YesT from B. subtilis. Ct Pae12B production was maximum with LB medium. Ct Pae12B showed optimal temperature, 65 °C and thermostability with half-life, 5.1 h at 80 °C. Ct Pae12B was alkaliphilic with optimal pH, 8.0, while it displayed stability at both acidic and alkaline pH ranges. Inhibition of Ct Pae12B activity by PMSF showed the importance of nucleophilic serine in the catalytic triad. The metal ions, chemical or chelating agents used, did not enhance Ct Pae12B activity, which was also corroborated by protein melting study. The enzymatic activity of Ct Pae12B remained unaffected by 5 M urea. Ct Pae12B showed broad substrate specificity as it displayed activity against a range of synthetic substrates showing highest V max , 770 U/mg and K m , 1.2 mM with β-D- gluco pentaacetate. Ct Pae12B could deacetylate both pectic and xylan substrates showing highest V max , 770 U/mg and K m , 13.4 mg/mL with potato rhamnogalacturonan and V max , 105 U/mg and K m , 7.1 mg/mL with acetylated birchwood xylan. The thermostability, pH stability and broad substrate specificity of Ct Pae12B makes it a versatile enzyme for industrial applications. [Display omitted] • Ct Pae12B is thermophilic and alkaliphilic with maximum activity at 65 °C and pH 8.0. • Ct Pae12B is thermostable and stable at both acidic and alkaline pH ranges. • Ct Pae12B is a serine esterase as it showed 100 % inhibition by 50 mM PMSF. • Ct Pae12B effectively deacetylated potato rhamnogalacturonan, V max , 770 U/mg. • Ct Pae12B deacetylates a range of synthetic and natural pectic and xylan substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) is a biomarker often used in diagnosis of ovarian tumors. Studies also show that elevated CA125 implicates worse outcomes among patients with heart failure, while latter of which plays an important role in the pathophysiology of left ventricular aneurysm (LVA). However, the prognostic value of CA125 in LVA patients undergoing surgical left ventricular reconstruction (SLVR) remains unclear. In this single-centered cohort study, a total of 309 patients with LVA undergoing SLVR were retrospectively recruited. Univariable regression analysis was performed to identify the potential confounders for each outcome, followed by multivariable adjustment to confirm the association between CA125 and outcomes. The primary outcome was the overall mortality, and the secondary outcome was the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and perioperative outcomes. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was use to find the optimal cut-off value of CA125. The median follow-up time was 55 months. The cohort was predominantly male (86.4%), with an average age of 58.6 years. Log (CA125) was associated with overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–4.36, P = 0.033), prolonged hospital-stay time (HR:1.07, 95%CI: 1.03–1.12, P = 0.001) and increased risk of postoperative ventricular support (HR: 2.81, 95%CI: 1.10–7.18, P = 0.031) after multivariate adjustment. The optimal cut-off value for the CA125 for all-cause mortality was 13.825 U/ml with the area under curve of 0.675. Elevated-CA125 implicates poorer short- and long-term prognosis in LVA patients undergoing SLVR. • CA125 is reported to be associated with heart diseases. • Little is known about the prognostic value of CA125 in patients undergoing surgical left ventricular reconstruction. • This study showed that elevated-CA125 was associated with increased mortality and adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkyl levulinate moieties are recognized as the most attractive and potential energy compounds due to their excellent fuel additive/blending properties and commercial applications. These alkyl levulinates can be efficiently synthesized by the Bronsted and Lewis acid catalytic valorization of carbohydrates through alcoholysis reaction. However, potential production of alkyl levulinate at the industrial scale-up is still a challenging issue which demands for an overview of current research advances in the field to expand the knowledge horizon and scope for the future perspective. With this objective, the present review is planned to emphasize the recent update on (i) catalytic valorization of carbohydrates via alcoholysis, (ii) fuel blending potential of levulinates (iii) factors affecting (catalyst, solvent, feedstock) alcoholysis reaction and (iv) mechanistic view for alcoholysis of carbohydrates. Moreover, this review also emphasizes future prospects in terms of opportunities/challenges for the sustainable production of alkyl levulinate from carbohydrates through alcoholysis. [Display omitted] • Review presents an update of alkyl levulinate synthesis from carbohydrate via alcoholysis. • Review highlights strategies for the alkyl levulinate synthesis via catalytic valorization. • Factors affecting catalytic valorization of carbohydrate via alcoholysis are reviewed. • Review presents an update on fuel blending properties of the alkyl levulinates. • Future challenges are proposed for scale-up production of alkyl levulinates via alcoholysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habenaria intermedia (D. Don) Szlach is a rare orchid species of broad spectrum medicinal importance. It is commonly known as 'Riddhi' in the ayurvedic system of medicine. Pseudobulbs of this species are used in the ayurvedic formulations such as ' Chyawanprash '. The edible tubers are used for the treatment of several chronic diseases such as asthma, leprosy, skin diseases, memory loss, and as an aphrodisiac, depurative, anthelmintic, rejuvenating, and also as a general tonic. In the present work, the pharmacognostic, physiochemical, phytochemical, nutraceutical and antioxidant potencies of H. intermedia have been presented. In pharmacognostic evaluation, we studied sensory, macroscopic, and histochemical parameters. The physicochemical parameters evaluated were total ash (2.5 ± 0.2%), acid insoluble ash (1 ± 0.1%) , water-soluble ash (2 ± 0.2%), foreign matter (nil), loss on drying (0.4 ± 0.2 %), foaming index (less than 100), swelling index (20 ml ± 2%), pH, and crude fibre content (1 ± 0.01%.). In phytochemical evaluation, qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. For qualitative phytochemical analysis, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were used. The phytochemical & nutraceutical analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates, amino acids, gums, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, proteins, saponins, phenols, resins, and alkaloids. In quantitative analysis, total phenolic content (TPC) was found 8.91 ± 1.13 µg/ml (Gallic acid equivalents/gm extract). Total flavonoids content (TFC) was 16.03 ± 2.04 µg/ml against the standard quercetin. The total sugar content was 34.3 ± 4.27 µg/ml against the standard of glucose, and total resin content was 4.5 ± 0.21%. Tannin content was 0.03 ± 0.1% in pseudobulbs whereas fats content was 1 ± 0.12%. In antioxidant assays, aqueous extract showed higher antioxidant potency in terms of % radical scavenging activity (RSA) as compared to hydroalcoholic extracts. The above parameters provide critical information for setting quality parameters of crude drugs used in various formulations and will contribute significantly to orchid research. These findings encourage the potential use of this plant in disease management & treatments, which justify its usage in traditional systems of medicines. Research is required in the isolation of potent compounds and their clinical trials. [Display omitted] • Habenaria intermedia (D. Don) Szlach is a rare medicinal orchid, the edible tubers are used in various ayurvedic formulations. • Pseudobulbs are used to treat asthma, leprosy, skin diseases, memory and as aphrodisiac, depurative, anthelmintic, rejuvenating and general tonic. • Pharmacognostic, physiochemical, phytochemical and nutraceutical potency have been studied quantitatively and qualitatively. • Antioxidant assays (Total antioxidant activity and FRAP) were performed and showed promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1,4-α-glucan branching enzymes (GBEs, EC 2.4.1.18), is reported to catalyze the formation of α-1,6 branching points in carbohydrates, which has ability of changing the structure of starch by adjusting the points and frequency of branch points in starch. In practical uses, GBEs are expected to be used at relatively high temperature because of high temperature requirement of starch gelatinization process. However, the present GBE does not meet the requirements, which limits the application of GBEs in starch modification industry. In order to enhance the thermostability of GBE, we combined the values of B-factor and accessible surface area, as well as the opportunity of building potential salt bridges in this enzyme. As a result, amino acid sites 73 and 137 in GBE from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans STB02 were selected in our research. The results show that substitution of Lys with Glu at amino acid 137 site resulted in an approximately 36.6 % enhancement in half-time; replacement of Gln with Asp at this site resulted in a 26 % improvement in thermostability. In addition to thermostability, catalytic ability is another factor to be concerned in our study. We constructed combined mutants with high catalytic efficiency and high thermostability. Compared with wild type, the resulting mutants have advantages in maltodextrin modification, of which product exhibited stronger stability than unmodified maltodextrin. Our study provides a new approach to increase thermostability of present GBE and create mutants with high thermostability and catalytic ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellulosome is an elaborate multi-enzyme structure secreted by many anaerobic microorganisms for the efficient degradation of lignocellulosic substrates. It is composed of multiple catalytic and non-catalytic components that are assembled through high-affinity protein-protein interactions between the enzyme-borne dockerin (Doc) modules and the repeated cohesin (Coh) modules present in primary scaffoldins. In some cellulosomes, primary scaffoldins can interact with adaptor and cell-anchoring scaffoldins to create structures of increasing complexity. The cellulosomal system of the ruminal bacterium, Ruminococcus flavefaciens , is one of the most intricate described to date. An unprecedent number of different Doc specificities results in an elaborate architecture, assembled exclusively through single-binding-mode type-III Coh-Doc interactions. However, a set of type-III Docs exhibits certain features associated with the classic dual-binding mode Coh-Doc interaction. Here, the structure of the adaptor scaffoldin-borne ScaH Doc in complex with the Coh from anchoring scaffoldin ScaE is described. This complex, unlike previously described type-III interactions in R. flavefaciens , was found to interact in a dual-binding mode. The key residues determining Coh recognition were also identified. This information was used to perform structure-informed protein engineering to change the electrostatic profile of the binding surface and to improve the affinity between the two modules. The results show that the nature of the residues in the ligand-binding surface plays a major role in Coh recognition and that Coh-Doc affinity can be manipulated through rational design, a key feature for the creation of designer cellulosomes or other affinity-based technologies using tailored Coh-Doc interactions. [Display omitted] • R. flavefaciens assembles a cellulosome through single-binding Coh-Doc interactions. • ScaH is an R. flavefaciens adaptor scaffoldin whose Doc allows a dual-binding mode. • ScaH can introduce dual-binding into the cellulosome of R. flavefaciens. • ScaH can work as a variable length spacer to avoid clashes between cellulosomal units. • Increasing the hydrophobic profile of ScaH's Doc leads to increased binding affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]