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Herein, Cu-doped ZnO photocatalysts were prepared via green synthesis method with utilization of Cannabis Sativa leaves. The catalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) under the simulated sunlight illumination. XRD, FESEM, EDAX, FTIR, BET-BJH and DRS were used for characterizations of Cu-doped ZnO. The results showed that, 3 wt % Cu-doped ZnO (CuZn3) displayed the excellent characterizations such as uniform dispersion, lower energy bandgap, smaller average particle size and greater surface area. For the photocatalysts with higher Cu loading (more than 3 wt %), non-uniform dispersion with larger particles, lower specific surface area and higher energy bandgap were found. The average particle size and energy bandgap for CuZn3 were 37.7 nm and 2.9 eV, respectively. Due to the superior properties, CuZn3 presented the highest amount of dyes degradations. After 180 min test, MB and RhB degradations by CuZn3 were 92.1 and 94.2 %, respectively. Moreover, it was found that optimum amount of CuZn3 was 100 ppm. Furthermore, applying of various scavengers revealed that hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and photo-generated electrons were the primary forms of radicals involved in dyes degradation using Cu-doped ZnO photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Morphological characteristics and metabolite profiles of hemp exhibit distinct responses to varying light intensities. • Amino acids, soluble protein, carbohydrates, and plant growth influenced by light intensity. • Desired metabolites contents can be achieved by changing light intensity. • Optimum light intensity could be valuable in the pharmaceutical and nutritional field. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a high-yielding cash crop with strong stress resistance, and its fibrous and metabolic profile holds significant development potential. In this study, we measured various agronomic traits, amino acids, saccharides, and their derivatives under four different light intensities (30 μmol·m−2·s−1, 80 μmol·m−2·s−1, 130 μmol·m−2·s−1, 180 μmol·m−2·s−1). Results showed that plant height decreased with increasing light intensity and reached a minimum at 180 μmol·m−2·s−1, which was 27 % less than the control treatment. Further, stem diameter increased by 52 %, leaf fresh weight by 130 %, stem fresh weight by 116 %, and root fresh weight by 264 % were at their maximum at 130 μmol·m−2·s−1. Plant dry weight of leaf (113 %), stem (214 %), and root (427 %) were also found to be maximum at 130 μmol·m−2·s−1. Metabolic results revealed that the free amino acid content was 10 %, 61 %, and 60 % higher under 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared to 80, 130, and 180 μmol·m−2·s−1. Additionally, soluble protein contents were 42 %, 81 %, and 77 % higher under 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared to 80, 130, and 180 μmol·m−2·s−1. In contrast, the soluble sugar contents were 42 %, 61 %, and 75 % higher than in the other three treatments. In conclusion, industrial hemp morphological characteristics and metabolite profiles exhibit distinct responses to different light intensities. To achieve desired outcomes, it is imperative to carefully choose an optimized light intensity specifically tailored to align with the defined objectives. These findings provide a foundation for a deeper understanding of the characteristics of industrial hemp, optimizing cultivation techniques, and investigating the impact of light intensity on industrial hemp vegetative period growth, amino acids, and saccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardized ('plain') packaging is effective in reducing the appeal of cigarettes among young people. This study examined the impact of plain packaging and brand imagery on interest in trying e-cigarettes among youth. Experimental design. Two online experiments were conducted in February 2020 as part of the ITC Youth Tobacco & Vaping Survey, conducted with 13,624 16- to 19-year-olds in Canada, England, and the USA. In the between-group Experiment 1, participants were randomized to view a set of 3 e-cigarette brands, in either their original external packaging ('branded' condition) or standardized olive-green packaging ('standardized' condition), and asked to select the product they would be most interested in trying. The within-group Experiment 2 examined brand imagery directly on devices, including potential differences in appeal among subgroups. Each participant viewed 4 pod-style e-cigarette devices: one 'plain' and 3 in colourful 'skins'. Logistic regression models were conducted to test the effect of condition, adjusting for demographics, smoking and vaping status. In Experiment 1, participants in the 'standardized' packaging condition were significantly more likely to indicate 'I have no interest in trying any of these products' (72.3%) than those in the 'branded' condition (66.9%, AOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.33–1.59). Experiment 2 results indicated differences in e-cigarette appeal by sex in the selection of male- and female-oriented designs, and by cannabis use for a Rastafarian-themed design. Brand imagery on e-cigarettes can target products to specific subgroups. Removal of imagery, in the form of standardized packaging, has the potential to reduce interest in trying e-cigarettes among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 16 HSP70 genes were identified in the Cannabis sativa genome. • CsHSP70 were classified into two subfamilies (DnaK and HSP110/SSE). • The orthologous relationships contributed to expansion of the CsHSP70 family. • It was determined that protein and CAT enzyme activities of C. sativa plants changed under drought stress. • The mRNA levels of CsHSP70 genes were analyzed for expression changes under drought stress. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial components in omics with an importance on many aspects of biology. Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) is an agriculturally important plant which serves a source of food, biofuel and medicine. But the lack of bioinformatics studies in C. sativa is an obstacle to the development of more qualified hemp varieties. For this reason, it is important to identify HSP proteins in C. sativa , to understand their role in the organism and to increase the number of studies in this context. In the current study, the identification of HSP70 proteins in C. sativa through bioinformatic analyses was performed for the first time. A total of 16 members of HSP70 family were identified and they were found to be classified into three subfamilies because of having variations in their motif pattern and exon-intron distribution. According to the cis-element analysis, CsHSP70 genes were found to include cis-elements which mostly play role in abiotic stress response. Two CsHSP70 gene pairs were found to be tandemly duplicated and these duplications were detected to underwent strong purifying selection. RNAseq analysis based on previously published SRA data (Sequence Read Archive) showed the upregulation of many CsHSP70 genes in response to drought and four of those which highly expressed were used for RT-qPCR experiments. CsHSP70-06, CsHSP70–08, CsHSP70-09 and CsHSP70-12 genes were found to be differentially expressed in response to drought stress conditions depending on exposure time (12 h and 24 h) and sampled tissue (leaf, stem and root). In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive data on the HSP70 gene family members found in C. sativa. We believe that the data obtained from this study, which also reveals its possible relationship with drought stress, can benefit researchers in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chronic treatment with Cannabis sativa effectively reversed the behavioral changes induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress. • Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa. • Cannabis sativa essential oil also significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels, increased levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. Cannabis sativa L. is an annual plant from the Cannabaceae family. In Morocco, it has a long-standing traditional use as a sedative and in the treatment of various neurological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Cannabis sativa essential oil (CSEO) in a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic stress. Mice were exposed to various stress paradigms to induce depression-like behaviors and were subjected to the Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) protocol for 30 days. The mice received intraperitoneal doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight of CSEO daily. Anhedonia, a key symptom of depression, was assessed using a sucrose preference test, while anxiety and depression-related behaviors were evaluated. Additionally, the oxidative parameters of CSEO, including lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, and catalase, were measured. Results demonstrated that chronic administration of CSEO at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, effectively reversed the behavioral changes induced by UCMS. CSEO reduced the immobility period and increased sucrose preference in stressed mice, indicating an improvement in depressive symptoms. Moreover, CSEO administration positively impacted the biochemical changes associated with chronic stress, including reduced lipid peroxidation and increased levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern swine industry, inflammation and pain in sows after farrowing represent a crucial animal welfare concern. Cannabis sativa , a medicinal plant, has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and is rich in fibre. The objective of this study is to examine the impacts of supplementing sows with Cannabis sativa byproducts during transition periods (7 days before and after farrowing) on various aspects including postpartum behaviour, feed intake, constipation, farrowing duration, colostrum yield and piglet performance. The experiment involved a total of 100 Landrace × Yorkshire sows. The sows were distributed according to parity numbers into two groups, i.e., control (n = 54) and treatment (n = 46). The control group was provided with a lactation diet at 3.0–3.5 kg per day for a period of 7 days before and after farrowing. The treatment groups received the same quantity of the diet but with an additional supplementation of 150 g/d of Cannabis sativa byproduct. The byproduct was analysed and contained 0.24 % (w/w) cannabidiol (CBD), resulting in a daily intake of 360 mg of CBD per sow. The conventional lactational diet had a dietary fibre content of 4.3 %, whereas the diet supplemented with Cannabis sativa byproduct had a higher dietary fibre content of 16.9 %. Video cameras were used to observe and document the behaviour of sows within the initial 24 h after farrowing. The duration in which sows engaged in activities such as sleeping, sitting, standing, feeding and nursing their piglets was quantified. Additionally, the rectal temperature of the sows was measured, and a temperature equal to or exceeding 39.5 °C was considered indicative of fever. The faecal score of the sows was assessed, and a faecal score of ≤2 was classified as constipation. On the third day postpartum, the proportion of sows with fever in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group (20.0 % and 38.9 % respectively, P = 0.051). Sows receiving supplementation with Cannabis sativa byproducts exhibited increased durations of standing and feeding compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Notably, overall, sows without constipation issues spent more time consuming feed than those experiencing constipation (P = 0.006). The prevalence of constipation was significantly lower in the treatment group compared to the control group (17.4 % and 81.5 %, respectively, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the postpartum sows demonstrated increased feed intake following supplementation with Cannabis sativa byproducts (P < 0.05). Sow colostrum yield, piglet colostrum intake, piglet mortality and other piglet traits did not differ between the control and treatment groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing Cannabis sativa byproducts during the transition periods in peri-parturient sows under tropical conditions resulted in a reduction in constipation issues and improved sow activities, such as increased time spent standing and consuming feed within the first 24 h postpartum. • Cannabis sativa is a medical plant that have analgesic property. • Sow received 360 mg of CBD per day and 16.9 % dietary fiber for 14 days. • Sows supplemented with Cannabis sativa spent more time for consuming feed. • The prevalence of constipation in the treatment was lower than control groups. • Cannabis sativa byproduct supplementation boosted feed intake in postpartum sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cannabis sativa L. essential oil accelerates the wound healing process. • Cannabis sativa L. essential oil reduced inflammation after wound injury. • Incisional wounds disrupt behavioral function. • Cannabis sativa L. essential oil restores behavioral function. Cannabis Sativa L. (Cannabaceae) exerts biological effects through its bioactive compounds. Cannabis Sativa L. essential oil (CSEO) is known to have antibacterial properties that can accelerate wound healing. The present study aimed to evaluate the wound healing efficacy of freshly extracted essential oils from Cannabis Sativa L. hydrodistillated from the leaves of the plant. CSEO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Neurobehavioral, histological, and biochemical analyses were performed to examine the effects of CSEO application in an incisional wound model. CSEO demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by reducing neutrophil levels in blood and skin tissue. CSEO acts by accelerating re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Furthermore, CSEO restored incision-induced neurobehavioral changes by reducing cortisol levels. Increased cortisol levels are associated with inhibition of the healing process, anxiolytic effects, and increased vertical locomotor activity in treated animals. The effect of CSEO in the healing process makes it worthy of recommendation as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of skin wounds. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cadmium induced expression of DREB/CBF genes and Mo application amplified their expression. • Strong positive correlation was observed between DREB genes and Cd phytoextraction. • Polyphenolic compounds and Free proline were strongly correlated with the expression of DREB genes. Plants respond to heavy metals stress by the activation of stress responsive genes to establish biochemical defense mechanisms against the stress. We have investigated the molecular and biochemical response of Cannabis sativa to cadmium (Cd) stress in the presence of molybdenum (Mo) foliar treatments. For this purpose, C. sativa plants were allowed to grow in pots containing Cd polluted soil, for two month duration. Aqueous solutions of ammonium molybdate pentahydrate (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ppm) were foliarly sprayed on the plants, at two weeks intervals. Various parameters were inter-correlated i.e., Plant biomass, Cd phyto-accumulation, transcript level/expression of CBF/DREB genes, concentrations of free proline, polyphenolics, and chlorophyll contents. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Cd contents were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Biomass and chlorophyll contents decreased while the concentrations of free proline and polyphenolics increased under Cd stress. Dry biomass of the all the plant parts (roots (1.87 ± 0.22 g), stem (3.28 ± 0.39 g) and leaves (3.54 ± 0.87 g) and free proline in roots (69.00 ± 8.28 µg/g) and leaves (40.56 ± 4.87 µg/g) were most significantly increased with foliar spray of 2.00 ppm Mo. Nineteen (19) different polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified in leaves and most of them were highly increased in concentration under Cd stress. The highest concentration was noted in Caffeoyl tyramine (1111 µg/g) in plants treated with 2.00 ppm Mo. Transcript level of CBF/DREB genes in control plants were less as compared to Mo treated plants, where a high increase in transcript level of these genes were found. Expression of CBF /DREB genes showed significant positive correlations with Cd accumulation (R2= 0.751) and concentrations of free proline (R2 = 0.62) and polyphenolics (R2 = 0.65) in leaves. The results suggested that Mo increased the expression of CBF/DREB genes and subsequently the concentration of phenolic compounds and free proline to combat plant against the toxicity of high concentration of Cd on plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cannabis has historically been used in folk medicine to treat skin conditions. • The endocannabinoid system has a great impact on skin and its modulation. • The potential of the application of cannabinoids in cosmeceuticals was reviewed. • Biotechnology applied to Cannabis can help meet the cannabinoid industrial demand. Plants have historically been used as primary sources of phytochemicals with nutritional, medicinal, cultural and cosmetic applications. Scientific advancements involving the human endocannabinoid system have catalyzed the search for innovative and targeted therapies utilizing cannabis-based medicines. It is important to optimize production on a large scale for incorporation of bioactive compounds in the cosmeceutical industry production line, and biotechnology has the potential to be an effective tool for the sustainable supply of plant components for the cosmetic industry. This review focuses on the recent developments of Cannabis sativa potential applications in this industrial segment and how plant biotechnology can be an ally for the market to obtain better quality raw materials and improve the production of compounds of interest, since plant tissue culture can pave the way for meeting the industrial demand of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites, such as cannabinoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid extracted from the cannabis plant that is used for medicinal purposes. Ingestion of CBD is claimed to address several pathologies, including gastrointestinal disorders, although limited evidence has been generated thus far to substantiate many of its health claims. Nevertheless, CBD usage as an over-the-counter treatment for gastrointestinal disorders is likely to expand in response to increasing commercial availability, permissive legal status, and acceptance by consumers. This systematic review critically evaluates the knowledge boundaries of the published research on CBD, intestinal motility, and intestinal motility disorders. Research on CBD and intestinal motility is currently limited but does support the safety and efficacy of CBD for several therapeutic applications, including seizure disorders, inflammatory responses, and upper gastrointestinal dysfunction (i.e., nausea and vomiting). CBD, therefore, may have therapeutic potential for addressing functional gastrointestinal disorders. The results of this review show promising in vitro and preclinical data supporting a role of CBD in intestinal motility. This includes improved gastrointestinal-related outcomes in murine models of colitis. These studies, however, vary by dose, delivery method, and CBD-extract composition. Clinical trials have yet to find a conclusive benefit of CBD on intestinal motility disorders, but these trials have been limited in scope. In addition, critical factors such as CBD dosing parameters have not yet been established. Further research will establish the efficacy of CBD in applications to address intestinal motility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effect of recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) and/or recreational cannabis commercialization (RCC) on emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and deaths due to substance use, injury, and mental health among those aged 11 years and older. A systematic review of six electronic databases up to February 1, 2023. Original, peer-reviewed articles with interrupted time series or before and after designs were included. Four independent reviewers screened articles and assessed risk of bias. Outcomes with 'critical' risk of bias were excluded. Protocol registered on PROSPERO (# CRD42021265183). After screening and risk of bias assessment, 29 studies were included which examined ED visits or hospitalizations for cannabis use or alcohol (N = 10), opioid mortality (N = 3), motor vehicle fatalities or injury (N = 11), and intentional injury/mental health (N = 5). Rates or number of cannabis-related hospitalizations increased after RCL in Canada and the USA. Immediate increases in rates of cannabis-related ED visits were found after both RCL and RCC in Canada. Rates of traffic fatalities increased after RCL and RCC in certain jurisdictions in the USA. RCL was associated with increased rates of cannabis-related hospitalizations. RCL and/or RCC was associated with increased rates of cannabis-related ED visits, consistently shown across sex and age groups. The effect on fatal motor vehicle incidents was mixed, with observed increases found after RCL and/or RCC. The effect of RCL or RCC on opioids, alcohol, intentional injury, and mental health is not clear. These results inform population health initiatives and international jurisdictions considering RCL implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate for disparities in peripartum toxicology testing among maternal-infant dyads across a hospital network and subsequent child protective services (CPS) involvement. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 59,425 deliveries at 5 hospitals in Massachusetts between 2016 and 2020. We evaluated associations between maternal characteristics, toxicology testing, and child welfare involvement with disproportionality risk ratios and hierarchical logistical regression. RESULTS: Toxicology testing was performed on 1959 (3.3%) dyads. Younger individuals and individuals of color were more likely to be tested for cannabis use or maternal medical complications compared to white non-Hispanic individuals. Among those without a substance use disorder, age <25 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.43-3.26), race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black (aOR 1.80; 95% CI, 1.52-2.13), Hispanic (aOR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.45), mixed race/other (aOR 1.40; 95% CI, 1.04, 1.87), unavailable race (aOR 1.92; 95% CI, 1.32-2.79), and public insurance (Medicaid [aOR 2.61; 95% CI, 2.27-3.00], Medicare [aOR 13.76; 95% CI, 9.99-18.91]) had increased odds of toxicology testing compared to older, white non-Hispanic, and privately insured individuals. The disproportionality ratios in testing were greater than 1.0 for individuals under 25 years old (3.8), Hispanic individuals (1.6), non-Hispanic Black individuals (1.8), individuals of other race (1.2), unavailable race (1.8), and individuals with public insurance (Medicaid 2.6; Medicare 10.6). Among dyads tested, race and ethnicity was not associated with CPS involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Peripartum toxicology testing is disproportionately performed on non-white, younger, and poorer individuals and their infants, with cannabis use and medical complications prompting testing more often for patients of color than for white non-Hispanic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis use among individuals of reproductive age has increased with cannabis legalization and heightened stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study provides data on preconception cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) during the pandemic and models the association between preconception cannabis use and depression and anxiety during pregnancy. Data on substance use and depression and anxiety symptoms were collected from questionnaires and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) from pregnant individuals in Oregon in 2019–2022. Linear regression was used to model the association between the frequency of preconception cannabis use and scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression-Revised (CESD-R) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The prevalence of preconception cannabis use was 27.8% among 227 study participants. CUD was diagnosed in 19% of cannabis users, or 5.3% of the overall sample. Daily cannabis use, compared to rare/never use, was associated with increases in CESD-R (β = 6.22, p 0.029) and BAI (β = 4.71, p 0.045) scores. Cannabis use and CUD are common among individuals of reproductive age. Given the association between preconception cannabis use and depression and anxiety during pregnancy, more attention is needed on screening and counseling of cannabis use among people of reproductive age. • Preconception cannabis use in the 3 months prior to pregnancy is common. • Cannabis use disorder is present in 1 in 5 individuals of reproductive age who use cannabis. • In addition to impacts on reproductive health, preconception cannabis exposure has implications for perinatal mental health. • Daily cannabis use during preconception is associated with greater depression and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal tumors often create an immunosuppressive microenvironment that prevents them from responding to immunotherapy. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive natural active ingredient from the cannabis plant that has various pharmacological effects, including neuroprotective, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. This study aimed to elucidate the specific anticancer mechanism of CBD by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) technologies. Here, we report that CBD inhibits colorectal cancer progression by modulating the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Our single-cell transcriptome and ATAC sequencing results showed that CBD suppressed M2-like macrophages and promoted M1-like macrophages in tumors both in strength and quantity. Furthermore, CBD significantly enhanced the interaction between M1-like macrophages and tumor cells and restored the intrinsic anti-tumor properties of macrophages, thereby preventing tumor progression. Mechanistically, CBD altered the metabolic pattern of macrophages and related anti-tumor signaling pathways. We found that CBD inhibited the alternative activation of macrophages and shifted the metabolic process from oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway and related downstream target genes. Furthermore, CBD-mediated macrophage plasticity enhanced the response to anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy in xenografted mice. Taken together, we provide new insights into the anti-tumor effects of CBD. [Display omitted] • CBD shapes the TME to prevent tumor progression. • CBD-induced metabolic reprogramming inhibits alternative activation of macrophage. • CBD inhibits PI3K-Akt signaling to downregulate anti-inflammatory gene expression. • CBD enhances the response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increase in utilization of cannabis. Existing studies have found cannabis use disorder (CUD) to be associated with increased incidence of perioperative complications in lower extremity arthroplasty. However, studies examining CUD following total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of comorbid CUD on 2-year revision and 90-day postoperative outcomes in primary TSA for osteoarthritis. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using the PearlDiver database. Current Procedural Terminology, ICD-9, and ICD-10 codes were used to identify patients undergoing TSA for the indication of osteoarthritis and were divided into a CUD and control group. The primary outcomes of interest were 2-year all-cause revision, 90-day hospital readmission, and 90-day emergency department (ED) visit. Surgical perioperative complications included prosthetic joint infection, periprosthetic fracture, aseptic loosening, articular bearing surface wear, broken prosthesis, and prosthetic dislocation. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to analyze the data. A total of 205,792 patients undergoing TSA were identified. The CUD cohort contained 2058 patients, and the control cohort contained 203,734 patients. After controlling for comorbidities, there were statistically significant differences in 2-year revision outcomes. Multivariable results also showed no association with 90-day medical or surgical complications, with the exception of convulsions, 90-day presentation to an eED, and readmission. Our study showed that patients with CUD have an increased risk of 2-year all-cause revision, readmission, and ED presentation after undergoing TSA. However, CUD was not found to be an independent risk factor for adverse 90-day medical complications, deep vein thrombosis, or length of stay. The results of this research expand the literature on TSA and comorbid substance use. Further, our findings can assist orthopedic surgeons in counseling patients regarding CUD as a risk factor for complications of TSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global interest for the minor cannabinoid cannabichromene (CBC) is growing steadily, as potential pharmaceutical applications continue to emerge. Due to low-yielding and unspecific extraction processes from its plant host Cannabis sativa , a biotechnological production is desirable. The complete heterologous biosynthesis of several other cannabinoids has recently been demonstrated as an accessible platform. However, the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of CBC precursor cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) suffers from comparatively low catalytic efficiency, has not been crystallized, and remains poorly characterized. This study contributes to overcoming these challenges in three unique aspects. A deep‑learning‑assisted prediction of the CBCA synthase crystal structure using DeepMinds AlphaFold is performed and evaluated. The predicted CBCA synthase structure scored considerably higher in various quality assessments than the alternative template‑based homology modeling approach. A robust and practical understanding of crucial structure-function relationships for CBCA synthase is provided and a new binding mode for the substrate uncovered. Rational design approaches and computational analyses to suggest CBCAS variants with facilitated activity are applied. Through subsequent screening the substrate conversion of those variants is compared to the native enzyme. The best variant presented in this study increases CBCA production from crude lysate 22-fold and is one of five positions where substitutions had a significantly favorable impact on product formation. • Engineering of a superproducer for cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). • Deep-learning-assisted CBCA synthase structure prediction with AlphaFold. • Use of sequence similarity networks to suggest beneficial CBCA synthase variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In the United States, hemp and marijuana are both Cannabis sativa, differentiated only by whether the plant on dry weight basis is above or below 0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). • Pod-based vaping products were devised for discreet vaping and originated in the cannabis industry. • Cannabis vaping is correlated with younger age, higher education, and higher income. • Thorough and transparent labelling of chemicals present in cannabis vaping products is not widespread industry practice. • A federally unregulated cannabis industry and variable state-to-state regulations has enabled low quality products to enter the marketplace which can lead to adverse events and consumer confusion. • Unified and enforced state regulations or federal regulations supported by quality testing and robust research are needed for consumer confidence and safety in cannabis vaping products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is substantial debate concerning the impact of cannabis decriminalization and legalization on road safety outcomes.Methods: Seven databases were systematically searched: Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO through Ovid as well as Web of Science Core Collection, SafetyLit, Criminal Justice Database (ProQuest), and Transport Research International Documentation (from inception to June 16, 2021). Eligible primary studies examined group-level cannabis decriminalization or legalization and a road safety outcome in any population.Results: A total of 65 reports of 64 observational studies were eligible, including 39 that applied a quasi-experimental design. Studies examined recreational cannabis legalization (n=50), medical cannabis legalization (n=22), and cannabis decriminalization (n=5). All studies except 1 used data from the U.S. or Canada. Studies found mixed impacts of legalization on attitudes, beliefs, and self-reported driving under the influence. Medical legalization, recreational legalization, and decriminalization were associated with increases in positive cannabis tests among drivers. Few studies examined impacts on alcohol or other drug use, although findings suggested a decrease in positive alcohol tests among drivers associated with medical legalization. Medical legalization was associated with reductions in fatal motor-vehicle collisions, whereas recreational legalization was conversely associated with increases in fatal collisions.Discussion: Increased cannabis positivity may reflect changes in cannabis use; however, it does not in itself indicate increased impaired driving. Subgroups impacted by medical and recreational legalization, respectively, likely explain opposing findings for fatal collisions. More research is needed concerning cannabis decriminalization; the impacts of decriminalization and legalization on nonfatal injuries, alcohol and other drugs; and the mechanisms by which legalization impacts road safety outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Palliative care aims to improve the quality of life in patients with incurable illness. Medicinal cannabis (MC) has been used in the palliative care setting to address multiple symptoms in patients.Objectives: To evaluate the full scope of available literature investigating the effects and potential harms of MC on symptom management and quality of life in palliative care.Methods: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for eligible articles, published between 1960 and September 9, 2021. Quality of the evidence was assessed in accordance with Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool for randomised controlled trials and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for non-randomized trials.Results: Fifty-two studies (20 randomised; 32 non-randomised) with 4786 participants diagnosed with cancer (n = 4491), dementia (n = 43), AIDS (n = 235), spasticity (n = 16), NORSE syndrome (n = 1) were included. The quality of evidence was 'very low' or 'low' for all studies, and low for only two randomised controlled trials. Positive treatment effects (statistical significance with P < 0.05) were seen for some MC products in pain, nausea and vomiting, appetite, sleep, fatigue, chemosensory perception and paraneoplastic night sweats in patients with cancer, appetite and agitation in patients with dementia and appetite, nausea and vomiting in patients with AIDS. Meta-analysis was unable to be performed due to the wide range of cannabis products used and the heterogeneity of the study outcomes.Conclusion: While positive treatment effects have been reported for some MC products in the palliative care setting, further high quality evidence is needed to support recommendations for its use in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As cannabis increasingly becomes a consumer product in the U.S., its product packaging has become critically important to regulators. This study examined the influence of recreational cannabis packaging characteristics.Methods: Five online between-subjects experiments were conducted in April 2021, and data were analyzed in May 2021-July 2021. Experiments randomized participants to view different (1) types of cannabis, (2) visual displays of tetrahydrocannabinol content, (3) cannabis packages designed around brand personality research, (4) health warnings, and (5) health claims. Outcomes included cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses.Results: A total of 841 adults from the U.S. (49% male, 50% young adults, 44% White, 17% Hispanic) were included in the study. Edible gummies were perceived as healthier (β=0.32, 95% CI=0.03, 0.62), less grown up (β= -0.58, 95% CI= -0.86, -0.28), and more socially acceptable to consume (β=0.30, 95% CI=0.01, 0.59) than cannabis concentrate in a medical dropper. Participants also had more interest in trying edible gummies (β=1.33, 95% CI=1.04, 1.62) and trying a free sample (β=1.30, 95% CI=1.01, 1.60) than trying cannabis concentrate. Cannabis packages with a helps-you-relax health claim elicited more happy (β=0.34, 95% CI=0.04, 0.64) and good (β=0.37, 95% CI=0.07, 0.67) feelings than cannabis packages without this claim. Minimal effects were found for visual displays of tetrahydrocannabinol content and health warnings.Conclusions: Edibles are a unique type of cannabis that should be given special consideration under state laws, and lawmakers should consider limiting and governing the use of both implicit and explicit health claims on recreational cannabis packages when implementing laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prevalence of prenatal cannabis use has nearly doubled in the U.S. from 2002 to 2017. As cannabis legalization continues to expand, this study aimed to estimate the recent trends in the prevalence of cannabis use, cannabis dependence, and cannabis risk perceptions among U.S. pregnant people.Methods: The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2019) was designed to be representative of the U.S. civilian non-institutionalized population. The study sample included pregnant participants (aged 12-44 years; n=15,109). Cannabis consumption was defined as using cannabis at least once in the 30 days before assessment. Past 12‒month cannabis dependence was defined on the basis of the DSM-IV. Joinpoint regression was used to test for significant changes in the trends while controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and family income. Analyses were conducted between August 2021 and April 2022.Results: No evidence of change in the prevalence of prenatal cannabis use was detected between 2016-2017 (5.8%) and 2018-2019 (4.7%) (prevalence difference= -1.1; 95% CI= -2.9, 0.7). The prevalence of cannabis dependence did not change significantly among pregnant people from 2002 to 2019. The percentage of pregnant people perceiving regular cannabis use (1-2 times/week) as a great risk remained stable from 2002 to 2007 (∼53%) and declined sharply after (27%).Conclusions: Three of 4 pregnant people in the U.S. do not characterize regular cannabis use as a great risk. As cannabis legalization increases, public health efforts are needed to raise awareness of the possible harms associated with cannabis use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis use is more prevalent among youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis than healthy controls (HC). There is mixed evidence as to whether cannabis use is associated with increased severity of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) or whether current cannabis use is associated with the transition to psychosis. This study aims to assess cannabis use differences between CHR youth and HC and the impact of cannabis use on APS, clinical status, and transition to psychosis. Participants were from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study-3, a prospective longitudinal study including 710 individuals, age 12-30, meeting criteria for a psychosis risk syndrome based on the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes, and 96 HC. Cannabis use, frequency, and severity of use were assessed with the Alcohol Use Scale/Drug Use Scale. Current and past cannabis use disorders were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5. Compared to HC, CHR individuals reported significantly increased lifetime cannabis use, during the past six months, and at baseline; greater frequency and severity of cannabis use; and increased prevalence of cannabis use disorder. Relative to CHR youth without cannabis use, CHR cannabis users had significantly higher ratings on baseline grandiosity and lower 12-months social anhedonia. Severity of cannabis was unrelated to clinical status at 2-years, and it did not differentiate CHR individuals who transitioned to psychosis from those who did not. However, a major limitation was that the current number of CHR cannabis users was small, and survival analyses resulted in a smaller power than the 80 % recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the main hemp foods products derive from hemp seed (seed, dehulled seed, meal and oil) and an uncertain economic sustainability of the hemp food supply chain remains to be resolved. The cause is often to be found in unsatisfactory quantitative-qualitative seed yield. Following the above, an experiment was conducted utilizing Futura and Zenit varieties with different crop cycle duration, cultivated in two locations (S. Osvaldo and Verzegnis), for two years (2019 and 2020) and with two sowing times (conventional and delayed). A total number of five-nine seed samples of ten seeds each, depending on location and variety, were collected from the middle of inflorescence of five plants for each of the three replications, starting from 50 Growing Degree Days (GDDs) after flowering until physiological maturity. The following characteristics were determined on each seed: whole seed weight, kernel weight, pericarp weight, whole seed oil content, oil weight, kernel oil content, kernel percentage, hull to kernel ratio and oil to kernel ratio. The achievement of seed with high oil content and high weight at maturity is mainly due to the accumulation rate intensity rather than length of the seed-filling period. The accumulation rate for seed growth and oil accumulation is mainly dependent on the genotype, but also affected by daily mean temperatures above 23°C recorded during the first 20 days after flowering that resulted the sub-phase most susceptible to temperature. The use of the character oil weight per seed, instead of whole seed oil content commonly utilized in breeding activity with the aim of increasing the oil content in oil crops, could simultaneously improve the seed and kernel weight; both parameters highly appreciated in the hemp food chain. • Seed weight and oil content depend on seed growth and oil accumulation rates. • No relation of seed growth and oil accumulation rates with seed-filling duration. • Both accumulation rates depend mainly on genotype and temperature after flowering. • Temperature over 23°C in 20 days after flowering affects both accumulation rates. • Oil weight per seed as selection trait could improve other favourable seed traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analytical techniques for quantifying cannabinoids in biological samples are explored. • Recent advances in biological sample preparation for cannabinoids are illustrated. • Challenges in the analysis of endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids are discussed. • The advantages of chromatography analysis of cannabinoids are reported. • Latest innovations and future perspectives in cannabinoid analysis are presented. Endocannabinoid system, including endocannabinoid neurotransmitters (eCBs), has gained much attention over the last years due to its involvement with the pathophysiology of diseases and the potential use of Cannabis sativa (marijuana). The identification of eCBs and phytocannabinoids in biological samples for forensic, clinical, or therapeutic drug monitoring purposes constitutes a still significant challenge. In this scoping review, the recent advantages, and limitations of the eCBs and phytocannabinoids quantification in biological samples are described. Published studies from 2018-2023 were searched in 8 databases, and after screening and exclusions, the selected 38 articles had their data tabulated, summarized, and analyzed. The main characteristics of the eCBs and phytocannabinoids analyzed and the potential use of each biological sample were described, indicating gaps in the literature that still need to be explored. Well-established and innovative sample preparation protocols, and chromatographic separations, such as GC, HPLC, and UHPLC, are reviewed highlighting their respective advantages, drawbacks, and challenges. Lastly, future approaches, challenges, and tendencies in the quantification analysis of cannabinoids are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) is found in cannabis as genuine phytocompound of the well-known non-psychoactive cannabinoid - cannabidiol (CBD), notable for its various therapeutic purposes. Decarboxylation of CBDA to CBD is commonly used in the production of finished cannabis products, thus increasing its bioavailability, and making it more effective for various therapeutic purposes. Optimization of decarboxylation time and the possibility of monitoring this process in real-time is quite a challenge for the cannabis producers' R&D divisions, since incomplete decarboxylation is associated with quality and efficiency concerns, whereas prolonged reaction time can lead to potentially lower production efficacy. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the use of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy for in-situ real-time monitoring and understanding of the CBDA decarboxylation process. For the first time, the TG/DTG curves of CBDA provided insights into the solid-solid decarboxylation dynamics, process endpoint, and maximal conversion rate temperature, which were used for designing the subsequent infrared experiments. In addition, the DSC curve illustrated the melting point of the pure CBDA. Temperature-controlled infrared spectroscopy studies were performed on CBDA standard and cannabis flowers followed by precise band assignment and spectra-structure correlations based on the idea of functional group vibrations. In order to investigate the spectral regions of major relevance for the CBDA to CBD interconversion process, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used. In the obtained models, PC1 was capable to describe 81.3 %, 77.8 % and 77 % of the total spectral fluctuations in the CBDA standard and two plant samples, respectively. The PC1 score plot of the CBDA standard (as a function of temperature) showed a perfect complementarity to the TG/DTG curve, indicating that PC1 of the MIR spectrum model may quantitatively describe the CBDA decarboxylation dynamics, which allowed for the derivation of decarboxylation rate constants for the CBDA standard and the plant material at prechosen temperatures. The temperature-controlled experiments revealed significantly higher kinetics constants of CBDA decarboxylation in the plant material compared to the CBDA standard and supported the assumption that the complex matrix in cannabis plants accelerates the conversion of CBDA to CBD. In this way, progress in the development and optimization of an efficient and fast approach for monitoring and elucidation of the phytocannabinoid decarboxylation process was made, launching the possibility for further employment in the medical cannabis industry. [Display omitted] • Real-time in-situ monitoring of the solid state CBDA to CBD decarboxylation was conducted. • The reaction kinetics was calculated by mid-IR spectroscopy coupled with PCA. • Detailed tentative assignments were given for the IR bands during the decarboxylation reaction. • The decarboxylation reaction was monitored for CBDA standard and Cannabis flower. • Higher kinetics constants of CBDA decarboxylation were obtained in plant material [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Features a community-based participatory research approach which employs photovoice method. • Cannabis is used in purposeful ways to enact gender expressions and forms of embodiment. • Cannabis facilitates TGNC youth introspection, identity discovery, and development. • Cannabis offers a modality for accessing moments of gender euphoria and affirmation. Transgender, non-binary and gender non-conforming (herein, "TGNC") youth (15–24 years old) face overlapping minority stressors (e.g., gender discrimination, lack of access to gender-affirming care, rejection, violence) that contribute to mental health inequities. TGNC youth also use substances at higher rates when compared to cisgender youth, including some of the highest rates of cannabis use in Canada. This community-based participatory research study provides an in-depth qualitative, photovoice-based analysis examining how cannabis use features within the gender experiences of a sample of TGNC youth in British Columbia (BC). We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 27 TGNC youth (15–24 years old) from across British Columbia. Interviews were designed to elicit discussions about the photos youth had taken as well as various gender and mental health experiences related to their cannabis use. Analysis and identification of emergent themes was guided by social constructivist grounded theory as well as queer and trans theorizing and informed by community-based research approaches through regular meetings with our team's Substance Use Beyond the Binary Youth Action Committee comprised of TGNC youth who use substances. Three overarching themes pertaining to cannabis use and gender experiences amongst TGNC youth in our study were generated. First, participants used cannabis purposefully and strategically to enact diverse gender expressions and embodiments. Second, participants leveraged cannabis to support introspection whilst mobilizing identity discovery and development. Finally, participants mobilized cannabis as a vehicle for accessing moments of gender euphoria and affirmation. These findings identify how some TGNC youth use cannabis to purposefully and strategically facilitate their mental health, well-being, identity development and self-expression. This research reveals critically important experiential and embodied dimensions of cannabis use that have not historically been considered in cannabis-related policy and the provision of care, including mental health and substance use-related care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are severe and life-threatening conditions in which significant damage of functional neurons occurs to produce psycho-motor malfunctions. NDs are an important cause of death in the elderly population worldwide. These disorders are commonly associated with the progression of age, oxidative stress, and environmental pollutants, which are the major etiological factors. Abnormal aggregation of specific proteins such as α-synuclein, amyloid-β, huntingtin, and tau, and accumulation of the associated oligomers in neurons are the hallmark pathological features of NDs. Existing therapeutic options for NDs are only symptomatic relief and do not address root-causing factors, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotic natural cannabinoid obtained from Cannabis sativa that possesses multiple pharmacological actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in various NDs and other neurological disorders both in vitro and in vivo. CBD has gained attention as a promising drug candidate for the management of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, by inhibiting protein aggregation, free radicals, and neuroinflammation. In parallel, CBD has shown positive results in other neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, as well as adjuvant treatment with existing standard therapeutic agents. Hence, the present review focuses on exploring the possible molecular mechanisms in controlling various neurological disorders as well as the clinical applications of CBD in NDs including epilepsy, depression and anxiety. In this way, the current review will serve as a standalone reference for the researchers working in this area. • Protein aggregations are the pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. • Accumulated protein aggregates trigger the inflammatory response and induce oxidative stress in the brain parts. • CBD rescue from NDs by abrogating inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating multiple signalling pathways. • CBD shows clinical benefits against various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent shifts in societal attitudes toward cannabis have led to a dramatic increase in consumption rates in many Western countries, particularly among young people. This trend has shed light on a significant link between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and pathological reactive aggression, a condition involving disproportionate aggressive and violent reactions to minor provocations. The discourse on the connection between cannabis use and aggression is frequently enmeshed in political and legal discussions, leading to a polarized understanding of the causative relationship between cannabis use and aggression. However, integrative analyses from both human and animal research indicate a complex, bidirectional interplay between cannabis misuse and pathological aggression. On the one hand, emerging research reveals a shared genetic and environmental predisposition for both cannabis use and aggression, suggesting a common underlying biological mechanism. On the other hand, there is evidence that cannabis consumption can lead to violent behaviors while also being used as a self-medication strategy to mitigate the negative emotions associated with pathological reactive aggression. This suggests that the coexistence of pathological aggression and CUD may result from overlapping vulnerabilities, potentially creating a self-perpetuating cycle where each condition exacerbates the other, escalating into externalizing and violent behaviors. This article aims to synthesize existing research on the intricate connections between these issues and propose a theoretical model to explain the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this complex relationship. • Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is highly associated with pathological reactive aggression (PRA). • Research reveals a bidirectional relationship between CUD and PRA. • CUD and PRA also share common genetic and environmental risk factors. • We discuss available clinical and preclinical evidence on the comorbidity of CUD and PRA. • We propose a model to explain the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term stability in real and accelerated time for galenic oils based on full-spectrum cannabis has been studied, using sesame oil as a dilutant. Sesame oil is one of the most used vehicles in the cannabis pharmaceutical industry due to the costs and increased oral bioavailability of cannabinoids. The real-time assays conducted at 25 °C over twelve months demonstrated high stability and showed no significant changes in the composition of cannabinoids, total polyphenols, flavonoids, or antioxidant capacity. In these studies, it was observed that there was no development of microorganisms compromising the stability of the oils over a year. The three oil varieties exhibited a high bactericidal capacity against E. coli, S. aureus , and P. larvae. [Display omitted] • Cannabis oils that use sesame as a vehicle present excellent stability. • Polyphenols and flavonoids stabilise the formulation and capacity for an entourage effect. • Cannabis oils in sesame oil carriers do not exhibit microbiological growth at 25 °C or 41 °C in real-time and accelerated studies. • Full spectrum cannabis oils have significant antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review paper explores methods of improvement of Cannabis sativa L. propagation and applications. Inherent breeding limitations, genetic instability, and psychoactive compounds have impeded utilization, however, application of biotechnology tools such as molecular breeding, tissue culture, and genetic engineering can advance cannabis research and applications. With recent advancements, cannabis micropropagation can substantially increase multiplication rates while preserving genetic lines. Utilizing gene overexpression, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and RNA interference (RNAi) within cannabis, biochemical pathways, including cannabinoid and terpenoid biosynthesis, and key transcription factors in trichome development and cannabinoid production have been elucidated. Integration of gene editing techniques including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems are promising tools in cannabis for editing biosynthetic pathways to increase enzyme efficiency and the development of novel cannabis traits. In addition, we address gaps, limitations, and rapidly expanding fields in biotechnological methods utilized on cannabis. With concerted efforts, biotechnological tools can aid in understanding the plant and be utilized to increase and improve the desirable properties of cannabis. • Recent micropropagation advances result in substantially higher multiplicative rates and utilization of gene editing in vitro. • Overexpression, gene silencing and RNAi has helped elucidate transcription factors and enzymes in trichome development, and cannabinoid and terpenoid biosynthesis. • Although environmental factors alter metabolic profiles, the ratio of THC:CBD has been shown to be fixed due to synthase promiscuity. • Gene editing in cannabis is nascent with growing possibilities to create crops with novel or improved traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Phytocannabinoids occurring in Cannabis Sativa L. are unique secondary metabolites possessing interesting pharmacological activities. In this study, the dynamics of thermally induced (60 and 120 °C) phytocannabinoid reactions in four cannabis varieties were investigated. Using UHPLC-HRMS/MS, 40 phytocannabinoids were involved in target analysis, and an additional 281 compounds with cannabinoid-like structures and 258 non-cannabinoid bioactive compounds were subjected to suspect screening. As expected, the key reaction was the decarboxylation of acidic phytocannabinoids. Nevertheless, the rate constants differed among cannabis varieties, documenting the matrix-dependence of this process. Besides neutral counterparts of acidic species, ́neẃ bioactive compounds such as hydroxyquinones were found in heated samples. In addition, changes in other bioactive compounds with both cannabinoid-like and non-cannabinoid structures were documented during cannabis heating at 120 °C. The data document the complexity of heat-induced processes and provide a further understanding of changes in bioactivities occurring under such conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in metabolomics, transcriptomic and epigenetics open up new horizons regarding the pharmacological understanding of phytocannabinoids as neuromodulators in treating anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and autism. The present review is an extensive search in public databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed, to collect all the literature about the neurobiological roles of cannabis extract, cannabidiol, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol specially focused on metabolomics, transcriptomic, epigenetic, mechanism of action, in different cell lines, induced animal models and clinical trials. We used bioinformatics, network pharmacology and enrichment analysis to understand the effect of phytocannabinoids in neuromodulation. Cannabidomics studies show wide variability of metabolites across different strains and varieties, which determine their medicinal and abusive usage, which is very important for its quality control and regulation. CB receptors interact with other compounds besides cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, like cannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Phytocannabinoids interact with cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors (GPCR, ion channels, and PPAR) to improve various neurodegenerative diseases. However, its abuse because of THC is also a problem found across different epigenetic and transcriptomic studies. Network enrichment analysis shows CNR1 expression in the brain and its interacting genes involve different pathways such as Rap1 signalling, dopaminergic synapse, and relaxin signalling. CBD protects against diseases like epilepsy, depression, and Parkinson's by modifying DNA and mitochondrial DNA in the hippocampus. Network pharmacology analysis of 8 phytocannabinoids revealed an interaction with 10 (out of 60) targets related to neurodegenerative diseases, with enrichment of ErbB and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways which helps in ameliorating neuro-inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases. The effects of phytocannabinoids vary across sex, disease state, and age which suggests the importance of a personalized medicine approach for better success. Phytocannabinoids present a range of promising neuromodulatory effects. It holds promise if utilized in a strategic way towards personalized neuropsychiatric treatment. However, just like any drug irrational usage may lead to unforeseen negative effects. Exploring neuro-epigenetics and systems pharmacology of major and minor phytocannabinoid combinations can lead to success. [Display omitted] • Cannabidomics studies reveal wide variability of metabolites across different cannabis strains and varieties. • Phytocannabinoids interact with both cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors to improve various neurodegenerative diseases. • Despite the benefits, the abuse of THC raises concerns; epigenetic and transcriptomic studies emphasize responsible usage. • The effects of phytocannabinoids vary based on sex, disease state, and age. • This underscores the importance of adopting a personalized medicine approach for successful neuropsychiatric treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowers of Cannabis sativa L. are densely covered with glandular trichomes containing cannabis resin that is used for medicinal and recreational purposes. The highly productive glandular trichomes have been described as 'biofactories.' In this review, we use this analogy to highlight recent advances in cannabis cell biology, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. The biofactory is built by epidermal outgrowths that differentiate into peltate-like glandular trichome heads, consisting of a disc of interconnected secretory cells with unique cellular structures. Cannabinoid and terpenoid products are warehoused in the extracellular storage cavity. Finally, multicellular stalks raise the glandular heads above the epidermis, giving cannabis flower their frosty appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabidiol (CBD), a naturally occurring cyclic terpenoid found in Cannabis sativa L., is renowned for its diverse pharmacological benefits. Marketed as a remedy for various health issues, CBD products are utilized by patients as a supplementary therapy or post-treatment failure, as well as by healthy individuals seeking promised advantages. Despite its widespread use, information regarding potential adverse effects, especially genotoxic properties, is limited. The present study is focused on the mutagenic and genotoxic activity of a CBD isolate (99.4 % CBD content) and CBD-rich Cannabis sativa L extract (63.6 % CBD content) in vitro. Both CBD samples were non-mutagenic, as determined by the AMES test (OECD 471) but exhibited cytotoxicity for HepG2 cells (∼IC 50 (4 h) 26 µg/ml, ∼IC 50 (24 h) 6–8 µg/ml, MTT assay). Noncytotoxic concentrations induced upregulation of genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in CBD metabolism, and CBD oxidative as well as glucuronide metabolites were found in cell culture media, demonstrating the ability of HepG2 cells to metabolize CBD. In this study, the CBD samples were found non-genotoxic. No DNA damage was observed with the comet assay, and no influence on genomic instability was observed with the cytokinesis block micronucleus and the γH2AX and p-H3 assays. Furthermore, no changes in the expression of genes involved in genotoxic stress response were detected in the toxicogenomic analysis, after 4 and 24 h of exposure. Our comprehensive study contributes valuable insights into CBD's safety profile, paving the way for further exploration of CBD's therapeutic applications and potential adverse effects. [Display omitted] • At non-cytotoxic concentrations CBD samples upregulated genes involved in CBD metabolism (CYP1A1 , CYP3A4 and UGT1A3). • CBD oxidative, as well as glucuronide metabolites, were found in cell culture media. • CBD samples exhibited cytotoxicity, with IC 50 values of 26 µg/ml, and 6–8 µg/ml after 4 and 24 h of exposure, respectively. • The tested CBD samples were found to be non-mutagenic in the Ames test (OECD 471). • CBD samples were non-genotoxic, with negative results in the comet, CBMN, γH2AX, and p-H3 assays, and toxicogenomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Controlled plant-growth of hemp (cannabis) with the biostimulant molasses. • Growth with molasses increased the antioxidant capacity of hemp seeds. • Growth with molasses beneficially altered the hemp seed metabolite profile. • Molecular changes indicated induction of endogenous stress response in roots. • Demonstrated utility of biostimulants to improving hemp functional food value. Hemp is low-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis sativa that is cultivated globally for food and fibre. Hemp seeds and seed-oil are popularly consumed individually or utilised within cooking, due to their flavour, nutrition, and functional food benefits. The functional food properties of hemp seed include its beneficial fatty acid (FA) profile and antioxidant activity, which are associated with reduced inflammation that benefits chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Maximising these functional food properties can offer extensive health benefits. Biostimulants – such as molasses – are fertiliser additives that are associated with improvements to plant growth, yield, and biochemical composition; however, they have been scarcely applied to hemp. Furthermore, due to the complex composition of biostimulants, understanding their modes of action poses a significant challenge, impeding the optimization of their usage and the realization of associated benefits. Accordingly, this study aimed to characterise the impact of molasses on the functional food properties of hemp seeds and explore biostimulant-induced biochemical changes as indicators of modes of effect. Although molasses treatment did not significantly alter the FA profile (p = 0.960 for ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio), the antioxidant capacity (as measured by ABTS) was significantly increased (3.8-fold increase, p = 0.008). Metabolite profiling and statistical modelling indicated that this change was likely associated with increases in several lipophilic antioxidant metabolites, including hydroxycinnamic acid amides and cannabisins. Comparison of root, leaf, seed, and sugar leaf tissue changes in phytohormones and metabolites indicated that the growth of hemp with molasses was predominantly associated with the induction of the plant's endogenous stress response within the roots. These results indicate that the biostimulant molasses is a beneficial fertiliser additive for enhancing the functional food (antioxidant) potential of hemp seeds, thereby improving the health-benefits imparted to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explores state policy contexts that inform trends in hemp-based psychoactives. • Failure to regulate hemp products informs wide accessibility for young adults. • Cannabis legalization policy does not by itself dissuade young adult hemp use. • Lack of state level regulation on hemp heighten risks and adverse related outcomes. • Trend theory can identify and promote market contexts limiting legal drug uptake. Hemp-based psychoactives comprise a burgeoning legal substance market with rising trends in use across the U.S. and Canada as well as parts of Europe. Currently, scant empirical research on the use of these Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) exists. By examining policy, market conditions, consumer uptake, and related risks, this research extends theory on drug trends by describing the regulatory environments that shape the emergence and popularity of psychoactive hemp-based products among young adults. Relying on ethnographic fieldwork of hemp-based markets across 3 U.S. state hemp and cannabis policy contexts as well as in-depth interviews with 40 young adult cannabis consumers recruited across 10 U.S. states, we examined how regulatory conditions shape hemp-based psychoactive markets, trends in their use, and associated risks. Young adults are motivated to consume hemp-based psychoactives due to the regulatory and market environments that facilitate the production of highly potent products that are inexpensive and easily accessible. States that regulate hemp-based psychoactives as cannabis, do not provide hemp markets with a competitive advantage and as such see minimal uptake. In the absence of hemp specific policies, substantial variations in product potencies, insufficient dosing information, and unscrupulous product packaging practices may increase related risks. Trend theory provides insight into the complex relationships that exist between drug policy, markets, and the proliferation of legal highs. Understanding the contextual significance that both market and regulatory conditions have on legal drug production, distribution, and consumption may better inform approaches to reduce the risks commonly associated with novel psychoactive substances like hemp-based psychoactives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Most cannabis edible packages contained a product descriptor or imagery that may increase appeal and decrease perceptions of harm of cannabis products. • Marketing of edibles was distinct from other cannabis products (e.g., vapes) in its focus on food industry product descriptors that may convey a health halo. • Product descriptors focused on the pharmacokinetics of cannabis and the promise of higher quality, customized experiences were on packages despite the lack of scientific evidence potentially misleading consumers and increasing the risk of harms. • Like tobacco marketing, imagery conveying healthfulness was common. • Flavor imagery included images of food which could increase the likelihood of unintended consumption by children as well as adults. Background: With states legalizing cannabis at a rapid pace, and the increasing popularity of edibles, it is important to document marketing practices to better understand how they might be appealing and misleading to consumers to guide state policymakers. Methods: A descriptive content analysis of 1229 cannabis edible packages advertised on a publicly available website between June and November 2022 and available for sale in licensed dispensaries was performed. Results: Healthy ingredient descriptors were the most common type of descriptor with 31 % of packages including words like "vegan", "gluten free" and "natural". Quality descriptors like "handcrafted" were on 28 % of packages. Other descriptors were focused on the consumer experience including expected effects (e.g., "relax") (27 %), taste or flavor (e.g., "sour") (21 %) and pharmacokinetics (e.g., "fast-acting") (19 %). Images of non-cannabis plants and outdoor nature settings were on half of packages. Images of the cannabis plant were on 33 % of packages. Flavor imagery including images of food were common (43 %). Other marketing appeals included images of people (15 %), animals (12 %) and space (10 %). Conclusions: Package marketing used by other commercial industries was common on cannabis edible packages. Edibles marketing is distinct from other cannabis products in its ability to focus on the food ingredients which could mislead consumers into thinking the cannabis, rather than the food, is healthy or less harmful. Research examining the impact of cannabis edibles marketing strategies on appeal and harm perceptions is critically needed to guide policymakers as they establish packaging regulations to optimize public health and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the primary cannabinoids present in extracts of the plant Cannabis sativa L. A CBD-based drug, Epidiolex, has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of seizures in childhood-onset epileptic disorders. Although CBD-associated liver toxicity has been reported in clinical studies, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that CBD causes cytotoxicity in primary human hepatocytes and hepatic HepG2 cells. A 24-h CBD treatment induced cell cycle disturbances, cellular apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HepG2 cells. A potent ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate, markedly attenuated CBD-induced apoptosis and cell death. Additionally, we investigated the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in CBD-induced cytotoxicity using HepG2 cell lines engineered to express 14 individual CYPs. We identified CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2C18, and 3A5 as participants in CBD metabolism. Notably, cells overexpressing CYP2C9, 2C19, and 2C18 produced 7-hydroxy-CBD, while cells overexpressing CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 2C18 generated 7-carboxy-CBD. Furthermore, CBD-induced cytotoxicity was significantly attenuated in the cells expressing CYP2D6. Taken together, these data suggest that cell cycle disturbances, apoptosis, and ER stress are associated with CBD-induced cytotoxicity, and CYP2D6-mediated metabolism plays a critical role in decreasing the cytotoxicity of CBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive characterization of seized cannabis flowering tops by means of multiple GC-based approaches. • Simultaneous enantiomeric and isotopic characterization of target terpenes by means of multidimensional gas chromatography. • GC-FID and GC–MS analysis for the quali-quantitative characterization of the target volatiles. • Statistical analysis in order to group the twenty-five samples investigated, according to experimental data and place and data of seizure. This research aimed to support police forces in their battle against illicit drug trafficking by means of a multi-technique approach, based on gas chromatography. In detail, this study was focused on the profiling of volatile substances in narcotic Cannabis sativa L. flowering tops. For this purpose, the Scientific Investigation Department, RIS Carabinieri of Messina, provided 25 seized samples of Cannabis sativa L. The content of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), useful to classify cannabis plant as hemp (≤ 0.2 %) or as marijuana (> 0.2 %), was investigated. Essential oils of illicit drug samples were extracted using a microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) system; GC–MS and GC-FID analytical techniques were used for the characterization of the terpenes and terpenoids fingerprint. Furthermore, the enantiomeric and carbon isotopic ratios of selected chiral compounds were investigated using a heart-cutting multidimensional GC (MDGC) approach. The latter exploited a combination of an apolar column in the first dimension, and a chiral cyclodextrin-based column in the second one, prior to parallel isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (C-IRMS) and MS detection. Finally, all the data were gathered into a statistical model, to demonstrate the existence of useful parameters to be used for the classification of seized samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine (METH) is a major health problem without effective pharmacological treatment. Cannabidiol (CBD), a component of the Cannabis sativa plant, is believed to have the potential to inhibit drug-related behavior. However, the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the effects of CBD remain unclear. Several studies have proposed that the suppressing effects of CBD on drug-seeking behaviors could be through the modulation of the dopamine system. The hippocampus (HIP) D1-like dopamine receptor (D1R) is essential for forming and retrieving drug-associated memory. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of D1R in the hippocampal CA1 region on the effects of CBD on the extinction and reinstatement of METH-conditioned place preference (CPP). For this purpose, different groups of rats over a 10-day extinction period were administered different doses of intra-CA1 SCH23390 (0.25, 1, or 4 μg/0.5 μl, Saline) as a D1R antagonist before ICV injection of CBD (10 μg/5 μl, DMSO12%). In addition, a different set of animals received intra-CA1 SCH23390 (0.25, 1, or 4 μg/0.5 μl) before CBD injection (50 μg/5 μl) on the reinstatement day. The results revealed that the highest dose of SCH23390 (4 μg) significantly reduced the accelerating effects of CBD on the extinction of METH-CPP (P < 0.01). Furthermore, SCH23390 (1 and 4 μg) in the reinstatement phase notably reversed the preventive effects of CBD on the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the current study revealed that CBD made a shorter extinction period and suppressed METH reinstatement in part by interacting with D1-like dopamine receptors in the CA1 area of HIP. • Cannabidiol facilitates extinction and prevents reinstatement of METH-induced CPP. • D1-like dopamine receptors in the CA1 mediate the CBD's accelerating effect on the extinction of the METH-induced CPP. • Cannabidiol prevents the reinstatement of METH-seeking behavior via intra-CA1 D1-like dopamine receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the cannabis industry has evolved from a world defined by the simplicity and ubiquity of illegality of recreational drug cannabis to a world marked by the legal and geographic complexity of ongoing depenalisation, decriminalisation, and legalisation processes. Within this landscape where drug Cannabis plants and their many derivatives see their legal status change, Cannabis cultigens and end products are increasingly likely to becoming subject to protection by intellectual property rights. This article delves into the implications of these changes for traditional Cannabis farmers, particularly in the Global South, as they face economic and legal threats amidst global legalisation efforts. It examines the potential role of appellations of origin in protecting local Cannabis cultigens and end products, focusing on Moroccan Cannabis and hashish as a case study. The text resorts to the treaties and agreements regulating international property rights and plant variety protection, but also to the concepts of terroir and landrace and their definitions, in order to determine, by way of treaty interpretation and conceptual analysis, what type of legal and economic protections can apply to Cannabis landraces and terroir products. The analysis is also based on previous empirical research published by the author. The text argues that appellations of origin are the best intellectual property protections possible for landraces and terroir products because what needs to be protected is not innovation and individual ownership, but tradition and collective ownership, and because appellations of origin are suitable collective intellectual property rights. It shows that appellations of origin are best suited to protect terroir products and landraces because their originality and distinctiveness are place-based originality and distinctiveness. The text concludes that appellations or origin offer the only existing intellectual property protection for preserving the distinctiveness of terroir cannabis products, and for landrace conservation. It acknowledges that neither appellations of origin nor existing plant variety protection laws can be legal forms of control of third parties' uses of landraces but that appellations of origin can help protect terroir products and landraces by way of their associated agro-ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian Cannabis Act (CCA, implemented in October 2018) and the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020) might have contributed to cannabis-related harms in Québec, known for its stringent cannabis legal framework. We explored changes in incidence rates of cannabis-related disorders (CRD) diagnoses associated with these events in Québec. We utilized linked administrative health data to identify individuals aged 15 year+ newly diagnosed with CRD during hospitalizations, emergency, and outpatients clinics across Québec, from January 2010 and March 2022 (147 months). Interrupted time-series analyses (ITSA) assessed differences (as percentage changes) in sex- and age-standardized, and sex-stratified, monthly incidence rates (per 100,000 population) attributed to the CCA and the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to counterfactual scenarios where pre-events trends would continue unchanged. The overall monthly mean rates of incident diagnoses nearly doubled from the pre-CCA period (1.56 per 100,000 population) to the COVID-19 pandemic period (3.02 per 100,000 population). ITSA revealed no statistically significant level or slope changes between adjacent study periods, except for a decrease in the slope of incidence rates among males by 1.84 % (95 % CI −3.41 to −0.24) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-CCA period. During the post-CCA period, the trends of incidence rates in the general and male populations grew significantly by 1.22 % (95 % CI 0.08 to 2.35) and 1.44 % (0.04 to 2.84) per month, respectively. Similarly significant increases were observed for the general and female populations during the COVID-19 pandemic, with monthly rates rising by 1.43 % (95 % CI 0.75 to 2.12) and 1.75 % (95 % CI 0.13 to 3.37), respectively. These increases more than doubled pre-CCA rates. The incidence rates of CRD diagnoses across Québec appears to have increased following the implementation of the CCA and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings echo public health concerns regarding potential cannabis-related harms and are consistent with previous Canadian studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay we want to foreground a question: what happens to 'addiction' when we take seriously cultural scripts informing its trajectories? Can this bring us to unthink addiction as problematic notion and move it onto new paradigms that fit better the now acknowledged fluidity and pluralistic episteme of 'addiction' and more broadly of chronic life conditions? Indeed, 'addiction' has become a pivotal concept in the contemporary world. A powerful diagnostic framework in interpreting human behaviour, for some 'addiction' has become the 'new normal' with chronic relations with different things such as food, sex, gambling, and mind-altering substances touching upon the lifestyle of a majority of individuals, making everyone 'addicts in practice'. Perhaps this has something to do with the constituent force that 'habit' – as in 'addiction' – has in defining our present and future. Though 'addiction' goes beyond the question of mind-altering drugs, the politics of 'addiction' is intimately tied to substances such as opioids and opiates, cocaine, cannabis, and psychedelics that have been the object of durable systemic political control and security repression. Contextually the line between licit/illicit substances is softening and blurring, the 'dual' purpose that drugs serve is now recognised in scientific and popular analysis moving the question of 'addiction' beyond the medicine/drug dichotomy. Yet, culture is generally absent in understanding 'addiction.' When it is referred to, this happens in diminutive terms limited to Anglo-American modern culture. Culture matters and it matters with different weights and measures as it moves across the world. There are cultural environments of health informed by practices and epistemologies of well-being that have evolved in lines opposites from or only intersecting with the Anglo-American, and generally Western, world. Exploring these spaces and cultural scripts enables our scholarship on drugs and 'addiction' to move the barycentre of discussion towards novel considerations around the historical trajectories and potential futures of our diagnostic terms and policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many nations and jurisdictions have legalized non-medical adult use of cannabis, or are considering doing so. This paper contributes to knowledge of adult use legalization's associations with cannabis use disorder (CUD) treatment utilization. This study collected data from a dataset of all publicly funded substance use disorder treatment delivered in California from 2010 to 2021 (1,460,066 episodes). A logistic regression model estimates adult use legalization's impacts on CUD treatment utilization using an individual-level pre-post time series model, including individual and county-level characteristics and county and year-fixed effects. Adult use legalization was associated with a significant decrease in the probability of admission to CUD treatment (average marginal effect (AME): −0.005, 95 % CI: −0.009, 0.000). Adult use legalization was also associated with a decrease in the probability of admission to CUD treatment for males (AME: −0.025, 95 % CI: −0.027, −0.023) Medi-Cal beneficiaries (AME: −0.025, 95 % CI: −0.027, −0.023) adults ages 21+ (AME: −0.011, 95 % CI: −0.014, −0.009) and Whites (AME: −0.012, 95 % CI: −0.015, −0.010), and an increase in the probability of admission to CUD treatment for patients referred from the criminal justice system (AME: 0.017, 95 % CI: 0.015, 0.020) and Blacks (AME: 0.004, 95 % CI: 0.000, 0.007) and Hispanics (AME: 0.009, 95 % CI: 0.006, 0.011). Adult use legalization is associated with declining CUD treatment admissions, even though cannabis-related problems are becoming more prevalent. Policies and practices that protect public health, and engage people with CUD in treatment are needed. • Pre-legalization, 19 % of SUD admissions were CUD, compared to 9 % post-legalization. • Adult use legalization was associated with a decrease in CUD treatment admissions. • Differences existed in legalization's associations on different demographic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabinol (CBN) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid found in Cannabis sativa. Although overshadowed by its more well-known counterparts, such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), CBN has been gaining attention due to its potential therapeutic properties. This review aims to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of CBN. CBN interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), primarily targeting the CB2 and CB1 cannabinoid receptors. It acts as a partial agonist for both receptors, modulating their activity and downstream signaling pathways. Through these interactions, CBN exhibits diverse effects on various physiological processes, including pain perception, inflammation, immune response, and neuroprotection. Moreover, CBN has been shown to affect non-cannabinoid receptors, including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and serotonin receptors. These interactions contribute to the modulation of pain, inflammation, and mood regulation. The molecular mechanisms of CBN also involve its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. CBN has been found to reduce oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. This antioxidant activity potentially contributes to its neuroprotective effects and may have implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, CBN exhibits potential antimicrobial activity, acting against various bacteria, fungi, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The underlying mechanisms of this antimicrobial effect are still being elucidated, but may involve disruption of microbial cell membranes and interference with microbial biofilm formation. The molecular mechanisms underlying CBN's pharmacological actions involve its interactions with the ECS, modulation of non-cannabinoid receptors, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and potential antimicrobial activity. Further research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of CBN and its role in various disease states, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Due to its multiple interests, the isolation and synthesis of CBN has been investigated by several approaches. CBN synthesis involves various approaches, including oxidative conversions, isomerization reactions, enzymatic transformations, and biotransformation techniques. Advancements in synthetic methodologies and innovative strategies continue to contribute to the efficient production of CBN. Further research and optimization are necessary to enhance yields, purity, and scalability of the synthesis processes. • Studies of CBN involve ECS interactions, non-cannabinoid receptor modulation, and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties. • Highlighting the therapeutic effects of CBN on pain, inflammation, neuroprotection, and potential antimicrobial activity. • Investigation into various methods aims to efficiently produce CBN for therapeutic interventions. • Further exploration is necessary to fully grasp CBN's therapeutic potential and optimize synthesis processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The relation between respiratory symptoms and the range of tobacco product use among US adolescents/young adults is not yet clear. This cross-sectional analysis examines tobacco product use and respiratory symptoms in a nationally representative sample of 21,057 adolescents/young adults aged 12-24 years from Wave 4 (2016-17) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. methods: Presence of functionally important respiratory symptoms was defined by questions regarding wheezing and nighttime cough at a cutoff score associated with poorer functional health status. Past-30-day tobacco use was analyzed 2 ways: never-tobacco users (reference) versus combustible users, noncombustible-only users, and former users: or frequency of use of cigarettes and/or e-cigarettes. Weighted Poisson regression adjusted for past-30-day marijuana use, secondhand smoke exposure, and asthma. Results: Functionally important respiratory symptoms were present in 10.0% overall: 13.8% of combustible users, 9.0% of noncombustible users, 8.2% of noncurrent users and 9.7% of never users. Functionally important respiratory symptoms were associated with combustible tobacco use (relative risk [RRJ = 1.52[95% CI 1.29, 1.80]), marijuana use (RR = 1.541'-34, 1.77]) and secondhand smoke exposure (RR = 1.04] 1.03, 1.05]). Higher cigarette smoking frequency was also associated with functionally important respiratory symptoms for frequency categories >14 days/month (eg, RR = 1.93L1 50, 2.49] for 15-29 days/ month). Frequency of e-cigarette use was not associated with functionally important respiratory symptoms. Conclusions: During 2016-17, smoking cigarettes, marijuana use, and secondhand smoke exposure were cross-sectionally associated with functionally important respiratory symptoms in adolescents/young adults. Risk increased with increased frequency of cigarette use but not e-cigarette use. Given changes to contemporary e-cigarettes and use, findings may not generalize to newer products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Mothers who are Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) are disproportionately impacted by substance use in pregnancy and less likely to breastfeed. Our objectives were to assess relationships between substance use in pregnancy and exclusive breastfeeding at discharge (EBF) and race/ethnicity and EBF, and determine the extent to which substance use influences the relationship between race/ethnicity and EBF. methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of term mother-infant dyads using 2016 to 2019 data from a Northwest quality improvement collaborative. Obstetrical Care Outcomes Assessment Program. Stepwise and stratified multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between independent variables consisting of characteristics, including maternal race/ethnicity and substance use, and the dependent variable, EBF. Results: Our sample consisted of 84,742 dyads, 69.5% of whom had EBF. The adjusted odds of EBF for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic mothers were half, and for American Indian/Alaska Native mothers two-thirds, that of White mothers (aOR [95% CI]: 0.52 [0.48, 0.57], 0.51 [0.48, 0.54], 0.64 [0.55, 0.76], respectively). Substance use did not mediate the association between race/ethnicity and EBF, but it modified the association. Among those reporting nicotine or marijuana use, Hispanic mothers were half as likely as White mothers were to exclusively breastfeed. Other factors associated with a lower likelihood of EBF included public or no insurance, rural setting, C-section, NICU admission, and LBW. Conclusions: Disparities ill EBF related to race/ethnicity and substance use were pronounced in this study, particularly among Hispanic mothers with nicotine or marijuana use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]