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Centaurea saligna (K.Koch) Wagenitz is an endemic plant used in Turkish folk medicine as antibacterial, tonic, astringent, choleretic, anti-rheumatic, diuretic, and antipyretic. This study attempts for the first time to assess the possible enzyme inhibitory potential, antioxidant activity, and determine the phytochemical profile of the ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of C. saligna . The water extract had the highest phenolic content (30.18 mg GAE/g extract) and the most potent oxidant scavenging activity ((120.53, 111.90, 68.43, and 157.88 mg TE/g extract, for CUPRAC [cupric reducing antioxidant capacity], FRAP [ferric reducing antioxidant power], DPPH [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl], and ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] assays respectively)). The water extract (4.16 mg KAE/g extract) also inhibited tyrosinase and contained high level of catechin (214 μg/g extract). Ethyl acetate extract showed potent inhibitory capacity against cholinesterases (2.22 and 2.21 mg GALAE/g extract for acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase, respectively) and α-glucosidase (23.80 mmol ACAE/g extract). High concentration of apigenin (2472 μg/g extract) was identified in the ethyl acetate extract. In silico studies showed that apigenin binds to the enzymatic pocket of α-glucosidase and is stabilised by a network of hydrogen bonds and pi-pi stacking. Data collected in the present study advocates the need for further investigation geared towards validation of C. saligna for the management of complications related to the target enzymes, such as diabetes type II, Alzheimer’s disease, and epidermal hyperpigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive ethnobotanical study was conducted in Acipayam, situated in the western part of Turkey. This paper includes details of plants used in folk medicine and ethnopharmacological information obtained during this study. The aim of the authors was to collect and identify plants used by local people for therapeutic purposes and to present information about traditional herbal medicine. Plant specimens collected during field‐work form the subject of this investigation. Information was obtained by means of open and semi-structured interviews with local people. In addition, cultural importance index (CI) and use report (UR) values were calculated. Ninety-one taxa of plants used in folk medicine and belonging to 38 families were identified in this study. Of these, 82 species were wild, and 9 species were cultivated. The most common families were Lamiaceae (18.7%), Asteraceae (14.3%) and Rosaceae (6.6%). Consequently, 191 medicinal uses (remedies) of 91 taxa were recorded. According to the use reports (UR), the most important medicinal plants were Cydonia oblonga (99 UR), Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus (99 UR), Pinus brutia (98 UR), Hypericum perforatum (90 UR), Viscum album subsp. austriacum (82 UR) and Salvia tomentosa (80 UR). Infusion (38.2%) was the most common preparation method used within the research area. The ethnomedicinal capabilities of eight species ( Amelanchier parviflora var. dentata , Echinops viscosus subsp. bithynicus, Onopordum sibthorpianum, Origanum hypericifolium, Quercus trojana, Salvia adenophylla, Sideritis montana . subsp. remota and Tamarix smyrnensis ) have been recorded for the first time in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the effects of the Achillea phrygia Boiss. et Bal. and Bupleurum croceum Fenzl. extracts obtained by different solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol and water) on selected enzyme inhibitory effects and antioxidant ability with screening bioactive compounds. Total and individual bioactive compounds were detected by spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD techniques. Antioxidant abilities were evaluated by different methods including free radical scavenging (ABTS and DPPH), reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating. Enzyme inhibitory effects were tested against cholinesterases, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase and lipase. Total phenolic contents were ranged from 20.52 mgGAE/g extract ( B. croceum methanol extract) to 41.13 mgGAE/g extract ( A. phrygia methanol extract). Generally, methanol and water extracts showed the strongest antioxidant abilities, while the ethyl acetate extracts had the most promising enzyme inhibitory effects. HPLC analysis revealed the abundance of some phenolics including rutin, quercetin, sinapic acid and chlorogenic acid, respectively. These components were also assessed using molecular modelling with the aim to study their docking properties on a set of six enzymes used in this study. Overall, these species could be suggested as valuable sources of natural-bioactive agents for developing new functional, pharmacological and health-promoting ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biological and phytochemical profiles of Helichrysum stoechas subsp. barrelieri extracts were investigated. • Types of extraction techniques were found to influence the biological activities of the extracts. • Quercetin was the main component in the tested extracts. • Accelerated solvent extraction yielded the best antioxidant ability. • Results from this study could open new insights for designing novel pharmaceuticals. We endeavoured to probe into and compare the possible effect(s) of different extraction techniques (accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonication-assisted extraction (UAE), maceration, and Soxhlet extraction (SE)) on the bioactivity (antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities) of the aerial parts of Helichrysum stoechas subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts obtained by different extraction methods followed the order of ASE > MAE > UAE > maceration > SE. Extract obtained by ASE was the most potent radical scavenger (219.92 and 313.12 mg Trolox equivalent [TE]/g, against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), respectively) and reducing agent (927.39 and 662.87 mg TE/g, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), respectively). Helichrysum stoechas extract obtained by UAE (18.67 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic equivalent [EDTAE]/g) was the most active metal chelator and inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (4.23 mg galantamine equivalent [GALAE]/g) and butyrylcholinesterase (6.05 mg GALAE/g) cholinesterase. Extract from maceration (183.32 mg kojic acid equivalent [KAE]/g) was most active against tyrosinase while ASE extract (1.66 mmol acarbose equivalent [ACAE]/g) effectively inhibited α-glucosidase. In conclusion, data amassed herein tend to advocate for the use of non-conventional extraction techniques, namely ASE and UAE, for the extraction of bioactive secondary metabolites from H. stoechas aerial parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia sclarea L. is traditionally used to manage common human ailments and is consumed as a food product. This study aimed to establish the phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of Salvia sclarea . The inhibitory action of the extracts against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase was also investigated. Methanol extract showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (81.78 mg GAE/g extract and 40.59 mg RE/g extract, respectively). Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector analysis revealed that S. sclarea was rich in rosmarinic acid. The water extract exhibited the lowest inhibitory activity against α-amylase but the upmost activity against α-glucosidase (0.19 and 18.24 mmol ACAE/g extract, respectively). Experimental data showed that only the water extract (8.86 mg KAE/g extract) significantly inhibited tyrosinase. Docking studies showed that quercetin binds to tyrosinase by two hydrogen and a pi-pi bonds. Salvia sclarea showed interesting biological activity against key enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of common ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biological potential and chemical composition of Tanacetum parthenium were investigated. • Three modern and two conventional techniques were used for extraction. • Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory assays were performed. • Sixty compounds from the class of polyphenols were identified in the extracts. • Findings might be useful for designing novel therapeutic bio-products. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip (TP), a flowering plant, is famous in traditional medicine to prevent migraine and headache. However, there is currently a dearth of studies to advocate the phytochemical profile and biological propensities of extracts prepared from this plant. This study endeavors to highlight the biological potential of TP extracts prepared by modern (ultrasound-UAE, microwave-MAE and accelerated-ASE extractions) and traditional (maceration and Soxhlet) extraction techniques. The chemical profile of the extracts was established via ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technique. Sixty different polyphenolic compounds belonging to the classes of phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones were recorded in the extracts. Additionally, the quantity of 17 components was measured using appropriate standards and it was found that the modern extraction gave extracts with the higher content of observed compounds than the traditional techniques. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was determined in vitro via five standard assays. The inhibitory potential of TP extracts against key enzymes implicated in the non-communicable diseases such as diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), neurodegenerative diseases (acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase) and skin diseases (tyrosinase), was assessed. Potent antioxidant ability of all TP extract was revealed with a predominance for the extracts yielded using the ASE method. This potent antioxidant activity of the extracts corroborated with the high phenolic (65.05 ± 0.27 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract) and flavonoid contents (55.40 ± 0.52 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g extract). Tanacetum parthenium extracts also showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (1.63–1.67 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g extract) and moderate inhibition activity against α-amylase (0.51-0.56 mmol ACAE/g extract). The extracts also showed potent activity against cholinesterases and tyrosinase. This study tend to validate the use of TP extracts obtained by novel extraction techniques such as ASE, as potent bioactive extracts to be further studied for therapeutic bio-product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Erica arborea extracts were investigated in terms of chemical profiles and biological effects. • Five different extraction techniques were performed. • Accelerated solvent extracts were the most active in the antioxidant assays. • 72 phenolic components were identified in the extracts. • E. arborea extracts can be exploited in the discovery of bioactive natural products. Erica arborea L., also known as Estrella Gold, is traditionally used for several purposes. In this research, five different extraction techniques: accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), maceration (MAC), soxhlet (SOE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were used to compare the total phenolic, flavonoids, total antioxidant activity and enzymatic activities of E. arborea extracts obtained different extraction techniques. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were in the order of ASE > MAE > SOE > MAC > UAE. All extracts showed antioxidant, anticholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase and anti-diabetic activities. A highly sensitive method using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–LTQ–Orbitrap–MS) has been used for the qualitative analysis of obtained extracts. Seventy-two polyphenolic compounds were identified in all extracts. However, 20 components were quantified among the extracts. ASE was found to be a better extraction technique as compared to the other extraction techniques. E. arborea can be exploited in the discovery of bioactive natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, diabetes and pigmentation problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]