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Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a novel polymeric material intended for applications in tissue engineering (TE). This study involves synthesizing the PGS prepolymer (pPGS) and subsequent manufacturing of porous PGS-based scaffolds with an addition of hydroxyapatite (HAp) by means of thermally induced phase separation followed by thermal cross-linking and salt-leaching (TIPS-TCL-SL). The study aims to investigate the effect of the apatite filler content on properties and morphology of porous PGS/HAp scaffolds. The emphasis is put on the mechanical behavior of the material characterized by means of compression tests and dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DMTA). In addition to the reference polymer scaffold, the composites with filler contents of 10, 20 and 30 wt% have been examined. Our research revealed that the HAp content does not affect the mechanical properties in a directly proportional manner. The 30 wt% addition of HAp resulted in frayed structure and decrease in the mechanical parameters in comparison to other tested specimens. On the other hand, an addition of 10% did not sufficiently boost the properties. Therefore, a 20% addition of HAp was concluded to have superior mechanical properties in comparison to other analyzed specimens. A similar relationship results from the DMTA studies. Moreover, the strain sweep and frequency sweep tests confirmed the stability of the mechanical parameters in various conditions, as well as the elastomeric nature of the materials. Finally, the material did not exhibit cytotoxicity against standard L929 fibroblasts and cells readily populated the scaffolds. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, one high-performance hemicelluloses (HC)-based sprayable and biodegradable pesticide mulch film was developed. Firstly, HC was transesterified with vinyl acetate (VA) to improve its solubility and film-forming ability. Then abamectin (ABA) was encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to endow mulch film persistent anti-pesticide activity. After that, sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin were added to develop the mechanical performances of the mulch film. As a result, the obtained mulch film showed good characteristics, with optimum mechanical strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability (WVP), swelling ratio (SR), and weight loss (biodegradability) of 7.9 ± 0.3 MPa, 43.6 ± 2.0 %, 2.1 ± 0.1 × 10−11 g mm m−2 s−1 kPa−1, 73.8 ± 2.0 %, and 69.3 %, respectively. After covering with mulch film, the soil moisture and temperature were developed to 90.8 % and 19.3 ± 0.2 °C, respectively, which could facilitate Chinese cabbage growth, with optimum germination rate of 98.6 ± 6.4 %. [Display omitted] • Hemicelluloses-based sprayable pesticide mulch films were successfully developed. • Abamectin-loaded β-CDs were incorporated to give films sustained anti-insect ability. • The films had good water retention ability, mechanical strength and biodegradability. • The films improved the soil temperature and moisture, facilitating cabbage growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient utilization of lignin in 3D printing had attracted increasing attention using this abundant and eco-friendly material. However, the large-scale utilization of lignin in 3D printing remains a great challenge due to its inherent brittleness and non-thermoplasticity. In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was introduced to regulate the rheological properties of lignin for 3D printing. The Lignin/TPU composite of 3D printing exhibited a smooth surface, non-plastic, warm wood touch, and natural color at 50 wt% lignin loading. To further improve the mechanical properties of the composite, carbon fiber (CF) was added to the Lignin/TPU composite. The resulting CF/Lignin/TPU composites possessed 1.7 times higher tensile strength and 2.4 times higher elongation at break compared to Lignin/TPU composite. Meanwhile, the smooth surface of filament and dense interlayer bonds of printed specimens are also achieved. This work provides new insights to realize the high-value utilization of lignin and expands the practical application of lignin in 3D printing. [Display omitted] • TPU imparts lignin flexibility and thermoplastic properties. • Up to 50 wt% lignin composites available for 3D printing • The addition of carbon fiber enhances the mechanical properties of the composite. • Excellent interlayer bonding properties of 3D printed specimens after CF addition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilized biomaterials have recently attracted researchers' attention in the field of environmental biotechnology due to their effective biosorption performances. In this respect, a novel hybrid biocomposite based on Thamnidium elegans cells, olive pomace, and chitosan (TE-OP@C) was produced and tested for the first time to remove a target pollutant. It was successfully employed to eliminate toxic Cu(II) ions. Uptake efficiency of the biocomposite was significantly greater than that of T. elegans and T. elegans -olive pomace, despite the much lesser amount of biocomposite used. Freundlich model best fitted the equilibrium data, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model followed Cu(II) uptake. The maximum removal efficiencies in batch and continuous systems were determined to be 96 % and 98 %, respectively. After eight cycles, the biosorption and recovery efficiencies of TE-OP@C were higher than 90 %. Biocomposite was able to remove approximately 90 % and 88 % of Cu(II) from real wastewater in batch and continuous systems, respectively. FTIR analysis, zeta potential measurements, EDX, and SEM findings confirmed the Cu(II) uptake. XRD and BET analysis were also performed for biocomposite characterization. Breakthrough and exhausted points were determined as 80 and 150 min, respectively. The findings potentially lead to a new perspective on the treatment of copper contamination. • Regenerable biocomposite TE-OP@C for elimination of Cu(II) contamination. • High metal removal ability under batch and continuous treatment conditions. • More efficient biosorption on biocomposite than pristine materials. • High Cu(II) uptake efficiency in real wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA)-based biocomposites have been used in tissue engineering applications because of their reasonable biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, the imperfect bioactive and mechanical properties of the composite make it difficult to be used in the region of bone defects that require high load-bearing. Therefore, this study introduced two fabricating strategies to induce mechanically and biologically enhanced hydroxyapatite (HA)/PLLA biocomposites. By introducing an in situ plasma treatment, which was simultaneously applied during the 3D-printing process, followed by the thermal annealing process, the flexural modulus of the composite was increased by 2.1-fold compared to the normal HA/PLLA composite. Furthermore, using the combinational process, efficient coating of bioactive material [decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) derived from porcine bones] was possible. The fabricated biocomposite scaffold was assessed for various in vitro cellular activities such as cell proliferation and osteogenic activity. Based on the mechanical and biological studies, the HA/PLLA/dECM biocomposite scaffold is one of the promising scaffolds that can be applied in bone tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatine is an excellent substitute for biodegradable packaging materials; nevertheless, it is necessary to mix it with other polymers due to its poor mechanical and high hydrophilicity. In the present study, we used Cylindropuntia fulgida mucilage (CF) as main constituent and gelatine (GTN). The Euphorbia caducifolia extract (ECE) was incorporated in concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 %, and its influence on the film's morphological, thermal, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties was assessed. The surface of fabricated CF/GTN/ECE biocomposite films was more homogeneous and smoother with the high concentration of in ECE. The elongation at break improved from 2 to 60.59 %, and WVP enhanced from 3.34 to 2.59 10−4 g mm/mm2 day kPa and highest antimicrobial activity of 3.62 ± 0.71 Log CFU g−1 when CF/GTN was incorporated with 20 % ECE. Incorporating CF and ECE 10 to 20 % makes these films a good substitute for the packaging of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-reinforced green composites made from natural plant fibers are an increasingly popular sustainable alternative to conventional high-performance composite materials. Given the variety of natural fibers themselves, and the even larger variety of possible composites with specific fiber dosage, fiber orientation distribution, fiber length distribution, and fiber–matrix bond characteristics, micromechanics-based modeling is essential for characterizing the macroscopic response of these composites. Herein, an analytical multiscale micromechanics model for elastic homogenization is developed, capable of capturing the variety. The model features (i) a nanoscopic representation of the natural fibers to predict the fiber stiffness from the universal stiffness of the fiber constituents, mainly cellulose, (ii) a spring-interface model to quantify the compliance of the fiber–matrix bond, and (iii) the ability to model any (and any combination of) orientation distribution and aspect ratio distribution. Validation is performed by comparing the predicted stiffness to experimental results for as many as 73 composites available in the literature. Extensive sensitivity analyses quantify the composite stiffening upon increasing fiber volume fraction, fiber alignment, fiber length, and fiber–matrix interface stiffness, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naproxen (NPX) as an emerging anthropogenic contaminant was detected in many water sources, which can pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) decomposed by Cu(I) has been considered an effective activation method to produce reactive species. However, this decontamination process is restricted by the slow transformation of Cu(II)/Cu(I) by PMS. Herein, new N -(L -cysteine/triazine)- O -(carboxymethyl)-chitosan/cobalt ferrate-rice hull hybrid biocomposite was constructed to anchor the mixed-valent Cu(I)-Cu (II) (CuI, II-CCCF) for removing pharmaceutical pollutants (i.e. , naproxen , ciprofloxacin , tetracycline , levofloxacin , and paracetamol). The structural, morphological, and catalytic properties of the CuI,II-CCCF have been fully identified by a series of physicochemical characterizations. Results demonstrated that the multifunctional, hydrophilic character, and negative ζ-potential of the activator, accelerating the redox cycle of Cu(II)/Cu(I) with hydroxyl amine (HA). The negligible metal leaching, well-balanced thermodynamic-kinetic properties, and efficient adsorption-catalysis synergy are the main reasons for the significantly enhanced catalytic performance of CuI,II-CCCF in the removal of NPX (98.6 % at 7.0 min). The main active species in the catalytic degradation of NPX were identified (●OH > SO 4 ●− > 1O 2 > > O 2 ●−) and consequently suggested a degradation path. It can be noted that these types of carbohydrate-based nanocomposite offer numerous advantages, encompassing simple preparation, excellent decontamination capabilities, and long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CNCs are intensively studied to reinforce biocomposites. However, it remains a challenge to homogeneously disperse the CNC in biocomposites for a smooth film surface. Mechanochemical treatment via ultrasonication in deep eutectic solvent (DES) generated a stable dispersion of CNC before incorporation into carrageenan biocomposite. Shifted peaks of choline chloride (ChCl) methylene groups to 3.95–3.98 ppm in 1H NMR indicated a formation of eutectic mixture between the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at the functional group of CH 3 ···OH. The swelling of CNC in the DES was proven by the formation of intermolecular H-bond at a length of 2.46 Å. The use of DES contributed to a good dispersion of CNC in the solution which increased zeta potential by 43.2 % compared to CNC in deionized water. The ultrasonication amplitude and feed concentration were varied for the best parameters of a stable dispersion of CNC. The crystallinity of 1 wt% of CNC at 20 % sonication amplitude improved from 76 to 81 %. The high crystallinity of CNCDES resulted in an increase in film tensile and capsule loop strength of Carra-CNCDES by 20.7 and 19.4 %, respectively. Improved dispersion of CNCDES reduced the surface roughness of the biocomposite by 21.8 %. H-bond network in CNCDES improved the biocomposite properties for an ingenious reinforcement material. BRIEFS A stable cellulose nanocrystals dispersion in deep eutectic solvent is formed through the intermolecular hydrogen bond interaction, which improves the surface property and reinforces carrageenan hard capsules. [Display omitted] • A stable dispersion of CNC was prepared in DES via ultrasonication. • Gaussian simulation elucidates the hydrogen bond formation between CNC and DES. • CNCDES reinforces the carrageenan biocomposite film and hard capsule. • Improved dispersion of CNCDES with high zeta potential is suggested to reduce the film surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of waste lignocellulosic fiber reinforced biodegradable composites is a current demand to counter/reduce the consumption of thermoplastics in various sectors, which act as major pollutants. In this study, waste luffa sponge fiber reinforced composites were created utilising biodegradable soy and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) resins. Due to chemical interaction, the luffa-soy-PVA composite attained utmost tensile strength of 46.2 MPa, followed by a 43.3 MPa of flexural strength, and storage modulus of 2312 MPa. After water absorption, the mechanically optimized composite absorbed just 32.6% of the water. Weight loss of composites following various degradation durations, as well as subsequent Fourier transform IR spectral characterization and morphological studies through FESEM, demonstrated that created composites are entirely biodegradable. Waste luffa fiber reinforced composite may be an alternative to nondegradable thermoplastics and beneficial in packaging and indoor furnishings. [Display omitted] • Waste luffa sponge fiber was used as reinforcer with soy resin. • The tensile strength of the composite was achieved as 46.2 MPa. • The water absorption of hybrid composite was found 32.6% after 24 h. • After 60 days under soil burial, composite lost 78.6% of its original weight. • Developed composites can be good alternant for nondegradable thermoplastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Dynamically adjustable mixed and layered hybrid films of nanocellulose and VO 2 nanoparticles were fabricated with simple filtration method. • Thermal and optical stimuli could be used to trigger a reversible change in electrical properties of the films. • Based on simulations, mixed films could be used for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in 5G and 6G applications. • Layered films acted as smart, gradually switchable electromagnetic interference shields. • The films designed in this study open new possibilities for sustainable future wireless applications. The emerging fields of 5G and 6G telecommunication networks, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence have intensified the demand for green nanostructured materials with adjustable and intelligent features that respond to external stimuli. By leveraging the insulator-to-metal transition of VO 2 nanoparticles, responsive composite films were developed by integrating these nanoparticles within a biopolymeric network of cationic cellulose nanofibers (CNF+). These films exhibit a reversible change in GHz permittivity upon exposure to thermal or optical stimuli, facilitating dynamic control of their electrical properties. The layered structure of the films further enhances their robustness, featuring a VO 2 nanoparticle core encased within CNF+ layers. This design not only strengthens the structure but also significantly boosts light-induced conductivity, particularly in layered variant, underscoring its potential in optoelectronic applications. Simulation studies reveal that the nonuniform, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) of the developed mixed film adeptly manipulates incident electromagnetic waves, making it suitable for 5G/6G wireless signals. Conversely, the layered film serves as a switchable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield, demonstrating notable differences in shielding efficiency between its hot and cold states. Consequently, CNF+/VO 2 composite films designed in this work emerge as a versatile, adaptable platform for intelligent electronics, particularly in the realm of 5G/6G wireless communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study focuses on composites, namely natural composites. • This natural composite comprises 40 to 50 wt% of rice straw fiber, neem saw dust fiber and hybrid composites. • A review of several RSNWP hybridization and chemical treatment techniques. • Morphology and mechanical properties of several materials tests were discussed. • Emerging applications of RSNWPs are also examined while keeping environmental sustainability in mind. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of natural fibers. Rice straw/natural fiber hybrid composites can recycle agricultural waste easily and eliminate fine silica ash pollution. Composite specimens are created by hand lay-up as per ASTM standards. Unsaturated polyester resins and rice straws are studied using scanning electron microscopy. Hybrid composites reinforced with rice straw and neem powder perform better. The optimal fiber content for impact and flexural strength is 50 % by volume fraction. RSNWP6 fibers with hybrid properties have more significant impact strength, hardness, and flexural strength than other fibers at 516.86 J/m, 45 BIU, and 80.03 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review addresses the current trend of replacing petroleum-based polymers in food packaging with bio-based alternatives, specifically focusing on proteins and polysaccharides. While these biopolymers exhibit excellent film-forming properties and are abundant in nature, their individual use in packaging lacks ideal plastic-like characteristics, especially in terms of mechanical and barrier properties. A recent solution involves the formulation of biocomposites through the reinforcement of one biopolymer with another (e.g., protein with a polysaccharide), significantly enhancing the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of packaging materials. The review concentrates on the integration of proteins and polysaccharides in biocomposite materials, emphasizing their potential applications in active and intelligent food packaging systems. It covers sources, manufacturing methods, interaction mechanisms, recent developments, perspectives, and opportunities. The exploration extends to practical implementations of these biocomposites in enhancing food quality, safety, and shelf life—a green technological approach contributing to the reduction of food waste and loss. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuttlefish bone biowaste is a potential source of a composite matrix based on chitin and aragonite. In the present work, we propose for the first time the elaboration of biocomposites based on chitosan and aragonite through the valorization of bone waste. The composition of the ventral and dorsal surfaces of bone is well studied by ICP-OES. An extraction process has been applied to the dorsal surface to extract β-chitin and chitosan with controlled physico-chemical characteristics. In parallel, aragonite isolation was carried out on the ventral side. The freeze-drying method was used to incorporate aragonite into the chitosan polymer to form CHS/ArgS biocomposites. Physicochemical characterizations were performed by FT-IR, SEM, XRD, 1H NMR, TGA/DSC, potentiometry and viscometry. The ICP-OES method was used to evaluate in vitro the bioactivity level of biocomposite in simulated human plasma (SBF), enabling analysis of the interactions between the material and SBF. The results obtained indicate that the CHS/ArgS biocomposite derived from cuttlefish bone exhibits bioactivity, and that chitosan enhances the bioactivity of aragonite. The CHS/ArgS biocomposite showed excellent ability to form an apatite layer on its surface. After three days' immersion, FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of this layer. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to analyze the properties and potential applications of a novel composite coating composed of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and silver-doped hydroxyapatite (HAPAg) produced from waste eggshells, which was dip-coated onto Ti6Al4V substrates. Medical implants frequently made of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V can benefit greatly from surface coatings in terms of biocompatibility and performance. In order to add antibacterial and osteoconductive characteristics, silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were dispersed within a PMMA matrix to create the PMMA/HAPAg composite coating. The coated samples report an average contact angle (CA) between 70 and 750 and total surface free energy (SFE) between 35 and 50 mJ/m2, which signifies its improved wettability. The 7.03% change in hydrophilicity was observed between PMMA/H0 (75.270 ± 1.690) and PMMA/H20 (700 ± 1.440) coated samples. The increase in adhesion strength and coating thickness with the increase in HAPAg reinforcement was observed. The surface morphology of the defective zones was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and information on the elemental composition of synthesized was obtained using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICPMS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractogram (XRD). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals the surface roughness; root mean square roughness, roughness profile, skewness and kurtosis of the coated samples. The contact angle reports the hydrophilicity and SFE. Finally, the results conclude that the composite coating had a consistent distribution of HAPAg nanoparticles incorporated within the PMMA matrix. The minimal presence of Ag ions on the surface indicates the coating's potential antibacterial properties, and it is highly recommended for dental applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silane-treated natural cellulosic Kigelia africana fruit fibre (KAF) was experimentally established to have strong strength after removing hydrophilic materials. Silane treatment makes it compatible with hydrophobic biopolymeric materials than existing non-grafted KA fibre. In this work, the polysaccharide was extracted from the KAF and found to have all the essential compounds. KA fruit-based cellulosic fibre was extracted and treated with different concentrations of silane solution. Silane-treated (13%) KAF has a cellulose content of about 76.86%. The peak found at 1734 cm−1 shows the hemicellulose in untreated fibres, and its intensity decreased after silane treatment, as confirmed by FTIR. X-ray diffraction investigation indicated that silane-treated (5%) KAF has a crystallinity index of 70.22%. After treatment, the tensile strength of 5% silane-treated KAF shows a tensile strength of 490.77 MPa, giving more viability to biofibre reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid manufacturing of biocomposite scaffold made of saturated-Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and unsaturated Polyester (PE) blends with gelatin and modified gelatin (NCO-Gel) is demonstrated. Polyester blend-based scaffold are fabricated with and without applying potential in the melt electrowriting system. Notably, the applied potential induces phase separation between PCL and PE and drives the formation of PE rich spots at the interface of electrowritten fibers. The objective of the current study is to control the phase separation between saturated and unsaturated polyesters occurring in the melt electro-writing process and utilization of this phenomenon to improve efficiency of biofunctionalization at the interface of scaffold via Aza-Michael addition reaction. Electron-deficient triple bonds of PE spots on the fibers exhibit good potential for the biofunctionalization via the aza-Michael addition reaction. PE spots are found to be pronounced in which blend compositions are PCL-PE as 90:10 and 75:25 %. The biofunctionalization of scaffold is monitored through C N bond formation appeared at 400 eV via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and XPS chemical mapping. The described biofunctionalization methodology suggest avoiding use of multi-step chemical modification on additive manufacturing products and thereby rapid prototyping of functional polymer blend based scaffolds with enhanced biocompatibility and preserved mechanical properties. Additionally one-step additive manufacturing method eliminates side effects of toxic solvents and long modification steps during scaffold fabrication. [Display omitted] • The postfunctionalizable PCL-polyester (PE) scaffold is fabricated via melt electrowriting. • The electrowriting induces phase separation between PCL and unsaturated PE. • The PE polymer ensures biofunctionalization with gelatin or NCO-Gel polymer. • Biocomposite scaffolds have excellent Young's modulus and adhesive properties. • Biocomposite scaffolds have high biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triply periodic minimum surface (TPMS) porous structures with large cavity ratios and excellent mechanical properties are highly desirable in engineering applications. This study proposes a method for optimizing the structural performance by controlling the orientation of unit cells based on three typical TPMS porous structures with similar porosity. Quasi-static compression tests were conducted on structures with different orientations to comprehensively investigate and verify their deformation behavior, mechanical properties, and energy absorption. The results showed that changing the orientation of unit cells was an effective way to improve the performance of Diamond, Gyroid, and Primitive porous structures, and even to achieve predictable failure behavior by optimizing the orientation of Diamond structures. The morphology of their fracture surfaces was characterized, and the mechanism of their mixed brittle and ductile deformation was identified. Overall, the findings of this work have significant implications for the future development and expansion of TPMS porous structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of biocompatible drug delivery systems with extended drug release capabilities is highly advantageous in cancer therapy, as they can mitigate adverse effects. To establish such a biocompatible system with prolonged drug release behavior, researchers developed an innovative drug carrier. In this study, a sustainable approach was employed to synthesize a new zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) through the reaction between synthesized Schiff base ligands and zinc ions. Comprehensive analyses, including FT-IR, XRD, SEM, BET surface area, and TGA techniques, were employed to thoroughly characterize the frameworks. Following comprehensive characterization, curcumin (CUR) was loaded onto the Zn-MOF, resulting in CUR entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of 79.23 % and 26.11 %, respectively. In vitro evaluations of CUR release from CUR@MOF exhibited controlled release patterns, releasing 78.9 % and 50.0 % of CUR at pH 5.0 and pH 7.4, respectively. To mitigate initial burst release, a coating of the biopolymer sodium alginate (SA) was applied to CUR@Zn-MOF. In vitro CUR release tests indicated that SA/CUR@Zn-MOF outperformed pristine CUR@Zn-MOF. The release of CUR conformed to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, displaying non-Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, an in vitro cytotoxicity study clearly demonstrated the potent anti-tumor activity of the synthesized CUR@Zn-MOF attributed to its controlled release of CUR. This led to the induction of apoptotic effects and cell death across HeLa, HEK293, and SH-SY5Y cell lines. These findings strongly suggest that the developed pH-sensitive carriers hold remarkable potential as targeted vehicles for drug delivery in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mycelium in SMS proposed as the adhesive for biocomposites production. • Biocomposite with CCS exhibited improved thermal stability property. • Modified chitosan enhanced antimicrobial of biocomposite. • Green adhesive uses decreased global warming potential by 81.22%. Formaldehyde pollution and material shortages are two prominent issues in particleboard production. This study aimed to assess the physical and antimicrobial properties of formaldehyde-free biocomposites produced with mycelium as the adhesive through hot pressing, utilizing spent mushroom substrates. The moduli of elasticity in biocomposites with 20 % chitin-containing substrate and 10 % chitin-containing substrate was determined to be 1383.60 ± 129.31 and 1284.01 ± 66.59 MP, respectively. Following continuous culture for 14 d under 25 °C and moist conditions, the biocomposites produced from chitin-containing spent mushroom substrate, exhibited lower relative abundances of Bacteroides vulgatus and Prevotella copri on the surface of the biocomposites than did 0 % chitin-containing substrate derived biocomposites, which recorded relative abundances of 9.24 % and 9.44 %, respectively. The raw material generation process significantly contributed to various environmental impacts, including land use (44.32 m2 crop eq) and blue water consumption (8.52 m3). The production of biocomposites from spent mushroom substrate is a favourable option for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reducing the use of toxic chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current computational research, the effect of Polycaprolactone (PCL) coating on the mechanical properties (MP) of biomimetic calcium phosphate (BCP)/Baghdadite (BG)-AK nanocomposite (NC) is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). Our study models BCP/BG-AK-PCL samples by Universal Force Field (UFF) and DREIDING potential functions. The outcomes of MDS on the MP of atomic samples are presented by computing physical factors like temperature (Temp), potential energy (PE), Young's modulus (YM), and ultimate strength (US). Physically, MD outputs indicate the physical stability of the BCP/BG-AK-PCL sample after 5 ns. Also, by inserting the PCL coat into the pristine matrix, the YM of this structure reaches 0.39 MPa, and the US increases to 20.28 MPa. These numerical results show the important effect of PCL coats on the MP of pristine BCP/BG-AK NC, which can be used for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, tannic acid (TA)-reinforced chitosan (CHS)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) biocomposite membranes were prepared by TA solution incubating treatment. The functional groups, crystal structure, and morphological characterizations of the prepared biocomposite membranes were investigated using various methods. The biocomposite membranes were investigated in terms of their wettability, porosity, swelling degree, and water uptake. In vitro antioxidant investigation was carried out through DPPH assay. Moreover, the prepared biocomposite membranes were evaluated for their antimicrobial ability against three different microbial species. The introduction of TA effectively improved the swelling behavior, mechanical strength, and porosity of the biocomposite membranes. TA increased the tensile strength from 0.7 ± 0.2 MPa to a maximum of 2.2 ± 0.6 MPa and elongation at break from 26.9 ± 0.7% to a maximum of 36.7 ± 3.5%. The biocomposite membranes showed an initial burst release of TA (~40%) within 6 h, followed by a gradual release of 100% by 18 h. Furthermore, the introduction of TA into the biocomposite membranes further improved the antimicrobial activities against both bacteria and yeast, as well as the in vitro antioxidant potential. As a consequence, the prepared biocomposite membranes could potentially be used as scaffold in broaden biomedical fields due to their adaptable structure, porosity, greatly antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity. • A series of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin/tannic acid biocomposite membranes were prepared. • The characterization of composite membranes was provided using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM techniques. • The swelling behavior, mechanical strength, tannic acid release and antimicrobial activity were investigated. • Mechanic and antioxidant activity were enhanced by tannic acid incorporation. • Biocomposite membranes showed excellent antimicrobial efficacy against S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , and C. tropicalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, novel photoluminescent and transparent biocomposite films based on chitosan reinforced with styrylbenzothiazolium- g -cellulose nanocrystal for anti-counterfeiting applications were successfully prepared by casting solvent. Three novel styrylbenzothiazolium derivatives were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation and characterized by FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR and photoluminescence analysis. These photochromic compounds have been used to functionalize cellulose nanocrystal and the resulting fluorescent photonic materials were characterized by FTIR, 13C-CP/MAS NMR as well as photoluminescent analysis to confirm the successful grafting. It can be concluded that the addition of 5 wt% of fluorescent modified CNC to chitosan matrix increase the photoluminescent properties as well as improved the mechanical properties of the Cs/CNC-dye biocomposite films. These photoluminescent biocomposite film hold promising applicative value in anti-counterfeiting material in large-scale. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the facile preparation of alginate beads encapsulating layered double hydroxide (LDH) intercalated with diclofenac sodium as drug delivery systems. To better evaluate the effect of LDH carrier, alginate beads loaded with free diclofenac were also prepared. Composites hydrogel beads were ionotropically crosslinked in CaCl 2 solution at 4 °C. Thermal and barrier properties were evaluated and correlated with the presence of the inorganic phase. Swelling behavior was investigated over time. Release kinetics of diclofenac at different pH and temperatures were evaluated. The diclofenac release behavior appeared to be affected by the presence of LDH, the pH of release medium and the temperature allowing for fabricating a sustainable composite characterized by a triggered drug release rate. Finally, empirical relationships correlating the drug diffusion as a function of temperature and pH were extrapolated. [Display omitted] • LDH intercalated with diclofenac loaded in alginate beads were fabricated. • Release kinetics of diclofenac were modeled by applying the Baker-Lonsdale model. • The effects of temperature and pH on the release kinetics of diclofenac were studied. • The drug release was evaluated simulating the in vivo processes at different pHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen- and bioceramic-based composites have been widely used in hard tissue engineering because they are analogous to the organic/inorganic constituents of native bones. However, biocomposites based on collagen and bioceramics show low mechanical stiffness and limited osteogenic activities. To elevate the low biophysical and biological activities, we have introduced a new biocomposite structure. Herein, we propose a biocomposite mimicking not only the physical structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure but also the biochemical components of native bone tissues. Several components including fibrillated collagen, calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) obtained from α-tricalcium phosphate hydrolysis, and human umbilical cord serum (hUCS) were used to generate a unique structure of the biocomposite. The 3D-printed composites were topographically similar to the nanofibrous ECM and exhibited a mechanically stable structure. We also evaluated the in vitro biocompatibilities of the biocomposite using human adipose stem cells and found that the collagen/hUCS/CDHA scaffold accelerated the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells and in vivo osteogenesis in a mastoid obliterated rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) biocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and biologically active tannic acid (TA) were prepared. The influence of different concentrations of CNF and TA in the PVA polymer matrix was investigated in terms of mechanical properties, thermal properties and hydrophobicity improvement of the prepared films. The results showed that in all cases the addition of CNF and TA improved the values of tensile strength and elastic modulus. The PVA film with 10 % CNF exhibited a 30 % higher tensile strength, and the three-component PVA film with 2 % CNF and 10 % TA (P2C10T) exhibited a 40 % higher tensile strength compared to the neat PVA film. The thermal properties (T g , T onset) of the PVA biocomposite films were greatly improved, with a significant effect observed for the three-component PVA films. The T g of the PVA film with 10 % CNF and 10 % TA was 87 °C, 12 °C higher than that of the neat PVA film. For three-component PVA biocomposites with 4 % and 6 % CNF and with all weight percentages of TA, the T onset shifted to a higher temperature range by about 30 °C compared to the neat PVA film. The PVA film with 2 % CNF and 10 % TA exhibited about a 20° higher contact angle than the neat PVA film. Moreover, the addition of both fillers to the PVA matrix resulted in PVA biocomposites with lower water absorption. PVA film with 10 % TA absorbed about 90 % less water and PVA film with 10 % CNF and 10 % TA absorbed about 80 % less water than the neat PVA film after the films were soaked in water for one hour. The better properties of the composite films produced are due to hydrogen and ester bonds between the components of the composite, which was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Antioxidant effective films were also obtained due to the biologically active TA to the PVA and PVA/CNF systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds derived from essential oils have been used in active packaging, but their volatility and degradability negatively affect stability and leads to high release rates. The present study aimed to develop PLA bionanocomposite foams loaded with carvacrol cocrystal by supercritical CO 2 and its release into a food simulant for control release in food packaging. For this purpose, 4,4′-bipyridine was used as coformer and carvacrol as active agent. Cocrystallized closed cell foams were obtained using supercritical CO 2 and were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and mechanical properties, and release kinetics to a D1 simulant were evaluated as well as the antioxidant ability. A better overall mechanical behavior due to the nanoclay promoting a higher interfacial adhesion with the polymeric matrix was revealed. A higher incorporation of carvacrol was observed in samples with higher C30B content. The incorporated cocrystals showed a decrease of one order of magnitude in the estimated effective diffusion coefficient of carvacrol and showed antioxidant activity. These results suggest that the nanocomposite foam containing carvacrol-based cocrystals could be used in active packaging systems with controlled release characteristics, especially with highly volatile compounds, and can be proposed for other fields such as biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Foaming and cocrystallization techniques by supercritical CO2 processing were applied. • Microcellular closed-cell foams were obtained from PLA-based bionanocomposite films. • The effect of C30B clay content on the concentration of carvacrol incorporated in PLA foams was evidenced. • The kinetic release of carvacrol was successfully fitted to a mathematical model. • A slow release of carvacrol from the PLA-based bionanocomposite foams containing the cocrystallized specie was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocomposites containing magnetic nanoparticles have the potential to combine the unique, tunable properties of nanoparticles with the strong mechanical and environmentally sustainable properties of natural fibers like cotton. Recently, a method to synthesize Fe–Pd nanoparticles on cellulose has been developed. This study presents a detailed investigation on how the structural and magnetic properties of these nanoparticle biocomposite materials are affected by increasing metal loading with respect to the cellulose while maintaining a fixed 1:1 Fe:Pd atomic ratio. Infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) indicate that spherical Fe–Pd nanoparticles (approximately 3–8 nm in diameter) are distributed heterogeneously throughout the fiber matrix along with amorphous iron oxide, while XRD suggests the dominant crystalline phase within the nanoparticles is likely FePd 3 under significant strain. The magnetic response of the biocomposites in static and dynamic magnetic fields (as a function of frequency and temperature) reveals a polydisperse ensemble of Fe–Pd nanoparticles with up to four distributions of blocking temperatures. The lower temperature distributions are prevalent at low metal loading. As the metal loading increases, the higher temperature distributions emerge, while the lower temperature distributions are suppressed. This result points towards enhanced nanoparticle heterogeneity and agglomeration as the metal loading increases. [Display omitted] • Fe–Pd nanoparticles are embedded in cotton with total metal loading up to 30 wt%. • Nanoparticles range from 3 to 8 nm in size and are dominated by the FePd 3 phase. • Up to four distributions of blocking temperatures are observed. • Nanoparticle heterogeneity and average blocking temperatures increase with metal loading. • Higher energy barriers attributed to increasing particle size and particle aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) biocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and biologically active tannic acid (TA) were prepared. The influence of different concentrations of CNF and TA in the PVA polymer matrix was investigated in terms of mechanical properties, thermal properties and hydrophobicity improvement of the prepared films. The results showed that in all cases the addition of CNF and TA improved the values of tensile strength and elastic modulus. The PVA film with 10 % CNF exhibited a 30 % higher tensile strength, and the three-component PVA film with 2 % CNF and 10 % TA (P2C10T) exhibited a 40 % higher tensile strength compared to the neat PVA film. The thermal properties (T g , T onset) of the PVA biocomposite films were greatly improved, with a significant effect observed for the three-component PVA films. The T g of the PVA film with 10 % CNF and 10 % TA was 87 °C, 12 °C higher than that of the neat PVA film. For three-component PVA biocomposites with 4 % and 6 % CNF and with all weight percentages of TA, the T onset shifted to a higher temperature range by about 30 °C compared to the neat PVA film. The PVA film with 2 % CNF and 10 % TA exhibited about a 20° higher contact angle than the neat PVA film. Moreover, the addition of both fillers to the PVA matrix resulted in PVA biocomposites with lower water absorption. PVA film with 10 % TA absorbed about 90 % less water and PVA film with 10 % CNF and 10 % TA absorbed about 80 % less water than the neat PVA film after the films were soaked in water for one hour. The better properties of the composite films produced are due to hydrogen and ester bonds between the components of the composite, which was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Antioxidant effective films were also obtained due to the biologically active TA to the PVA and PVA/CNF systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural by-products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and poultry can pollute the environment, endangering human and animal health. Most agricultural waste is disposed of without treatment before being burned or deposited in landfills. Furthermore, agro waste has the potential to create a slew of new climate-related challenges by emitting more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere regularly. Around 1 billion tons of agro-waste is generated annually, posing a severe problem on several fronts, including the environment and the economy. Thereby, it is essential to effectively use these wastes during industrial operations to pave the way for producing valuable products, which serves as the conceptual framework. For instance, extracting methane from solid waste in Delhi could provide electricity to 18 million residents. Moreover, the global biofuel demand is expected to increase by 11 million gallons between 2021 and 2026. Effectively processing agro waste with rich carbohydrates such as fruit peels, vegetables, sugarcanes, coconut shells, oil palms, maize, and rice husk can produce biofuels. Furthermore, agro-wastes can be used as filler materials in making biopolymers and bio-composites, which serve as greener alternatives to traditional materials. The effective methods for converting agricultural by-products into biofuels, biocomposite materials, bioenergy, and filler materials have been thoroughly discussed in this review. Furthermore, perspectives ways to improve energy efficiency and techniques to reduce environmental impacts are discussed in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A facile and efficient coating technique to improve flame retardancy of EPS foam composites by introducing polydopamine is developed. • The phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant coating is applied for development of light weight and high toughness flame retardant EPS. • The studied flame retardant coating displays low toxicity, high efficiency and simplicity, which is crucial to EPS industry and human health. Green flame retardants have drawn much attention because of their environmental friendliness. But for the high flame retardancy of flammable polymers, most existing green flame retardants are unsatisfactory, even the flame-retardant process can not achieve high efficiency and environmental protection. In this work, flame retardants and flame-retardant process are addressed in a two-pronged approach. An eco-friendly bio-based synergistic flame retardant (PAU) was synthesized based on phytic acid (PA) and urea (U) through simple complexation assembly in water. The designed flame retardant coating can be directly coated on the surface of any topological shape with polydopamine as an adhesive. Flame retardant expandable polystyrene (EPS-PAU) with light weight and high toughness is prepared with the designed PAU flame-retardant coating. The coated EPS plates exhibit V-0 UL-94 rating and 42.0 % of limited oxygen index and excellent smoke suppression. Moreover, the density of EPS-PAU is slightly increased only by 2.27 % on the basis of the neat EPS, and the hard shell formed using PDA as an adhesive layer is beneficial for the improvement of impact strength. This novel biomass-based PAU system provides a promising strategy for manufacturing polymer products with excellent flame retardancy, smoke inhibition and light weight. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The mixture of boric acid and borax slow down PLA's fire speed by roughly 66 %. • Thermal degradation temperature lowered by the addition of boron compounds to PLA. • Flexural and Young's modulus prominently rise by roughly 20 % and 22 %, respectively. • 5 wt% boron compounds reinforced composites have better mechanical–thermal results. This study aims to understand how ulexite, boric acid-borax mixtures (1:1), and zinc borate fillers affect the thermal and mechanical properties of the poly (lactic acid) (PLA). For this purpose, three different boron fillers were added to the PLA matrix at four different concentrations of 3 %, 5 %, 8 %, and 12% wt. UL-94 test was conducted to comprehend the impacts of boron fillers on the fire resistance of the biocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to determine the thermal stability, mass loss, and decomposition temperature of the samples. The biocomposite's significant mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break, were assessed using tensile and three-point bending tests. Although the tensile and flexural strengths of PLA reduced, flexural and Young's modulus rose by roughly 20 % and 22 %, respectively, with rising boron filler rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major drawback associated with petroleum-based polymer products is pollution, leading to environmental hazards. Biodegradable polymers and biocomposites have the potential to play a major role in replacing the conventional polymers in specific applications on a case to case basis. In the current study, sawdust reinforced polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) biocomposites were developed using the melt extrusion technique. Primary processed fine sawdust was reinforced with PLA/PCL blend in a mini twin screw extruder in different weight fractions (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %). The developed biocomposites were subjected to tensile testing, which indicated that the increased weight percent of sawdust reduced the tensile strength. The materials were further characterized, using sophisticated analytical such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry analysis. The composite containing 30 % sawdust concentration presented the best results with tensile strength of 26.5 MPa, tensile strain of 4.4 % and onset degradation temperature of 320 °C. The same formulation was successfully scaled up to the pilot level of 5 kg batch. It was further subjected to secondary processing to produce market ready cutlery items. Biodegradability studies in simulated composting environments revealed that addition of sawdust drastically reduces the lag phase in degradation and total degradation may be obtained in approximately 90 days. Based on the investigation, there is optimism that the PLA/PCL composites, blended with sawdust may ensure commercial application of sustainable polymer blends at affordable prices. • Optimized formulation of PLA/PCL/sawdust induced greater thermal stability • The biocomposite was processed at pilot scale to produce consumer ready food trays • Compostability of the biocomposite was significantly higher than pristine PLA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces the integration of a biocomposite hydrogel with a microfabricated electrochemical chip, enabling a novel approach for detecting ethylene gas. Molybdate ions were impregnated into a chitosan matrix-based hydrogel, resulting in an ethylene-responsive interface that coated a miniaturized electrochemical chip. The electrochemical process involved the oxidation of molybdenum ions from Mo5+ to Mo6+, followed by their reduction back to Mo5+ due to ethylene complexation. This approach provides a sensitive and efficient method for ethylene detection. The composite-functionalized device was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy, demonstrating its sensitivity and selectivity for ethylene detection. This research offers a promising approach to developing efficient sensors for rapid ethylene detection, with potential applications in postharvest, food storage, and ripening, as well as plant growth and development monitoring. [Display omitted] • A biocomposite of molybdenum-impregnated chitosan-based hydrogel was developed. • The biocomposite was utilized as an interface in an electrochemical sensor chip. • The interface added new components (R HG , C 3) to the electrochemical circuit model. • The hybrid electrochemical sensor exhibited ethylene sensitive properties. • Reduced Mo oxidation states upon ethylene exposure was demonstrated by voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agri-food waste is an exciting way to use as a polymer filler. It is an ecological option for cutting down the material cost, especially relatively expensive biodegradable plastics. In this paper, lignocellulosic residues of chokeberry pomace (CP) and beetroot pulp (BP) are grafted with lactic acid oligomers (OLAs) in direct condensation of lactic acid (LAc) into the lignocellulosic backbone. Biocomposites with modified and unmodified fillers were prepared using poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. Additionally, the influence of an epoxy-based chain extender (Joncryl® ADR 4468 (ADR)) on the properties of the biocomposites mentioned above was checked. SEM was used for the characterisation of modified and unmodified fillers. The success of the grafting reaction was confirmed by FTIR and 1HNMR analyses. DSC, DMA and TGA was applied for the characterisation of thermal properties of produced biocomposites. The influence of chemical modification and introduction of ADR to the biocomposite on water absorption, rheological and mechanical properties were tested. Moreover, the reaction between ADR and the lignocellulosic backbone of the CP filler was studied by FTIR analysis. Results showed, that modification of the filler using OLAs has a significant influence on reducing water absorption by 48.3 and 56.5 % for CP and BP biocomposites, respectively. The tensile strength increased after the modification and introduction of ADR. The chemical treatment of the filler causes an increase in the tensile strength by about 29 and 8 % compared to unmodified CP and BP fillers, respectively. 0.75 % of ADR in CP/PLA biocomposite allowed for an increase in tensile strength by 51 %. Rheological study showed that presence of ADR compensates the consequences of hydrolysis and segment exchange of the PLA chains caused by water and OLAs, respectively. Results are promising for the production of ecological biocomposites with satisfying mechanical, thermal and rheological properties compared to biocomposites with unmodified lignocellulosic filler. [Display omitted] • The modification of the filler has a significant influence on reducing water absorption. • The tensile strength increased after the modification and introduction of ADR. • Results are promising for the production of ecological biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Crosslinked composite of poly (propylene fumarate)-polyurethane with kartogenin modified chitosan was fabricated via free radical polymerization. • Poly (propylene fumarate)-polyurethane improved the mechanical properties of the scaffold. • Chitosan-kartogenin promoted chondrogenic differentiation. • The composites showed good biocompatibility. • The composites offered the desired potential for cartilage tissue engineering. In this research, we explored the development of a cross-linked polymer composite, poly(propylene fumarate)-polyurethane urea (PPFUU), designed to foster the differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) into chondrocytes. PPFUU was synthesized using PPF-diol, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, and putrescin, which served as the soft section, hard section, and chain extender, respectively. To optimize its characteristics, PPFUU was integrated with a chitosan-kartogenin conjugate (CS-KGN) at varying weight fractions. The blend underwent chemical crosslinking via free radical polymerization, with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator and N-vinyl pyrrolidinone as the crosslinking agent. The resulting composites were rigorously analyzed for different properties, including thermal behavior, hydrophilicity, compressive strength, biocompatibility, and more. Significantly, the introduction of CS enhanced glycosaminoglycan formation. Furthermore, hADMSCs, when cultured in chondrogenic media on the CS-KGN-integrated PPFUU composite, exhibited upregulated SOX9 and aggrecan expression. Based on these in vitro results, the CS-KGN-conjugated PPFUU composite presents a promising avenue for cartilage tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analysed the possibilities of developing biocomposites using a combination of poly lactic acid and polybutylene adipate terephthalate combined with micro cellulose from four different agricultural residues (banana pseudo stem, screw pine, pineapple leaf, and water hyacinth) in various combinations to produce biodegradable kitchenware suitable for food serving, consumption and other culinary applications. Tensile strength of developed composites varied between 14 and 18 MPa. Crystallinity of the samples varied between 26 % and 50 %. Contact angle results (47–83°) exposed the hydrophilic nature of the developed biocomposite. The results were analysed to optimise the mould and injection moulding procedure parameters. The analysis of the developed kitchenware indicated minimal water absorption and leaching, suitable for culinary application. Biodegradability tests indicated complete degradation of samples within 80 days. All samples indicated comparable results, with pineapple leaf-based samples exhibiting better characteristics. The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of developed kitchenware as an effective solution for the present environmental issues caused by the disposal of single-use non-biodegradable plastic-based kitchenware. [Display omitted] • Agri biomass based micro cellulose blended with biopolymer to produce biodegradable kitchenware for food serving. • By using compression with injection mechanism to optimised the production process • The developed bio composite had impressive mechanical, water barrier properties and degraded around 80days • Among the selected micro cellulose pineapple leaf-based bio composite exhibiting better all the characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor management of citrus wastes as a result of their low compostability and value for animal feeding greatly hinders the disposal of this waste. Nowadays, the incorporation of vegetable biomass into a polymer matrix is widely considered as an emerging approach to reduce the environmental problem related to the accumulation and management of food wastes. However, the fibrillar morphology and chemical heterogeneity of biomass usually restrains the compatibility with polymer matrices. Despite that, starch composites containing up to 40 wt% of the neat/hydrolyzed orange peel with excellent mechanical, and moisture resistant features were successfully fabricated in this research. The compatibility between both components was improved by using a simple and scalable process based on the acid hydrolysis of the biomass. Indeed, it was demonstrated that the final properties of these biocomposites were tuned by modifying the acid conditions (type and concentration of acid). For example, composites treated with chlorohydric acid displayed superior Young's modulus values (about 30% more) and slightly greater elongation than the composites composed by 40 wt% of neat orange peel. Moreover, the exposure of vegetable biomass to moderate acid conditions (0.1 and 1 M chlorohydric acid) resulted into the generation of highly-value products, such as organic acids or humic substances, able to form ester bonds with the starch matrix strengthening the water resistance and mechanical features of the composites. [Display omitted] • Orange peel showed a great compatibility with starch, showing remarkable properties with high content of filler (up to 40 wt%). • The acid hydrolysis provided a degree of tunability to the final properties of the starch composites. • Stronger hydrolysis conditions triggered the esterification between orange peel and starch, improving the functionality. • Acetic acid exhibited superior water and thermal resistance features with respect to HCl at the same concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A nano-cellulose membrane having microalgae embedded in it was produced. • A co-culture condition was optimized for the maximum production of biocomposite. • Microalgae in bio-composite could utilize NH 3 as nitrogen source. • Biocomposite has the potential for sustainable wastewater treatment. This study addresses the pressing need for sustainable bioremediation solutions to combat increasing pollution challenges in alignment with sustainability development goals. The research focuses on developing a co-culture approach involving microalgae and Komagataeibacter europaeus BCRC 14148 bacterium to create a biocomposite for efficient ammonia removal. Nanocellulose, produced by the bacterium, serves as a substrate for microalgae attachment. Optimization using specific growth media ratios resulted in biocomposite yields of 4.05 ± 0.16 g/L and 3.83 ± 0.13 g/L in HS medium with fructose and glucose, respectively. The optimal conditions include a 40:60 ratio of HS-F to TAP medium, 25 ℃ incubation, 6000 Lux light intensity, pH 5.5, and a 48-hour incubation period. When applied to wastewater treatment, the biocomposite demonstrated exceptional ammonium removal efficiency at 91.64 ± 1.27 %. This co-culture-derived biocomposite offers an eco-friendly, recyclable, and effective solution for sustainable environmental bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of high-performance, environmentally friendly polylactide (PLA) foam to replace petroleum-based polymer foam is crucial for promoting the sustainable and green development. Herein, flexible poly (butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) is introduced into the PLA/wood fiber composite, and the PLA/PBAT/wood fiber composite foam is prepared by supercritical CO 2 batch foaming technology. The results show that the introduction of PBAT can reduce the storage modulus and Tanδ value of PLA/wood fiber composite, accelerate the rate of crystallization of composite, expand the temperature range for the crystallization of composite, improve the crystallinity of composite, leading to the improved foamability of composite. Compared with PLA/wood fiber composite foam, the volume swelling ratio of PLA/PBAT/wood fiber composite foam is increased to 10 times when the loadings of PBAT is 15 wt%. What's more, the apparent density of the composite foam is decreased to 0.13 g/cm3, the cell distribution is more uniform, and the ratio of closed cell is significantly improved. More importantly, when the content of PBAT is 15 wt%, the composite foam shows a superior compressive strength (1.66 MPa), which is 7.97 times higher than that of neat PLA foam. The excellent foamability of PLA/PBAT/wood fiber composite is attributed to the improved crystallization kinetics and melt elasticity due to the introduction of flexible PBAT. The as-prepared high-performance PLA/PBAT/wood fiber composite foam will be expected to have broad prospects in green and sustainable packaging, sound absorption, and thermal insulation materials. • PLA/PBAT/wood fiber composite foam is prepared by supercritical CO 2 batch foaming technology. • The introduction of PBAT could increase the melt strength of PLA and improve its crystallization rate. • The composite foam shows a high ratio of closed-cell, high expansion ratio, and a high compressive strength. • Compared with the pure PLA foam, the strength of PLA/PBAT/wood fiber composite foam is increased by 797 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greener and more mechanically robust 3D-printed structures were obtained by adding tannin to acrylate resin. Mimosa tannin particles (5–25 wt %) were incorporated into an acrylate resin formulated and 3D-printed to fabricate tannin-reinforced composites using stereolithography. FTIR spectroscopy and printing parameters highlighted the photoblocking behavior of the tannin particles by adsorption in the UV range and a reddening phenomenon characteristic of phenolic compounds. Tannin-containing samples showed a low penetration depth (from 322 to 127 µm), thus improving the resolution control in the resin tank. The glass transition temperature decreased with the incorporation of stiff tannin microparticle, evidencing change in relaxation time, while mechanical properties improved with increasing tannin content. For instance, the inclusion of 10 wt % tannin improved tensile strength, ductility, and Young's modulus by 110 %, 80 %, and 32 %, respectively. The high resolution and improved mechanical performance demonstrate the promising use of tannin as a bio-based ingredient to produce accurate and reinforced structures. [Display omitted] • Condensed tannin was used to enhance the stiffness of a photosensitive resin. • The presence of a tannin filler allowed for better printing accuracy. • The stiff tannin microparticles increased the tensile strength by up to 110 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the ability of natural nanotubular clay mineral (Halloysite) and cellulose ether based biocomposite matrix as a controlled release agent for Verapamil HCl (BCS Class-I). Drug-loaded halloysite was prepared and tablet formulations were designed by varying amount of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M). Physical characterization was carried out using SEM, FTIR, and DSC. Tabletability profiles were evaluated using USP1062 guidelines. Drug release kinetics were studied, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was performed. Compressed tablets possess satisfactory yield pressure of 625 MPa with adequate hardness and disintegration within 30 min. The initial release of the drug was due to surface drug on tablets, while the prolonged release at later time points (around 80 % drug release at 12 h) were due to halloysite loading. The FTIR spectra exhibited electrostatic attraction between the positively charged drug and the negatively charged Si-O-Si functional group of halloysite, while the thermogram showed Verapamil HCl melting point at ~146 °C with enthalpy change of −126.82 J/g. PBPK modeling exhibited PK parameters of optimized matrix formulation (VER-HNT 3%) comparable to in vivo data. The study effectively demonstrated the potential of prepared biocomposite matrix as a commercially viable oral release modifying agent for highly soluble drugs. • Verapamil-loaded HNT composite was prepared in 50 % methanol having HNT in the ratio of 1:1. • Drug-loaded HNT's were compressed using HMPC K4M in the range of 1–5 %. • Physical characterization of drug loaded HNT's and tablets using DSC, SEM and FTIR • USP 1062 guidelines based tabletability, compressibility and compactibility studies • Drug release kinetics and mechanistic PBPK modeling of Verpamail-loaded HNT tablets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing popularity of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) can be attributed to its favorable attributes, such as excellent compostability and robust mechanical properties. Two notable limitations of PLA are its high brittleness and slow biodegradation rate. Both of blending and copolymerization strategies work well to improve PLA's toughness while sacrificing the good tensile strength and modulus properties of PLA. One of the most effective and economical approaches to address this challenge is to incorporate natural reinforcing agents into the toughened PLA system, thereby simultaneously promoting the biodegradation rate of PLA. Nevertheless, the enhancement of tensile strength and modulus is accompanied by a notable decrease in elongation. Therefore, this review provides comprehensive information on the literature works related to the tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break and impact strength of the toughened PLA and its natural fiber reinforced composites. The impact of natural reinforcing agent on the tensile fracture mechanism as well as the synergistic effect on strengthening and toughening performance will be discussed. This review also focuses on the factors boosting the biodegradability of toughened PLA blend by using natural reinforcing fiber. Review presents potential future insights into the development of biodegradable and balanced strengthened-toughened PLA based advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose and silk fibroin were dissolved in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim][Cl] and regenerated with ethanol to form homogenous blend of regenerated cellulose/silk fibroin. The bioactivity of regenerated cellulose/silk matrix to assist calcium phosphate mineralization was studied in the current article. Cellulose/silk fibroin/calcium phosphate biocomposite was investigated by different characterization methods such as FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM and EDX. The potential of the prepared composite for removal of organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), was calculated. The prepared biocomposite exhibited high removal efficiency for MB (172.4 mg/g) compared to regenerated cellulose/silk fibrin blend which is 120.4 mg/g. The kinetic study and the isotherm results for the examined materials followed pseudo second order and Langmuir models, respectively. The regenerated cellulose/silk/calcium phosphate biocomposite, thus providing prospects for further research and application in the remediation of water from dye pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of intelligent packaging based on natural and biodegradable resources is getting more attention by researchers in recent years. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a pH-sensitive films based on sago starch and incorporated with anthocyanin from torch ginger. The pH-sensitive films were fabricated by casting method with incorporation of different torch ginger extract (TGE) concentration. The surface morphology, physicochemical, barrier, and mechanical properties as well as the pH-sensitivity of films were investigated. The film with the highest concentration of TGE showed the lowest tensile strength (4.26 N/m2), toughness (2.54 MJ/m3), Young's modulus (73.96 MPa) and water vapour permeability (2.6 × 10−4 g·m/day·kPa·m2). However, its elongation at break (85.14%), moisture content (0.27%) and water solubility (37.92%) were the highest compared to other films. pH sensitivity analysis showed that the films containing TGE extract, changes in colour by changing the pH. The colour of films changed from pink to slightly green as the pH increased from pH 4 to 9. Thus, the developed pH-sensitive film with torch ginger extract has potential as intelligent packaging for detection of food freshness or spoilage to ensure their quality and safe consumption. Unlabelled Image • Fabrication of film based on sago starch and torch ginger anthocyanin • Incorporation of anthocyanin increased flexibility of sago starch films. • Fabricated film showed pH sensitivity between 4 and 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatine is a biocompatible and natural polymer with chemical properties similar to the extracellular matrix. However, it has poor mechanical properties and sensitive to enzymatic biodegradation that limits its application in 3D scaffold fabrication. Cellulose nanofibrous (CNF) offers biocompatibility, high surface area and excellent mechanical properties with slow in-vivo degradation. To fine tune their properties, CNF, and gelatine (CNF-GEL) were blended to form biocomposite aerogels. Epichlorohydrin (EPH) was incorporated into CNF-GEL as a chemical crosslinker to investigate its effect on the physiochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of the biocomposite aerogels both in-vitro and in-vivo. Regardless of the composition of the prepared aerogels, they possessed porosity of >90% with the pore size of 7–135 μm, which was confirmed in the morphological analysis. The presence of EPH improved the chemical interaction between CNF and gelatine, hence enhanced the compressive strength compared to uncrosslinked samples. The formulation of crosslinked CNF-GEL 90:10 offered the highest compressive strength of 61.35 kPa. The in-vitro and in-vivo studies showed adequate cytocompatibility, cell viability and cell attachment in the optimal crosslinked formulation with tuned enzymatic degradation. Antimicrobial property was also achieved in the optimal scaffold by incorporating curcumin as an antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, lignin was extracted using ultrasonic and then, by the gelation-solidification method, the extracted lignin was used as reinforcement for the synthesis of a novel biocomposite as biosorbent for removal of lead heavy metal from aqueous solutions. The structural and chemical characteristics of biocomposite were determined by FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and BET analyses, respectively. Biocomposite beads were used as an efficient adsorbent in the lead removal process from aqueous solutions in different conditions. Also, point zero charge studies and the effective parameters on adsorption such as contact time, pH, temperature and initial concentration, kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of the adsorption, and adsorbent regeneration and reuse were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was obtained 344.83 mg/g at C 0 = 210 mg/L, T = 328 K, and pH = 5. The experimental kinetic and equilibrium data were well adjusted with pseudo-second-order kinetic models and Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models, respectively, according to linear regression (R2), chi-square statistic (χ2), and the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE). The thermodynamics parameters were analyzed and the results showed an endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. Regeneration and reuse results of the synthesized biocomposite represented highly adsorption efficiency after five adsorption cycle stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way to obtain more benefit from coconut waste is to utilise coir fibre (CF) as reinforcement in biodegradable plastics. The current work aims to study the effect of CF on the performance of a thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blend. TPS/PLA/CF biocomposites with a constant TPS: PLA ratio of 60:40 by weight and various concentrations of CF (2.7, 5.5, 8.2, and 10.9 wt%) were fabricated using a twin-screw extruder and then injection moulded into dumbbell-shaped specimens for property testing. The obtained TPS/PLA/CF biocomposites exhibited improved stiffness and hardness, corresponding to the stronger hydrogen bond interaction between starch and PLA and/or starch and CF and the increased PLA crystallinity. Due to the reinforcing effect, the biocomposites also exhibited lower extensibility, tensile strength and impact strength compared to the TPS/PLA blend. Incorporating CF enhanced compatibility between the TPS and PLA phases; however, it also caused reduced melt flow ability, increased shear viscosity, and a decreased shear thinning effect of the blend. The resulting TPS/PLA/CF biocomposites could potentially be used to produce bio-based and biodegradable injection-moulded products. Unlabelled Image • Effect of coir fibre (CF) on properties of TPS/PLA (60/40 w/w) blend was investigated. • TPS/PLA/CF biocomposites with CF content of 2.7–10.9 wt% were fabricated by extrusion. • TPS/PLA blend and its biocomposites with CF exhibited a co-continuous structure. • CF enhanced compatibility between TPS and PLA phases and increased crystallinity of the blend. • CF played a role as reinforcement to improve stiffness and hardness of the TPS/PLA blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] and natural fillers - clay, peat, and birch wood flour – were used to prepare powdered composites to form pellets and granules. Pellets were produced by cold pressing of polymer and filler powder whereas granules were produced from the powders wetted with ethanol. Characterization techniques like IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray analysis, mechanical analysis and electron microscopy were employed to study the properties of the initial P(3HB) and fillers and the composites. Analysis of the IR spectra of the composites showed the absence of chemical bonds between the components, i.e. the composites were physical mixtures. Young's moduli of the pellets prepared from initial materials varied considerably, and the highest value was obtained for P(3HB) pellets (350 MPa). Studies of biodegradation of composite pellets and granules in the soil for 35 days showed that the residual mass of the pellets had decreased to 68% for P(3HB); 56.4% for P(3HB)/peat; 67% for P(3HB)/wood flour, and 64% for P(3HB)/clay; granules exhibited a similar mass loss, residual mass of the granules of P(3HB) was 68.4%, P(3HB)/peat 46.4%; P(3HB)/wood flour 77%, and P(3HB)/clay 74%. This shows the significance of the material as an eco-friendly composite without sacrificing its mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucilage extracted from Basil seeds were captured in calcium alginate biobeads. The beads were tested as eco-friendly adsorbents to eriochrome black T dye from aqueous solution. The synthesized biocomposite was characterized by FESEM, EDX, TGA, and FTIR techniques. Batch and continuous experiments were performed for dye adsorption studies using the synthesized biocomposite. The effect of contact time, pH, initial concentration of dye, and amount of adsorbent on dye adsorption capacity, and also kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, regeneration, and swelling investigations were performed. The results showed that the adsorption of eriochrome black T follows the pseudo-second-order batch kinetic model, Yoon–Nelson and Thomas dynamic models, and Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic results showed that the dye adsorption process with the synthetic adsorbent is an exothermic spontaneous process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]