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In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound (US) combined with different amounts of psyllium husk powder (PHP) (0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 2 %, 3 %) on the gelation and structure of goose myofibrillar protein (GMP). The analysis of circular dichroism, surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the combination of US and 2 % PHP could promote the development of myofibrillar protein (MP) secondary and tertiary structure, which could facilitate the exposure of active site and enhance the interaction between GMP and PHP. Meanwhile, the thermal stability was enhanced with US and PHP treatment. In addition, the analysis of rheology, Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and microstructure showed that US combined with 2 % PHP addition could make the gel network structure denser. Thus, these results suggested that the combination of US and 2 % PHP could promote the unfolding of GMP structure and improve its gel properties. This study provides new insights for the interaction of GMP and PHP under US treatment, improving the application of goose meat in practical production. [Display omitted] • The average particle size of goose myofibrillar protein (GMP) was decreased. • Ultrasound (US) and psyllium husk powder (PHP) improved the thermal stability of GMP. • The free water was converted into immobilized water in US/PHP-2 % group. • US/PHP-2 % gel has more uniform/denser microstructure and better gel properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is a common feature of diabetic tissues, which highly correlates to the progression of diabetes. The formation of hypoxic context is induced by disrupted oxygen homeostasis that is predominantly driven by vascular remodeling in diabetes. While different types of vascular impairments have been reported, the specific features and underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Under hypoxic condition, cells upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), an oxygen sensor that coordinates oxygen concentration and cell metabolism under hypoxic conditions. However, diabetic context exploits this machinery for pathogenic functions. Although HIF-1α protects cells from diabetic insult in multiple tissues, it also jeopardizes cell function in the retina. To gain a deeper understanding of hypoxia in diabetic complications, we focus on the formation of tissue hypoxia and the outcomes of HIF-1α dysregulation under diabetic context. Hopefully, this review can provide a better understanding on hypoxia biology in diabetes. [Display omitted] • Diabetes promotes hypoxia by inducing thromus, vascular degradation, oxygen consumption imbalance, and red blood cell impairment. • Hypoxia exerts varied effects on angiogenesis depending on specific cell types involved. • HIF-1α upregulation contributes to diabetic complications in various tissues, while it exhibits protective effect in certain scenario. • Targeting hypoxia and HIF-1α proves effective in alleviating diabetes in mouse models, yet the translational study lags behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stipe elongation growth is one of the remarkable characteristics of the growth and development of basidiomycete fruiting bodies. Stipe elongation is resulting from the lateral extension of stipe cells. The stipe cell is enclosed within a thin cell wall which must be loosened to expand the wall surface area for accommodation of the enlarged protoplast as the stipe cell elongates. In fungal cell walls, chitin molecules associate with each other by interchain hydrogen bonds to form chitin microfibrils which are cross-linked covalently to matrix polysaccharides. Early, some scientists proposed that stipe elongation was the result of enzymatic degradation of wall polysaccharides, whereas other researchers suggested that stipe elongation resulted from nonhydrolytic disruption of the hydrogen bonds by turgor pressure between wall polysaccharides. Recently, an extensometer was used to determine stipe wall extension for elucidation of the molecular mechanism of stipe elongation. In Coprinopsis cinerea , the native stipe cell wall is induced to extend by acidic buffers and the acid-induced native wall extension activity is located in the growing apical stipe region. A series of current experiments indicate that chitinases play a key role in the stipe wall extension, and β-glucanases mainly function in the wall remodeling for regulation of stipe wall expansibility to cooperate with chitinase to induce stipe wall extension. In addition, fungal expansin-like proteins can bind to chitin to enhance chitin hydrolysis, and their expression pattern is consistent with the stipe elongation growth, which is suggested to play an auxiliary role in the stipe wall extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioglycoside-containing trimannose analogs were designed and prepared to mimic the natural N-glycan core trisaccharide α- d -Man-(1→3)-[α- d -Man-(1→6)]- d -Man. (1→6)- S -Linked trimannoside 1 and its trivalent cluster 2 were synthesized in 11 and 15 steps, respectively, taking advantages of the armed mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate as glycosyl donor. Hemagglutination inhibition of the two new thiomannotriose analogs was preliminarily examined. Comparing to the parent trimannoside α- d -Man-(1→3)-[α- d -Man-(1→6)]- d -Man-OMe, the cluster mannotrioside 2 presented a comparable binding affinity to Con A, while the monomer 6- S -trimannoside 1 exhibited a slightly lower inhibition ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for plant growth and development. N levels in soil may also impact plant disease occurrence. However, the physiological and microbial mechanisms between N levels in soil and plant disease occurrence are not quite clear at present. In this study, we examined the impact of seven urea levels (0 to 800 mg kg−1 soil) on the physiology of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and fungal disease occurrence. Our results showed that the disease incidence and index caused by a tomato early blight pathogen (Alternaria alternata) increased with increasing N levels. The disease index and percentage of disease incidence were positively correlated with N content, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) in plants, but negatively correlated with fungal community diversity. In addition to pathogens (A. alternata) that cause known early blight, 39 other fungal taxa were also identified as plant pathogens in tomato roots, leaves, and soil, the dominant putative pathogens included Ceratobasidiaceae sp., Fusarium oxysporum , Macrophomina phaseolina , Nectriaceae sp., Podosphaera fusca and Trichoderma viride. N levels affected the distribution and dynamics of the fungal pathogen community, such as the abundance of Fusarium oxysporum increased by 33% on roots from days 25 to 35. Our results demonstrated that plants undergo complex disease risk from different pathogens under different N levels, highlighting a need for proper N management, and integration of nutrient management as a disease control approach for sustainable agricultural production. [Display omitted] • The disease incidence and index of tomato early blight increased with increasing nitrogen levels. • Disease occurrence was positively correlated with plant N nutrition. • Disease occurrence was negatively correlated with connectance and average degree of fungal co-occurrence network. • 39 fungal taxa were identified as potential plant pathogens in tomato-soil system. • The pathogens abundance varied with pathogen types, time, and plant tissue under different nitrogen levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Mild conditions. [•] Using minimum amount of industrialized Selectfluor®. [•] In mixed-solvent of water and PEG-400 . [•] Along without additional phase-transfer catalyst. [•] Extensive universality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Endo-β-1,3-glucanase (ENG) could restore mature basal stipe wall extensibility. • ENG-pretreated basal stipe walls could be induced to extend by chitinase. • ENG released more glucose from the basal stipe walls than the apical stipe walls. • Products released from basal stipe by ENG were consistent with that of β-1,3/1,6-glucan. • β-1,3/1,6-Glucan more accumulated and cross-linked in basal stipe than apical stipe The mature basal stipe of mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea loses wall extensibility. We found that an endo-β-1,3-glucanase ENG from C. cinerea could restore mature basal stipe wall extensibility via pretreatment such that the ENG-pretreated basal stipe walls could be induced to extend by chitinase ChiIII. ENG pretreatment released glucose, laminaribiose, and 3-O-D-gentiobiose-D-glucose from the basal stipe walls, consistent with ENG-digested products of β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan. Different effects of endo-β-1,3-glucanase ENG and exo-β-1,3-glucanase EXG pretreatment on the structure, amount and ratio (β-1,3-glucoside bonds to β-1,6-glucoside bonds) of products from the basal stipe and the apical stipe cell walls, respectively, and on the cell wall extensibility and the cell wall ultra-architecture of the basal stipes were analyzed. All results demonstrate that the more accumulation and cross-linkage of β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan with wall maturation lead to loss of wall extensibility of the basal stipe regions compared to the apical stipe cell walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on structure analyses of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a series of 21 acridone glycosides were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their BChE and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. d -ribose derivative 6f exhibited the greatest inhibitory activity on BChE (IC 50 = 6.95 μM), and was the most selective inhibitor of BChE with the IC 50 ratio of AChE/BChE was 20.59. d -glucose and d -galactose derivatives 6a and 6b showed inhibitory activities against both AChE and BChE. Moreover, compounds 6a , 6b , 6f and 5t were found nontoxic on SHSY5Y neuroblastoma and HepG2 cell and exhibited remarkable neuroprotective activity. Besides, compound 6f showed mixed-type inhibition against BChE (K i = 1.76 μM), which renders 6f a potential agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These novel acridone hybrids might be used as efficient probes to reveal the relationship between ligands and BChE and pave the way for developing selective BChE inhibitors to further study the pathogenesis of alzheimer's disease. Image 1 • Novel acridone-carbohydrate hybrids were designed and synthesized efficiently. • These compounds showed high inhibitory potency against AChE and BChE. • D -ribose derivative 6f was the most selective inhibitors of BChE (IC50 6.95 μM). • They had no obvious cytotoxicity and exhibited effective neuroprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• l -amino-acid methyl esters substituted C6′-triazolyl α-GalCer analogues are designed and synthesized efficiently. • Compared to α-GalCer, amino acids-functionalized α-GalCers exhibits good selectivity for Th1-biased response. • Compond 3 (Lys-α-GalCer) shows the highest IFN-γ/IL-4 rate and AUC ratio. Invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT-cells) are promising targets for manipulating the immune system, which can rapidly release a large amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon the engagement of their T cell receptor with glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d. In this paper, we wish to report a novel series of α-GalCer analogues which were synthesized by incorporation of l -amino acid methyl esters in the C-6′ position of glycolipid. The evaluation of these synthetic analogues for their capacities to stimulate iNKT-cells into producing Th1 and Th2 cytokines both in vitro and in vivo indicated that they were potent CD1d ligands and could stimulate murine spleen cells into a higher release of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in vitro. In vivo , Gly-α-GalCer (1) and Lys-α-GalCer (3) showed more Th1-biased responses than α-GalCer, especially analogue 3 showed the highest selectivity for IFN-γ production (IFN-γ/IL-4 = 5.32) compared with α-GalCer (IFN-γ/IL-4 = 2.5) in vivo. These novel α-GalCer analogues might be used as efficient X-ray crystallographic probes to reveal the relationship between glycolipids and CD1d proteins in α-GalCer/CD1d complexes and pave the way for developing new potent immunostimulating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported that chitinases reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe cell wall extension in a steady and continuous extension profile by cleaving chitins cross-linked to various polysaccahrides, whereas, endo-β-1,3-glucanases reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe wall extension in a profile of an initially fast extension and subsequent termination of extension due to its degradation of β-1,3-glucan but not other polysaccharides such as β-1,6-glucans cross-linked to chitins. Thus, a novel endo-β-1,6-glucanase, GH30A, from Coprinopsis cinerea was cloned and characterized to study cross-linking of β-1,6-glucan and wall extensibility in stipe walls. GH30A had higher activity and better thermophilicity than reported β-1,6-glucanases. GH30A hydrolyzed pustulan having β-1,6-linkages but not other polysaccharides without β-1,6-linkages; GH30A did not cleave gentiobiose and single β-1,6-linkage branches in laminarin from Laminaria digitata but cut consecutive β-1,6-linkage branches in laminarin from Eisenia bicyclis. GH30A reconstituted heated-inactivated stipe cell wall extension with release of glucose and gentiobiose, indicating that β-1,6-glucans were present and cross-linked to chitins in stipe walls, and cleaving β-1,6-glucans cross-linked to chitins by GH30A led to wall loosening for extension. However, GH30A individually or in combination with endo-β-1,3-glucanase reconstituted-stipe wall extension profile was similar to individual endo-β-1,3-glucanase's, exploring that chitins were also cross-linked to other polysaccharides besides β-1,3-glucans and β-1,6-glucans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Electrodialysis as one of separation technology has proven high efficiency in wastewater treatment, but most of the intended studies did not take into consideration the allowable level of outlet dilute discharge. In addition, the concentrated discharge should to be treated. The disposal of Pb2+ containing solutions must comply with the established legal maximum level of 1mgL−1. In order to achieve this target, solutions of Pb(NO3(2 were treated using a combination of electrodialysis (ED), electrolysis (EL), and adsorption on a cation exchange membrane (CEM). The Taguchi approach was utilized to identify the optimal levels of influential parameters in the ED and EL processes. The ED process reduced the Pb2+ concentration from 600mgL−1 to 15–17mgL−1 in the ED dilute solution, while Pb2+ was increased in the concentrated solution to 2600–3000mgL−1. The concentrated solution was electrolyzed to yield a 90–91% recovery of Pb2+ deposits. The concentration of the dilute solution was further reduced to 1.0–1.3mgL−1 and 1.4–1.9mgL−1 for the outlet streams by circulation inside a second ED unit to provide membrane adsorption. The associated NO3 − −N concentration was reduced during ED and EL treatments through separation in the anion exchange membrane (AEM) and losses in the form of gas evolution. The outlet NO3 − −N concentration was below the permissible level of 50mgL−1, and there was no need for further treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]