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Highlights: [•] First report of measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux by the eddy covariance method. [•] Growing season and post-harvest observations of net COS flux from winter wheat. [•] Observation of both sink and source terms for COS in soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark respiration measurements with open-flow gas exchange analyzers are often questioned for their low accuracy as their low values often reach the precision limit of the instrument. Respiration was measured in five species, two hypostomatous ( Vitis Vinifera L. and Acanthus mollis ) and three amphistomatous, one with similar amount of stomata in both sides ( Eucalyptus citriodora ) and two with different stomata density ( Brassica oleracea and Vicia faba ). CO 2 differential (ΔCO 2 ) increased two-fold with no change in apparent R d , when the two leaves with higher stomatal density faced outside. These results showed a clear effect of the position of stomata on ΔCO 2 . Therefore, it can be concluded that leaf position is important to guarantee the improvement of respiration measurements increasing ΔCO 2 without affecting the respiration results by leaf or mass units. This method will help to increase the accuracy of leaf respiration measurements using gas exchange analyzers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has emerged as a leading approach for remote sensing of gross primary productivity (GPP). While SIF has an intrinsic, underlying relationship with canopy light capture and light use efficiency, these physiological relationships are obscured by the fact that satellites observe a small and variable fraction of total emitted canopy SIF. Upon emission, most SIF photons are reabsorbed or scattered within the canopy, preventing their observation remotely. The complexities of the radiative transfer process, which vary across time and space, limit our ability to reliably infer physiological processes from SIF observations. Here, we propose an approach for estimating the fraction of total emitted near-infrared SIF (760 nm) photons that escape the canopy by combining the near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIR V) and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR), two widely available remote sensing products. Our approach relies on the fact that NIR V is resilient against soil background contamination, allowing us to reliably calculate the bidirectional reflectance factor of vegetation, which in turn conveys information about the escape ratio of SIF photons. Our NIR V -based approach explains variations in the escape ratio with an R2 of 0.91 and an RMSE of 1.48% across a series of simulations where canopy structure, soil brightness, and sun-sensor-canopy geometry are varied. The approach is applicable to conditions of low leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover. We show that correcting for the escape ratio of SIF using NIR V provides robust estimates of total emitted SIF, providing for the possibility of studying physiological variations of fluorescence yield at the global scale. • The escape ratio of near-infrared SIF can be estimated using NIR V and fPAR. • The approach applies broadly, including sparse canopies with bright soil backgrounds. • The approach allows estimation of total emitted SIF from directional SIF data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]