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In the common prawn, Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777), the females release larvae twice a year (winter and summer layings). We investigated seasonal differences in larval phenotypes and their consequences on larval performance. We measured the biomass and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content (proxy of lipid and protein reserves) at hatching of larvae laid by 6 winter and 6 summer females collected on the coast of Seine-Maritime (France). We incubated these larvae at 3 temperatures (12, 16, and 20 °C) and quantified the effects of temperature and season on survival, development time, biomass, and C and N content and ratio at metamorphosis. At hatching, winter larvae were larger than summer larvae, but their C/N was similar. Development time increased with decreasing temperature, with no seasonal difference. Within the same clutch, the longer the development time, the greater the weight of the larvae, without affecting their C/N ratio. Seasonal differences in maternal per offspring investment were not as pronounced as expected. Surprisingly, the summer larvae survived and grew better than the winter ones, at least at 16 and 20 °C. • We studied the phenotypes of winter and summer larvae of Palaemon serratus and their performance. • At hatching, winter larvae were larger than summer larvae, but their lipid reserves were similar. • Seasonal difference in larval biomass at hatching had little effect on larval performance. • At a given temperature, the longer the larval development, the larger the juveniles. • Lipid reserves of juveniles depend on temperature and season but not on the larval development time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal variations in environmental conditions determine the success of decapod larval development, and females transmit more energy in sub-optimal conditions to maximise the fitness of their offspring. The objective of this study was to focus on the combined effects of temperature (14, 18 and 22 °C) and food quality on the performance of larvae produced by 5 young (0+) and 5 old (I+) Palaemon serratus females. We prepared 3 diets based on Artemia, in decreasing order of total fatty acid content: freshly hatched nauplii (N), unenriched metanauplii (M) and metanauplii enriched with a mixture of microalgae (ME). At hatching, the larvae produced by I+ females had a higher biomass but a similar fatty acid concentration to those produced by 0+ females. Larvae survived better and developed relatively faster as temperature increased, and the longer they waited to metamorphose, the greater their weight at metamorphosis. These performances were diet-dependent, with more survival and more growth in less time with diet N than with the other two. Larvae from I+ females performed better than those from 0+ females, especially under the most stressful conditions. The greater biomass of the larvae of I+ females seems to have enabled them to follow a shorter, and therefore faster, development path than those of 0+ females. The larvae's diet also had an impact on post-metamorphic composition: larvae eating a diet richer in fatty acids produced richer juveniles and those eating a poorer diet produced juveniles with slightly more essential fatty acids. This study supports the high plasticity of caridean shrimp larval development and the importance of maternal effects on the fitness of offspring. • Temperature, prey quality and maternal effects affect the performance of Palaemon serratus larvae. • Older females produced larger larvae which increased their survival under stressful conditions. • The larvae survived better and developed relatively faster as the temperature increased. • The larvae plastically delayed their metamorphosis and reduced their growth in the face of stress. • Larval performance increased with total fatty acid concentration in Artemia , higher in nauplii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé But de l'étude En prévention primaire des maladies cardiovasculaires, l'éducation thérapeutique du patient aide à la mise en place d'une hygiène de vie protectrice, dans un contexte sociétal où les facteurs de risque abondent. Patients et méthodes L'éducation thérapeutique du patient propose aux personnes désireuses de préserver leur santé cardiovasculaire un programme comportant actuellement six thèmes d'ateliers. Lors de l'inscription, elles s'entretiennent avec l'éducateur pour compléter, de façon spécifique à chaque thème, un diagnostic éducatif qui permet de connaître les dimensions clinique, socioprofessionnelle, cognitive et psychoaffective. Une évaluation de chaque atelier est demandée aux participants, sous forme de questions ouvertes et fermées. Résultats Les 2225 participants sont essentiellement de sexe féminin (79 %), relativement âgés (63,9 ans pour les femmes et 66,3 ans pour les hommes) et le plus souvent retraités (65 %). L'analyse des diagnostics éducatifs note la grande fréquence des facteurs de risque classique ; la bonne connaissance des facteurs les favorisant contrastant avec les faibles moyens mis en œuvre dans la vie quotidienne pour en réduire l'impact ; la conviction de la grande majorité (68 %) d'avoir une alimentation équilibrée ; la très grande implication des patients dans la prise en charge de leur santé, avec un locus externe discret impliquant le médecin généraliste, l'entourage immédiat et la société. Les notes des évaluations sont le plus souvent maximales. Conclusion L'éducation thérapeutique des patients suscite un vif intérêt du public, permet une approche personnalisée qui optimise l'apprentissage, augmente les connaissances, facilite la mise en place de nouvelles pratiques protectrices. Abstract Background As primary prevention against cardiovascular diseases, Patient Therapeutic Education helps to develop a protective lifestyle within a socioeconomic context where risk factors abound. Patients and methods Patient Therapeutic Education offers those eager to protect their cardiovascular health a program of six workshops. Upon enrolment, a Program aide conducts an educational diagnosis with the patient, specific to each workshop theme, so that he might understand the clinical, socio-professional, cognitive and psycho-affective dimensions. An evaluation of each workshop is requested from participants in the form of open and closed questions. Results The study comprised 2225 people, majority women (79%), relatively old (age 63.9 for women, 66.3 for men), most often retired (65%). An analysis of the educational diagnosis notes a great frequency of classic risk factors; a good knowledge of the factors favoring them contrasting with the weak means implemented in everyday life to reduce their impact; the great majority of participants (68%) believe they have a well balanced diet; patients are greatly involved in their own health, with a slight external locus involving the general practitioner, the immediate entourage and society. The notes of the evaluation are usually maximum. Conclusion Patient Therapeutic Education arouses strong interest in the public, allows a personalized approach that optimizes learning, increases knowledge and facilitates the use of new protective practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Lithological differences impact on the trace element signature of the formations. • Surface weathering deeply modified the chemistry of the Bulldog Shale. • The Cadna-owie Formation is unweathered and enriched in Cu, U, Mo, Ni and REE. • In the Bulldog Shale, copper appears to be the only element resulting from upward migration. • Elevated copper from both formations spatially match with the prospects. Abstract Cover sequence materials of the Bulldog Shale and underlying Cadna-owie Formation within the Eromanga Basin (South Australia) that overlie the Prominent Hill iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposit are evaluated for their potential to host a geochemical expression of the underlying mineral system and thereby as geochemical exploration sampling media. The Bulldog Shale is clay-rich and has elevated concentrations of trace elements, however, its major and trace element (Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, U, Zn and REE) chemical characteristics are significantly influenced by intense surface weathering to a depth of ∼50 m from the landsurface. The Cadna-owie Formation is sand-dominated with lesser clay-rich horizons and has elevated concentrations of multiple trace elements (Cu, U, Mo, Ni and REE). A positive correlation between trace and Al 2 O 3 suggests these elements are concentrated within clay-rich horizons. A comparison with background element concentrations within the Cadna-owie Formation in the broader Eromanga Basin, however, shows introduction of additional elements via upward element migration from the underlying mineralised basement rocks and/or downward element migration from the Bulldog Shale. Once weathering influences and natural background concentrations are accounted for, elevated Cu concentrations in the Bulldog Shale and trace elements in the Cadna-owie Formation appear to be spatially associated with the Prominent Hill deposit and surrounding prospects and can then be useful sampling media for mineral exploration in the Prominent Hill region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This fundamental study investigates how two very different types of fibers, very elongated polypropylene fibers with high tensile resistance, and larger rubber fibers with a smaller aspect ratio and low shear and Young's moduli affect the compression and shearing of a soil. The same host soil was used for both types of fibers, a well-graded decomposed granite. As well as providing a realistic base for the study with its well graded nature, the decomposed granite's tendency to contract upon shearing is used to highlight the underlying mechanisms causing any difference in behavior. The soil mixtures were prepared at an optimal fiber content for each kind. The general patterns of behavior of the reinforced soils, such as the stress-dilatancy behavior, and the normal compression and critical state lines, are compared. It is found that the specimens with rubber fibers are initially much less stiff than those with polypropylene fibers, so that they require larger deformations to reach failure. At failure, they can provide as much extra strength as polypropylene fibers if the rubber fiber-soil mixture has been consolidated to a low confining stress, although very much larger quantities are needed, even to the point of being unrealistic for engineering applications. At high confining pressures, the rubber fibers, which have become slack during compression, tend to lose in efficiency. The soil reinforced with polypropylene fibers develops consistently higher strength, but the compressive nature of the base soil has the effect of hindering their full mobilization as would be seen in a dilative soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a reliable and original experimental technique based on the analysis of beam self-trapping to measure ultrafast optical nonlinearities in planar waveguides. The technique is applied to the characterization of Ge–Sb–Se chalcogenide films that allow Kerr induced self-focusing and soliton formation. Linear and nonlinear optical constants of three different chalcogenide waveguides are studied at 1200 and 1550 nm in femtosecond regime. Waveguide propagation loss and two photon absorption coefficients are determined by transmission analysis. Beam broadening and narrowing results are compared with simulations of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation solved by BPM method to deduce the Kerr n 2 coefficients. Kerr optical nonlinearities obtained by our original technique compare favorably with the values obtained by Z-scan technique. Nonlinear refractive index as high as ( 69 ± 11 ) × 1 0 − 18 m 2 ∕ W is measured in Ge 12 . 5 Sb 25 Se 62 . 5 at 1200 nm with low nonlinear absorption and low propagation losses which reveals the great characteristics of our waveguides for ultrafast all optical switching and integrated photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical study of evanescent optical sensor for multipurpose detection in the Mid-Infrared of gases and pollutants in water is presented in this paper. The opto-geometrical parameters of the transducers – ridge waveguides – have been optimized in order to obtain the highest evanescent power factor for monomodal propagation in the Mid-Infrared. The highest sensitivity has been obtained for a configuration with an optimal length of waveguide L opt = 4.3 cm for intrinsic propagation loss equal to 1 dB/cm. Then a spiral waveguide configuration is suggested to obtain this optical length path in a monolithic structure. A numerical example is also included using a ridge waveguide based on chalcogenide glasses (GeSbSe). In case of gas detection, a generic calculation of the minima concentrations to be detected as a function of the molar absorption for any working wavelength is presented. Extremely low limits of detection can be achieved due to the strong absorption coefficients of gases and chemical species in the Mid-Infrared spectral range, 268 ppb in case of carbon dioxide at λ = 4.3 μm, 1.848 ppm and 781 ppb for methane at λ = 3.31 μm and at λ = 7.66 μm respectively. For the pollutants detection in water, an improvement of the integrated structure has been proposed to avoid water absorption in this spectral region by deposing a polymer (PIB) as waveguide superstrate, thus the limit of detection for toluene is 26 ppb at λ = 6.68 μm. These concentration minima that could be detected by the Mid-IR sensor are lower than the threshold limit values determined in the international environmental and health standards. Hence this integrated optical sensor may be considered as an attractive support tool in monitoring environmental and health fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a seasonal environment, variation in larval phenotype and developmental plasticity allow crustacean larvae to maximise survival by lengthening or shortening their development. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of temperature, laying season and their interaction on larval developmental pathways (larval instars and larval stages). We monitored the different larval stages and calculated the number of larval instars reached during the development of winter and summer larvae of Palaemon serratus incubated at 12, 16 or 20 °C. We observed a great variability in the larval development (6–13 larval instars and 6 to 11 larval stages). A higher temperature decreases the development time and the number of larval instars. At a given temperature, the development time of winter and summer larvae was not different. Two larval stages were considered supernumerary (zoea 4 and 6), as they were more frequent at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, some larvae started to develop pleopods as early as the third instar, larval stage which had never been described (named here zoea 3′). This phenomenon was more common in winter larvae than in summer larvae. These results provide new insights into the expression of developmental plasticity in decapod larvae. [Display omitted] • Larval development was plastic in terms of instars and stages. • Higher temperature decreased the development time and the number of instars. • The seasonal phenotype had no effect on the development time. • Supernumerary stages were observed at low temperatures. • Early morphogenesis was observed at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogenide thin films (GeSe 2 ) 100 − x (Sb 2 Se 3 ) x (with x = 10 and 50) were deposited by Radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. In order to study the impact of Ar pressure on the structure and the composition of selenide thin films structural properties of thin films and targets were investigated by means of Raman scattering spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Under low pressure (5 · 10 − 3 mbar), the increase of wrong bonds like Ge(Sb)-Ge(Sb) was confirmed by Raman and also XPS for both composition. The observed structural changes with Ar pressure are linked with modification of the composition of the selenide films analyzed by EDS and XPS. Furthermore for higher Ar pressure (5 · 10 − 2 mbar), RF sputtered thin film and target structure present a great similarity. These differences driven by Ar pressure modification are probably related to distinctive sputtering rate and mean free path of the particles ejected from target for the different Ar pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven reconstituted sands of different mineralogies and different particle size distributions, from uniform to well-graded and coarse to fine, were tested under one-dimensional compression, with and without reinforcement by discrete fibres. The compressibility, the particle breakage and the associated change in particle shape were examined in the sands with and without reinforcement. Each reconstituted sand was found to have a unique normal compression line. The compressibility increased with increasing uniformity and with larger mean diameters, thus coarse uniform sands were found to be the most compressible. They also underwent more breakage of particles, which was more significant in the weaker carbonate sands. At the grain scale, the addition of fibres seemed to reduce the amount of particle breakage in the soil, more significantly in well-graded sands. A unique NCL was found for each fibre-reinforced sand, parallel to that of the corresponding non-reinforced sand. A strong correlation was found between the ability of the fibres to prevent particle breakage and their ability to limit changes in particle shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé But de l’étude L’amélioration de l’hygiène de vie est utile en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires mais les limites de sa réalisation pratique dans la population générale ont vite été atteintes. L’éducation thérapeutique du patient peut aider à les dépasser. Patients et méthodes Nous proposons en prévention primaire un programme personnalisé comportant une ou plusieurs séances individuelles et collectives ayant pour objectifs d’aider les participants à cheminer vers une hygiène de vie plus protectrice. Cela inclut une meilleure éducation sur 6 facteurs de risque (tabac, sédentarité, surcharge pondérale, hypertension artérielle, hypercholestérolémie, diabète) et la recommandation de quelques habitudes alimentaires ; une est limitée : charcuterie ; d’autres sont privilégiées : consommations de poissons, légumes verts, céréales complètes et légumineuses, fruits. Des scores ont été attribués aux 6 paramètres de facteurs de risque et aux 5 items d’habitudes alimentaires. Ils sont recueillis au moment du recueil du diagnostic éducatif et un an plus tard, permettant ainsi des comparaisons temporelles. Résultats À propos des 291 premières personnes ayant suivi ce programme, nous observons à un an une amélioration significative de la pratique d’une activité physique d’endurance et de la consommation des poissons, des légumes verts, des fruits, des céréales complètes et légumineuses. Conclusion L’hygiène de vie est globalement améliorée, certains paramètres plus que d’autres. Faciliter l’accès de l’éducation thérapeutique du patient au plus grand nombre est une voie à développer et à évaluer. Goal of the study Lifestyle improvement is useful in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but its practical implementation in the general population is limited. Patient therapeutic education can help go beyond these limits. Patients and methods In primary prevention, we propose a personalized program including one or several individual and collective sessions to help the participants towards a healthier lifestyle. This includes better education about six risk factors (tobacco, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes) as well as advice on better eating habits. The first recommendation is to limit processed meats, the other recommendations advise more fish, green vegetables, whole grains and beans, and fruits. Scores are attributed to six risk factors and five eating habits. These scores are given at the time of the first session and again a year later, thus permitting time comparisons. Results For the first 291 participants in the program, we observed at one year a significant improvement in physical activities of endurance and in the consumption of the recommended food groups (fish, green vegetables, fruits, whole grains and beans). Conclusion The patient's lifestyle has improved as a whole, certain parameters more than others. Assessed patient therapeutic education should be offered to a larger number of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] FACS assay to measure GDNF binding in living cells. [•] Detect GDNF binding in endogenous receptors. [•] Sensitivity comparable to published radioactive methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Modelling the ionic diffusivity in non-saturated limestone blended cement paste. • 3D microstructure, pore network and moisture distribution simulated. • Contributions of both capillary pores and C-S-H gel pores considered. • Relative ionic diffusivity is highly dependent on water saturation level. • Relative ionic diffusivity reduces with increasing w/b ratio and limestone content. The accurate prediction of ionic diffusivity in non-saturated limestone blended cement paste is essential for the durability design of blended cementitious materials. This paper presents an integrated framework for simulating the ionic diffusivity in limestone blended cement paste considering its 3D microstructure, water saturation level, and distribution of water and gas phases in the pore network. The 3D microstructure of hydrating blended cement paste with various limestone powder (LP) contents and water-to-binder (w/b) ratios was simulated using the voxel-based CEMHYD3D model, based on which a lattice Boltzmann model with in-house codes was employed to simulate the solid–fluid interaction and ionic diffusivity in cement paste. Results indicate that the relative ionic diffusivity in blended cement paste is strongly dependent on the water saturation level, the evolution of which consists of the sharp drop, slow decrease, slight decrease and depercolation periods. For blended cement paste with 10% LP and w/b ratio of 0.5 at 28 d, the change in decrease rate occurs at the critical water saturation levels of 69%, 34% and 7%, respectively. With the increase of w/b ratio and LP content, the relative ionic diffusivity decreases due to the increasing volume fraction and connectivity of capillary pores. However, the relative ionic diffusivity at degrees of saturation above 70% only undergoes a slight decrease from 0.24 to 0.17 with the increasing LP content from 0% to 20%, which can be ascribed to the low reactivity of LP that cannot much modify the pore structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many companies practice the human visual inspection of their production. In some cases, this inspection takes the aesthetics aspects of the product surface into account. However, only a few companies have developed methods for this type of inspection. In this article, how a sensory analysis test can be applied for the visual inspection of product surface is described. A synthesis of the specifications for an effective visual inspection of products with high added-value is detailed. These specifications can also be adapted for any type of product, including food products and packaging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are mainly caused by atherosclerosis, the development of which is highly dependent on our Western lifestyle. Slowing this pathology depends on the reduction of risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, smoking, lack of physical activity, excess weight and diabetes. Drug treatment exists and is very effective, but too often they treat the immediate abnormality such as diabetes, high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia and not the underlying causes: poor eating habits, lack of physical activity and excess weight. These have a negative impact on endothelial function, oxidative stress, and can trigger inflammation, arrythmias and thrombosis. Cardiovascular prevention must therefore target sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, and favor low-calorie, low-salt food and Mediterranean diet. The way this diet works begins to be understood and goes beyond simple cardiovascular prevention. Therapeutic education holds a growing and complementary role in the Public Health system which should call upon the strengths of all healthcare professionals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objective: Baby bottle tooth decay is a severe form of early childhood caries. This study aims to elaborate a screening tool for at risk children in order to facilitate primary prevention. Methods: A case-control study was conducted among children suffering from baby bottle tooth decay and children with no dental caries. Cases were children aged 5 years or less at diagnosis who experienced at least four caries with one or more affecting maxillary incisors. Controls were children matched for age and sex. Parents were interviewed by phone about their child''s exposure to potential risk factors. Results: We included 88 children suffering from baby bottle tooth decay and 88 children with no dental caries. In multivariate analysis, low social class (OR 6.39 [95% CI, 1.45–28.11]), prolonged bottle feeding or bedtime feeding (OR 153.2 [95% CI, 11.77–1994.96]), and snacking (OR 5.94 [95% CI, 1.35–26.2]) were significantly associated with baby bottle tooth decay. Regular dental visits were a significant protecting factor (OR 0.13 [95% CI, 0.02–0.77]). A score was developed using these significant risk factors and tested on the survey population. The mean score was 13/20 for cases and 4/20 for controls. Discussion: These results are in accordance with the literature, except for brushing teeth, which was not significantly associated with baby bottle tooth decay in our study. Conclusion: A screening scale with a score of 20 points was proposed. Future validation is required. Pediatricians and general practitioners should encourage parents to change their habits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Relatively new techniques of optical microscopy and interferometry have been used combined with fractal and modal analyses to study possible deformation mechanisms in glacial sediment from Langjökull, Iceland. Previous studies have shown that the Langjökull till has reached an ultimate grading during deposition and transport. The results presented here add information on the deformation mechanisms that it may have suffered until and after reaching this ultimate grading. The modal and fractal analyses suggest high mechanical weathering. This is supported by the shape and texture of particles determined using the different imaging techniques of laser scanning, optical microscopy combined with three-dimensional image construction, interferometry and scanning electron microscopy. The larger particles have highly weathered surfaces, indicating severe abrasion to their surface during transport. The finer particles show less abrasion stamp and higher angularity. They also bear evidence of relatively fresh fractures. This seems to indicate that as the sediment became better distributed during transport, breakage moved from the larger to the smaller particles, with the larger grains only suffering abrasion. This supports the hypothesis of fractal breakage in this type of soil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Soft sediments can deform under both changes in stress and changes in strain rate, as well as during sustained loading (e.g. creep). In glacial conditions, soft subglacial sediments can contribute to glacier movements, and when the ice/sediment system is coupled, the rate-sensitivity of the sub-layer can affect the velocity of the glacier. These issues have been the object of studies by several geologists. In parallel, the effects of time and strain rate on the behaviour of soils have been studied for many years by geotechnical engineers, to estimate the long-term performance of ground structures. This paper applies the knowledge acquired in soil mechanics to a geological problem: results on two glacial sediments of different origins, obtained from advanced geotechnical laboratory tests, are presented and analysed in the light of recent advances in soil mechanics. Independently of time effects, the test data show that the pre-failure behaviour is not elastic but that the sediments develop plastic strains before reaching their peak strength, with the stiffness gradually degrading. Results from tests performed with variable strain rates suggest that the time-dependent (viscous) behaviour of the sediments may be governed by their mineralogy, in particular the presence of plastic fines. The viscous behaviour observed in the plastic tills seems to affect the pre-failure behaviour only, for example the yield surface, stiffness, strength, but the criteria of failure, e.g. critical or residual angle of failure are found to be constant and independent of strain rate. The test data also suggest that the viscous behaviour may be related to stress level, being more prevalent at low stresses. These results, obtained under laboratory-controlled conditions, over a large range of strains, pre- and post-peak strength, are a necessary step towards developing constitutive models for subglacial sediments rigorously. It is only after this has been achieved that such models should be implemented in finite element code to analyse ice/sediment systems, with the aim to understand glacier movements better. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The increasing use of semicrystalline polymers (SCPs) in complex petroleum structures which are subjected to high variations of temperature and gas pressure requires the development of reliable and predictive constitutive models. For that purpose a diffuso-elastoviscoplastic model is presented here by considering a two-phase representation, classically used in porous media, for the representative volume element (RVE) of SCP in gaseous environment. One phase is crystalline (skeleton), and the other corresponds to the mixture (fluid) of gas and free amorphous (the latter is considered penetrable by gas). The modelling is described within the framework of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal variables. General balance equations are established by considering the above RVE. The general diffuso-mechanical macroscopic continuum formulation obtained is applied to elastoviscoplastic behaviour. The implementation of this two-phase diffuso-elastoviscoplastic model in Abaqus™ software via a user subroutine allows to study the interactions between crystal, free amorphous and gas during a rapid decompression test. More precisely, the evolution of pressure in the two-phase polyvinylidene fluoride SCP is given during a decompression test with carbon dioxide. Some results are discussed. The presented model is supposed to facilitate the introduction of damage criterion in order to describe the blistering occurring during a decompression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Poly(metalpolycarbodiimides) were obtained from cyanamide or dilithium cyanamide and di-, tri- or tetra-chlorogermanes by dehydrochlorination, transmetallation or exchange GeCl/GeN reactions. The preparation was extended to mesityldichlorostibane. Metal polyhalides develop a high tendency to generate poly(metalcarbodiimide) cryptands in spite of the linear molecular shape of the carbodiimide links. In these oligomeric structures, the reactivity of the metal nitrogen bond towards protic reagents is preserved and allows the confirmation of their structure by chemical investigations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent studies have shown the presence of growth hormone (GH) in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the neural retina in chick embryos at the end of the first trimester [embryonic day (E) 7] of the 21 day incubation period. In this study the presence of GH in fascicles of the optic fiber layer (OFL), formed by axons derived from the underlying RGCs, is shown. Immunoreactivity for GH is also traced through the optic nerve head, at the back of the eye, into the optic nerve, through the optic chiasm, into the optic tract and into the stratum opticum and the retinorecipient layer of the optic tectum, where the RGC axons synapse. The presence of GH immunoreactivity in the tectum occurs prior to synaptogenesis with RGC axons and thus reflects the local expression of the GH gene, especially as GH mRNA is also distributed within this tissue. The distribution of GH-immunoreactivity in the visual system of the E7 embryo is consistent with the distribution of the GH receptor (GHR), which is also expressed in the neural retina and tectum. The presence of a GH-responsive gene (GHRG-1) in these tissues also suggests that the visual system is not just a site of GH production but a site of GH action. These results support the possibility that GH acts as a local growth factor during early embryonic development of the visual system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The global coverage of the patients having had an acute coronary syndrome requires the modification of their life hygiene. Six hundred and sixty-seven consecutive victims of this syndrome benefited from clinics by a nurse, aiming at decreasing their risk factors and to modify their food customs. The initial interrogation allows the collection of these items and every answer is transformed into a digital score. The patients being seen again every 6 months in consultation, progress was observed, not only for the control of the risk factors (the score passes from 6.4 to 5.1, P <0.001) but also for that of the food customs (the score passes from 1.5 to –6, P <0.001). The evolution of the patients was compared as they are (group 1, N =216) or not (group 2, N =448) followed regularly in consultation, on the basis of a voluntary service, with a follow-up of 20, 8 months. Three patients were lost sight. The patients of the group 1 have fewer cardiovascular events (17 patients with event vs 82, P <0.02), in particular a cardiac insufficiency (2 vs 28, P <0.01) or the other events bound to the atherosclerosis (13 vs 55, P <0.02), They are less often hospitalised (14 vs 70, P <0.001). The deaths are less frequent in group 1 (Curve of Kaplan-Meyer: P <0.01; RR=0.23; IC=0.09–0.58. The bad hygiene of life, which led to the arisen of an acute coronary syndrome, can be corrected and this is translated by an improved prognosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An approach to an overall management planning for the conservation of endangered species within protected natural areas is presented, based mainly on the development of methods for the diagnosis of the conservation status and the identification of critical life cycle stages (phenophases) of target species. This model includes other aspects inherent in the overall planning of a protected area so as to match its technical, human and economic resources in terms of research and conservation. We provide examples of some island endemics that are included in the “Recovery Plans for the Endangered Plants in the Canary Islands National Parks”. The use of demography and genetics is particularly emphasised. We propose reintroductions as one of the most important tools for the management and conservation of endangered plants and the use of “system dynamics” tools as an alternative to traditional population matrix analysis. We provide examples of the application of system dynamics to population dynamics studies and to the design of management actions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Our paper presents an updated geological map and simplified lithostratigraphy of the West Congo Belt (WCB) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The WCB holds a key position for understanding the construction of Gondwana and constitutes a larger orogenic system along with its Brazilian counterpart (i.e. Araçuaí orogen). Our current contribution focuses on a newly found and mapped early Tonian small-sized (6 × 4 km) plutonic body (so-called "Shinkakasa intrusive complex") located in the westernmost amphibolite facies tectono-metamorphic domain of the West Congo fold-and-thrust belt. The complex is hosted by the Kimeza gneissic basement. Our fieldwork, samples and a new geological map provide a solid and updated geological background for more in-depth future work and proves essential for reinterpreting the broader tectonic framework. Our findings show that the Shinkakasa complex comprises felsic, intermediate and mafic to ultramafic rocks displaying mixing-mingling features and well-preserved igneous textures with only limited Panafrican metamorphic and tectonic overprint. According to previously published zircon U–Pb (SHRIMP) data, the Shinkakasa magmatism lasted from 911 Ma to 869 Ma and the complex was hosted by the 2069 Ma Kimeza gneissic basement. We compare the Shinkakasa complex with other small-sized intrusive complexes of the WCB, emplaced in a similar geological setting, such as the contemporaneous Mayumba bimodal complex of southwestern Gabon. This comparison is extended across the Atlantic Ocean to the recently studied early Tonian Salto da Divisa complex of southeastern Brazil. In the African counterpart we correlate the plutonic complexes to the early Tonian eastward arcuate (sub)volcanic bimodal successions (Seke-Banza Group of the DRC) largely exposed along trend of the orogen over a length of ca. 550 km in the greenschist facies domain of the WCB. Finally, we give an updated account of the early Tonian emplacement ages and lithostratigraphic terminology of the multiple bodies constituting this arcuate structure. Our data show that i) the vast majority of the anorogenic magmatism testifying for the aborted early Tonian continental rifting of the Congo - Sao Francisco palaeocontinent is exposed in the African counterpart, and ii) the extent of the (sub)volcanic successions largely predominates compared to the small-sized intrusive bodies such as the Shinkakasa complex. • 911-869 Ma Shinkakasa intrusive complex, Democratic Republic of Congo; • anorogenic felsic, intermediate and mafic to ultramafic magmatism; • continental rifting of the Rhyacian-Orosirian Congo – São Francisco palaeocontinent; • 2069 Ma Boma gneiss-migmatite basement block; • update of the early Tonian magmatism of African part of Araçuai – West Congo Orogenic System (AWCO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a vast array of literature has shown that more and more city centres are affected by retail decline, be it in Japan, Belgium, Britain, the United States, or in France, while urban peripheries benefit from expanding retail activities. In this paper, we first rely on an international state of the art review, which allows us to identify recurring main factors that explain retail decline (such as sectoral concentration and competition from e-commerce), as well as more contextual factors bringing changes in urban settings and consumption practices (like demographic and labour market dynamics, the size of cities, or the location of municipalities within cities). Secondly, we examine how these factors, when combined, contribute to explain the decline in a superior diversity mix of retail activities in small and medium-sized French towns and cities, for four periods of about ten years each, from 1975 to 2014. The decline in shop diversity affects about a third of the municipalities observed in each period. Our hypotheses regarding the role of demographic size, employment mobility and location are then discussed and compared with the information given by the literature review. • Many city centres are affected by retail decline, while peripheries benefit from expanding retail activities. • An international state of the art identifies the main factors explaining retail decline. • The article examines how these factors explain the decline of retail activities in France's Small and Medium-Sized Cities. • The hypotheses about the role of demographic size, employment and location are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Cretaceous interbedded sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Cadna-owie Formation and the reduced mudstone of the Bulldog Shale overlying the Prominent Hill IOCG deposit in South Australia (total tonnage: 140 Mt. @ 1.2% Cu and 0.5 g/t Au; OZ Minerals Limited 2017) are shown to preserve Cu concentrations up to 5043 ppm Cu. These cover sequence materials are approximately 100 m thick over the basement rocks that host the deposit. This study investigates the source of elevated Cu in the cover material by assessing the Cu deportment in these formations and focuses on understanding element migration processes resulting in development of elevated Cu concentrations. Petrographic and QEMSCAN® analysis show that Cu resides within sulphides including high-temperature Cu-sulphides (e.g. bornite) in the Cadna-owie Formation. The Cu-sulphides are associated with Fe-oxides (magnetite) and minerals including pyroxene, amphibole, garnet, chlorite and plagioclase that are interpreted to be detrital and are likely to be of metamorphic origin. Based on these observations, lateral physical processes driven by sedimentary dynamics are interpreted to be the main processes responsible for elevated Cu concentrations in the Cadna-owie Formation in the Prominent Hill area. Chemical migration processes likely had only localised influence and resulted in minor Cu redistribution. QEMSCAN® data collected on samples from the weathering profile of the Bulldog Shale shows that weathering processes (e.g. pyrite oxidation, serpentinisation and feldspar hydrolysis) mostly affect the upper Bulldog Shale and that Eh-pH conditions gradually change with depth from the oxidised and acidic upper Bulldog Shale to the reduced and slightly acidic lower Bulldog Shale. Copper speciation and Eh-pH conditions are used to interpret downward chemical migration of Cu due to weathering as the main process for development of elevated Cu concentrations within the weathered Bulldog Shale in the Prominent Hill area. Upward chemical and lateral physical migration processes may have influenced Cu concentrations within the unweathered Bulldog Shale, however the degree of influence is yet to be determined. Overall this study shows that elevated Cu concentrations in the Early Cretaceous cover sequences overlying the Prominent Hill deposit can be linked back to mineralisation itself and that processes resulting in elevated Cu concentrations include chemical and physical migration. Unlabelled Image • Copper exploration sampling potential of sandstones and mudstones examined in the Eromanga Basin. • Detrital minerals and high-temperature Cu-sulphides are preserved in the Cadna-owie Formation. • Physical processes are interpreted to be responsible for elevated Cu in the Cadna-owie Formation. • Elevated Cu in the Cadna-owie Formation can be linked to Cu mineralisation in basement rocks. • Downward migration due to weathering is concentrating Cu in the weathered Bulldog Shale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We performed a systematic review of clinical trials investigating the health benefits of physical activity in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.Methods: To perform this systematic review, search strategies were created and adapted to four databases. Only randomized controlled trials written in English before 1998 and that answered to the PICOS criteria were included. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to ensure highest scientific rigor within studies.Results: Seven studies out of 2655 were included in this systematic review according to the inclusion criteria. These studies showed positive gains on global health: blood lipid profile, physical fitness, quality of life and body size and body composition but only one demonstrated a positive effect on glycemic control.Conclusion: Globally, physical activity exerts a positive impact on metabolic (i.e., decrease in total cholesterol, improvement of physical fitness, etc.) and psychological health in children with type 1 diabetes. Yet variations in study protocols or sample size restrict statistical power to reach the outcome of improving glycemic control in most studies. Here, we address the measured outcomes in individual trials and discuss potential key elements to consider for future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflector antennas, operating at high frequencies, require a high surface accuracy: deviations from the target geometry accuracy result in a loss of RF performance (e.g., antenna gain and efficiency). As a result, the aperture may need to be larger, or a more complex backing structure must be engineered to achieve the reflector surface accuracy to deliver the equivalent gain of an efficient solid reflector. This would typically increase the mass, the stowed volume, and the design complexity. The design of larger aperture deployable antennas (e.g., Cassegrain, Offset) for SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) applications can be challenging for missions where platform size and payload mass are limited. Inspired by the Origami based techniques, Oxford Space Systems (OSS) is currently developing an innovative SAR Reflectarray antenna, targeting the X-Band frequency range, with the aim of achieving a relatively large aperture from a small, stowed volume suitable for a small satellite. The Reflectarray antenna architecture has several potential advantages over other antenna designs. It is a cost-competitive technology with excellent stowage efficiency, which can be further improved with origami-based folding mechanisms/kinematics. It requires a simplified deployment mechanism and in contrast to conventional parabolic reflectors, it does not need a separate backing structure. Until now, work on space deployable Reflectarray antennas (e.g., MARCO, OMERA and ISSARA missions from NASA) have focused on multi-degree of freedom structures, i.e., independent self-actuated hinge driven architectures. This paper presents an elegant single degree of freedom, origami-inspired Reflectarray architecture that does not require actuation on all the hinges. Thanks to its Hold-Down Release Mechanism (HDRM) and spring-loaded hinges, the OSS Reflectarray antenna is self-deployable. It maintains the required flatness accuracy achieved through its novel hinge integrated latching system. The OSS Reflectarray antenna has an 8:1 footprint stowage ratio, which enables installation on small satellite platforms (between 50 kg and 100 kg). The reflectarray has been designed to work in the X-band frequency with dual linear polarization for the concept study. However, the architecture can be scaled up or down to suit other frequency bands, making the OSS Reflectarray compatible with many applications and platforms. • Rigid origami folding ensure high deployed/stowed volume ratio. • OSS Origami Reflectarray design ensure high Performances/mass ratio. • OSS Reflectarray simulations results ensure a good correlation with tests. • Target for SAR applications in the design. • Kinematics and RF tests successfully prove the design of such antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction La sclérodermie systémique (ScS) est une maladie auto immune touchant les microvaisseaux, les artérioles et le tissu conjonctif, responsable d’une vasculopathie et d’une fibrose de la peau et des organes [1] . Les calcinoses sont fréquemment associées aux connectivites, plus spécifiquement à la ScS et aux dermatomyosites pouvant aller jusqu’à 20–25 % [2] . Elles sont constituées de sels de calcium insolubles (phosphate de calcium) se déposant sous forme de cristaux d’hydroxyapatite au niveau de la peau et du tissu sous-cutané, avec une localisation souvent péri-articulaire. Elles peuvent entraîner des douleurs lors des poussées inflammatoires et un handicap fonctionnel important [2,3] . La physiopathologie est mal comprise, mais certaines études suggèrent un dépôt préférentiel au niveau des tissus scléreux secondaire à des mécanismes ischémiques ou micro-traumatiques [4–6] . Il n’existe pas, à ce jour de traitement médicamenteux efficace pour diminuer, prévenir ou guérir les calcinoses. La chirurgie d’exérèse, lorsqu’elle est réalisable, peut être une alternative [2,7] . Observation Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente de 77 ans suivie en ville pour une ScS cutanée limitée diagnostiquée depuis de nombreuses années répondant aux critères ACR-EULAR [1] sans complications viscérales avec des anticorps antinucléaires à 1/2560, de fluorescence nucléolaire sans spécificité. Elle est adressée en médecine interne pour altération majeure de l’état général, douleurs rhizoméliques d’horaire inflammatoire et syndrome inflammatoire biologique marqué. Les investigations permettent d’éliminer une artérite à cellules géantes et retrouvent de volumineuses calcinoses bilatérales des épaules et des fémurs. L’exploration échographique des deux épaules, rendue difficile par la présence des calcifications, montre une bursite sous acromio-deltoïdienne bilatérale sans épanchement articulaire. La ponction des deux bourses met en évidence un liquide inflammatoire (5000 et 7000 éléments) avec de nombreuses calcifications dystrophiques. Les données de l’imagerie, de la biologie et du liquide prélevé peuvent évoquer une résorption chronique de la calcinose au sein de la bourse sous-acromiale. Un traitement de première intention par Colchicine sera inefficace. Une corticothérapie est instaurée avec une bonne efficacité mais lors de la décroissance une corticodépendance à 20 mg par jour persiste. Par analogie avec le traitement des arthropathies microcristallines réfractaires aux traitements usuels, il est mis en place une biothérapie par ANAKINRA 100 mg 1 fois par jour avec à j5 une amélioration des douleurs, des amplitudes articulaires et normalisation de la CRP. Dès l’arrêt de la biothérapie, on observe une récidive des symptômes. Le volume de la calcinose rend son exérèse impossible. De plus, la chronicité des symptômes, du syndrome inflammatoire et la rechute à chaque tentative d’interruption du traitement ont motivé le maintien de l’ANAKINRA en continu à visée d’épargne cortisonique. La corticothérapie a pu être diminuée à 6 mg/j avec une bonne récupération fonctionnelle et normalisation de la CRP. Conclusion Dans les arthrites microcristallines, il a été démontré que le syndrome inflammatoire était médié par l’activation de la voie du NLRP3 et la production de pro-interleukine 1-Beta [8] . Plusieurs équipes ont montré l’efficacité de l’ANAKINRA (IL1-RA) dans le traitement des différents types d’arthropathies microcristallines [9–12] . En conclusion, dans le contexte d’une sclérodermie systémique, l’ANAKINRA pourrait être une alternative thérapeutique pour la prise en charge des poussées inflammatoires de calcinose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Surface texture plays an important role in understanding the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of a soil but has drawn little attention, especially for three dimensional parameters. Currently, the few studies on measurements and quantification of surface texture are limited to sand sized particles. To date, the surface texture of sand has been successfully obtained by using a high-resolution optical microscope for a given measurement area that is small and comparable to the sand particle size. However, for larger particles, such as gravel, the larger surface area may create difficulties. For instance, as the particle size increases, the surface texture could be influenced by other factors such as the mineral composition, scale-dependent fabric and others, hindering the simple extension of a method that quantifies the surface texture of sand to gravel. This paper attempts to address this challenge by proposing a method to measure and quantify the surface texture of gravel which explicitly takes into account the different texture scales. Crushed granite is taken as the testing material. To explore the surface texture at different scales, a 3D laser scanner (at millimeter scale) and a high resolution optical microscope equipped with interferometry (at micro-meter scale) have been employed. The novel method defines and quantifies the surface texture of gravel with the aid of the power spectral density function (PSD) and a fractal method. It was found that the fractal dimension at the two different scales do not coincide, which might be interpreted as two different self-affine patterns of the surface. For example, the features of single minerals (e.g. fractures, cleavage, hardness) dominate at the small scale and become less prominent at the large scale where grain size and shape prevail. When a single fractal dimension from PSD at the large scale is assumed for both scales, the associated error can be quantified using the square root of the surface height to a mean plane and is found to be within 15%. This suggests that the surface texture examined at a large scale by using the 3D laser scanner could be representative of the gravel, though cautions should be taken in individual cases for any quantitative studies of the effect of the surface texture. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • 3D surface texture of gravel is measured with 3D laser scanner and interferometry. • Fractal parameters reveal topographic features depend on scale. • Fractal parameters at large scale can be assumed for gravel-sized specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to implement an immune cell score model in routine clinical practice for resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (NCT03299478). Molecular and genomic features associated with immune phenotypes in NSCLC have not been explored in detail. We developed a machine learning (ML)-based model to classify tumors into one of three categories: inflamed, altered, and desert, based on the spatial distribution of CD8+ T cells in two prospective (n = 453; TNM-I trial) and retrospective (n = 481) stage I-IIIA NSCLC surgical cohorts. NanoString assays and targeted gene panel sequencing were used to evaluate the association of gene expression and mutations with immune phenotypes. Among the total of 934 patients, 24.4% of tumors were classified as inflamed, 51.3% as altered, and 24.3% as desert. There were significant associations between ML-derived immune phenotypes and adaptive immunity gene expression signatures. We identified a strong association of the nuclear factor-κB pathway and CD8+ T-cell exclusion through a positive enrichment in the desert phenotype. KEAP1 [odds ratio (OR) 0.27, Q = 0.02] and STK11 (OR 0.39, Q = 0.04) were significantly co-mutated in non-inflamed lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) compared to the inflamed phenotype. In the retrospective cohort, the inflamed phenotype was an independent prognostic factor for prolonged disease-specific survival and time to recurrence (hazard ratio 0.61, P = 0.01 and 0.65, P = 0.02, respectively). ML-based immune phenotyping by spatial distribution of T cells in resected NSCLC is able to identify patients at greater risk of disease recurrence after surgical resection. LUADs with concurrent KEAP1 and STK11 mutations are enriched for altered and desert immune phenotypes. • A novel ML model was devised and validated for in situ immune phenotyping. • The ML-driven immune phenotypes served as an independent prognostic indicator. • LUADs featuring concurrent KEAP1 and STK11 mutations predominantly display altered or desert-like immune phenotypes. • In the desert phenotype, the enrichment of nuclear factor-κB signaling correlates with the exclusion of cytotoxic T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les syndromes hyperéosinophiliques (SHE) et les hyperéosinophilies (HE) sont un groupe hétérogène de maladies, dont les étiologies peuvent être clonales, réactionnelles (secondaires) ou idiopathiques. À ce jour, seules des études rétrospectives de taille et/ou de durée de suivi limitées ont décrit les caractéristiques des patients avec les différentes formes d'HE ou SHE, et principalement dans des centres experts. Nous décrivons ici la mise en place d'une cohorte nationale associant des centres experts du CEREO, et des services de différentes spécialités au sein d'hôpitaux universitaires ou généraux, et les principales caractéristiques des patients inclus. L'étude COHESion est une cohorte nationale prospective multicentrique (n > 50 centres actifs), multidisciplinaire, recrutant depuis le 1er mai 2019 à la fois des adultes et des enfants, déjà suivis dans le centre ou nouvellement diagnostiqués. Les critères d'éligibilité englobaient le spectre complet des HE/SHE, notamment les HE/SHE réactionnels (HE/SHE-R) secondaires à une infection notamment parasitaire, une hypersensibilité médicamenteuse retardée (HSR), une maladie auto-immune ou inflammatoire, un cancer solide ou une hémopathie, mais aussi le variant lymphoïde (HE/SHE-L), les HE/SHE clonaux ou « myéloïdes » (HE/SHE-M), les SHE idiopathiques (SHE-I), les HE asymptomatiques de signification indéterminée (HE-US), les situations de chevauchements entre SHE et la maladie associée aux IgG4, ou la granulomatose éosinophilique avec polyangéite (GEPA) ANCA-négative (selon les critères adaptés de la classification ACR/EULAR 2022 avec au moins un asthme, et une vascularite clinique et/ou histologiquement prouvée). Chez les patients atteints de SHE-I, les profils évolutifs ont été classés ainsi : (i) profil de « poussée unique » lorsqu'une seule poussée est survenue, traitée ou non, sans rechute ultérieure, (ii) profil de poussées récurrentes avec rémissions lorsqu'il y avait au moins une fois un intervalle de 6 mois sans symptômes entre deux poussées, et (iii) profil de « maladie chronique persistante » quand une corticothérapie au long cours était nécessaire pour éviter les rechutes précoces. Toutes les données ont été saisies et analysées de manière centralisée par les chargé(e)s de projets et attaché(e)s de recherche clinique du CEREO. Après 54 mois d'activité, 779 patients ont été inclus dans des hôpitaux généraux (20 %), des hôpitaux universitaires (46 %) ou dans un des centres experts du CEREO (34 %). Au moment de l'analyse, 550 cas étaient disponibles pour une analyse centralisée (âge moyen (±ET) : 56 ± 18 ans, 42 % de patientes). Les diagnostics étaient les suivants : SHE idiopathiques (n = 258, 47 %), HE/SHE-R (n = 87, 16 %), HE-US (n = 80, 15 %), HE/SHE-M (n = 40, 7 %), HE/SHE-L (n = 34, 6 %). Parmi les patients atteints de HE/SHE-R (n = 87), les maladies sous-jacentes ou associées étaient une HSR (23 %), une parasitose (22 %), une hémopathie lymphoïde (18 %), un cancer solide (10 %), une maladie inflammatoire chronique (8 %), une mastocytose systémique (6 %) ou d'autres causes (13 %). Par ailleurs, certains patients remplissaient également les critères de la maladie associée aux IgG4 (n = 13, 2 %) ou de GEPA ANCA-négative (n = 38, 7 %). À la dernière visite, les profils évolutifs des 258 patients atteints de SHE-I étaient les suivants : n = 42 (16 %) poussée unique, n = 73 (28 %) formes récurrentes et n = 119 (46 %) maladies chroniques persistantes. Enfin, 24 (9 %) cas restaient non classés en raison d'un recul insuffisant suite au diagnostic initial. La cohorte COHESion est la première étude prospective multicentrique et multidisciplinaire de dimension nationale, collectant des données sur les patients atteints de HE et SHE. Cette cohorte permettra de décrire en détail les différentes formes de SHE, les atteintes d'organes, leur pronostic, et le bénéfice des nouvelles thérapies ciblées disponibles dans les différents variants de HE et SHE. Cette cohorte confirme déjà que les patients atteints de SHE idiopathiques présentent des profils évolutifs différents, suggérant des mécanismes physiopathologiques distincts, et la nécessité de stratégies thérapeutiques personnalisées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the first COVID-19 lockdown, from March 12 to May 15, 2020, private dental practices in France and in many other countries remained closed. Dental emergencies were therefore partly redirected to hospital dental departments. The aim of this article is to describe the modalities of remote management of emergencies during this period, by the pediatric dentistry department of Nancy University Hospital (France), via an oral telemedicine protocol. All parents of children in difficulty were invited to contact the department by phone. Initial triage was managed by externs, interns, or dental practitioners following a management protocol specifically adapted to pediatric dentistry for this context. Depending on the situation (type of complaint, geographical location of the patients, possibility of travel, availability of digital equipment, etc.), an oral telemedicine solution was proposed using the Covotem® software (Maincare Society, Canejan, France) via the Pulsy platform (public interest grouping validated by the Grand Est Regional Agency for Health) and possibly using an intraoral photographic protocol suggested by the team. During this period, 176 patients used the pediatric dental department, 40 of whom were managed via oral telemedicine. Of these children, 57% (23/40) required an appointment in the department during the lockdown, 30% (12/40) did not require follow-up, and 13% (5/40) required a post-lockdown appointment. This teledentistry protocol resulted in a diagnosis in most cases (93%). Patient management through oral telemedicine appears to be an effective tool for planning and organizing oral healthcare. It should be more widely considered in dentistry in the current context of pressure in medical emergencies, significant medical needs, and medical desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les inhibiteurs de point de contrôle immunitaire (ICIs) ont considérablement changé ces dernières années le pronostic de nombreuses néoplasies. Ces traitements peuvent induire des toxicités graves, comme la myocardite, la myasthénie et la myosite. Ces dernières sont d'ailleurs souvent intriquées. Au cours de ces toxicités, les anticorps anti-récepteurs de acéthyl-choline (anti-RAch), hautement spécifiques des myasthénies hors ICIs, peuvent être positifs. Leur signification clinique ou pronostique, n'est pas claire. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrire le profil clinique et biologique des patients présentant une myosite induite par ICIs avec anti-RAch positifs et de les comparer avec ceux testés anti-RAch négatifs. Étude monocentrique rétrospective menée entre 2018 et 2021. Tous les patients anti-RAch positifs étant des hommes, il était décidé de n'inclure que les patients masculins anti-RAch négatifs de notre cohorte. Le diagnostic de myosite était retenu d'après les données histologiques musculaires (10/12 cas) ou devant l'association myalgies + augmentation CPK + EMG et imagerie musculaire positifs. Comme signes clinique évocateurs de myasthénie on retenait la présence d'au moins un signe parmi dysphonie, dysphagie, diplopie et/ou ptosis. Une myocardite était définie et classée en certaine, probable ou possible, selon des critères cliniques, biologiques et morphologiques en vigueur (Bonaca MP, 2019). Les anti-RAch et les anti-Musk étaient systématiquement recherchés par méthode ELISA. 12 hommes étaient inclus. L'âge au moment du diagnostic était de 73 ans (50-87). Les traitements par ICIs instaurés étaient : Nivolumab seul (n = 4), Nivolumab +Ipilimumab (n = 3), Pembrolizumab (n = 3), Cemiplimab (n = 1) et Avelumab (n = 1), pour mélanome (n = 9), carcinome épidermoide cutané (n = 1), carcinome rénal (n = 1) et carcinome de Merkel (n = 1). Le nombre médian de cure à la constatation de la toxicité était de 1 cure (1-3) avec un délai médian 3 semaines (2-6). Les anti-RAch étaient positifs chez 5/12 patients, les anti-Musk toujours négatifs. Groupe anti-RAch positifs : d'après nos critères, 3/5 patients présentaient des signes cliniques évocateurs de myasthénie. Aucune fatigabilité n'était notifiée, un décrément n'était retrouvé à l'électromyogramme que dans 1/5 cas. À noter que les anti-RAch étaient présents dans le sérum de 2/2 patients testés avant l'instauration du traitement par ICIs. Comparaison des groupes anti-RAch positifs vs anti-RAch négatifs : aucune différence significative n'était retrouvée en terme de sévérité de l'atteinte musculaire (testing MRC médian 4 (3-5) vs 5 (3-5)), d'atteinte axiale ou diaphragmatique (2 cas vs 2), d'augmentation des CPK (7 N vs 8 N, p = 0,87). Les signes évocateurs de myasthénie étaient en fréquence similaire : dysphonie (2 cas vs 2), dysphagie (2 cas vs 3), diplopie (2 cas vs 1) ou ptosis (0 cas vs 3). Bien que plus fréquente dans le groupe anti-RAch positifs (3 cas vs 1) la survenue d'une myocardite probable ou certaine était similaire (p = 0,22). De même, le recours à une unité de soins intensif était plus fréquente dans le groupe anti-RAch positifs (4 cas vs 1), sans que l'effectif ne permette de conclure (p = 0,07). La prise en charge thérapeutique était similaire dans les deux groupes. Les ICI ont été arrêtés ou suspendus chez tous les patients. Selon la gravité initiale, les patients recevaient tous des corticoïdes, en bolus intra-veineux (n = 5) même lorsque les anti-RAch revenait positifs a posteriori (n = 3). 2 patients avec anti-RAch positifs recevaient initialement l'adjonction d'un immunomodulateur (Abatacept ou IVIg), comme un patient avec anti-RAch négatifs (IVIg). La durée de traitement par corticoïdes (suivi médian 255 jours, 60-800) était similaire dans les deux groupes : 3 mois vs 3 (2-7). Deux patients récemment pris en charge étaient en rémission partielle à 1 mois, alors que la corticothérapie orale était en déroissance. La positivité des anti-Rach n'est pas rare au cours des myosites induites par les ICIs, ce qui doit inciter à les rechercher systématiquement. Ils ne semblent pas associés à un profil clinico-biologique ou pronostique particulier, notamment en terme de signes cliniques évocateurs de myasthénie. Toutefois d'autres études comparatives sont nécessaires afin de mieux cerner le profil clinique de ces patients, notamment en terme de sévérité globale, et d'assurer une prise en charge et un suivi ciblé. La recherche des autres anticorps rencontrés au cours des myasthénies, notamment ceux qui ne sont pas recherchés en routine comme les anti-LRP4 mériterait d'être systématique à des fins nosologiques rigoureuses. Certaines données de la littérature (Mammen AL, 2019) et le fait que les anti-RAch étaient positifs dans le sérum de 2/2 patients testés avant le traitement par ICIs, suggèrent la possibilité d'un rôle de ces anticorps dans la genèse de ces myosites induites par les ICIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]