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Moringa is a multipurpose plant due to enormous benefits but chilling temperature in winter results in various physiological and metabolic disturbances in cells of this plant which leads to vegetative growth inhibition in moringa. To overcome this problem, foliar application of various biostimulants might be viable option. Moringa leaf extract is also getting popularity as bio-stimulant. Therefore, present study was conducted to test the growth of moringa seedling under low temperature regime (12.9–20.1 °C) in response to foliar application of moringa leaf extract, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid and salicylic acid. Seeds of moringa accessions were collected from concerning locations and seedlings were grown in polythene bags filled with equal ratio of compost, sand, silt and clay. All foliar treatments were applied twice at the age of one and three months of seedlings. Growth and biochemical parameters were recorded by using standard procedures. Foliar application of moringa leaf extract at the rate of 3% significantly improved the number of branches (66%), leaves (52%), leaflets (42%), leaf chlorophyll a (41%) and b (71%) and total chlorophyll (49%) contents, membrane stability index (45%) and leaf phenolic contents (78%) of moringa seedlings as compared to control after first round of treatment application. After second round of foliar application of moringa leaf extract at the rate of 3% significantly increased the number of branches (92%), leaves (141%), leaflets (61%), leaf chlorophyll a (51%) and b (61%), total chlorophyll contents (54%), membrane stability index (60%) and leaf phenolic contents (63%) of moringa seedlings. Vigorous growth of moringa seedlings under low temperature stress ensured the defensive potential of moringa leaf extract against low temperature stress. • Moringa oleifera leaf extract, rich in minerals and growth hormones, is a very effective under low temperature stress. • Foliar application of MLE improved growth and biochemical parameters of moringa grown under low temperature conditions. • More growth was observed in local moringa as compared to Indian cultivar grown under low temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our manuscript, we are reporting the translation criteria of scattering from Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) sphere along three-dimensional axes using semianalytical approach. The presented scattering model is based on a generalized Lorenz-Mie theory framework and ensemble with the vector translation Addition Theorem (AT) for the Vector Spherical Harmonics (VSH). Applying extended Mie theory on a sphere leads to a set of an unknown coefficients by the use of translation AT. In the literature, there are many authors reporting different sets of the vector translation coefficients, of which we mention those calculated by Stein, Cruzan and, Mackowski in particular. We have selected the Cruzan formulation of the vector translation coefficients for its structure based on the Wigner 3-j function. As an illustration, we want to present numerical examples than simulations. of total scattered field PEC sphere using vector translation AT. We used advanced computational tools and approaches for mathematical modeling of an observation. During our numerical test, we have deeply investigated generic truncation criteria in scattered electric field using translation AT. However, we have been obtained numerical validation by using computational approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairments such as dementia are considered the biggest challenges for public health. Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for treatment of anxiety disorder but they are associated with elevated risk of dementia. The present study has been designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of telmisartan and metformin on diazepam-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Piracetam was used as an established nootropic agent. Mice were divided into 8 groups, group1; control group which received normal saline. groups 2, 3 and 4 were received telmisartan 0.3 mg/kg/day, metformin 100 mg/kg/day and piracetam 200 mg/kg/day respectively. group 5; DZP group that injected with diazepam 2.5 mg/kg, groups 6, 7 and 8 were received diazepam 2.5 mg/kg + telmisartan 0.3 mg/kg/day, metformin 100 mg/kg/day and piracetam 200 mg/kg/day respectively. All drugs were administrated for 15 successive days. Cognitive skills of the animals were examined with Elevated plus maze and Passive Shock Avoidance tests. Investigations of oxidative stress markers were performed. Gene expression levels of TNF-α, NFκB, Caspase 3 and AMPK were analyzed using RT-PCR. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were performed in hippocampus using H&E, cresyl violet stain, anti GFAP and anti COX-2 immunostain. The study revealed that administration of diazepam increased initial and retention transfer latency as well as it decreased step down latency that means it caused memory impairment. There was a significant increase in hippocampal expression levels of TNF-α, NFκB, and Caspase 3 and downregulation of AMPK expression levels associated with increased neurodegeneration, astrocytes activation and COX-2 immunohistochemical staining. This study indicates that diazepam caused a decline in cognitive function depending on hippocampal activity. Telmisartan, a common antihypertensive agent and metformin, a traditional antidiabetic drug improved this cognitive dysfunction through their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as they decreased initial and retention transfer latency as well as it increased step down latency. Also they decreased TNF-α, NFκB, and Caspase 3 and upregulated AMPK expression, moreover they ameliorated the hippocampal morphological alterations, GFAP and COX-2 immunoexpression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]