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Due to the boom of Internet of Things (IoT) in recent years, various IoT devices are connected to the Internet and communicate with each other through network protocols such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). These protocols are typically defined and described in specification documents, such as Request for Comments (RFC), which are written in natural or semi-formal languages. Since developers largely follow the specification documents when implementing web protocols, they have become the de facto protocol specifications. Therefore, it must be ensured that the descriptions in them are consistent to avoid technological issues, incompatibility, security risks, or even legal concerns. In this work, we propose Neural RFC Knowledge Graph (NRFCKG), a neural network-generated knowledge graph based contradictions detection tool for IoT protocol specification documents. Our approach can automatically parse the specification documents and construct knowledge graphs from them through entity extraction, relation extraction, and rule extraction with large language models. It then conducts an intra-entity and inter-entity contradiction detection over the generated knowledge graph. We implement NRFCKG and apply it to the most extensively used messaging protocols in IoT, including the main RFC (RFC7252) of CoAP, the specification document of MQTT, and the specification document of AMQP. Our evaluation shows that NRFCKG generalizes well to other specification documents and it manages to detect contradictions from these IoT protocol specification documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Angiogenesis impairment caused by GBHs is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. • GBHs have negative impact on placental function. • Maternal GBHs exposure during pregnancy impairs postnatal progeny health. • Betaine protects placenta and postnatal progeny against GBHs-induced damage. • The limit level of glyphosate residue by governments needs to be reappraised. Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used pesticide worldwide and can provoke placental injury. However, whether and how GBHs damage angiogenesis in the placenta is not yet known. This work evaluated the safety of glyphosate on pregnant sows based on the limit level by governments and investigated the effects and mechanism of Low-GBHs (20 mg/kg) and High-GBHs (100 mg/kg) exposure on placental angiogenesis. Results showed that gestational exposure to GBHs decreased placental vessel density and cell multiplication by interfering with the expression of VEGFA, PLGF, VEGFr2 and Hand2 (indicators of angiogenesis), which may be in relation to oxidative stress-induced disorders of mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as the impaired function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Additionally, GBHs destroyed barrier function and nutrient transport in the placenta, and was accompanied by jejunum oxidative stress in newborn piglets. However, GBHs exposure had no significant differences on sow reproductive performance. As a natural antioxidant, betaine treatment protected placenta and newborn piglets against GBHs-induced damage. In conclusion, GBHs impaired placental angiogenesis and function and further damaged the health of postnatal progeny, these effects may be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Betaine treatment following glyphosate exposure provided modest relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Protein restriction in nursery induced compensatory growth in finisher. • Protein restriction benefited the subsequent small intestine and liver development. • Compensatory growth also evident in the organ system. • Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase could be indicators of compensatory growth. • Early protein restriction may reduce the protein need of pigs in the future. Compensatory growth that can enhance the growth rate of animals and has been used commonly in production. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown, and the long-term effects of early protein restriction (PR) on pigs mostly remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of early dietary protein restriction maintaining levels of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan on protein absorption and metabolism in pigs during the grower phase. Sixty-four weaning piglets (10.0 ± 0.73 kg) were divided into two groups: a control (NP, 200 g/kg crude protein, CP) and a protein-restricted group (RP, 140 g/kg CP). After a 30-day PR, both groups were offered the same diets ad libitum for another 74 days. PR to day 30 inhibited the growth of pigs but tended to enhance growth rate (P = 0.076) and significantly improved feed: gain in the period 70−104 days. PR significantly decreased (P < 0.01) the diarrhea rate and index. The RP group showed lower nitrogen (N) retention (P < 0.05) and higher N retention rate (P < 0.10) when the dietary protein was restricted, whereas the N digestibility and N retention rate were higher (P < 0.05) in the RP group compared with the NP group at day 104. PR reduced (P < 0.05) the liver and kidney protein content and the villus height in the jejunum during the restricted period but elevated (P < 0.05) the liver protein content and the villus height in jejunum in the compensatory period. Early PR reduced the albumin and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) in the serum, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum and liver (P < 0.05) during the restricted period. However, the differences in the AST and SUN in serum and the ALT in the serum and liver were reversed at day 104. Before day 30, the mRNA expression levels of the 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc) and cationic amino acid transporter 1(CAT-1) was downregulated (P < 0.05), peptide transporter family 1 was upregulated (PepT1) (P < 0.05). In the compensatory period, the level of 4F2hc in the RP group was enhanced, and the levels of CAT-1 and PepT1 were lower compared with the NP group (P < 0.05). The results suggest that early PR improved the development of the liver and small intestine, protein absorption and metabolism subsequent to day 30 and thus enhanced growth performance. There were no treatment effects on overall growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]