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The Axiomatic Design (AD) supports decision-making based on the axioms of independence and information. In the engineering design activity, the designer must make early decisions that impact the success of the project. These decisions are of paramount importance in the design of one-off products. In these products, one must make decisions in the early design phases, with scarce data about the product that will undeniably affect the solution. Applying the information axiom requires data from the alternative solutions under consideration that for one-off products are most often non-existent in the conceptual phase of the design. Additionally, the design process is highly conditioned by existing constraints, which significantly influence the outcome. This work suggests selecting design parameters (DP) for one-off products from different sets of proposals that comply with the independence of functional requirements (FR). AD design follows a hierarchical decomposition process from a conceptual to a detailed design. The proposed method allows selecting the DPs among the set of alternatives by quantifying the degree of conflict each solution presents to the constraints. It shows the first step to define the DPs, at each level of decomposition of the AD process. It is the first step to establish a zig in AD or, otherwise, a way to find a solution in the conceptual phase. It applies to one-off products – any product with one chance to be right. The paper applies this method to the DP selection of a manipulation device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shoes designed for the elderly can reduce the risk of injury associated with falling. Pinpointing the specific needs of users and directions for product improvement allows companies to maximize the allocation of limited resources. However, user evaluation of important criteria is often ambiguous and uncertain. This paper contributes to solving this issue through the development of a two-stage user-satisfaction framework with a fuzzy-Six Sigma index and fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD). In the proposed method, we consider sampling uncertainty, analyze the vagueness of natural-language evaluations, and explore the match between company capabilities and user satisfaction. This framework highlights both the advantages and disadvantages of current shoe designs for the elderly, and a case study illustrates the applicability of the framework. Additionally, result comparison and sensitivity analysis are conducted to verify the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, the managerial implications, conclusions and limitations of the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual type-2 fuzzy cones are defined. Formulae for infimum and supremum of any number of fuzzy grades are derived. These formulae are used to study basic properties of dual type-2 fuzzy cones. It is shown that most properties of type-1 fuzzy cones remain valid. An axiomatic approach to Pareto set reduction is then considered. A method of Pareto set reduction with the use of dual type-2 fuzzy cones is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Leave no one behind' has become an important principle of the entire 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals that brings inequality to the centre stage. Although a precise definition of what it is to lag behind is essential to assess sustainable economic growth and social progress a discussion on the desirable properties of such a measure is absent in the literature. This paper fills that gap by proposing and discussing a number of normative and analytical properties a measure of the 'Leave no one behind' principle should satisfy. The axioms proposed are necessary and sufficient to characterize the fuzzy measure by García-Pardo et al. [8] and together with other additional axioms make the structure of this measure more transparent. • Leaving no one behind is the central focus of the Sustainable Development Goals. • The Leaving no one behind principle suggests going beyond the averages. • The ambiguity of the left behind principle makes it convenient to use a fuzzy approach. • We discuss desirable properties of a measure of the extent an individual lags behind. • A subset of axioms characterizes the fuzzy set proposed by García-Pardo et al. [8]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the notion of a multidistance, we formalize, through a suitable system of axioms, the concept of an inequality measure defined on a nonempty set with no additional structure implemented a priori. Among inequality measures, apart from multidistances we pay special attention to dispersions, and study their main features. Classical concepts will be generalized to this abstract setting. Multidistances are then revisited, and some new methods to generate them are implemented. A wide spectrum of interdisciplinary applications is outlined in the final section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blockchain platforms (BPs) have emerged as important tools for improving enterprise data security. However, the selection of a suitable BP for is a challenging issue for enterprises. In this paper, a novel heterogenous multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model is proposed to facilitate the BP selection and evaluation process. First, the evaluation criteria for BPs are defined through an analysis of popular BPs. Second, based on the defined evaluation criteria, multiple types of fuzzy numbers are adopted to accurately represent the evaluation criteria. Then, to deal with multiple types of fuzzy numbers, a hybrid distance measure is proposed to determine the negative and positive ideal separation matrices of the evaluation criteria. In addition, using the axiomatic design's information content metric the as basis, an improved method is proposed to unify the evaluation of multiple types into a single number. An improved weight method is then proposed based on the combination of objective and subjective weighting to obtain the comprehensive weights of the criteria. Finally, a closeness degree metric is introduced to obtain the ranking order of all BP alternatives. An example case is analyzed to illustrate how to evaluate and select a suitable BP. The superiority of the proposed heterogeneous model is verified by comparisons with state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axiomatic fuzzy sets (AFS) theory has seen extensive application in classification tasks in recent years. Yet, efficiently generating precise fuzzy descriptions for each target class from a multitude of complex concepts is challenging. This study aims to bridge this gap by transforming the challenge into a combinatorial optimization problem. We adopt an advanced model-based evolutionary optimization method, Randomized Coordinate Shrinking Classification (RACOS), to create an interpretable classifier within the AFS framework. By refining the definition of the complex concept set in AFS theory, we define a feasible search space for the optimization method. Innovative fitness functions have been developed focusing on semantic discrimination and prediction accuracy. Concurrently, we establish an encoding–decoding mechanism to link the solution vector with the complex concept for each fitness function. Ultimately, the complex concepts, guided by various fitness functions, are integrated into the class's fuzzy description using AFS logical operations. Our method demonstrates competitive classification performance and superior interpretability compared to other evolutionary fuzzy rule-based classifiers. • Develop encoding–decoding mechanism to bridge complex concept and solution vector. • Design various fitness function to balance prediction accuracy and interpretability. • Covert training AFS-based classifier to solving combinatorial optimization problem. • Generate semantic description for prediction result in form of natural language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Group Identification Problem ("Who is a J?") introduced by Kasher and Rubinstein [14] assumes a finite class of agents, each one with an opinion about the membership to a group J of the members of the society, consisting in a function that indicates for each agent, including herself, the degree of membership to J. The problem is that of aggregating those functions, satisfying different sets of axioms and characterizing different aggregators. The literature has already considered fuzzy versions of this problem. In this paper we consider alternative fuzzy presentations of the axiomatic of the original problem. While some results are analogous to those of the original crisp model, we show that our fuzzy version is able to overcome some of the main impossibility results of Kasher and Rubinstein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surprisingly, despite that fuzzy sets were introduced more than fifty years ago, there is not consensus yet about how to extend the notion of inclusion in such a framework. Recently, alternatively to previous methods in the literature, we introduced an approach in which we make use of the so-called φ -index of inclusion. This approach has a main difference with respect to previous ones: the degree of inclusion is identified with a function instead of with a value in [ 0 , 1 ] , although such a feature makes it difficult to compare the φ -index of inclusion with existing axiomatic approaches concerning measures of inclusion. This is the reason why in this paper we define two different and natural measures of inclusion by means of the φ -index of inclusion and, then, show that both measures satisfy some standard axiomatic approaches about measures of inclusion in the literature. In addition, taking into account the relationship of fuzzy entropy with Young axioms for measures of inclusion, we present also a measure of entropy based on the φ -index of inclusion that is in accordance with the axioms of De Luca and Termini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy relations R : A 2 → [ 0 , 1 ] are widely used in decision-making in order to represent degrees of preference between alternatives in A. Examining fuzzy relations, this paper first reflects on an inherent incompatibility inside the domain of reciprocal fuzzy preference relations and preference structures. Aiming at clarifying the semantics of reciprocal fuzzy relations by means of that of weak fuzzy relations, a general frame is then proposed for studying the transformation between them, based on the notion of reciprocal functions. Next, we show that reciprocal relations can be naturally endowed with a preference structure of their own, containing two relations respectively showing a semantics of strict preference and lack of preference. Finally, we study the compatibility between these reciprocal preference structures and the standard preference structures of weak fuzzy preference relations by means of an axiomatic approach, leading to a system of functional equations that is shown to admit different solutions, allowing to explicitly assign one of the available semantics for reciprocal preference relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the theory of average rate of change (ARC) measurement. We use an axiomatic approach to generalize the conventional ARC measures (such as the difference quotient and the continuously compounded growth rate) in several directions: to outcome variables with arbitrary connected domains, to not necessarily time-shift invariant dependence on time, to more general (than an interval) time sets, to a path-dependent setting, and to a benchmark-based evaluation. We also revisit and generalize the relationship between the ARC measurement and intertemporal choice models. • Average rate of change (ARC) measurement is related to intertemporal choice. • An axiomatic approach to ARC measurement is developed. • Various generalizations of the conventional ARC measures are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new framework for Off-Earth mining method selection is proposed based on theoretical equipment reliability and axiomatic design principles. This enables categorisation of mining equipment for different deposit types and can focus continued research efforts into high impact areas. Eventually the procedure can help streamline iterative feasibility studies for Off-Earth mining operations. A sensitivity analysis has also been conducted on various mining system parameters. This has shown that the rock breakage, excavation and transport equipment selection does not have a major impact on ISRU energy consumption. Rather, the geological parameters and processing efficiency are the main factors which influence energy usage. • A novel approach to classifying and selecting mining methods for Off-Earth resource extraction. • An analysis of the relative importance of several design parameters for mining systems. • Review and development of novel tools for mining equipment classification and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data boundary analysis is an important issue in textile industry. Traffic converges in the converged nodes which responsible for the capacity calculation of data boundary. It includes the maximum boundary and the corresponding minimum boundary. At present, the research in this field is not detailed enough. However, its importance is self-evident. If there is no data boundary as support, the configuration and operation of the system will become very redundant. In order to obtain more concise system configuration, the probability of boundary and system model are studied. Finally, the accuracy of the model is simulated and compared with numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software system and conceptual design are highly abstract and functionally based. In recent years, the software system has been developing rapidly whereas the growth of hardware system is slow. However, it is difficult to transfer the knowledge from software to hardware for conceptual design due to the discipline gaps between software and hardware. Axiomatic design theory bridges software and hardware design conceptually; but lacks in further methodologies for transforming the software system structure to the axiomatic design matrix. This paper focuses on developing a methodology to conceptually design firmware which will help bridge the gap between software and hardware conceptual design. A conversion method between the axiomatic design matrix and the widely used UML sequence diagram was developed. This helps the designers identify Functional Requirements (FRs), Design Parameters (DPs) and their dependencies (i.e., Functional Couplings). In this methodology Functional Messages (FMs) are introduced, defined as the messages of UML sequence diagram and they are used for transition to axiomatic design matrix. DPs of design matrix are defined as the objects in the UML sequence diagram, and FRs of design matrix are generated by merging FMs depending on their flow of information in the sequence diagram. A case study was performed on software system of FDM 3D Printer to validate the proposed method. The UML Sequence diagram of the software system of FDM 3D Printer was successfully transformed into the design matrix. Then Design Coupling Sequence approach was applied to find the proper executable sequence to improve the software design concept of the 3D printer and innovation opportunities were suggested. By using this method, the Software system architecture of FDM 3D Printer was improved conceptually by decoupling the highly coupled DPs, which makes the system more efficient by reducing the build time of a 3D printed part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending classical algorithms for ordinary weighted or string-to-string automata to automata with underlying more general algebraic structures is of significant practical and theoretical interest. However, the generalization of classical algorithms sets certain assumptions on the underlying structure. In this respect the maximal factorization turns out to be a sufficient condition for many practical problems, e.g. minimization and canonization. Recently, an axiomatic approach on monoid structures suggested that monoids with most general equalizer (mge-monoids) provide an alternative framework to achieve similar results. In this paper, we study the fundamental relation between monoids admitting a maximal factorization and mge-monoids. We describe necessary conditions for the existence of a maximal factorization and provide sufficient conditions for an mge-monoid to admit a maximal factorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows how to teach axiomatic design (AD) of manufacturing processes and systems in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to achieve long-term sustainability in the introduction of Industry 4.0. This is about how to develop profitable and ethical design solutions by exploiting emerging technologies, especially for companies with limited resources. Suh's axiomatic approach to design selects the best solution among plausible candidates early in the design process so that resources can be focused most effectively. It is important that engineers know how to develop ethical design solutions efficiently and effectively. Sustainability rests on three pillars, economic, ecological and social. Therefore, ethical design can be achieved, with responsible use of natural resources and protection of the environment, meeting the needs of people and society as well as profitability to ensure long-term prosperity for all. Literature on Industry 4.0 shows several approaches on how Industry 4.0 can be sustainable and human-centered. However, few works focus on SMEs and there is little on teaching. Here, AD is used to create a program for teaching how to apply AD to design problems in the context of Industry 4.0 for SMEs. AD theory states that the best design solutions are those that, 1- maintain the independence of the functional elements, and 2- minimize the information content, i.e., maximize the probability of success. In AD, needs of customers and other stake holders are considered first, so that the right problems are addressed. Then top-down, parallel, functional-physical decompositions, are followed by physical integrations, all guided by Suh's axioms to select the right solutions. In order to test new technologies in a practice-oriented way in advance of introduction for SMEs, learning factory laboratories are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0, growing material supply chains, and changing logistics structures require flexible material flow solutions. As a result of this development, the usage of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) is increasing significantly. Although there has been much research undertaken on the design of indoor AMRs, there is a lack of research regarding outdoor systems. Weather and road conditions are still challenging for sensors and actuators. Furthermore, requirements regarding the system, which must be known and met beforehand to guarantee industrial applicability, are yet to be sufficiently determined. This paper aims to close this gap and identify functional requirements through Axiomatic Design, which is used to develop design guidelines for practitioners. Starting with a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews, the authors gather basic customer requirements. These customer requirements will then be analyzed to define functional requirements. Through a mapping and top-down decomposition process, the research team deduces design solutions for using outdoor AMRs. These requirements and solutions will be transformed into guidelines, which help system designers to improve the implementation of AMRs on the factory premises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an integrated Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (f AHP) and Weighted Fuzzy Axiomatic Design (wf AD) methodology for a strategic level problem of hydrogen energy storage (HES) method selection for Turkey. Considering alternatives of tank, metal hydride and chemical storage, we design our decision problem with respect to five assessment criteria as weight, capacity, storage loss and leak, reliability, and total system cost. In the solution methodology, we first implement f AHP to determine criteria weights by incorporating linguistic judgement and vague information. Next, we define functional requirements and design parameters for the selection problem and use wf AD to compare alternatives. After implementing the proposed integrated approach, we perform additional sensitivity analysis experiments to test the robustness of the solution with respect to changes in functional requirements. • We consider a hydrogen energy storage method selection problem for Turkey. • We incorporate three alternatives as tank, metal hydride, and chemical. • We use fuzzy analytical hierarchy process to determine criteria weights. • We use weighted fuzzy axiomatic design to select the most appropriate alternative. • Our results reveal that metal hydride is the most appropriate solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive Manufacturing (AM) opens new horizons and paradigms for design, manufacturing and even tertiary activities. However, the quality of built parts in terms of mechanical properties, surface texture, geometrical and dimensional accuracy, remains highly dependent not only on AM systems' parameters, but also on the chosen process among the numerous available AM processes. Therefore, to control the quality of built parts, it is essential to evaluate the influence of each process-related and system parameter. This can be done by building meta-models for the prediction of printed parts' output properties or through experimentations using artefacts. Another approach consists in pure analytical modelling of AM processes and systems based on physics and thermo-mechanical phenomena occurring during the build phase. Finally, there are hybrid compensation models based on process physics analysis and experimentations using artefacts. In all of the aforementioned methods, AM artefacts are crucial to predict, build and validate models. However, essentially due to a lack of systematic design guidelines, several proposals for standardised AM artefacts ended up unsuccessfully. By taking advantage of concepts and tools of axiomatic design, this work introduces a detailed and systematic design approach for customised AM artefacts. A case study is also detailed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring functional coupling in complex systems is an important task for good design practice, though historically it has been an art of subjective judgement. With the recent advancements in Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing, functional requirements (FRs) and design parameters (DPs), which are expressed as words and sentences, can be represented in a vector space. The sentence embedding model, BERT, was used in this paper to vectorize FRs and DPs, to calculate functional independence and to study how metrics for functional coupling measurement can be enhanced. It was found that semantic similarity among FRs and DPs, represented in vector space, could be used to compute quantitative values for metrics of functional independence. It was also found that design cases where coupling was unambiguous yielded the best results, while cases where laws of physics needed to define the FR-DP relationship did not transliterate well to the natural language used to express the FR-DP highlighted the limitations of the model in its current state. This study, however, demonstrates a great opportunity to develop a robust, fine-tuned design language representation model for accurately measuring functional independence as a part of our effort to enhance design intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the relationships between Description Logics and Set Theory. The study is carried on using, on the set-theoretic side, a very rudimentary axiomatic set theory Ω, consisting of only four axioms characterizing binary union, set difference, inclusion, and the power-set. An extension of ALC , dubbed ALC Ω , is defined in which concepts are naturally interpreted as sets living in Ω-models. In ALC Ω not only membership between concepts is allowed—even admitting membership circularity—but also the power-set construct is exploited to add metamodelling capabilities. We investigate translations of ALC Ω into standard description logics as well as a set-theoretic translation. A polynomial encoding of ALC Ω in ALCOI proves the validity of the finite model property as well as an ExpTime upper bound on the complexity of concept satisfiability. We develop a set-theoretic translation of ALC Ω in the theory Ω, exploiting a technique proposed for translating normal modal and polymodal logics into Ω. Finally, we show that the fragment LC Ω of ALC Ω not admitting roles and individual names, is as expressive as ALC Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The task of design feature transcription, or encoding the functional requirements and design parameters of a design, requires representing design data such that a machine can comprehend. Natural language processing, powered by deep neural networks trained on massive corpora of textual data, can map language into distributed vector representation space that machines can understand and retrieve. This work outlines how language models can be used to enhance early-stage design by separating the functional and physical domains, abstracting key functional requirements, and analysing systems to provide metrics for good design decision making, to facilitate a framework for hybrid intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a theory of qualitative probability. The usual approach of earlier work was to specify a binary operator ⪯ on formulas with ϕ ⪯ ψ having the intended interpretation that the event expressed by ϕ is no more probable than that expressed by ψ. We generalise these approaches by extending the domain of the operator ⪯ from the set of events to the set of finite sequences of events. If Φ and Ψ are finite sequences of events, Φ ⪯ Ψ has the intended interpretation that the combined probabilities of the elements of Φ are no greater than those of Ψ. A sound and complete axiomatisation for this operator over finite outcome sets is given. We argue that our approach is more perspicuous and intuitive than previous accounts. As well, we show that the approach is sufficiently expressive to capture the results of axiomatic probability theory and to encode rational linear inequalities. We also prove that our approach generalises the two major accounts for finite outcome sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is to investigate resistance of an ITER divertor module against typical seismic loads. Two kinds of complex finite element (FE) models, which consists of cassette body, inner and outer vertical targets, dome and stabilizers, were developed; one is 1- or 2-layer simplified models without consideration of inner tubes. The other is a 3-layer detailed model with the inner tubes as well as cooling water. Modal analyses to predict dynamic characteristics were conducted in use of block-Lanczos algorithm for all the FE models. Subsequently, response spectrum analyses were performed by employing three modal combination techniques and taking into account different seismic magnitudes. Analysis results from the detailed model led to higher von-Mises stresses than those obtained from the simplified model. Moreover, calculated stress intensities at critical locations were compared with corresponding design stress intensities, according to ITER structural design criteria for in-vessel components, which satisfied sufficiently the structural assessment requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Perform axiomatic design to figure out coupled relationships between sub-systems. • Establish design framework with hydraulic collector and tracked vehicle. • Employ Kriging-based feasible search method for design of the pilot miner. Abstract In the pilot miner system, the hydraulic type collector is sensitive to the traffic ability of moving on cohesive soil. Therefore, the traffic ability needs to be simultaneously considered with collector performances in the design process. This means that the system has coupled disciplines and constraints, which can reduce the size of the feasible region, rendering it difficult to use the current optimization techniques to search the optimum satisfying all of the constraints. In this study, a new technique which stochastically explores the optimum point with the highest probability, improving the objective and satisfying the constraints, is applied to the design of a deep-seabed pilot miner system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays most of the technical drawings, to be complete, must contain information that allows a correct reading about its functionality, and simultaneously the correct interpretation for manufacturing and assembly operations: It is desirable that information allow a definition of manufacturing and assembly sequences to create conditions that lead to more probabilities to avoid production errors. With the increase of the use of geometrical tolerances, the inspection operations are essentially coordinate metrology. So, as to manufacturing and assembly, also to inspection is imperative the definition of a correct sequence of operations, which are dependent of adequate datum systems, to avoid "circular" references that may be a source of coupled operations. An important condition to produce parts with quality is using the same reference systems (datum system) to all operations in manufacturing, in assembly and in inspection. This is obtained in the design phase and this is possible with GD&T - which is a true engineering language – using the independence concept of Axiomatic Design. In this paper is presented a case that illustrates the application of the independence axiom as a contribute to an adequate application of GD&T, which points to a correct sequence of inspection operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axiomatic Design theory claims for using universal principles that allow classifying a design and choose the best one. Moreover, it helps to anticipate problems in the performance of a system. This design theory develops the design in four design domains and has two axioms: the independence axiom, and the information axiom. The probability of fulfilling the set of functional requirements allows determining the information content of the design, a measure of the complexity of a system. Complexity may change over time, called time-dependent complexity. Time-dependent complexity can be reduced using functional periodicity, a way to periodically reset the system ensuring the functionality of the system at the former design levels. System maintenance provides periodical functionality allowing to reduce the complexity of the system. However, interferences between parts or systems are often not taken into account in the design, making possible the complexity to increase until a total failure of the system. The authors propose to use the Design Structure Matrix, to help to define the changes in the physical domain over time. Thus, computing the distributions of the functional requirements in a fuzzy environment allows calculating the probability of success of a system along the time. It was found possible to compute the time-dependent complexity using ranges of lifetime of compounds and to identify the probable failure of a system by the pick increase of information at a certain time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The rotational stiffness of generalized cross-spring pivots is lowered to zero with two balancing springs. • A simple closed-form model is developed using the law of conservation of energy to provide design insights. • Three special cases that may earn benefits such as compactness and lightweight are discussed. • The influence of force on the rotational stiffness is evaluated to offer designers with a guideline to select parameters. Abstract Compared with conventional rigid joints, flexural pivots store strain energy and therefore increase power requirement, posing some design challenges in several fields. A given flexural pivot can be approximately balanced with other compliant components such as springs, but inappropriate parameters and installing positions may lead to a high remaining stiffness induced by external forces. The objective of this paper is to analyze a near-zero stiffness rotational flexural pivot (NZSRFP) via balancing a generalized cross-spring pivot and to evaluate the effect of forces so as to offer useful qualitative and quantitative design insights. Taking advantage of the law of conservation of energy, a mathematical model is developed to determine the stiffness of balancing springs, and thus three special cases are presented to simplify physical models. Meanwhile, the stiffness relation between flexural pivot and balancing springs is analyzed, and the force is evaluated to attenuate its effect on the resulting stiffness. Finally, the analytical model is verified by finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments. Compared with unbalanced flexural pivot, the NZSRFP allows the rotational stiffness to be reduced to 0.55% by appropriately selecting design parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The diversity of users and market requires that product must be developed based on the customer need. It is a challenge for designers to fully understand the customer need in the product development. Traditional methods of the product development rely on designers' experience. It is difficulty to generate a consistent design solution by different designers. This paper introduces an integrated approach of axiomatic design and benchmarking methods for product development based on diverse needs. The axiomatic principle is applied to map customer needs into product function requirements. The benchmarking method is used to search product specifications to meet the product function requirements. A hand rehabilitation device is developed using the proposed method. The solution shows effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human–machine interface (HMI) design evaluation is critical in interactive product development because it directly affects the cost of subsequent design and user experiments. The evaluation information of HMI design mainly depends on the subjective perception and preference of experts, especially the hesitancy degree is rarely considered. We propose an integrated spherical fuzzy AHP (SF-AHP) and spherical fuzzy axiomatic design (SF-AD) method to choose a reasonable HMI alternative, considering the potential risks caused by the hesitancy degree of experts. Firstly, we introduce a process of automatically repairing inconsistent spherical fuzzy preference relations (SFPR) for SF-AHP. After that, we build suitable evaluation criteria and calculate the criteria weight by the SF-AHP method. We further extend the axiomatic design to the spherical fuzzy environment and propose a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method based on SF-AD to evaluate HMI alternatives. The case analysis results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the HMI design evaluation process, and the sensitivity and comparative analysis results indicate that the proposed method is stable and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An evaluation system of logistics provider selection for omni-channel environment is presented. • Probability of the logistics provider fulfilling a criterion is identified by fuzzy axiomatic design. • Quantify the psychological behavior of the decision maker using a regret/rejoice theory. • Sensitivity analysis to check on the robustness of framework is performed. Abstract As e-commerce marketplaces proliferate, omni-channels will become the new engine of growth. Omni-channel retailers need to optimally determine how to select suitable logistics providers (LSPs) to help maintain their competitive advantage. Although there are many methods to solve the problem of LSP selection, most of them overlook the decision maker’s psychology. Most importantly, previous studies paid little attention to the probability of success for each candidate under each criterion. To compensate for these shortcomings, this study proposes a new method of logistics provider selection in an omni-channel environment. We present the model in three phases. The first phase involves computing the probability of success of each LSP with respect to each criterion through axiomatic design method. The second phase uses the perspective of the extended regret aversion/rejoice preference to develop a bounded rational decision making model for determining the criteria weights. In this phase, the regret/rejoice levels are treated as continuous parameters, whereby decision makers can regret and rejoice simultaneously. The final phase computes the expected perceived utility values to select the best LSP. To validate the capability of the proposed model, LSPs of six from a case study are ranked based on the proposed model, and the results are compared with the traditional regret and TOPSIS. The findings suggest that the proposed method provides more reasonable and reliable results, which are in line with the psychological behavior of human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To determine the overall trustworthiness of a complex Cyber Physical System (CPS), it is critical to consider several methods of engineering design. Traditionally, translating a customer needs into requirements, through physical realization and into an operation leans on processes that are largely dependent upon functional requirements. There are, however, no strict rules in design that dictate the use of functionality as the fundamental approach. Since no strict rules exist, non-functional requirements will be used contrary to the traditional use of functional requirements. In particular, trustworthiness is a relatively defined term relying on face-validity methods from a multitude of non-functional requirements identified in related research. A limited-design method with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Axiomatic Design (AD) and Design of Experiments (DOE) is tested using this nonfunctional requirement of trustworthiness. The aggregated measurement is used to determine where it is best to focus design efforts in the concept stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual “easy jobs” need to be efficient, standardised and quality assured to remain competitive against automated production. Digitalised work instructions offer an opportunity to support standardisation and quality assurance for manual work tasks in industry. Inspired by axiomatic design this study aims at selecting design of lean methods and equipment for digital assembly instructions and standardised work. Literature regarding standardised work and green lean production system is applied in a case study. Interviews, observations and green lean equipment design methods are used to conclude system requirements of a digital work instruction-system designed for assembly of modular buildings at Husmuttern AB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evidence-based, multiscale approach to specifying surface topographies, with tolerancing is proposed. This approach would support the design of products and manufacturing processes where surface topographies are critical, or influence more than one function. Suh’s axiomatic design is used for this development. Multiscale analyses and characterizations of topographies are proposed to facilitate the discovery of correlations of topographies with performance and processing. A value chain is proposed for propagating the tolerances from the customer domain through the functional, physical, and process domains while maintaining independence and maximizing the probability of success (axioms one and two). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern modular construction demands high quality, cost-effective, and efficient production of components. These requirements have led to the emergence of offsite construction manufacturing, which necessitates the use of automated machines. Compared to traditional onsite methods, offsite modular construction has a positive impact on quality, safety, cost, and productivity. Methodologies exist in the design of automated modular construction machines. This automation consists of not only the machines but also the supportive electrical and pneumatic systems, which, regardless of the design approaches used for automated machines, can be applied to the design of their associated systems. To avoid costly design changes, there is a clear need for a systematic and iterative design methodology at the conceptual design stage. For the control panel, the conceptual design method introduced in this paper facilitates the subsequent computer-aided design to be performed at the detailed design stage. Integrated function modeling, combined with axiomatic design and design structure matrix, constitutes the conceptual design approach for the control panel. In this work, linear time complex algorithm is developed for automating the layout of the electrical devices and wiring connections in order to facilitate computer-aided design implementation in the detailed design phase. Furthermore, the control panel guidelines and standards that constitute the prior knowledge of the design process are embedded in the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintenance is considered as an important factor in the improvement of machine performance. Indeed, maintenance plays an important role in maintaining reliability, availability, quality of products, reducing risk, improving efficiency, and safety. In maintenance problems, the desired real data cannot easily be found, thus decision making by applying expert knowledge is the only way. However, due to the existence of uncertainties in these assessments, the accuracy of evaluations may be questioned. The aim of this study was to present an appropriate mathematical model for decision making in the assessment and selection of proper maintenance strategy in risky situations. For this purpose, a model based on fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) is presented, wherein each evaluation has both optimistic and pessimistic fuzzy scores, as the fuzzy evaluations themselves have risks. In order to improve the accuracy of the presented method, a new concept called “acceptable risk” has been suggested. A real case study, to measure the effectiveness of the proposed model, is conducted in a rolling mill company and the obtained results are compared with other FAD concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information axiom is used to determine the best option among the potential alternatives. In case of uncertain parameters, information axiom has been extended to its ordinary fuzzy versions in the literature. In this paper, we developed a trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy information axiom model in order to handle the hesitancy of experts. The developed model aggregates the judgments of more than one expert and proposes a new defuzzification method for trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Our model was applied to a multicriteria landfill site selection problem and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to check the robustness of the given decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reticulation of a unital ring R is a bounded distributive lattice L (A) whose main property is that the Zariski prime spectrum of R is homeomorphic with the Stone prime spectrum of L (A). In this paper we develop an axiomatic theory of reticulation in the abstract framework offered by the integral complete l -groupoids (= icl -groupoids). For an algebraic icl -groupoid A we define axiomatically three basic notions: pre-reticulation, semi-reticulation and reticulation. We prove a uniqueness theorem for the semi-reticulations of A and we characterize the algebraic icl -groupoids that admit a reticulation. Given an algebraic icl -groupoid A , we define the spectral closure of the m -prime spectrum S p e c Z (A) of A , an abstraction of the spectral closure of the prime spectrum of a ring. When A is the icl -groupoid I d (R) of ideals in a ring R we obtain some of the Belluce results on the reticulation of R and the spectral closure of the prime spectrum of R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel multi-criteria three-way decision (TWD) method is devised to solve the problems of classification and sorting by considering requirements and targets based on qualitative and quantitative information. TWD theory has been generally utilized to handle multi-criteria decision-making problems. However, few studies on the TWD theory consider the requirements and targets of decision-makers. To fill this gap in the existing studies on the TWD theory, the conditional probability is computed based on the fuzzy axiomatic design and the target-based aggregation operator. A parameter is designed to reflect the preference degree of the basic requirements over the target values offered by the decision-maker. To meet the description needs of quantitative and qualitative attributes, the real numbers and the interval numbers are employed to describe the quantitative information, the interval-valued double hierarchy linguistic term sets are employed to express the qualitative information. The analytic hierarchy process method is utilized to calculate the weights of the criteria with interval-valued double hierarchy linguistic information. Following the maximum-utility principle, the classification and ranking of the objects are attained. Ultimately, a case study on the selection of algorithm engineers in the recruitment process verifies the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method, and a comparative analysis with other methods proves the superiority of this method. • Basic requirements and target values are considered in the three-way decision. • Quantitative and qualitative expressions are used to describe the criterion values. • Our proposed method can not only classify the objects but also rank them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic analysis of compatibility amongst building ontologies is undertaken. • Brick Schema, Project Haystack, RealEstateCore, and Digital Buildings are considered. • Diverse ontologies are evaluated by both the OQuaRE framework and an empirical study. • Ontology design patterns for smart building data interoperability are proposed. Ontologies play a critical role in data exchange, information integration, and knowledge sharing across diverse smart building applications. Yet, semantic differences between the prevailing building ontologies hamper their purpose of bringing data interoperability and restrict the ability to reuse building ontologies in real-world applications. In this paper, we propose and adopt a framework to conduct a systematic comparison and evaluation of four popular building ontologies (Brick Schema, RealEstateCore, Project Haystack, and Digital Buildings) from both axiomatic design and assertions in a use case, namely the Terminological Box (TBox) evaluation and the Assertion Box (ABox) evaluation. In the TBox evaluation, we use the SQuaRE-based Ontology Quality Evaluation (OQuaRE) framework and concede that Project Haystack and Brick Schema are more compact with respect to the ontology axiomatic design. In the ABox evaluation, we apply an empirical study with sample building data that suggests Brick Schema and RealEstateCore have greater completeness and expressiveness in capturing the main concepts and relations within the building domain. The results indicate that there is no universal building ontology for integrating Linked Building Data (LBD). We also discuss ontology compatibility and investigate building ontology design patterns (ODPs) to support ontology matching, alignment, and harmonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the matrix elements of the energy–momentum tensor play an important role in determining the properties of the form factors A ( q 2 ) , B ( q 2 ) and C ( q 2 ) which appear in the Lorentz covariant decomposition of the matrix elements. In this paper we apply a rigorous frame-independent distributional-matching approach to the matrix elements of the Poincaré generators in order to derive constraints on these form factors as q → 0 . In contrast to the literature, we explicitly demonstrate that the vanishing of the anomalous gravitomagnetic moment B ( 0 ) and the condition A ( 0 ) = 1 are independent of one another, and that these constraints are not related to the specific properties or conservation of the individual Poincaré generators themselves, but are in fact a consequence of the physical on-shell requirement of the states in the matrix elements and the manner in which these states transform under Poincaré transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the pre-conceptual design activities conducted for the European DEMO divertor, focusing on cassette design and Plasma Facing Components (PFC) integration. Following the systems engineering principles, a systematic design method, the Iterative and Participative Axiomatic Design Process (IPADeP), has been adopted. Basing on Axiomatic Design, IPADeP supports the early conceptual design of complex systems. The work moved from the geometrical and interface constraints imposed by the 2015 DEMO configuration model. Then, since different materials will be used for cassette and PFCs, the divertor geometry has been developed taking into account the cooling parameters of the cassette Eurofer steel and the integration of PFCs cooling system. Accordingly, the design process led to a double wall cassette structure with internal reinforcing ribs to withstand cassette coolant pressure and three different kinds of piping schemes for PFCs with dual circuits. These three solutions differs in the feeding pipes layouts and target manifold protection and they have been proposed and evaluated considering heat flux issues, shielding problems, interface requirements with blanket and vacuum vessel and remote maintenance needs. A cassette parametric shell model has been used to perform first structural analyses of the cassette body against coolant pressure. Taking advantages of the parametric surface modelling and its linkage with Finite Element (FE) code, the cassette ribs layout and thickness has been evaluated and optimized, considering at the same time the structural strength needed to withstand the coolant parameters and the maximum stiffness required for cassette preloading and locking needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, industrial facilities are devoting ever greater attention to the importance of energy in their operations. It directly supports the challenges of high availability, quality excellence, and compliance with ever more ambitious sustainability targets. Such objectives are often beyond the scope of local electric utilities, and so this work, instead, considers microgrid-enabled production systems . In such a case, the production enterprise is motivated to in-source its energy supply so as to tailor its management and delivery to the needs of its production system. The introduction of microgrids to a production system setting opens several new industrial energy management activities. Here, the microgrid's dynamic power balancing activities in the operations time scale are of greatest importance. The power supply, which may potentially be variable, must be matched to the industrial loads which are a byproduct of production activities. Therefore, this article seeks to develop a Dynamic Energy Management Model for Microgrid-Enabled Production Systems. The model is based on a hetero-functional graph theory rooted in the Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems and timed Petri nets. The static stability of the microgrid is analyzed using power flow analysis. The resulting model is applied to an illustrative example in which a multi-resource production system is coupled to a microgrid with several types of power generation. The outcomes of the example show that the variable electricity demand imposed by production activities is ill accommodated by renewable energy sources alone. Consequently, the stability of the microgrid is maintained by a dispatchable generator. This holistic model, therefore, includes the impact of the production schedule on greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]