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Anthraquinone is a recently identified contaminant present in teas globally, and its potential teratogenic and genotoxic impacts have yet to be fully comprehended. Hence, this study's objective was to determine anthraquinone's genotoxicity using various studies such as the Ames test, Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, and in-vitro mammalian chromosome aberration study. Additionally, the study assessed its effects on maternal gestational toxicity and the fetus's teratogenicity through prenatal developmental toxicity research in rats. Results indicated that anthraquinone did not manifest mutagenic effects on Salmonella typhimurium histidine-deficient, did not cause chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cell subclone CHO-K1, and did not exhibit a genotoxic effect on mouse bone marrow erythrocytes. However, in the prenatal developmental toxicity study, administering anthraquinone orally to pregnant rats from day 5 to day 19 of gestation resulted in decreased body weight and food consumption of pregnant rats, along with a higher number of visceral malformations in the fetuses in the highest dose group (217.6 mg/kg BW). Additionally, two pregnant rats died in this group. The study has established the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as 21.76 mg/kg BW, while the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 217.6 mg/kg BW. [Display omitted] • This paper discusses the genotoxicity and teratotoxicity of anthraquinone. • Anthraquinone is not genotoxic. • The NOAEL for anthraquinone teratology was 21.76 mg/kg, the LOAEL was 217.6 mg/kg. • Data on genotoxicity and prenatal developmental toxicity of anthraquinone were added. • Provides a basis for chronic toxicity design and risk assessment of anthraquinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugar moieties of many glycosylated small molecule natural products are essential for their biological activity. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes responsible for installing these sugar moieties on a variety of biomolecules. Many GTs active on natural products are inherently substrate promiscuous and thus serve as useful tools in manipulating natural product glycosylation to generate new combinations of sugar units (glycones) and scaffold molecules (aglycones) in a process called glycodiversification. It is important to have an effective screening tool to detect the activity of promiscuous enzymes and their resulting glycoside products. Toward this aim, we developed a strategy for screening natural product GTs in a high-throughput fashion enabled by rapid isolation and detection of chromophoric or fluorescent glycosylated natural products. This involves a solvent extraction step to isolate the resulting polar glycoside product from the unreacted aglycone acceptor substrate and the detection of the formed glycoside by the innate absorbance or fluorescence of the aglycone moiety. Using our approach, we screened a collection of natural product GTs against a panel of precursors to therapeutically important molecules. Three GTs showed previously unreported promiscuity toward anthraquinones resulting in novel e-rhodomycinone glycosides. Considering the pharmaceutical value of clinically used anthraquinone glycosides that are biosynthesized from an e-rhodomycinone precursor, and the significance that the sugar moiety has on the biological activity of these drugs, our results are of particular importance toward the glycodiversification of therapeutics in this class. The GTs identified and the novel compounds they produce show promise toward new biocatalytic tools and therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, which is rich in phenolic hydroxyl/methoxy groups as redox active groups, is a potential electrolyte material for aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs). This work demonstrated to the synthesis of lignin-derived electrolytes via cyclization with 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone (1,4-DHAQ), in the absence of hazardous or noble metal catalysts in mild conditions (0 °C, 1 atm). The structure of lignin anthraquinone derivatives (LAQDs) cyclized in basis alkaline solution was experimentally determined. An exhaustive comparative study was conducted with respect to the electrochemical properties, charging-discharging tests and cycling performances. The initially volumetric capacitance, the capacity retention rate and coulombic efficiency of two LAQDs were determined to be 148.0 mAh.L−1, 89.3 % and 99.0 % for coniferaldehyde-anthraquinone derivative [LAQD(G)], and 132.1 mAh.L−1, 81.2 % and 99.0 % for sinusaldehyde-anthraquinone derivative [LAQD(S)], respectively. The theoretical value calculated by DFT is consistent with the actual value. Such LAQDs can be used as organic electrolyte materials, which can overcome poor chemical stability of anthraquinone, while improving the electrochemical activity of lignin-based electrolyte materials. This technology provides a pathway to prepare organic electrolyte for the development of environment friendly and better energy storage performance electrolytes for ARFBs. • Having better chemical stability of lignin anthraquinone derivatives than anthraquinone for the active materials of ARFBs. • Enhancing the electrochemical activity of lignin by cyclization with 1,4-DHAQ. • Having excellent electrochemical properties of two kind of LAQDs, especially the lignin rich in G-unit groups from the softwood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of different kinds of synthetic dyes in the environment poses a global ecological threat. White rot fungi play an important role in dye decolorization, but there is a scope for developing improvised dye decolorization methods and analysing its mechanism. In the present study, we used free and immobilized biomass (on two solid synthetic supports) of the Trametes versicolor (CB8) strain to decolorize five of the most utilized synthetic dyes belonging to three different classes, namely triphenylmethane (Brilliant Green, Crystal Violet), azo (Congo Red, Evans Blue), and anthraquinone (Remazol Brilliant Blue R) in a wide range of initial concentration (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg·L-1). The best removal (more than 90%) was observed for three dyes (Evans Blue, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Crystal Violet) in case of free and immobilized biomass at all concentrations whereas immobilization did not prove beneficial for elimination of Congo Red. The UV-Vis spectrum analysis proved the dye decolorization was performed by biodegradation method. Through the desorption study, the individual participation of physical sorption in the decolorization of dye was investigated. It was concluded that biochemical decolorization played a major role in dye decolorization. Further research is indicated to optimize the degradation process by immobilized CB8 strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Emodin, rhein and aloe-emodin have been demonstrated for their significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. • Anthraquinones have been reported as potent antiviral agents against different viral infections including those infecting human respiratory tract. • Polygonaceae, Rubiaceae and Asphodelaceae have been found to be potential reservoir of naturally occurring anthraquinones. • Plants of Polygonaceae family have been found as the major source of antiviral anthraquinones. Medicinal plants are being used as an alternative source of health management to cure various human ailments. The healing role is attributed to the hidden dynamic groups of various phytoconstituents, most of which have been recorded from plants and their derivatives. Nowadays, medicinal plants have gained more attention due to their pharmacological and industrial potential. Aromatic compounds are one of the dynamic groups of secondary metabolites (SM) naturally present in plants; and anthraquinones of this group are found to be attractive due to their high bioactivity and low toxicity. They have been reported to exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, immune-suppressive, antioxidant, antipyretic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Anthraquinones have been also shown to exhibit potent antiviral effects against different species of viruses. Though, it has been reported that a medicinal plant with antiviral activity against one viral infection may be used to combat other types of viral infections. Therefore, in this review, we explored and highlighted the antiviral properties of anthraquinones of Polygonaceae, Rubiaceae and Asphodelaceae families. Anthraquinones from these plant families have been reported for their effects on human respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. They are hence presumed to have antiviral potential against SARS-CoV as well. Thus, anthraquinones are potential candidates that need to be screened thoroughly and developed as drugs to combat COVID-19. The information documented in this review could therefore serve as a starting point in developing novel drugs that may help to curb the SARS-COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SFC was used for the analysis of anthraquinones in Frangula alnus for the first time. • Seven derivatives could be resolved in less than six minutes on a DIOL phase. • The method permits the separation of glycosides and aglyca at the same time. • The assay was validated and is well applicable for real sample analysis. Anthraquinones are the major bioactive compounds in alder buckthorn , a plant with a long history of use for the treatment of obstipation in European and Asian traditional medicine. As these metabolites are also associated with toxic side effects, reliable analytical techniques for their determination are essential. Previously described methods mainly utilized Liquid Chromatography for this purpose, as the photometric assay described in the current edition of the European Pharmacopoeia lacks selectivity. In this study, the development and application of an alternative approach, Ultra-High Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, is presented, facilitating the qualitative and quantitative determination of seven anthraquinone derivatives in under six minutes. This was possible by using a Torus™ DIOL column and a modifier comprising methanol with 10 % acetonitrile and 2.5 mM oxalic acid; applying a flow rate of 1.6 mL/min and an elevated temperature of 55 °C enabled optimal resolution. Regarding selectivity, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9995), precision and accuracy (recovery rates between 96.6 and 103.3 %), all results were in line with the respective ICH requirements. Practical applicability of the assay was confirmed by analyzing different samples, including commercially available plant material, phytopharmaceuticals containing Frangula bark and wild collected samples. Except of the latter, glucofrangulin A always was the dominating compound; however, the overall anthraquinone content showed to be very variable ranging from 2.18 to 51.32 mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) presents a sustainable alternative to the anthraquinone process, while the transition to applying this process at industrial-relevant currents remains a significant challenge. Most studies tried to solve it by catalysts modulations, whereas we found that the accessibility to the gaseous O 2 , might be the crux of this matter. Herein, we developed a series of membrane-based gas diffusion electrodes (Mem-GDEs) with varied O 2 accessibility. Their endurable currents were found to be well correlated with the O 2 mass transferability. By constructing high O 2 -accessible triphasic interfaces, Mem-GDE achieved a recorded current density, 1.4 A cm−2, with the current efficiency higher than 80.6 %. It was also verified for the first time that the insufficient O 2 triggered a severe flooding problem and thus further deteriorate the O 2 mass transfer. This study highlights the importance of O 2 accessibility and provides new insights into triphasic interfaces construction for realizing industrial-used H 2 O 2 -generated electrodes. [Display omitted] • Mem-GDE with high O2 accessibility was fabricated by employing a PTFE membrane. • The Mem-GDE has great stability in producing H2O2 at industrial current densities. • Severe flooding can be triggered by the deficiency of O2 supply. • The Mem-GDE has great potential for long-term application for contaminant removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reducing water quenching processes using heavy water as solvent. • Capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection for separation of anthraquinones and anthracyclines. • Heavy water improves the detection limits and signal-to-noise ratio in capillary electrophoresis. • More than eleven times lower detection limits for pharmaceutical samples in CE-LIF. • Enhanced fluorescence signal intensity through deuterated water substitution in CE-LIF. Water, ubiquitous in analytical methods, is renowned for its fluorescence quenching properties, influencing techniques like fluorescence spectrophotometry or techniques with fluorescence detection. This study explores the impact of water (H₂O) substitution for heavy water (D₂O) on the fluorescence behavior of anthraquinones and anthracyclines. Anthraquinones and anthracyclines play crucial roles in pharmacy, serving as essential components in various therapeutic formulations, particularly in cancer treatment and other pharmacological interventions. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with heavy water as the background electrolyte (BGE) solvent offers superior sensitivity to the separation and detection of these analytes. Experimental results demonstrate the improved detection limits and separation efficiency of selected anthraquinones rhein (RH), aloe-emodin (AE), and anthracyclines doxorubicin (DOX), epirubicin (EPI) and daunorubicine (DAU) in heavy water-based buffers, highlighting the potential of heavy water in advancing analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ni@Si for selective hydrogenation of 2-ethylanthraquinone has been designed. • A high selectivity (99.2%) coupled with 90.7% conversion is obtained. • The initial reaction rate is doubled compared with reported values. • Reaction mechanism is established based on kinetic analysis. • Synergistic effect between metal and Lewis acid sites is elucidated. Selective hydrogenation of 2-ethylanthraquinone to 2-ethylanthrahydroquinone is a critical step to produce hydrogen peroxide in industry, and the development of non-noble catalysts with both high selectivity for C = O hydrogenation and superior activity is highly desirable but challenging. Herein, we developed a Ni@Si(5 5 0) catalyst for this reaction, affording 90.7 % conversion and 99.2 % selectivity after reaction at 50 °C for 6 h. The initial reaction rate reached 363.0 μmol·g–1 Ni ·min−1, which is about two-fold higher than those of the previously-reported Ni-based catalysts. Kinetic studies, catalysts characterizations and the adsorption experiment revealed that the catalytic performance of Ni@Si(T) catalysts critically depends on the synergy between the metal site (Ni0) and Lewis acid site (positively charged Ni): Ni0 accounts for the dissociation of hydrogen, and Lewis acid site is responsible for the adsorptive activation of C = O group. This catalyst design strategy and insights into active sites may provide beneficial guidance for high-performance catalyst design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) can be employed as an electrode material in energy systems due its good electrical conductivity and high reachable capacity/capacitance. We demonstrate the concept of a covalent modification of nanostructured MoS 2 with anthraquinone (AQ) molecules through diazonium salt chemistry for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion storage. AQ molecules are chemically bonded to MoS 2 which was proved experimentally by spectroscopic techniques. Here, AQ is grafted (ca. 20 wt%) to the outer surface of nanostructured MoS 2 , but also confined within the MoS 2 interlayer spacing. Modified AQ-MoS 2 exhibited faradaic response which improved the overall charge stored from 191 F g−1 (461 F cm−3) to 263 F g−1 (631 F cm−3) at 0.2 A g−1 in 1 M H 2 SO 4. The process of intercalation of ions within interlayer spacing of AQ-MoS 2 was not hindered by the presence of confined AQ molecules. Impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry analysis revealed comparable non-diffusion limited response of MoS 2 before and after modification. The MoS 2 modification was likely conducted on the defect sites limiting the catalytic activity of MoS 2 towards hydrogen evolution improving stability of electrodes. In organic medium, the pseudocapacitive response of MoS 2 , enhanced by additional redox reactions of grafted AQ was observed during lithium-ion storage. [Display omitted] • Nanostructured molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2) successfully grafted by anthraquinone (AQ). • Grafting was on the outer surface of MoS 2 as well as within interlayer spacing. • AQ-MoS 2 improved capacitance due to redox behavior of grafted molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) via oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) represents a green, environmentally friendly, and decentralized alternative to the conventional, fossil-based, and centralized anthraquinone process. This work presents a flow-through module using commercial carbon black (CB) as a catalyst at current densities of up to 120 mA cm−2. Acid treatment of CB increases its oxygen content, leading to Faraday efficiency (FE) values above 80 % with a maximum specific H 2 O 2 production rate of 64.3 mg cm−2 h−1. Additionally, the effect of catalyst loading on the functionality of a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) at 120 mA cm−2 and over long-term electrolysis (7.5 h) is investigated, discussing the detrimental penetration of electrolyte into the GDE due to the enhanced electro-wetting, which shifts the three-phase boundary toward the gas channel side. This study underscores the critical significance of optimizing the parameters involved in GDE fabrication, especially under high current densities and extended operational periods, propelling our understanding toward the development of a robust flow-through module for the electro-generation of H 2 O 2. [Display omitted] • Oxygen-doped commercial carbon black selectively catalyzes H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis. • Faraday efficiencies (FE) above 80% for current densities up to 120 mA/cm2. • Insights into GDE flooding and its detrimental impact on FE and H 2 O 2 production. • Electro-generation of H 2 O 2 in a flow-through module up to 1.5 wt% [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we found that anthraquinone (AQ) acted as a catalyst for the rapid and effective removal of triphenylmethane dye containing tertiary amino group (TDAG). Results showed that AQ had an enhanced catalytic reactivity towards the removal of TDAG compared to hydro-quinone, which was further proved and explained using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. AQs could achieve a TDAG removal efficiency and rate of approximately 100% and 0.3583 min−1, respectively, within 20 min. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests indicated that the superoxide radical (O 2 •−) generated through the catalytic reduction of an oxygen molecule (O 2) by AQ contributed to the effective removal of the TDAG. In addition, it was found that the electrophilic attack of the O 2 •− radical on the TDAG was the driving force for the dye degradation process. Decreasing the pH led to protonation of the substituted group of AG, which resulted in formation of an electron deficient center in the TDAG molecule (TDAG-EDC+) through delocalization of the π electron. Therefore, the possibility of the electrophilic attack for the dye by the negative O 2 •- radical was significantly enhanced. This study revealed that the H+ and the O 2 •− generated by the catalytic reduction of O 2 have synergistic effects that led to a significant increase in the dye removal rate and efficiency, which were higher than those obtained through persulfate oxidation. l AQ could act as a new catalyst for the removal of the TDAG. l The pH value played a critical role in governing the dye degradation process. l Degradation of the TDAG was attributed to the catalytically generated O 2 •−. l The catalytic performance of AQ in TDAG removal was higher than that of PDS oxidation. [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Leaf extracts of M. morindoides possess the antimalarial activity against the multi-resistant strain K1 and FcB1 of plasmodium falciparum. • The activity of M. morindoides related to terpenes, steroids, and flavonoids, whereas the active ingredients of M. lucida might be anthraquinones. • Anthraquinones extract from the stem bark present a higher effect than other extracts. • M. citrifolia, M. elliptica and M. pubescens were reported in very limited literature. Morinda , which includes many members in its genus, is a traditional medicine against malaria in Africa. We aim to systematically review the antimalarial activities of Morinda species. We conducted a systematic search in nine databases. A manual search of the reference list was also used to identify relevant articles. We included all original researches investigating the antimalarial activities and cytotoxicity of Morinda species. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO with CRD42018102856. We finalized 33 studies for quality synthesis. Our study showed that leaf extracts of M. morindoides possessed antimalarial activity against the multi-resistant strain K1 and FcB1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Its extracts including the ethanol extracts, ethyl acetate fraction and ethanol fraction from water extract, chloroform fraction from ethanol and methanol extract, presented significant antimalarial activity. Quercetin and four phenylpropanoids conjugated iridoid extracted from methanol extract might be active ingredients. Dichloromethane leaf extract of the plants was more effective than others to suppress parasite growth in vivo models. M. lucinda with its stem bark extract, ethanol, and dichloromethane leaf extracts had a noticeable antimalarial activity. The effect of the plant could relate to the synthetic action between active compounds. Anthraquinones were supposed as constituents causing its main effect. Other Morinda species only reported in limited literature. Our findings provided the chemical constituents, which may become a promising treatment in malaria. The mechanism of their actions should be elucidated in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is wide spread use of Aloe species in traditional healing practices in East Africa. • Forty-nine Aloe species were identified as used for medicinal purposes in traditional medicine • Thirty-six species (73.5%) had some form of phytochemical analysis performed on them. • Most of the Aloe species have never been investigated for any biological activity. • Some Aloe species are poisonous to humans when used in high doses, despite being used in traditional medicine and others cause a wide range of toxic side effects e.g. Aloe Aageodonta, A. Ballyi , and A. Christianii There is widespread use of Aloe species in traditional healing practices in East Africa for a variety of diseases. Unfortunately, there is a tendency of mistakenly referring to all species of the genus Aloe as Aloe vera , despite the diversity of aloes in the region. The names for the different Aloe species in local languages are usually the same for the different species. The aim of this review was to assess the medicinal uses of the indigenous little-known and other popular Aloe species in East Africa. Relevant articles, books, theses, dissertations, patents, and other English-only reports on the ethnobotany, traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological or biological activity, toxicity, phytochemistry, trade, conservation, etymology, and distribution of aloe species in East Africa (Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi) were reviewed. Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and search engines such as Google Scholar, were searched between May and September 2020. Scientific names and synonyms of the aloe species were verified and resolved using Plants of the World Online (POWO, http://powo.science.kew.org/). Forty-nine of the over 180 Aloe species known in East Africa, are traditionally used for treating various ailments. Most of the Aloe species (85.7%) had direct references to their use in traditional medicine. Thirty-six species (73.5%) had some form of phytochemical analysis performed on them. Most of the Aloe species (67.3%) have never been investigated for any biological activity. The distinctive constituents in aloe leaves are phenolic compounds including chromone, anthraquinone or anthrone derivatives. Aloe aageodonta, A. ballyi , and A. christianii are known to be poisonous to humans when used in high doses, despite being used in traditional medicine. Aloe elgonica, A. ferox , and A. lateritia are all highly toxic to brine shrimp, whereas A. macrosiphon, A. vera , and A. volkensii cause a wide range of toxic side effects, such as bloody diarrhoea, dehydration, kidney damage, miscarriage, nausea and vomiting, hepatotoxicity, and acute renal failure, when used for long periods and in high doses. Several Aloe species are used in East Africa for treating various ailments. However, most of the local Aloe species have not been scientifically investigated for their biological activity, as well as their toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Diversity and distribution of host-living fungi producing AQs in the terrestrial ecosystem are assembled. • AQs biosynthesis and their SAR are elucidated to guide the approaches in novel drugs design and development. • Several examples of true endophytic fungi producing AQs like their different host plants have been reported as interesting alternative sources of drugs. • The review recapitulates the novel AQs with rare chemical skeleton that could open future venues for investigation of their biological activities. • Lichens are assembled as unique source of several bioactive classes of AQs. Despite, a large number of bioactive anthraquinones (AQs) isolated from host-living fungi, only plant-derived AQs were introduced in the global consumer markets. Host-living fungi represents renewable and extendible resources of diversified metabolites to be exploited for bioactives production. Unique classes of AQs from fungi include halogenated and steroidal AQs, and absent from planta are of potential to explore for biological activity against urging diseases such as cancer and multidrug-resistant pathogens. The structural diversity of fungal AQs, monomers, dimers, trimers, halogenated, etc... results in a vast range of pharmacological activities. The current study capitalizes on uncovering the diversity and distribution of host-living fungal systems producing AQs in different terrestrial ecosystems ranging from plant endophytes, lichens, animals and insects. Furthermore, the potential bioactivities of fungal derived AQs i.e., antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral (anti-HIV), anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic and laxative activities are assembled in relation to their structure activity relationship (SAR). Analyzing for structure–activity relationship among fungal AQs may facilitate bioengineering of more potential analogues. Withal, elucidation of AQs biosynthetic pathways in fungi is discussed from different fungal hosts to open up new possibilities for potential biotechnological applications. Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrial host-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries. Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrialhost-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum rechargeable batteries are seen as a next-generation battery technology based on abundant materials. However, the current standard Al electrolytes are based on expensive ionic liquids. In this paper, the potential use of three AlCl 3 /amide-based electrolytes is investigated as a low-cost alternative from the perspective of Al metal anode and organic cathode compatibility. Our investigation shows the promising electrochemical performance of amide electrolytes and specific differences between the electrolytes depending on amide alkyl chain length. In particular, amides with longer alkyl chains show better plating/stripping efficiency and lower overpotential compared to the shorter acetamide one. Similarly, organic cathode capacity retention is the best for the electrolyte with the longest alkyl chain. However, the cathode capacity retention is subpar to the standard ionic liquid-based Al electrolyte although it undergoes the same electrochemical mechanism of carbonyl bond reduction. Interestingly, there is no deterioration of the anthraquinone redox peak through the appearance of a side peak at a lower potential in amide-based electrolytes, which is observed in standard electrolyte based on ionic liquid. Amide-based electrolyte display promise for practical applicability, however, the low oxidation stability of amide-based electrolytes is identified as one of their key limitation and should be addressed in future work. • Different alkylamide-based Al electrolytes are investigated as cost-effective alternatives. • Amide-based Al electrolytes enable high Al metal plating/stripping efficiency. • Good capacity utilization and improved compatibility with organic cathodes. • Increased length of amide alkyl chain leads to improved electrochemical performance. • Identified a drawback of limited oxidative stability amide-based electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Design of four anthraquinone quaternary phosphates for copper levelers. • Method of enhancing levelling performance by expanding the electrostatic adsorption area. • Mechanisms of physical–chemical adsorption of levelers are proposed. Four anthraquinone quaternary phosphate molecules (AQS-a, AQS-b, AQS-c, AQS-d) with different electrostatic adsorption areas were constructed as electroplating levelers based on the strategy of expanding the electrostatic adsorption area of the molecules. AQS-d with the largest electrostatic adsorption area was demonstrated to have the most excellent electrochemical performance by electrochemical tests. The physicochemical adsorption sites and interactions with copper ions of AQS levelers were proposed by theoretical calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence absorption spectroscopy, and the electroplating salt bridge mechanism was proposed. Based on optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and X-ray diffractometer, it is proved that AQS-d has the ability to perfectly fill the microvia in actual plating by actual PCB blind hole filling experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A multi-tool approach to study bioactive analyte-DNA interactions. • Assessment of bioactivity representatives of three groups of compounds towards DNA. • Determination of association and dissociation kinetics with switchSense technique. • SwitchSense results don't exhibit correlation between process flow and binding mode. • Studied analytes differ significantly in the kinetic parameters of interaction. DNA is a key target for anticancer and antimicrobial drugs. Assessing the bioactivity of compounds involves in silico and instrumental studies to determine their affinity for biomolecules like DNA. This study explores the potential of the switchSense technique in rapidly evaluating compound bioactivity towards DNA. By combining switchSense with computational methods and UV–Vis spectrophotometry, various bioactive compounds' interactions with DNA were analyzed. The objects of the study were: netropsin (as a model compound that binds in the helical groove), as well as derivatives of pyrazine (PTCA), sulfonamide (NbutylS), and anthraquinone (AQ-NetOH). Though no direct correlation was found between switchSense kinetics and binding modes, this research suggests the technique's broader utility in assessing new compounds' interactions with DNA. used as analytes whose interactions with DNA have not been yet fully described in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The chemical composition of Qianggan capsule was studied systematically. • 167 chemical components in Qianggan capsule were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method. • 42 compounds in Qianggan capsule were quantified by LC-sMRM. • The extraction conditions were optimized using OVAT and RSM. • Eight chemical components were selected as potential quality control components of Qianggan capsule. Qianggan capsule (QGC) is a complex preparation composed of 16 traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) that can clear heat and dampness, fortify the spleen and blood, typify qi and relieve depression. However, the chemical composition of QGC remains incompletely understood, despite its clinical use in treating chronic hepatitis and liver injury. The objective of this study was to explore the quality markers of QGC through qualitative and quantitative analysis of its chemical components. First, the chemical composition of QGC was qualitatively analyzed using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Subsequently, the LC-sMRM method was developed and optimized to accurately quantify various chemical components of 10 batches of QGC. Finally, the variations in chemical components between batches were analyzed via multivariate statistical analysis. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis revealed 167 chemical constituents in QGC, comprised of 48 flavonoids, 32 terpenoids, 18 phenolic acids, 9 coumarins, 9 phenylpropanoids, and 51 nucleosides, sugars, amino acids, anthraquinones, and other compounds. The LC-sMRM method was established for the quantitative analysis of 42 chemical components in 10 batches of QGC. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction parameters were optimized using RSM. Compared with conventional MRM, sMRM demonstrated superior sensitivity and precision. PCA and OPLS-DA identified eight chemical components with content differences among batches. This study established the chemical composition of QGC, offering useful guidance for assessing its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the composite activator was introduced to enhance the biodegradation of recalcitrant anthraquinone dyestuff (reactive blue 19, RB19) by Burkholderia sp. DDMZ1-1. The strain was found to decolorize 100 mg/L RB19 maximally (78% for 48 h cultivation) at the optimal conditions: static incubation, pH 6, 37 °C and 1% NaCl concentration. Further, the upgraded composite activator comprised of epigallocatechin gallate (2.5 mg/L), theanine (2.5 mg/L) and FeCl 3 (4.5 mg/L) manifested its favorable facilitative potential. An intensified secretion and activities of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes (MnP and LiP) took place via the induction of composite activator. Also, the composite activator somewhat reduced the phytotoxicity level of RB19 degraded metabolites. Proteomic profiling revealed that multiple functional proteins including pyruvate dehydrogenase, NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase, etc., were induced to be up-regulated in carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant system, glutathione metabolism and extracellular complexation with siderophores on account of composite activator. Elevated reducing force (NADH, H+), extracellular peroxidases (MnP, LiP, DyP) in concert with H 2 O 2 , and the cellular homeostasis maintenance jointly facilitated RB19 decomposition. Collectively, this study will give insights into the underlying bioaugmentation mechanism of composite activator reinforcing the bioremediation of refractory textile wastewater by an indigenous Burkholderia strain. [Display omitted] • The upgraded composite activator revealed facilitative potential for RB19 removal. • Composite activator induced intensified activities of extracellular MnP and LiP. • The reduced phytotoxicity of RB19 metabolites was caused by composite activator. • Composite activator elicited multiple proteins with varied metabolic functions. • Bioaugmentation mechanism mediated by composite activator was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method involving chitosan-assisted magnetic-stirring-enhanced mechanical amorphous dispersion extraction was developed and utilized to extract hydrophobic anthraquinones from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma prior to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography analysis. Incorporating natural chitosan as a dispersant facilitated the extraction of hydrophobic anthraquinones using purified water, considerably enhancing the eco-friendliness of the extraction methodology. To optimize extraction efficiency, an extensive evaluation of the crucial parameters influencing rhubarb yield was conducted. Furthermore, a response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction conditions. Under these optimized conditions, the method exhibited linearity ranges of 0.1–100 µg/mL, with correlation coefficients between 0.9990 and 0.9998. The method's intraday (n = 6) and interday (n = 6) precision levels were maintained at ≤3.58%, which was considered to be within acceptable limits. The computed detection and quantification limits were 16.54–24.60 and 54.91–82.04 ng/mL, respectively. Consequently, this optimized method was effectively employed to extract five specific compounds (aloe-emodin, emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, and physcion) from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, achieving recoveries ranging from 86.43% to 102.75%. [Display omitted] • Chitosan-assisted mechanical amorphous dispersion extraction method was developed. • The method shows good practicability for anthraquinone extraction. • Response surface methodology was employed to investigate the extraction conditions. • Water was used as extraction solvent with no environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rhubarb is widely used for medicine, food and cosmetic purposes • The chemical compositions of rhubarb are elucidated • Rhubarb has the widely bioactivities, the mechanisms are complex • The bidirectional effect of rhubarb was determined by its active ingredients • The limitations and future prospects of rhubarb are proposed Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum , and R. officinale , integral species of the genus Rheum, are widely used across global temperate and subtropical regions. These species are incorporated in functional foods, medicines, and cosmetics, recognized for their substantial bioactive components. This review aims to synthesize developments from 2014 to 2023 concerning the botanical characteristics, ethnopharmacology, nutritional values, chemical compositions, pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action, and toxicity of these species. Data on the three Rheum species were gathered from a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed articles, patents, and clinical trials accessed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI. The aerial parts are nutritionally rich, providing essential amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals, suitable for use as health foods or supplements. Studies have identified 143 chemical compounds, including anthraquinones, anthrones, flavonoids, and chromones, which contribute to their broad pharmacological properties such as laxative, anti-diarrheal, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, antidiabetic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. Notably, the materials science approach has enhanced understanding of their medicinal capabilities through the evaluation of bioactive compounds in different therapeutic contexts. As medicinal and economically significant herb species, Rheum species provide both edible aerial parts and medicinal underground components that offer substantial health benefits. These characteristics present new opportunities for developing nutritional ingredients and therapeutic products, bolstering the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative analysis of Rumex nepalensis var. remotiflorus revealed that its roots contain rich anthraquinones, which has emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion contents of up to 0.30, 0.67, and 0.98 mg/g, respectively. Further phytochemical study led to the isolation and purification of seven undescribed phenolic constituents, including one flavan derivative with a 13-membered ring, polygorumin A (1), two dianthrone glucosides, polygonumnolides F and G (2 , 3), two diphenylmethanones, rumepalens A and B (4 , 5), and a pair of epimeric oxanthrone C -glucosides, rumejaposides K and L (6a , 6b) from the roots of R. nepalensis var. remotiflorus. Furthermore, 1 undescribed natural product, 1- β -D-glucoside-6′-[(2 E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl (19), and 21 known phenolic compounds were obtained from the aforementioned plant for the first time. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic data analysis. Notably, compounds 1 , 4 – 5 , and 7 – 9 exhibited inhibitory activity on α -glucosidase with IC 50 values ranging from 1.61 ± 0.17 to 32.41 ± 0.87 μM. In addition, the isolated dianthrone, chrysophanol bianthrone (14), showed obvious cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, and MDA-MB-231) with IC 50 values ranging from 3.81 ± 0.17 to 35.15 ± 2.24 μM. In silico target prediction and molecular docking studies demonstrated that the mechanism of the anticancer activity of 14 may be related to the interaction with protein kinase CK2. [Display omitted] • The chemical constituents of R. nepalensis var. remotiflorus were studied firstly. • Emodin, chrysophanol and physcion are major anthraquinones in the roots. • Seven undescribed phenols and one undescribed natural product were obtained. • Some isolates showed obvious inhibition on α -glucosidase and HL-60 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emodin is an anthraquinone secondary metabolite produced by several species of plants and fungi. Emodin is known for its pharmacological versatility, and, in the textile industry, for its good dyeing properties. However, its use in the textile industry can result in the formation and disposal of large volumes of wastewater. Emodin mutagenicity has been shown in bacteria and in human cells, but little is known about its possible toxic, genotoxic, or mutagenic effects in aquatic organisms. We have evaluated the eco/genotoxicity of emodin to aquatic organisms. Emodin was toxic to Daphnia similis (EC 50 = 130 μg L−1) and zebrafish embryos (LC 50 = 25 μg L−1). No toxicity was observed for Raphidocelis subcapitata , Ceriodaphnia dubia , or Parhyale hawaiensis. Additional biochemistry/molecular studies are needed to elucidate the toxic/mutagenic pathways of emodin in aquatic organisms. The PNEC value for emodin was 0.025 μg L−1. In addition to mutagenicity in the Salmonella /microsome assay, emodin was mutagenic in the micronucleus assay in the amphipod P. hawaiensis. Among the anthraquinone dyes tested to date, natural or synthetic, emodin was the most toxic to aquatic species. • Emodin is toxic to Daphnia similis and Danio rerio embryos. • Among the organisms studied, Danio rerio embryo was the most sensitive to emodin. • Emodin is mutagenic to Parhyale hawaiensis. • Emodin is more toxic than dermorubin and dermocybin to aquatic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chrysophanol and anthraquinone analogs consistently disrupt bacterial communication (e.g., quorum quenching), reducing their ability to cause infections. • Machine learning analysis upon reactant consumption pointed out influences of rhein and aloe emodin, and emodin on chrysophanol production. • Inhibition of hydroxylase and upregulation of oxidase could potentially maximize chrysophanol production for quorum quenching. This first attempt study focused on assessing the quorum quenching (QQ) capabilities of four keystone anthraquinones—chrysophanol, emodin, aloe emodin, and rhein— and their analogs found in the medicinal rhubarb herb. Virtual screening was utilized to determine the affinity of these compounds against quorum-sensing receptors. The anthraquinone with the highest binding score will be prioritized for optimized production via machine learning. 45 anthraquinone compounds and two quorum sensing receptors, SdiA(AHL type) and LsrB(AI-2 type) were obtained for virtual screening. An optimized random forest with bootstrap resampling was used for feature importance to see how parameters such as concentrations and k constants influence chrysophanol production. Virtual screening methods reveal that chrysophanol compounds could not only demonstrate bioenergy-simulating and electron-shuttling capabilities from prior studies but also have the potential to inhibit bacterial communication, through quorum quenching. It was observed that chrysophanol 8-(6-galloylglucoside) and chrysophanol 8-(6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) have the highest QQ potential with an affinity of −12.508 and −10.133, respectively. Random forest revealed the importance of high consumption of reactant and the influence of rhein and aloe emodin in the production of chrysophanol. Inhibition of hydroxylase while upregulation of oxidase could potentially lead to higher chrysophanol yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Vismia (Hypericaceae), known in Brazil as "lacre", are commonly used in traditional Amazonian medicine for the treatment of skin lesions, including those caused by Leishmania infection. Hexane extracts from the leaves of Vismia cayennensis , V. gracilis , V. sandwithii and V. guianensis , as well as from the fruits of the latter, in addition to the anthraquinones vismiaquinone, physcion and chrysophanol isolated from these species were explored for their anti-promastigote and anti-amastigote activity on Leishmania amazonensis. Extracts were prepared by static maceration with n -hexane. The compounds, isolated by chromatographic techniques, were identified by spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR). Promastigotes of L. amazonensis were incubated with hexane extracts (1–50 μg/mL) or anthraquinones (1–50 μM) and the parasite survival analyzed. The action of compounds on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and membrane integrity of promastigotes were evaluated by flow cytometer, and the cytotoxicity on mammalian cells using MTT assay. Furthermore, the activity of compounds against amastigotes and nitric oxide production were also investigated. Vismiaquinone and physcion were obtained from the leaves of V. guianensis. Physcion, as well as chrysophanol, were isolated from V. sandwithii. Vismia cayennensis and V. gracilis also showed vismiaquinone, compound detected in lower quantity in the fruits of V. guianensis. All extracts were active against the parasite, corroborating the popular use. The greatest activity against promastigotes was achieved with V. guianensis extract (IC 50 4.3 μg/mL), precisely the most used Vismia species for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vismiaquinone and physcion exhibited relevant activity with IC 50 12.6 and 2.6 μM, respectively. Moreover, all extracts and anthraquinones tested induced ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane disruption and were able to kill intracellular amastigote forms, being worthy of further in vivo studies as potential antileishmanial drugs. The overall data achieved in the current investigation scientifically validate the traditional use of Vismia species, mainly V. guianensis , as an anti- Leishmania agent. Furthermore, the promising results presented here indicate species of Vismia as potentially useful resources of Brazilian flora for the discovery of therapeutic solutions for neglected diseases. [Display omitted] • Vismia species are used for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. • From the analyzed Vismia species, anthraquinones were obtained. • Among the anthraquinones evaluated, physcion presented the lowest IC 50 value. • Vismia guianensis was the most active species against L. amazonensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most typical water-soluble electroactive organics in AORFBs, AQS, ARS and DHAQ anthraquinone based derivatives were studied in detailed. The results indicated that the introduction of –OH or –SO 3 - on antraquinone skeleton had direct effect on the orbital energy level, related physicochemical properties and electrode reaction processes, thus it is of great significance to optimize the electrolyte composition and application conditions based on different molecular structures and their corresponding characteristics. [Display omitted] • Typical anthraquinone-based electrolytes containing –OH or −SO 3 − were investigated. • Effect of concentration and temperature on the related properties were inspected. • Effect of functional groups on their electrochemical reaction kinetics was discussed. • The presence of –OH is good for charge transfer but bad for mass transfer. • Guide the composition and application conditions of anthraquinone-based electrolytes. Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) have become a research hotspot due to their resource sustainability and high security. In which, water-soluble anthraquinone derivatives are the most widely used anodic active electrolytes, and their molecular structure, concentration and work temperature have a direct influence on their physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance, while data on such studies are scarce. In this paper, three typical and low-cost anthraquinone derivatives, including sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) containing −SO 3 −, 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (DHAQ) containing –OH and sodium 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ARS) containing both −SO 3 − and –OH are systemically studied. The effects of temperature, concentration of active electrolyte and supporting electrolyte on the viscosity, conductivity, surface tension and electrochemical properties of these most promising anthraquinone-based electrolytes are investigated systematically. The results show that the three anthraquinone derivatives show obvious differences in physicochemical properties and electrochemical reaction kinetics, and their sensitivity to temperature and concentration is also different, which provides useful information for the design of anthraquinone-based AORFBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA is essential in biological processes as it directs transcription and translation assisting in RNA and protein synthesis. Extended periods of elevated blood glucose levels cause non-enzymatic DNA glycation, which results in the formation of DNA-AGEs and the production of free radicals, causing structural perturbation of DNA. In this work, we have investigated the glycation of calf thymus (ct-DNA) DNA and examined its inhibition by two anthraquinone derivatives, purpurin and aloin. Ribose sugar served as the glycating agent inducing non-enzymatic glycation of DNA and subsequent DNA-AGEs formation. UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic methods were utilized to characterize DNA-AGE formation in vitro. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to observe the structural disruption of DNA caused by glycation. The changes in AGEs fluorescence intensity and melting temperature (T m) were measured to assess the inhibition of glycation process by aloin and purpurin. These derivatives demonstrated inhibitory effects via binding to glycating sites of ct-DNA or by scavenging free radicals generated during glycation. The current study elucidates the inhibitory actions of aloin and purpurin on DNA glycation, suggesting their possible applications in mitigating the adverse consequences linked to increased ribose concentrations. [Display omitted] • Structural/conformational changes of DNA due to glycation were confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) studies. • Docking studies revealed that aloin and purpurin interact with guanine, adenine, and cytosine bases of DNA. • Aloin and purpurin bind to the double-stranded DNA through groove binding mode. • Aloin and purpurin inhibited the formation of DNA-advanced glycation end products (DNA-AGEs). • Ligands inhibited the glycation process in DNA by binding to its glycation sites and/orpartly due to their antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Scorching process can attenuate the purgative side-effect of rhubarb for UC therapy. • The right-baked rhubarb was defined based on the UC therapeutic responses of mice. • Thermolysis of anthraquinone glycosides can evaluate the baking degree of rhubarb. • FTIR spectroscopy can quickly identify the rhubarbs with different baking degrees. Clinical and experimental evidences have confirmed the significant therapeutic effects of rhubarb on ulcerative colitis (UC), but the strong purgative function of rhubarb also aggravates UC symptoms such as bloody diarrhea. Stir-baking to scorch is a traditional Chinese medicinal processing method that can eliminate the adverse purgative function while keep or even enhance the UC therapeutic function of rhubarb. However, the under-baked rhubarb still have the undesirable purgative function, but the over-baked rhubarb may lose the required medicinal functions. Therefore, the determination of the right endpoint is the primary quality concern about the baking process of rhubarb. In this research, typical anthraquinone compounds and mid-infrared (MIR) spectra were recruited to determine the best baking degree of rhubarb for UC therapy. Raw rhubarb slices were baked at 180 °C with rotation to prepare the rhubarbs with different baking degrees. The right-baked rhubarb was defined according to the UC therapeutic responses as well as the traditional color criterion. Referring to the typical anthraquinone compounds in rhubarb slices and extracts, the baking degree of rhubarb may be assessed by the conversion ratio of anthraquinone glycosides to anthraquinone aglycones. MIR spectra showed the gradual decompositions of organic compounds including anthraquinone glycosides and tannins during the baking process. Rhubarbs with different baking degrees can be distinguished clearly by MIR-based principal component analysis. In conclusion, the ratio of anthraquinone glycosides to anthraquinone aglycones may be a reasonable chemical indicator of the right-baked rhubarb. Meanwhile, MIR spectroscopy can identify the right-baked rhubarb simply and rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two unprecedented quinone compounds Rubiaxylm A (1) and Rubiaxylm B (2), along with fifteen known anthraquinones (3–17) were isolated and characterized from the roots of Rubia tibetica in Tibetan medicine. Their structures were identified through comprehensive analyses of 1D/2D NMR as well as HR-ESIMS data. Furthermore, all separated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on A549, Caco-2, MDA-MB-231 and Skov-3 cell lines. In particular, compound 2 effectively inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC 50 value of 8.15 ± 0.20 μM. Subsequently, the anti-tumor mechanism of 2 was investigated by flow cytometry, JC-1 staining, cell scratching and cell colony. These results indicated that compound 2 could inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells by arresting cells in the G1 phase. [Display omitted] • Two new quinone compounds were isolated from Rubia tibetica. • The absolute configuration of 1 was deduced by ECD. • Compound 2 effectively inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive phytochemical study on the combined methanolic extracts from the stem barks and roots of Phyllopentas schimperi (Hochst.) Y. D. Zhou & Q. F. Wang (syn. Pentas schimperi (Hochst.) Wieringa) led to the isolation of a new anthraquinone, schimperiquinone C (1) along with nineteen known secondary metabolites 2 – 20. The structures of all the isolated compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic techniques including 2D NMR. The new compound and the less common secondary metabolites 2 – 17 were tested for their pharmacological properties. Compounds 4 , 5 and 6 exhibited significant antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activities, whereas compounds 2 – 5 , 7 – 10 , 12 and 17 had a potent urease inhibitory activity. Compounds 8 and 10 had the best urease inhibitory activities as compared to thiourea. Compounds 3 , 9 , 11 , 12 and 17 are reported for the first time from the genus Pentas. The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated compounds was discussed. Our results could be used for the chemotaxonomy of this species within the genus Pentas and for the Rubiaceae family. The obtained results suggested that some constituents from this plant may be used as such or in the form of their derivatives for the treatment of ulcer. [Display omitted] • A new anthraquinone, along with 19 known compounds were isolated from P. schimperi. • Their structures were fully elucidated using NMR and MS analyses. • This is the first report of compounds 3 , 9 , 11 and 12 from genus Pentas. • Compounds 4 , 5 and 6 displayed strong antioxidant potencies. • Compound 10 displayed the most potent urease inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combustible dusts deposited on ground or surfaces present a fire hazard to process industries. it was found that flame spread on an upwardiy inclined surface was significantly faster than on a horizontal surface. However, hazard during downward inclined fire spread has been underestimated for dust layers having melting capability. In this paper, the effects of melting fluidity, sample inclination angle, and layer thickness on the fire hazard of four melting dusts were investigated. For sulfur with its excellent melting fluidity, dust layer inclination at a small angle can significantly increase downward flame spread velocity (FSV). For anthraquinone having a moderate melting fiuidity, upward or downward dust layer inclination significantly increased FSV. For polystyrene and magnesium having weak melting fluidity, dust layer inclination angle had relatively little effect on flame propagation. Increasing thickness of dust layers significantly enhanced the promotion effect of the inclination angle on the flow of molten material, which in turn affected FSV. As a result, melting fluidity coupled with a large inclination angle and high layer thickness would significantly enhance dust layer fire hazard. These findings should be taken into consideration wherever powders having melting capability are encountered in process industries or in certain public activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and a leading cause of death worldwide. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype which is the most challenging to treat. Due to heterogeneity and a lack of specific molecular targets, small molecule-based chemotherapy is the preferred course of treatment. However, these drugs have high toxicity due to off-target effects on healthy tissues, and tumors may develop resistance. Here, we present a polyethylene glycol-modified nanoscale liposomal formulation (LipoRV) of a new anthraquinone derivative which has potent effects on multiple TNBC cell lines. LipoRV readily inhibited the cell cycle, induced cell apoptosis, and reduced long-term proliferative potential of TNBC cells. In a xenograft animal model, LipoRV successfully cleared tumors and demonstrated a good safety profile, without detrimental effects on biochemical markers. Finally, RNA sequencing of LipoRV-treated TNBC cells was carried out, indicating that LipoRV may have immunomodulatory properties. These findings demonstrate that a liposomal anthraquinone-based molecule has excellent promise for TNBC therapy in the future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural long-chain alkanol and alkyl carboxylic acid were used to prepare novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs). These HDESs are liquid at room temperature and have low viscosity (<12.26 mPa‧s), low polarity (lower than that of methanol, ChCl-based deep eutectic solvents and other reported HDESs), and low density (<0.928 g/mL). A simple one-pot method based on a novel HDES–water two-phase extraction system was constructed for the extraction of weak-polarity bioactive components, anthraquinones, from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. This HDES-based new extraction method does not consume hazardous organic solvents and can obtain a total anthraquinone yield of 21.52 mg/g, which is close to that obtained by the Chinese pharmacopoeia method (21.22 mg/g) and considerably higher than those by other reported HDESs-based extraction methods (14.20–20.09 mg/g, p < 0.01). The high extraction yield can be mainly attributed to the severe destruction of the RRR cell walls by the extraction system and the excellent dissolving ability of novel HDESs for anthraquinones. [Display omitted] • Novel long-chain alkanol-alkyl carboxylic acid-based hydrophobic DESs were designed. • These DESs show the feature of low - viscosity and low-polarity. • A one-pot extraction method based on DES-water two-phase system was newly established. • This method can efficiently extract anthraquinones from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. • No organic solvents were consumed in this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Metabolic mapping of A.americana leave juice. • Enzymological characterization of the A. americana leave juice. • Purification and biochemical studies of Agave α-amylase (AmyAga). • Plausible use of AmyAga in baking industry. • New approach for antifungal therapy. Agave americana (A. americana) is a species that are considered as one of the most studied species and there are a large number of derived products, as well as applications of agave fibers. Here, we have exploited their applied potentialities through metabolic and biochemical abilities. In this case, we monitored the presence of terpenoides, phlobatanins, tannins, anthraquinone, puerarin, apigenin, carbohydrates and vitamin C. The proteins amount was estimated to be 8.13 mg.g−1(FM). In addition, the A. americana leave juice enzymological characterization consists of various enzymatic activities like protease (356 U. mL−1) and α-amylase (264 U. mL−1). The last one (AmyAga) was purified after two purification steps, their optimal activity is showed at 70 °C and pH 9. Eventually, those findings indicate their potential use in baking industry in which AmyAga upgrades some parameter's like elasticity index, baking strength, humidity and fall time. We note also that vitamin C inhibitory capability towards some enzymes such as glucosidases that was 3 folds higher than those of exhibiting against amylases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (Na 2 AQ26DS, 130 mAh g−1) with polyanionic character and two O–Na ionic bonds is used as an organic cathode for Li-ion batteries. Na 2 AQ26DS exhibits highly impressive cycle stability in ether electrolytes due to its polyanionic character and the effective suppression of solvent-molecule co-intercalation. In half cells (1–3.9 V vs. Li+/Li) using 1 M bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide lithium salt (LiTFSI) in 1,3-dioxolane/dimethoxyethane (DOL/DME), Na 2 AQ26DS delivers a highly stable specific capacity of 123 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 for 900 cycles (6-month test) and realizes ∼69 mAh g−1 for 2800 cycles at 500 mA g−1. In the full cells with the reduced state (Li 4 TP) of lithium terephthalate (Li 2 TP) as the organic anode, the resulting Li 4 TP II Na 2 AQ26DS organic lithium-ion batteries (OLIBs) can display a highly stable average discharge capacity of 120 mAh g−1 cathode for 100 cycles at 50 mA g−1 and ∼63 mAh g−1 cathode for 1200 cycles at 500 mA g−1 in 0.2–3.3 V. A polyanionic organic cathode of sodium 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (Na 2 AQ26DS, 130 mAh g−1) is reported for pure-organic Li-ion batteries. [Display omitted] • Polyanionic Na 2 AQ26DS is a new organic cathode for Li-ion batteries. • Na 2 AQ26DS delivers high stability in the ether electrolytes for 6 months. • Na 2 AQ26DS delivers a reversible capacity of 138 mAh g−1 in half cells. • Organic Li-ion batteries are built using lithium terephthalate anode. • Na 2 AQ26DS delivers an average capacity of 120 mAh g−1 in full cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports that the optical properties of anthraquinone (AQ) and its photo-catalytic performance in the visible light-driven p -xylene (PX) oxidation can be fine-tuned and improved through varying its skeleton substituents at the molecular level, and the electron-withdrawing substituent exhibits a better improvement effect than the electron-donating one. The best catalyst 2-carboxyanthraquinone (AQ-COOH) can achieve 70.9% PX conversion and 88.2% p -toluic acid selectivity under visible light illumination and 1 atm O 2 pressure. The addition of benzenesulfonic acid in the above photocatalytic system can further increase PX conversion to 86.7%, along with a significant improvement in the selectivity of p -carboxybenzaldehyde and terephthalic acid, which likely originates from the unique recombination behavior of the photo-generated charge carriers of the catalyst and the additive driven by the strong interactions between their aromatic skeletons and acidic substituents. Furthermore, AQ-COOH can achieve almost quantitative yield of acetylacetone in ethylbenzene photooxidation and the regulating effect of toluene's para-position substituents on its reactivity is also reported in the AQ-COOH photocatalysis system. Based on quenching tests and EPR spectral characterizations, the oxygen vacancies (h+), superoxide free radicals (O 2 •-) and singlet oxygen (1O 2) as the photo-generated active species are involved in the proposed photo-catalysis mechanism. [Display omitted] • AQs-based photo-catalytic protocol is very efficient for PX oxidation to p -TA. • This protocol uses inexpensive visible light and O 2 /air as green reactants. • This protocol employs mild reaction conditions and its operating is very simple. • This protocol has a good adaptability for the photooxidation of other substituted toluene. • Photosensitive PhSO 3 H plays a unique adjusting effect in this photo-catalytic protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Three new anthraquinones (1 – 3), together with four known analogues (4 – 7) were isolated from the twigs of Cassia auriculata Linn.. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison of spectroscopic data with those reported in literatures. All compounds were tested for their anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity. Compounds 1 , 2 and 7 showed modest antibacterial activity against MRSA with MIC values of 4.2, 5.0, 4.7 μ g/mL, and compounds 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 showed weak antibacterial activity against MRSA with MIC valves of 9.2, 7.6, 7.1, 9.6 μ g/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producing H 2 O 2 via microbial electrosynthesis is a cost-effective and environmentally favorable alternative to the costly and environmentally hazardous anthraquinone method. However, most studies have relied on carbon electrodes with two-dimensional (2D) surfaces (e.g., graphite), which have limited surface area and active sites, resulting in suboptimal H 2 O 2 production. In this study, we demonstrate the enhanced efficiency of microbial H 2 O 2 synthesis using three-dimensional (3D) electrodes produced through additive manufacturing technology due to their larger surface area than conventional carbon electrodes with 2D surfaces. This work innovatively combines 3D printed pyrolytic carbon (3D PyrC) electrodes with highly defined outer geometry and internal mesh structures derived from additive manufacturing with high-temperature resin precursors followed by pyrolysis with microbial electrochemical platform technology to achieve efficient H 2 O 2 synthesis. The 3D PyrC electrode produced a maximum of 129.2 mg L−1 of H 2 O 2 in 12 h, which was 2.3–6.9 times greater than conventional electrodes (e.g., graphite and carbon felt). Furthermore, the scalability, reusability and mechanical properties of the 3D PyrC electrode were exemplary, showcasing its practical viability for large-scale applications. Beyond H 2 O 2 synthesis, the study explored the application of the 3D PyrC electrode in the bio-electro-Fenton process, demonstrating its efficacy as a tertiary treatment technology for the removal of micropollutants. This dual functionality underscores the versatility of the 3D PyrC electrode in addressing both the synthesis of valuable chemicals and environmental remediation. This study shows a novel electrode design for efficient, sustainable synthesis of H 2 O 2 and subsequent environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • Pyrolysis of additively manufactured precursors resulted in highly structured 3D carbon. • 3D pyrolytic carbon (PyrC) electrodes vastly enhanced bioelectrosynthesis of H 2 O 2. • H 2 O 2 yield of the 3D PyrC electrode was higher than for conventional electrodes. • 3D structure offers an abundance of active sites and boosts O 2 mass transfer. • 3D PyrC electrode showed superior potential for micropollutants elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is considered an advanced extraction technique because it can save time and reduce solvent consumption compared to traditional extraction methods. It is a solid-liquid extraction performed at high temperatures and high pressure. Considering the importance of enhancing the value of by-products or waste products and the increased use of high-temperature extraction methods for bioactive compounds, this work aims to provide a comprehensive review regarding PLE, focusing on thermolabile plant compounds such as phenolic compounds. Not only traditional PLE approaches are described, but also subcritical water applications that reduce the consumption of organic solvents, as well as online approaches to improve the separation of compounds. Finally, the PLE technique is compared with other conventional and non-conventional methods used in the literature for the same bioactive compounds. PLE can provide significant recovery of bioactive compounds (i.e., phenolic compounds, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and anthraquinones) from various plant extracts, with the possibility of obtaining green extracts for analytical purposes and various industrial applications. [Display omitted] • Pressurized liquid extraction for thermolabile plant bioactive compounds. • Comparison with conventional and non-conventional extraction methods. • Applications with subcritical water reducing organic solvents. • Online approaches for additional purification and separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find structurally previously undescribed compounds with pharmacological effects from Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum (Rubiaceae), thirteen undescribed tetrahydroanthraquinones (1 ⎼ 13) named prisconnatanones J⎼V and seven known anthraquinones (14 ⎼ 20) were isolated and characterized. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses, and their absolute configurations were established by modified Mosher's method and ECD calculations. The antitumor cell proliferative activities of prisconnatanones J⎼V were determined. Among them, prisconnatanones J possessed high antitumor cell proliferation in HGC27 cells (IC 50 , 0.792 μM) by blocking HGC27 cells in the S phase and significantly inducing apoptosis in HGC27 cells. Prisconnatanone J has no cytotoxicity to normal gastric cells line (GES-1) at 10 μM and showed a considerable selectivity for HGC27 cells. Prisconnatanone J can potentially inhibit tumor cell proliferation and should be further investigated. [Display omitted] • Thirteen undescribed tetrahydroanthraquinones have been characterized in P.tetrandra. • Prisconnatanones J possessed high cytotoxicity activity on HGC27 (IC 50 , 0.792 μM). • Prisconnatanones J can block HGC27 cells in the S phase and induced apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New antimicrobials are needed to meet the challenges posed by increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance. While fungi are recognized as valuable source for antibiotics, their potential to produce photoantimicrobials has not been fully explored. Fungal photosensitizers were isolated from the colorful fruiting bodies of dermocyboid Cortinarius species. Their photoantimicrobial potential was evaluated using a high-throughput assay based on a modified EUCAST protocol. Photocytotoxicity studies and near infrared emission spectra were conducted to characterize the photochemical properties of our compounds. Potent, novel photoantimicrobials against bacteria and yeasts were identified with activities in the low micromolar/nanomolar range. In addition, action solely against microbes was demonstrated for selected fungal photosensitizers. Fungi are an underexplored source of promising photoantimicrobials with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

G-quadruplex (G4) ligands attract considerable attention as potential anticancer therapeutics. In this study we proposed an original scheme for synthesis of azole-fused anthraquinones and prepared a series of G4 ligands carrying amino- or guanidinoalkylamino side chains. The heterocyclic core and structure of the terminal groups strongly affect on binding to G4-forming oligonucleotides, cellular accumulation and antitumor potency of compounds. In particular, thiadiazole- and selenadiazole- but not triazole-based ligands inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells (e.g. K562 leukemia) and stabilize primarily telomeric and c-MYC G4s. Anthraselenadiazole derivative 11a showed a good affinity to c-MYC G4 in vitro and down-regulated expression of c-MYC oncogene in cellular conditions. Further studies revealed that anthraselenadiazole 11a provoked cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner inhibiting K562 cells growth. Taken together, this work gives a valuable example that the closely related heterocycles may cause a significant difference in biological properties of G4 ligands. [Display omitted] • A method for synthesis of azole-fused anthraquinone derivatives has been developed. • Selenadiazole- and thiadiazole-based ligands effectively stabilize G4s. • Guanidination of the aminoalkyl side chains increases the thermal shifts of G4s melting. • In vitro anticancer activity of the ligands correlates to G4s binding and intracellular uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DMAQ controls the reversible deposition and dissolution of Li 2 S. • DMAQ as redox mediator reduces the oxidation energy barrier of Li 2 S. • DMAQ promotes the conversion of lithium polysulfide, reduces the corrosion of lithium anode. • After 600 cycles at 1C, a cycling capacity decay rate of only 0.038% per cycle. The deposition and dissolution of Li 2 S are critical processes for the operation of high energy density lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. In this study, 2,6-dimethoxy anthraquinone (DMAQ) is immobilized on the surface of carbon material (XC-72), to control the three-dimensional deposition of Li 2 S and reduce the energy barrier for the dissolution of Li 2 S. According to the density functional theory, DMAQ-Li 2 S x has a higher HOMO and a lower LUMO energy, resulting in the promotion of the Li 2 S x redox process. Furthermore, DMAQ-Li 2 S x can reversibly dissociate and recombine under the influence of relatively moderate interaction forces, causing higher lithium polysulfide conversion. The obtained S@DMAQ/C cathode exhibits notable electrocatalytic performance in Li-S cells and good cycling stability at 1 C over 600 cycles, with the capacity retention rate as high as 77.3 % and a capacity decay rate of only 0.038 % per cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhubarb free anthraquinones (RhA) have significant lipid-regulating activity. However, whether RhA monomers have a role in lipid-regulating and their mechanism of action remains unclear. Based on the cholesterol accumulated HepG2 cell model, the cholesterol-regulating effect of RhA monomers and their combinations was investigated. The expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and squalene monooxygenase (SQLE) of the model cells was analyzed to preliminarily explore the mechanism of action. After that, the liposomes of each active RhA monomer were separately prepared with the same lipid materials and the same preparation method so that each monomer has similar or equal bioavailability after oral administration to rats. Finally, the hypercholesterolemic rat model was established, and the effect of active RhA monomers loaded liposomes as well as their combinations on cholesterol-regulating was investigated and their mechanism of action was analyzed. The results showed that aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin were the main cholesterol-regulating components of RhA, and the combination of rhein and emodin showed significant cholesterol-lowering effect, which may be related to the expression of SREBP2, HMGCR and SQLE in the rat liver. [Display omitted] • Aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin were the main cholesterol-regulating components. • The combination of rhein and emodin had significant cholesterol-lowering effect. • Their effect may be related to the expression of SREBP2, HMGCR, and SQLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effects of pecan and mesquite wood, as well as smoking time, on anthraquinone (AQ) levels and quality properties of chipotle pepper (CHP) during the traditional smoking process. Changes in moisture content, microstructure, levels of total phenols (TPs), AQ, capsaicin (CAPS), dihydrocapsaicin (DHC), total polyphenols (TPPs), and total antioxidant activity (TAA), as well as color parameters, were measured. A wood mixture consisting of pecan, poplar, mesquite, and pine was used as the control. The CHP moisture content consistently decreased from 12 to 108 h of smoking, with long times exhibiting asymptotic trends across all treatments. Concurrently, structural changes, such as pericarp thinning and plant tissue collapse, were observed as the smoking process progressed. The wood type and processing time had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on TPs, AQ, CAPS, DHC, TAA levels, and color. TPs and AQ exhibited behavior opposite to that of the moisture content. CHP smoked in mesquite wood exhibited the highest TPs absorption rate and the lowest AQ levels. However, the AQ levels in CHP using any wood type exceeded permissible limits (0.02 mg·kg−1) at 12 h of processing, with the control exhibiting the highest AQ concentrations. The highest concentrations of CAPS and DHC were observed at 36 h in all treatments, with lower losses in mesquite wood CHP. The control exhibited the highest TAA values compared to fresh peppers. CHP color (a *, redness) decreased throughout the smoking process. The pecan and mesquite wood treatments resulted in the lowest loss of a * (P < 0.05). These results indicate that using mesquite wood for CHP production promotes higher TPs concentrations with lower AQ levels, followed by pecan wood, when compared to the control. These findings suggest the need to investigate the mechanisms of AQ formation to achieve CHP parameters within the regulatory limits with good quality. • Mesquite wood-smoked chipotle pepper (CHP) had low anthraquinone (AQ) levels. • Microstructural changes in CHP were associated with phenol and moisture content. • Mesquite wood induced a rapid phenol absorption rate, followed by pecan wood. • AQ levels of CHP exceeded the specified limit (0.02 mg kg−1) at 12 h of smoking. • Desired quality properties of CHP are achieved at 84 h of smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green H 2 O 2 formation via electrochemical two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e--ORR) is a critical approach, which could substitute the industry-dominant anthraquinone one, especially for the decentralized demand. There are a series of outstanding and comprehensive reviews about the rational design of cathodes or catalysts with diverse active sites to improve the reactivity/selectivity of 2e--ORR. However, the mass transfer of oxygen is crucial in H 2 O 2 formation via 2e--ORR, especially at high current densities, where the related reviews summarizing the state-of-art are limited. In this manner, we tend to summarize the recent developments to boost oxygen mass transfer based on the different oxygen supplies. It could divide into three categories: (ⅰ) submerged cathodes utilizing dissolved oxygen, (ⅱ) pressurized gas diffusion electrodes using pressured air/oxygen, and (ⅲ) gas diffusion electrodes with natural air in the absence of aeration. Finally, challenges are singled out, and prospects are described. This review aims to highlight the significance of oxygen mass transfer in 2e--ORR for H 2 O 2 generation, eventually providing essential ideas for the smart design of highly effective systems for H 2 O 2 -based technologies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Alizarin and purpurin showed potential as a reagent for the enhancement of latent fingermarks. • The fingermarks on thermal paper could be developed without background darkening. • Compared to lawsone and ninhydrin, alizarin and purpurin have better properties. Anthraquinones are a group of dye with many members and a wide range of industrial uses ranging from food, textiles to printing. Even though the reactions of anthraquinone dyes with amino acids are known, they have not yet been subjected to an examination regarding their ability in fingermark detection. In the presented study, the potential of alizarine and purpurin, natural anthraquinone dyes, as a fingermark reagent was examined in comparison with ninhydrin and lawsone. Alizarin and purpurin react with latent fingermark residue on copier paper and thermal paper to yield yellow-orange coloured impressions. The products formed also display photoluminescence properties when illuminated at 440 nm viewed through red filter. Both natural anthraquinone dyes exhibited some superior properties at the development of latent fingermarks on these surfaces compared to ninhydrin and lawsone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]