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• FFS maps were produced using CTREE, KNN, SVM, RF, GBM and XGBoost algorithms. • The performance of six machine learning techniques was evaluated. • This study will be the first to use the CTREE algorithm for FFS mapping. • XGBoost gave the best results compared to other models. • The most important factor for producing FFS maps in XGBoost models was annual temperature. Antalya is one of the provinces with the highest number of forest fires in Türkiye. In 2021, 278 forest fires occurred within the administrative boundaries of Antalya Regional Directorate of Forestry. The main objective of this study is to produce forest fire susceptibility (FFS) maps of Antalya province using machine learning (ML) models. In addition to forest fire inventory data, 16 factors, including topographic, environmental, meteorological, and human-driven, were used in the study. Inventory data included 2166 fire ignition points from the General Directorate of Forestry. 70 % of the inventory dataset was used to train the ML models and 30 % to validate the models. Overall accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) approaches were considered as validation metrics. FFS maps of Antalya were produced using stand-alone ML algorithms, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Support Vector Machines, as well as tree-based Conditional Inference Trees (CTREE), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using the CTREE algorithm for forest fire susceptibility mapping. Therefore, this study is important for the related literature. The validation results revealed that the XGBoost model outperformed other models. It is thought that the FFS map produced using the XGBoost model will guide forest engineers, wildland firefighting teams, and firefighters to minimize damage and control forest fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A snake algorithm is an effective technique for delineating shorelines. • SLiP-SUM considers pixel sizes and estimation errors for calculation of uncertainty. • SLiP-SUM provides spatial uncertainty mapping along future shorelines. Abstract This study puts forward a semi-automatic shoreline detection and future prediction with spatial uncertainty algorithm called the SLiP-SUM (Shore Line Prediction with Spatial Uncertainty Mapping), which has five main steps: (1) preprocessing of data sets (i.e. aerial photos and/or satellite images), (2) extraction or delineation of the existing shorelines with snake algorithm, 3) prediction of the future shorelines using linear regression, (4) preparation of the spatial uncertainty mapping using cokriging, and (5) producing possible shoreline with spatial uncertainty. The proposed approach was tested on the coast of Kumluca, a dynamic coastal area in Turkey, and future shoreline predictions were made for 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 based on remotely sensed data (aerial photos and WorldView-2 images) acquired between 1971 and 2014. A cokriging interpolation technique was adopted that takes into account both estimation errors and the spatial resolution of the source data sets for the mapping of spatial uncertainty. The results indicate that the maximum and minimum annual changes of shoreline were -2.29 m/yr (transgression) in the west-central part of the study area, and + 0.36 m/yr (regression) in the east part. The general trend of the future shoreline regime was transgressional, and the mean uncertainty values along the predicted shorelines for 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 were 6.78 m, 2.02 m, 6.76 m and 7.06 m, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to identify the factors that affect the probability of being poor by a measurement method that includes the social dimensions of "women" in Antalya, the southern city of Türkiye. For this purpose, a field study was conducted among 400 working women in Antalya and the data set obtained from this study formed the basis of the analysis. In the study, the ordinal logit method was employed to determine the probability of women being poor. In light of the findings, it can be stated that in the fight against women's poverty, prioritizing the areas related to empowerment, safety and especially education, as well as improvements in income and employment, can provide positive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the previous research on white-water rafting has investigated the motivations of adventure tourists. This study identifies German tourists’ motivations to participate in white-water rafting during their vacation. In addition, the study aims to provide a wider perspective by segmenting holiday tourists depending on their rafting participation motivations. The study focuses on holiday tourists who took a daily white-water rafting tour in the Koprulu Canyon area in Antalya. Using the Leisure Motivation Scale, 375 questionnaires were collected from the survey participants. Firstly, by conducting a factor analysis, Intellectual , Social , Competence/Mastery , and Stimulus/Avoidance were identified as the main white-water rafting motivations. Later, a cluster analysis was performed in order to segment tourists according to their motivations. Four groups were obtained: Active Vacationers, Reluctant Vacationers, Moderate Vacationers, and Challenge Seeker Vacationers. Implications derived from the study are presented in the discussion section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dense grid of high-resolutions multichannel seismic reflection profiles from the northern basins of the eastern Mediterranean (Rhodes, Finike, Antalya, Cilicia, Adana and Latakia basin) allow documenting a Messinian evaporite succession of variable thickness, bounded at its base and top by two strong seismic reflectors named respectively BS/BES (or the N-reflector) and TS/TES (or the M-reflector). Messinian evaporite succession is thickest in the deep Antalya Basin (2000–2400 ms twt), but is notably thinner in across the Rhodes and Finike basins in the west and the Adana, Cilicia, Latakia basins in the east. Five acoustically distinctive Messinian subunits are identified in the Antalya Basin (2e–2a): three of these subunits (2e, 2c, 2a) are acoustically stratified with strong laterally continuous reflections while two (2d, 2b) are acoustically transparent with few coherent reflections. Interval velocities and the internal acoustic character of subunits are used in conjunction with correlations with borehole data to suggest the lithological composition of the subunits. Subunit 2e is possibly composed of detrital sediment and resedimented primary lower gypsum, associated with the intensive subaerial erosion immediately after the onset of the Messinian drawdown. Correlations with the DSDP Sites 375 and 376 suggest that the acoustically transparent subunits 2d and 2b are likely composed of massive halite with interbeds of anhydrite, magnesium and potassium salts and minor siliciclastics. Subunit 2c is probably composed of interbedded siliciclastic and evaporites and/or trapped fluids. Subunit 2a probably corresponds to the gypsum horizons interbedded with carbonates and siliciclastics. Comparison between the Messinian subunits in the eastern and western Mediterranean shows remarkable acoustic similarities. In both regions there is a stratified lower subunit (2e), sequentially overlain by a thick transparent subunit (2d), thin stratified subunit (2c) and thick transparent subunit (2b), which are all capped by a mainly stratified subunit (2a). These similarities strongly suggest similarities in the sedimentary evolution of basins in the eastern and western Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 20 years, hotels in the Antalya province have made significant progress in terms of quality, service and maintenance services standards and have established a solid reputation in the global tourism industry. With increased investment, the rapidly growing number of hotel units and the increased bed capacity in Antalya, marketing has become highly important. This contrasts with the previous situation where there was lack of bed space compared with high demand, meaning that marketing was not an important factor. This research aims to determine which marketing activities and tools are used by hotels in Antalya province, where mass tourism is prevalent, in order to market their rooms to target groups, which constitutes a large proportion of their income. For research purposes, analysis of the structured research data, using the survey technique on 60 resorts determined by the Antalya Provincial Culture Tourism Offices to have 5 stars and over 800 bed capacity, was used and also, detailed discussions and conclusions were conducted with the sales & marketing executives. According to the findings, the vast majority of the hotels located in the Antalya province use the same marketing strategy and, due to this strategy, marketing factors were identified. Marketing factors are impacted by “recession, health and security challenges are liable to affect current travel movement with little warning and to a major extent”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study mineralogically and geotechnically assesses the Antalya tufa rock types, which are highly variable in nature. Geological observations, geotechnical site investigations, and in-situ and laboratory tests have been performed to determine the parameters (i.e., organic matter content, rock fabric, apparent porosity, unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, tensile strength, cohesion and angle of internal friction) that may have a significant influence on tufa rock behavior and to develop a comprehensive geotechnical database for the Antalya tufa rock. The geotechnical database was utilized for the engineering classification of the Antalya tufa rocks using the GSI classification system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rurban landscapes describe the transition areas between urban and surrounding rural environments where city, agriculture, rurality and nature meet. There is a crucial need that urban-rural transition zones must be managed with proper planning instruments to ensure the continuity of agricultural production and to maintain food safety for cities and preserving traditional land use patterns and natural environment and overall rural characters. Urban expansion creates different sprawl models in between rural and urban transitions zones that require careful evaluation due to their multiple features and potentials of rural-agricultural-natural intersection boundaries. The aim of the study is to analyze urban sprawl models and to present applicability of a rural planning guideline for in urban-rural transition zones in Ekşili case, in Turkish Mediterranean Antalya that still preserves its rural character. In this context, the Rural Planning Guide can be defined as a planning tool that based on environmental, spatial and social characters of both rural and urban areas. A planning zone, including urban sprawl areas and rural land was delineated as the boundaries for the Rural Planning Guide from the building scale to the rural boundaries in the planning hierarchy which eventually provide the continuity of the rural characters, to maintain agricultural productivity and to protect natural biodiversity. • Rural planning guide framework is drawn as a holistic planning approach that relates urban and rural on the city fringes. • The rural planning guide was developed as a planning tool by combining urban design and village design guidelines. • The guide is useful tool to sustain the urban periphery to conserve intact rural characteristics above urban conglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to present an approach that uses all of the input parameters from remotely sensed data to map landslide susceptibility. Furthermore, a novel sampling strategy, namely polygon-based random sampling (PBRS), which maintains the complete independence of sampled data sets for training and testing, was proposed to generate more realistic landslide susceptibility maps. An ASTER image of the Candir catchment area which is located in western Antalya (Turkey) was selected for implementing the proposed approach using a support vector machine classification (SVM) algorithm. The proposed methodology contains three sections: a polygon based sampling algorithm, an SVM classification, and an accuracy assessment. Two data sets (A and B) were generated and compared. Topographical parameters, proximity parameters and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used in the two data sets. In addition to these common parameters, data set (A) included lithological unit data produced from conventional geology maps and data set (B) had decorrelation stretched ASTER bands with four mineral (alunite, kaolinite, calcite, and quartz) indices. To construct and evaluate the models, training and testing data sets were generated using the proposed sampling strategy with three random sets for each data set (A and B). Next, the spatial performance of the obtained landslide susceptibility maps was evaluated using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUC). The AUC values of the three random sets from data set (A) were 0.913, 0.912, and 0.906. The AUC values of the three random sets from data set (B) were 0.923, 0.912, and 0.907. After a comparison of the obtained AUC values, data set (B) presented considerably acceptable spatial performances in landslide susceptibility map production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We presented a novel approach to determine possible astronomical observations sites. [•] The proposed approach is efficient and powerful for observatory site selection. [•] GIS based AHP offers cost and time effective method for observatory site selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, energy use patterns and the relationship between energy inputs and yield for single crop (winter) greenhouse tomato production were examined in Antalya province, one of the most important greenhouse centres in Turkey. Data were collected using face-to-face surveys from 85 farms producing winter greenhouse tomatoes. The results indicated that the bulk of energy was consumed in fertilizer (38.22%), electricity (27.09%), manure (17.33%) and diesel-oil (13.65%). Average yield and energy consumption were calculated as 57,905.1 kg/ha and 61,434.5 MJ/ha, respectively. Results also determined an output–input ratio of 0.8 and a respective energy productivity and specific energy of 1.061 MJ/t and 0.94 kg/MJ. In addition, the Cobb Douglas production function was applied to test the relationship among different forms of energy consumption. The findings suggested that single crop tomato producers must optimize their use of indirect energy resources. Single crop producers applied an excess use of chemicals, resulting in an inverse effect on yield as well as imposing risks to natural resources and human health. This research suggested an expansion in energy use training opportunities to greenhouse farmers in the region. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The study examines energy use patterns and the relationship between energy inputs and yield for double crop (fall and summer) glasshouse tomato production in Antalya province, where is one of the most important greenhouse centres in Turkey. The data of the study was retrieved from 37 fall and 25 summer glasshouse tomato producers via face to face survey in 2007. The research findings revealed energy use values for inputs such as manure, electricity, chemical fertilizer and fuel. While the average yield per hectare is 25025.4 kg for enterprises involved in tomato production in fall, it is 22392.9 kg for summer production. The overall energy consumption is higher in fall production with 81362.2 MJ ha−1 in comparison to summer production 63023.2 MJ ha−1. In addition, the specific energy requirement is 3521.2 MJ t−1 and 2814.4 MJ t−1 for fall and summer production in order and the energy efficiency was found out to be 0.31 kg MJ−1 and 0.36 kg MJ−1 respectively. Finally, the energy relationship was tested using the production relationship. The findings indicated that direct energy sources are effective in tomato yield for both of the two seasons. More clearly, the most significant energy input was electrical energy for summer production and a combination of electrical energy, human power and machinery for fall production. Yet, excess and unconscious use of chemical ingredients in glasshouse tomato production was confirmed as energy derived from chemical drugs leaded a declination in the yield for fall season. Therefore, the paper revealed energy relationship for double crop glasshouse tomato production in Antalya, being a reference for similar production methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of developing global as well as local networks between tourism firms and clusters seeking to attain global competitiveness has been increasingly emphasized in previous studies. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of local and global networking in firms of different sizes and of differentiated cluster types (based on specialization and agglomeration) in tourism. This paper differs from previous researches in that it addresses the tourism dimension of the networking literature and employs a quantitative method of analysis based on a firm-level survey. The findings of this paper reveal that there is a positive relation between large firms and the global level of networking. The specialization and agglomeration of firms in a cluster does not determine the level of connectedness, but rather it is the size of the firm in a cluster that determines the level of networking of that cluster. Based on the research findings, the paper explores the necessity of developing networks not only at a local level but also at a global level by emphasizing the defining factors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study examines energy use patterns and the relationship between energy inputs and yield for greenhouse tomato production in Antalya province of Turkey. The data used in this study were based on cross-sectional data collected from growers by using a face to face survey. The results revealed that diesel (34.35%), fertilizer (27.59%), electricity (16.01%), chemicals (10.19%) and human power (8.64%) consumed the bulk of energy. In the surveyed farms, average yield and energy consumption were calculated as around 160000kg/ha and 106716.2MJ/ha, respectively. The results also showed that output–input, specific energy and energy productivity were 1.2, 12380.3MJ/t and 0.09kg/MJ, respectively. The results implied that small size farms were more efficient than large ones in terms of output–input ratio. An econometric model was developed to estimate the impact of energy inputs on yield. Therefore, tomato yield, an endogenous variable was assumed to be a function of exogenous variables; fertilizer, chemicals, machinery, human, water for irrigation and seed energy. The empirical results indicated that all exogenous variables except seed energy were found statistically significant and contributed to yield. Among all statistically significant exogenous variables, human, fertilizer, water, chemicals and machinery were ranked in terms of elasticities. These results indicate that the Turkish greenhouse industry heavily depends on fossil fuels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This research assesses the collapse mechanisms of tufa deposits. The city of Antalya, located on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, has been settled on tufa deposits. By the end of 1980s, the area behind the tufa cliffs became the site of high-rise residential buildings. Some of these buildings have suffered from foundation instabilities, which have given rise to cracking and fissuring of the walls, and overall tilting. The collapsible behaviour upon loading and/or wetting of some tufa deposits has caused foundation settlement. Voids, bonding of grains and grain properties of the collapsible tufa were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Our studies indicate that the collapse behaviour of tufa is affected mainly by depositional environment and microfabric. Laboratory tests have been performed in order to determine the index properties and the collapse potential of tufa samples. Young tufa deposits near the surface are weakly bonded with thin films of carbonate cement, giving rise to high void ratios. Analysis of geotechnical parameters has shown that the collapse potential of tufa is closely related to the natural void ratio and the amount of cement binding the grains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this research was to examine the energy equivalents of inputs and output in greenhouse vegetable production in the Antalya province of Turkey. For this purpose, the data for the production of four greenhouse crops (tomato, cucumber, eggplant and pepper) were collected in eighty-eight greenhouse farms by questionnaire. The results revealed that cucumber production was the most energy intensive of among the four crops investigated. Cucumber production consumed a total of 134.77 GJha−1 followed by tomato with 127.32 GJha−1. The consumption of energy by eggplants and pepper were 98.68 and 80.25 GJha−1, respectively. The output–input energy ratio for greenhouse tomato, pepper, cucumber and eggplant were estimated to be 1.26, 0.99, 0.76 and 0.61, respectively. This indicated an intensive use of inputs in greenhouse vegetable production not accompanied by increase in the final product. This can lead to problems associated with these inputs such as global warming, nutrient loading and pesticide pollution. Therefore, there is a need to pursue a new policy to force producers to undertake energy efficient practices to increase the yield without diminishing natural resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]