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• A novel application of BWM-GIS-FAHP-GT has been utilized for landfill site selection. • Just 2.47% area of the Guilan province was selected as the "most suitable region" location. • Game theory was used successfully to find the best location from the authorities' point of views. • The fuzzy AHP was used to calculate the payoffs of players in the game. The novel application of a new hybrid method of Geographic Information System (GIS), Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and game theory has been investigated for landfill site selection in Guilan province, which has a temperate and humid climate. The data utilized in the study were mostly obtained from satellite images and local organizations. Three main categories of environmental, social and economic impacts comprising fourteen criteria, based on the sustainability of a landfill location, were analyzed. Criteria weightings were obtained using the Best-Worst Method (BWM) and then a suitability map was produced by GIS analysis. Moreover, the restrictions for an airport (8 km), historical and touristic areas (3 km) and the border of the province (2 km) were applied. The result of the GIS was then analyzed using game theory (GT) in order to study the interactions of decision makers. In order to apply the new criteria for the game theory, a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) was used to find the weightings of five new criteria, which have been used for players' payoffs. The most optimum location (site A 1) was investigated and found to be near rural areas of the study region which could cause inevitable harm to the adjacent communities. Furthermore, only 2.47% and 0.78% areas of the Guilan province is in the "most suitable region" and "suitable region" classes, respectively; which raises the awareness of finding a sustainable approach for saving the environment rather than the landfilling. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Orchis mascula (OM) was used as a new coagulant in synthesized bilge water treatment. • More than 90 % of COD, TU, and O&G removals were achieved at pH 5.0 and 4 mg/L of OM. • C-F with OM was effectively described by FCCCD-RSM and MARS models for the first time. • Adsorption and inter-particle bridging mechanism were predominant for C-F with OM. • Cost-effectiveness and naturalness of OM showed its potential for industrial scale. Applicability of coagulation-flocculation process by the Orchis mascula tuber starch as a novel natural coagulant was investigated for the first time in the treatment of oily-saline wastewater. Three inputs variables (pH, coagulant dose, and contact time) and two outputs of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity (TU) were studied for the proposed system. Orchis mascula tuber starch showed a remarkable performance on treatment of bilge water at the optimum conditions (4 mg L−1 of coagulants dose, pH of 5.0, and contact time of 15 min), with COD and TU removal efficiencies of 92.21 % and 90.63 %, respectively. Also, this material could remove the surfactant and oil-grease up to 23 % and 93 %, respectively. The face-centered central composite design-response surface methodology (FCCCD-RSM) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), which were used comparatively for the first time in the quantitative evaluation of the studied coagulation-flocculation process, revealed satisfactory predictive performances (R 2 > 0.97) for both COD and TU removals. The kinetic study concluded that the second-order model performance was superior to the first-order model. Moreover, the bonding between the particles was also observed from the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the Orchis mascula tuber starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]