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MimDES-ZIF-8 with rich active sites as positive charges and metal coordination sites were prepared based on imidazole based deep eutectic solvent (MimDES) using interface permeation method. 2-Methylimidazole (2-Mim) simultaneously acted as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) in MimDES (hydrogen donner was 1,6-hexanediol) and an organic ligand in MimDES-ZIF-8, affecting the coordination of ZIF-8 during permeation. Four different zinc salt solutions (ZnCl 2 , Zn(NO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O, Zn(OAc) 2 ·2H 2 O, ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O) were permeated into MimDES to obtain MimDES-ZIF-8 with different morphologies. All MimDES-ZIF-8 had higher Zn/N ration (>0.25), specific surface area and surface positive charges. The dye adsorption results indicated that MimDES-ZIF-8 showed high adsorption efficiencies for acid fuchsin (all exceeded 97.75 % under pH 7.5) and a fast adsorption rate (exceeding 93 % in 5 min and reaching equilibrium in 60 min). Among MimDES-ZIF-8, the adsorption capacity of ZIF-8-C was 4845.3 mg/g. After five cycles of adsorption, the AF removal efficiency of ZIF-8-C remained over 93.23 %. Moreover, ZIF-8-C also had good adsorption capacity for anionic dyes CR, cationic dyes MB and BB. The adsorption process aligned well with both the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Based on FTIR, XPS, and electrostatic potential calculation, the adsorption mechanism was elucidated. [Display omitted] • Based on active MimDES, MimDES-ZIF-8 with abundant active adsorption sites are prepared by permeation method. • The hydrogen bonding between 1,6-hexanediol and 2-Mim in MimDES affects the coordination of ZIF-8. • MimDES-ZIF-8 have high adsorption capacities and fast adsorption rate for acidic fuchsin. • ZIF-8-C achieves selective adsorption of dyes through competitive adsorption of surface-active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • N-doping enriched MgO-modified biochar (MBC) was prepared by Mg(NO 3) 2 activation. • Mg(NO 3) 2 activation method enhance the N doping degree of biochar. • Higher N doping degree facilitate the AF transmit in the pore of biochar. • The MBC exhibit excellent Acid fuchsin adsorption performance from wastewater. Developing efficient biochar (BC) adsorbent for pollution removal has been a long-term exploration. However, the negative charge surface of pristine BC seriously impedes the transfer of anionic dye through the pore of BC and results in low adsorption capacity. Herein, N-doping enriched porous MgO-modified biochar (MBC) was successfully prepared through a facile nitrate activation method for anionic acid fuchsin (AF) removal. The N-doped group of secondary amine in MBC changes the surface charge of BC and facilitate the AF adsorption onto MgO. The as-prepared MBC exhibited superior adsorption capacity of 328 mg⋅g−1. The adsorption process was well aligned with the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetics models indicating a hybrid physicochemical adsorption mechanism. Further mechanism investigation indicates that N-doped group, MgO and functional groups in biochar matrix primarily contribute to AF adsorption. The mechanism includes: electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding and pore filling. This research provides an environmentally friendly nitrate activation strategy for BC, which overcomes the inherent defects of BC in negative charge surface and provides a facile way of biomass valorization for pollution removal from the aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe fixed with sodium alginate gel beads (Fe3+-SA) was successfully synthesized. The application of the electro-Fenton (EF) technique using Fe3+-SA for the degradation of acid fuchsin (AF) was investigated. The decolorization of AF by EF with Fe3+-SA and homogeneous Fe3+ was studied, which confirmed that the EF with Fe3+-SA could attain higher color removal rate (98.2%). Redox of Fe3+-SA and homogeneous Fe3+ were also examined by cyclic voltammetry. Influencing factors on AF decolorization including pH, current density, initial AF concentration, Fe3+-SA dosage, Cl– concentration, were investigated by conducting batch experiments. The results showed that AF could be decolorized effectively in a wide pH range of 3–11. pH, applied current density, initial AF concentration, H2O2/Fe3+-SA ratio, and the addition of Cl– affected AF decolorization. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model can accurately describe the AF decolorization process. In addition, 100 mg/L AF was treated by EF with Fe3+-SA for 4 h to evaluate total organic carbon (TOC) removal, mineralization current efficiency, and specific energy consumption. The properties of Fe3+-SA, and Fe3+-SA after EF reaction (Fe3+-SA/EF) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photo-electron spectrometry. The iron content in AF solution before and after EF was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Ion chromatography analyzed the change in inorganic salt during EF and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy studied the decolorizing mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CoAl-LDH synthesis and characterisation by several physico-chemical methods. • The material showed a specific surface area of 48 m2. g−1 and was efficient for the adsorption of acid fuchsin. • Modelling and optimisation of various parameters effecting the acid fuchsin adsorption onto CoAl-LDH using Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RMS). • Evaluation of the kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic parameters of the system. Massive amounts of wastewater contaminated by hazardous and synthetic dyes are produced by the textile industry. Therefore, it is crucial to develop innovative techniques for removing these pollutants. In the present study, CoAl- LDH with excellent adsorption ability was synthesized via coprecipitation method at ambient temperature. The surface morphology and composition of the resulted compound were evaluated using several methods including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results given by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller theory (BET) showed that the material has a specific surface area of 48 m2.g−1 and pore volume of 0.42 cm3.g−1. The as-synthesized material was tested for the acid fuchsin removal from an aqueous medium and the impact of several parameters was investigated. The experimental parameters such as the pH, the initial concentration, the adsorbent dose and the time were optimized using the central composite response surface methodology. The optimal adsorption capacity is attained at pH = 4.5, Initial concentration C 0 = 96.71 ppm, adsorbent dose d = 0.40 g.L−1 and time t = 180 min. The adsorption process fitted well with the pseudo-second order reaction, and followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm providing a considerable Langmuir adsorption capacity of 384.6 mg. g−1. The effect of different temperatures reveals the thermodynamic parameters, i.e., the free Gibbs energy ΔG° (−4.86 to −1.16 kJ.mol−1), enthalpy change (ΔH° = 79.69 kJ.mol−1) and entropy (ΔS° = 137.61 JK−1.mol−1), the negative ΔG° and positive ΔH° values signify that the fuchsin acid adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-TiO 2 /chitosan/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (nano-TiO 2 /CS/PNIPAAm) composite hydrogel was prepared by a two-step polymerization method, and nano-TiO 2 can endow the composite hydrogel with photocatalytic activity. The nano-TiO 2 /CS/PNIPAAm composite hydrogel was characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The properties of dye adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were investigated. The results indicated that dye adsorption was strongly influenced by solution pH and the acid fuchsin (AF) removal rate was maximum at pH = 4. The dye removal rate decreased slightly with increasing temperature, and the composite hydrogel adsorbing AF dyes floated on the solution surface at 40 °C and could be readily removed from the aqueous solution. Kinetics analysis indicated that the dye adsorption by nano-TiO 2 /CS/PNIPAAm composite hydrogel conformed to pseudo-second order model. Moreover, nano-TiO 2 /CS/PNIPAAm composite hydrogel exhibited high efficiency of photocatalytic degradation for AF dyes, and AF dye removal rate reached 90.5% under UV irradiation for 160 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid magnetic Sr 5 x Ba 3 x (PO 4 ) 3 (OH)/Fe 3 O 4 (SBPF) nanorod was prepared and characterized using different techniques, such as SEM, EDS, TEM, SAED, HRTEM, XRD, and FT-IR. Adsorption studies of acid fuchsin (AF) from aqueous solution with respect to the pH, temperature, time, initial dye concentration, and sorbent dosage were investigated. The Freundlich adsorption model was applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The maximal AF uptake by SBPF was 1590 mg/g in the test. Kinetics parameters of the adsorption process indicated that it followed the pseudo-second order equation, and the maximum sorption capacity calculated from the pseudo-second-order rate equation was 909 mg/g which was close to the experimental value. Adsorption thermodynamics study indicated the spontaneous nature and exothermic of the adsorption process. The removal of AF was attributed to the hydrogen bond and ionic interactions. Moreover, SBPF was easily recovered, and the adsorption capacity was approximately 97.7% of the initial saturation adsorption capacity after being used five times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lignin in watermelon stem is auto-fluorescence under blue-light excitation. • Monitoring phloem and xylem reconnectivity simultaneously in individual plants. • Phloem and xylem reconnection processes occur at the same time in grafted watermelon. • Rootstock cotyledon is important for vascular reconnection in grafted watermelon. Grafting is an effective way to increase watermelon's tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the survival of grafted seedlings largely depends on successful graft formation. Therefore, understanding the graft formation process, particularly vascular reconnection, is of critical importance. This study found that lignin in watermelon stem showed strong auto-fluorescence under blue-light excitation. Consequently, blue-light excited fluorescent tracers (FTs) such as 5(6)-carboxy fluorescein diacetate (CFDA) were unsuitable for assaying vascular connectivity in watermelon. In contrast, UV-light excited esculin and red-light excited acid fuchsin proved to be efficient FTs for monitoring phloem and xylem connectivity, respectively, in self-grafted watermelon. Furthermore, combining esculin application to the scion cotyledon and acid fuchsin to the rootstock root enabled simultaneous monitoring of both phloem and xylem connectivity in individual self-grafted watermelon seedlings. Based on this assay, we found that phloem and xylem reconnections occurred simutaneously in self-grafted watermelon. Moreover, low temperature and removal of the rootstock cotyledons both delayed vascular reconnection in the self-grafted watermelon. In conclusion, this new method provided a convenient, accurate and rapid way to analyze vascular connectivity in watermelon. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The degradation of acid fuchsin solutions under microwave irradiation (MW) combined with the MgFe2O4 was studied in this work. The degradation process was investigated by UV–vis, FT-IR, TOC and ion chromatogram techniques. The results indicated that the degradation percentage of acid fuchsin could reach up to 99.78%, corresponding to 91.2% of TOC removal, and acid fuchsin had been degraded into harmless products under microwave irradiation time 1.5min. The effects of pH, addition amount of catalysts on the efficiency of the degradation have been investigated. The mechanism of acid fuchsin degradation was also discussed. With the advantages of low cost and rapid processing, this novel MW/MgFe2O4 composite could gain promising application in the treatment of various dyestuff wastewaters on a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Solid-state dye-doped polymers are attractive alternative to the conventional liquid dye solutions. In this paper, nonlinear properties of the dye Acid Fuchsin has been studied. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of Acid Fuchsin dye in 1-butanol and dye-doped polymer film were measured by the Z-scan technique using 532nm diode pumped Nd:Yag laser. This material exhibits negative optical nonlinearity. The dye at 0.4mM concentration exhibited nonlinear refractive coefficient (n 2 =−8.72×10−8 and −10.308×10 −8 (cm2/W) in liquid and solid media, respectively), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β =−7.69×10−4 and −8.294×10−4 cm/W in liquid and solid media, respectively) and susceptibility (χ (3) =4.33×10−6 and 5.13×10−5 esu in liquid and solid media, respectively). These results show that Acid Fuchsin dye has potential applications in nonlinear optics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The enamel matrix contains amelogenin, leucine-rich amelogenin-polypeptide (LRAP), resulting from alternative splicing of the primary amelogenin-RNA transcript and tyrosine-rich amelogenin-polypeptide (TRAP), a proteolytic product of amelogenin. Presence of amelogenin-trityrosyl-motif peptide (ATMP) distinguishes TRAP from LRAP. The roles of these polypeptides in the formation of enamel remain to be elucidated. Methods: The mouse in vitro molar tooth-organ developed from bud stage (E16) was exposed to LRAP, ATMP, and mutated ATMP (T-ATMP, third proline replaced by threonine). The histology and morphometry of the explants on day-12 in culture was examined using Mallory''s stain. Guanidine-HCl soluble protein concentrations of explants were compared. Results: The enamel width and protein solubility indicate that the explant on day-12 is comparable to postnatal molar on day-3 in vivo. The enamel of both untreated explants as well as that in vivo is fuchinophilic (acid fuchsin, AF+). ATMP reduced the ameloblast-height, accumulated AF+ spherules at the apical end of ameloblasts, and disrupted enamel–dentin bonding. T-ATMP abrogated deposition of AF+ material on the aniline blue positive (AB+) enamel matrix. LRAP reduced ameloblast-height, increased the enamel-width without disruption (at 17.25nmol) and increased the density of AF+ dentinal tubules. AF+ substance from the tubules is released onto the surface of the dentin. The Guanidine-HCl-soluble protein is elevated in ATMP-treated explants but decreased in LRAP-treated explants. Conclusion: Exogenous ATMP, T-ATMP and LRAP have divergent effects on developing enamel. Exogenous ATMP, but not LRAP, abrogates enamel-dentin bonding at 17.25nmol. LRAP may play a role in the differentiation of ameloblasts, growth of enamel and formation of dentinal tubules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: By means of a condenser discharge electric shock paradigm, “dark” (compacted) granule neurons were momentarily produced in the hippocampal dentate gyri of rats, which were sacrificed either immediately or following survival periods ranging from 1h to 30 days. Except for the morphological changes related to the formation, recovery or death of the “dark” neurons, the affected brain areas remained undamaged. Vibratome, frozen, cryostat and paraffin sections were stained with Mayer''s hematoxylin, acid fuchsin, or Fluoro-Jade and by three silver methods widely used for the demonstration of damaged neurons; with or without previous removal of nucleic acids, partial digestion of proteins or blockade of the negatively charged side-groups of nucleic acids and proteins. The results allowed the following conclusions: (i) “Dark” neurons acquire argyrophilia and excess basophilia simultaneously with their momentary formation. (ii) Negatively charged protein molecules are responsible for these processes. (iii) From the recovering “dark” neurons, the acquired basophilia and argyrophilia disappear within a few hours post-insult. (iv) From the moribund or dead “dark” neurons, the acquired basophilia disappears in the same period of time while the acquired argyrophilia in a few days. (vi) Freshly-produced or recovering “dark” neurons are slightly acidophilic, whereas the moribund or dead ones display intense acidophilia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • 1-Methylimidazolium/tetrasulfide/amine-multifunctionalized KCC-1 was synthesized. • This material was used as an adsorbent for acid orange II and acid fuchsin removal. • This adsorbent has a high surface area (555 m2 g−1) and pore volume (0.94 cm3 g−1) • This adsorbent has a high uptake capacity and a low adsorption time for the dyes. In the last few decades, the adsorption technique has attracted tremendous attention as a promising methodology for removing toxic dye pollutants from aquatic environments. Nanoporous adsorbents are one of the most popular adsorbents for dye removal. With comparing two different adsorbents, two important factors, namely adsorption capacity and adsorption time are of particular importance; the higher the adsorption capacity and the shorter the adsorption time, the better and more effective is the adsorption performance. In this paper, a multifunctionalized micro-mesoporous nano-silica KCC-1 (MF-KCC-1) adsorbent bearing 1-methylimidazolium/tetrasulfide/amine groups is synthesized by a simple post-functionalization of the pure KCC-1 for adsorption of acid orange II (AO) and acid fuchsin (AF) from water. In order to investigate the feasible mechanisms involved in the adsorption process, isotherm and kinetic studies were conducted. Among the various isotherm and kinetic models, the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic models showed the best agreement with the experimental data. The MF-KCC-1 showed a high adsorption capacity (676.7 and 621.3 mg g−1 for AO and AF) and a short adsorption time (20 min) under constant conditions (pH=3.0, adsorbent dose=0.100 g L–1, solution volume=30 mL, temperature=298 K, shaking speed=180 rpm). The results obtained in this study reveal the positive effect of surface functional groups on the adsorption performance of MF-KCC-1 as a promising nanoadsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We describe a simplified procedure for salivary sheath visualisation which aids leafhoppers' EPG waveform correlation. • The procedure allows to rapidly and routinely visualise the entire structure of salivary sheathswithout any special equipment. • Pre-staining identifies the position and plane of the salivary sheath, wherea single section is produced by hand microtomy. • Low error rate of the procedure stems in quick staining, no series sectioning, no fixedmounting. • Samples are long-term storable and re-stainable. Herbivorous insects in the order Hemiptera use piercing-sucking mouthparts to utilize plant sap. Among them salivary sheath feeders penetrate into the plant by their flexible stylets to reach vascular elements. Manoeuvering stylets in plant tissues is aided by the creation of salivary sheaths, which solidify from proteinous gelling saliva and remain as lasting artefacts in the plant tissues. Studying their structure reveals hidden details of the feeding behaviour and the transmission of pathogens in case of vector insects. One important aspect of studying salivary sheaths is that it can be used to confirm the biological function of electropenetrography (EPG) waveform patterns. Previously, complex and vaguely documented histological methods have been used to observe salivary sheath structure. Building on existing methodologies, we report a simplified histological procedure where each step was optimized to offer a rapid process that does not require special equipment, can be applied to many samples, has good success rate and a low cost of errors in terms of time and materials. We describe the procedure, using a Psammotettix alienus – barley model system, in three steps. (i) Clarification of entire plant parts and pre-staining salivary sheaths with aqueous fuchsin. This step allows to identify salivary sheath starting points on the surface. (ii) Knowing salivary sheath location, using hand sectioning, produce a single c. 60 μm section that contains the entire salivary sheath. (iii) Counterstain the section with methylene green and, after further clarification, study under light microscope in a glycerol - ethanol embedding solution, without fixed mounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, Pr and Co co-doped TiO 2 onto flake graphite as particle electrodes were prepared and utilized for the opaque dye acid fuchsin degradation in a three-dimensional photoelectrocatalytic system. Scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that Pr and Co were successfully co-doped onto the TiO 2 particles and largely enhanced their surface properties and photocatalytic activity. The co-doped Pr–Co/TiO 2 flake graphite particle electrodes denominated reliable acid fuchsin degradation performance under various influencing factors with the optimized operational conditions as electrolyte concentration of 0.02 mol/L, external bias voltage of 6 V, electrodes dosage of 6.67 g/L, initial pH of 2, and initial AF concentration of 20 mg/L, and aeration-free. This gave a pseudo-first order kinetic constant of 0.1313 min−1. Over 90% of AF was removed within 40 min owing to the primary contribution of hydroxyl radicals. Multiple intermediates via photoelectrocatalytic degradation of acid fuchsin were identified and a possible removal pathway was thus proposed. The three-dimensional particle electrodes photoelectrocatalytic reactor hold great potential for opaque dye wastewater treatment. Image 1 • Pr–Co/TiO2 particle electrodes were prepared for 3D photoelectrocatalytic system. • Pr and Co enhanced the surface properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO 2. • Optimum factors for photoelectrocatalytic degradation of AF were determined. • Photoelectrocatalytic degradation products were identified and mechanisms were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, magnetic Chitosan/Al 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite was prepared and used as an adsorbent to remove acid fuchsin dye from aqueous solution. The characterization of adsorbent was achieved by FESEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA and VSM techniques. The FESEM analysis showed that the magnetic Fe 3 O 4 and Al 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles are in spherical shape with average diameters of about 51 and 69 nm, respectively. BET analysis confirmed that the adsorbent has a mesoporous structure. The results showed that the adsorption kinetic data agreed well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Langmuir model was the best fit for the description of the adsorption isotherm. From the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity was 1666.67 mg g−1 at optimum conditions. According to Weber and Morris model and Boyd plot, it can be concluded that the adsorption process was controlled by both film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. Unlabelled Image • Magnetic chitosan/Al 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite was used as an adsorbent to remove acid fuchsin dye from aqueous solution. • The characterization of adsorbent was achieved using FESEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA and VSM techniques. • The maximum capacity of adsorbent for acid fuchsin adsorption was 1666.67 mg g−1. • The results showed that the adsorption kinetic data agree well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. • The Langmuir model presented the best fit for the description of the adsorption isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]