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• Throughout cattle manure composting, average airflow resistance decreased by 40.1%. • All research parameters had the greatest variation at the thermophilic phase. • With the aerobic reaction, the total pressure ought to be adjusted to a lower level. • Ranks affecting airflow resistance were bulk density, particle size, specific gravity. Composting is widely adopted in livestock waste management, and the ventilation system control is essential for composting efficiency. For ventilation system, the airflow resistance is a major factor influencing the ventilation intensity and oxygen supply capacity. This study explored the variation law of airflow resistance, bulk density, specific gravity, particle size and total pressure throughout composting with cattle manure. The airflow resistance was calculated with Ergun equation, and contribution coefficients of different components were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that the viscous airflow resistance was dominant throughout cattle manure composting. The average airflow resistance was 0.146 Pa/m, and resistance of pile at lower layer was higher than that at the upper layer by 18.1 %. For contribution coefficient affecting airflow resistance, the ranks were bulk density, average particle size and specific gravity. During composting process, the average airflow resistance decreased by 40.1 % and the total pressure reduced by 3.47 %. All parameters had the greatest variation at thermophilic phase, which accounted for more than 60 % of the total variation amplitude. Meanwhile, less than 10 % of the total pressure was used to overcome the airflow resistance. Therefore, reducing bulk density of pile should be considered preferentially to decrease the airflow resistance. During cattle manure composting process, the total pressure of ventilation system ought to be adjusted with the aerobic reaction to a lower level, especially at thermophilic phase with the most rapid descent rate. This study can provide support for reducing the energy consumption required for ventilation of composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) of environmental impact potential for two-stage anaerobic biogas plants between commercial and pilot scales. It provides a comprehensive and systematic approach to evaluating the environmental impacts of producing biogas from livestock wastes in several phases: collecting, processing, and production. The commercial biogas plant (C-BP) system is located in Central Taiwan's pig farm, with 1500–2000 pigs a year. The Symnergy (symbiosis bioenergy model) biogas pilot plant (S-BP) is installed in Manado City, Indonesia. The Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, designed both C-BP and S-BP systems. The environmental impacts of both systems' gate-to-grave life cycles were assessed and compared using Simapro 9.0.0 software. The pilot-scale biogas plants produce bioenergy from the wastewater of the slaughterhouse. Therefore, 10,950 tonne/year of slurry feedstock flowing into the commercial biogas plant was considered a functional unit equal to 21 times larger than the pilot scale biogas plant. The LCA analyzes the impacts of three processes for feedstock collection, biogas production, and digestate production. It was found that Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential had the highest total impact on C-BP (33%), and Eutrophication had the highest impact on S-BP (33%). Both the biogas production systems of C-BP and S-BP showed very low environmental impacts, and the impacts of C-BP are lower than the S-BP. However, implementing digesters considerably reduced the potential environmental impacts of well manure feedstock handling and fertilizer applications. The LCA analysis among the three individual processes is developed to allow critical points and environmental impacts for local government. Consequently, the LCA report could help establish regional sustainability strategies for the management of livestock wastes by anaerobic two-stage biogas plant from manure. [Display omitted] • LCA of environmental impacts analysis for two-stage anaerobic biohythane plants. • Both C-BP and S-BP two-stage biohythan plant showed very low environmental impacts. • Implementing digesters considerably reduced the environmental impacts potential. • Developing a critical points and environmental impact factors for local government. • Establishing regional sustainability strategies for management of livestock wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of anaerobic biotransformation in thermophilic mode (55 °C) of agricultural waste was carried out. It has been established that organic wastes (wheat distillery vinasse, cow manure and chicken manure) have a great potential for producing biogas with a high content of methane and carbon dioxide with a low content of impurities. Biogas can be recommended as a raw material for hydrogen production. With the ratio of components in the composition of the mixed substrate of distillery vinasse, cow manure and chicken manure - 6: 3: 1 for 21–29 days of anaerobic digestion, the best indicators of the efficiency of methanogenesis for methane (61–63%) and biogas (70–73%) were provided, the share of methane in composition of biogas was 61%. With the biotransformation of alone vinasse, the nitrogen mineralization efficiency (58–67%) was lower than when using a mixture of organic waste (63–69%). From the point of view of obtaining the maximum amount of biogas, it is advisable to add a carbonate buffer or limestone flour (9% wt.) to the substrate to shift the pH of the working solution towards slightly alkaline values. From the point of view of the accumulation of free phosphates in the final solution, the use of a carbonate buffer is more preferable. The anaerobically treated solid sludge remaining after biogas production, as well as liquid effluents (anaerobically treated effluents) can be considered as potential organic and biogenic fertilizers or their components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pachnoda sinuata bioconverts cattle dung into high-value fertilizer products. • Richness of beneficial bacteria in frass fertilizer increased by 2.5-folds. • P. sinuata larvae reduced manure-borne antibiotic resistance genes in14 days. • Abundance of mobile genetic elements was reduced within a 14-day timeframe. • P. sinuata is excellent candidate for bioremediation of animal waste. Bioconversion of livestock wastes using insect larvae represents an emerging and effective strategy for waste management. However, knowledge on the role of the garden fruit chafer (Pachnoda sinuata L.) in waste recycling and influence on the diversity of microbial community in frass fertilizer is limited. Here, we determined whether and to what extent the conversion of cattle dung into insect frass fertilizer by P. sinuata influences the frass' microbial community and its associated antibiotic resistance genes abundance. Pachnoda sinuata larvae were used to valorise cattle dung into frass fertilizer; samples were collected weekly to determine the composition of bacteria and fungi, and antibiotic resistant genes using molecular tools. Results revealed that bioconversion of cattle dung by P. sinuata larvae significantly increased the richness of beneficial bacteria in the frass fertilizer by 2.5-folds within 28 days, but fungal richness did not vary during the study. Treatment of cattle dung with P. sinuata larvae caused 2 – 3-folds decrease in the genes conferring resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, diaminopyrimidine, multidrug, sulfonamide and tetracycline within 14 days. Furthermore, the recycling cattle dung using considerably reduced the abundance of mobile genetic elements known to play critical roles in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between organisms. This study highlights the efficiency of saprohytic insects in recycling animal manure and suppressing manure-borne pathogens in the organic fertilizer products, opening new market opportunities for innovative and safe bio-based products and achieving efficient resource utilization in a circular and green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam explosion (SE) technology has been widely used to treat lignocellulosic materials for a long time. However, the investigation regarding SE applied for animal waste treatment is limited. With an increase in the demand for and consumption of meat, the annual production of various animal by-products, such as animal keratinous waste and bone waste, is also increasing in slaughterhouses. Therefore, a green method for disposing of these by-products is needed. In this article, the current SE devices, together with their characteristics and applications in wool, feather, hoof, and animal bone, are reviewed systematically. Different SE conditions result in the production of varying final products, from which keratin and other constituents (protein, lipid, or carbohydrate) can be extracted. Additionally, under proper conditions, SE can induce the liquefaction of animal wastes, such as porcine hoof shells, bovine bone, and even the whole chicken carcass. The advantages and limitations of the SE technology employed for treating animal waste were analyzed. Simultaneously, the reasons SE is used to treat animal keratin and bone wastes were also discussed. This review highlights the potential application of SE technology in efficiently liquefying animal wastes for bio-safety disposal and cleaner production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen production from biomass is an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. This paper presents potential green hydrogen production from available biomass resources, including agricultural crops and livestock waste in Kazakhstan in 14 regions. The study explores the potential of biomass-to-hydrogen production in Kazakhstan, including the availability and quality of biomass resources and environmental sustainability. The gasification process is chosen as the most efficient technology for biomass resource consumption to obtain green hydrogen. This is the first study in Kazakhstan contributes assessment of the geographic distribution of available biomass resources in the country. The total amount of green hydrogen production from agricultural waste is 432 tonnes/km2/year. Turkestan, Kyzylorda, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and North Kazakhstan are listed as regions with the highest green hydrogen production potential with an annual 122.2, 71, 57.6, 35.3, 29, and 28.5 tonnes/km2/year, respectively. Annual green hydrogen production from livestock waste is 5262 × 10−6 tonnes/km2/year which equals to 856 tonnes/year. The top three three regions with H 2 production are Turkestan, Almaty and East Kazakhstan regions with 208, 112.5, and 93 tonnes/year, respectively. The results provide a perspective contribution for different regions to the sustainable energy future and carbon neutrality in the country. • Estimation of H 2 production potential from biomass resources in Kazakhstan. • Gasification technology appears as the most promising alternative for H 2 production. • First study in Kazakhstan assesses the geographic distribution of available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Renewable energy is essential to support biowaste valorization; • Soil conditioner outperforms peat in 14/18 categories, with notable carbon savings; • Cogeneration resulted to be preferable with respect to biomethane upgrading; • Local suppliers and the electricity mix have a role in achieving carbon neutrality. The recent large-scale urbanization and industrialization resulted in an impressive growth of solid waste generation worldwide. Organic fraction generally constitutes a large fraction of municipal solid waste and its peculiar chemical properties open to various valorization strategies. On this purpose, life cycle assessment is applied to an innovative industrial system that processes 18 kt/y of agricultural and livestock waste into a high-quality soil conditioner. The high-quality soil conditioner production system consists of a series of processes, including anaerobic digestion and vermicomposting, allowing the generation of a peat-like material with high carbon content, porosity, and water-holding capacity. The presence of a photovoltaic plant and a cogeneration plant, fed with the biogas produced in the anaerobic digestion, makes the system entirely self-sufficient from the national grid and generating a surplus of electricity of 1177MWh/y. The high-quality soil conditioner showed better environmental performances in 15 out of 18 impact categories when compared to alternative scenarios. In particular, the high-quality soil conditioner and the related biowaste management resulted in a carbon saving of around 397 kg CO 2 eq/ton compared with a scenario involving the employment of peat in place of the high-quality soil conditioner and a traditional biowaste management, and 165 kg CO 2 eq/ton compared with a scenario where cogeneration is replaced by biomethane upgrading. This study demonstrates the possibility of using organic waste as an environmentally sustainable and renewable source for energy and carbon to soil conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pyrolysis can decrease the potential for runoff phosphorus (P) losses from high-P livestock waste. • Pyrolysis at moderate temperatures may maintain or prolong the fertilizer value of low-P materials. • In P-deficient soils, some plant-based biochars could be considered as alternative P fertilisers. Land application of biomass materials and their products of thermal treatment (biochars and ashes) can offset the unsustainable use of soluble P fertilisers. However, few evaluations of P fertiliser potential have systematically addressed diverse biomass types with contrasting P contents. This paper evaluates the relative P fertiliser potential of four P-rich biowastes (animal bone, poultry manure, pig slurry, and a municipal sewage sludge) and three low-P, plant-based materials (reeds [Phragmites australis L.], rice husks [Oryza sativa L.] and cocoa prunings [Theobroma cacao L.]) and their biochars and ashes. We utilised three complementary approaches: P extractability in single solvents (2% formic and citric acids, and 1 M neutral ammonium citrate); sequential chemical P fractionation, and P dissolution/desorption kinetics. In most cases, pyrolysis and incineration of the P-rich biowastes increased P extractability (% TP) in the single solvents, whilst decreasing water-soluble P. For pig slurry, for example, pyrolysis reduced water-soluble P 20-fold, with corresponding increases observed not only in the solvent-extractable P but also in the pool of potentially plant available, NaHCO 3 -Pi fraction (e.g., 17 to 35% TP). These complementary datasets were also evident for the low-P feedstocks and thermal products; e.g., pyrolysis increased the NaHCO 3 -Pi fraction in reed feedstock from 6 to 15% TP. For all biomass feedstocks, biochars and ashes, pseudo-second order P-release kinetics provided the best fit with the experimental data. The data demonstrate scope for using pyrolysis to upgrade the P fertiliser value of a wide range of biomass materials whilst reducing their environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biogas energy assisted hybrid milk cooling system was experimentally investigated. • Energy consumption in the first and last milking is detected as 2.29 and 2.54 kWh. • Energy efficiency is 45.61% higher than conventional systems for the first milking. • It consumes 24.40% less energy than other hybrid systems for the last milking. Biogas energy assisted hybrid milk cooling system was investigated experimentally, in this study. The system operated in a cycle. Primarily, biogas was obtained from the residues of animals in the farm environment and an internal combustion gas engine is started with this gas. Then, the gas engine provided the power required for the compressor of the cooling system to operate. The main purpose of the study was to encounter the energy required for milk cooling only from the biomass potential of animal wastes and in this way, it was to bring a system with high energy efficiency for milk cooling process to the literature and industry. In experiments, 150 liters of milk in the first milking and 300 liters of milk in the last milking were cooled. It was determined that the energy consumption in the first and last milking is 2.29 kWh and 2.54 kWh. The results revealed that this developed system was 45.61% and 41.61% more advantageous for first and last milking, respectively, compared to conventional milk cooling systems in terms of energy consumption. When the system compared to other alternative energy source assisted milk cooling technologies with similar milk cooling capacity, It was observed that 14.55% and 24.40% more efficient with regards to energy consumption for the first and last milking. Additionally, experimental and Carnot COP values of the cooling system were determined as 4.29 and 8.26, respectively. These data revealed that the hybrid system had a higher performance of 38.4% compared to other milk cooling techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins from agricultural and livestock wastes are rapidly emerging as potential alternatives for non-biodegradable PVA sizes due to their excellent film-forming ability, amphiphilic, biodegradable, low cost and low carbon footprint. However, brittleness of protein-based films that failed to be directly used as textile sizing to protect yarns during high-speed weaving limits their practical applications. Different methodologies to modify protein-based materials to impart excellent properties are highly desired to be better used in textile sizing. Therefore, in this review, recent advances in the various modification methods of proteins and its applications in textile sizing have been focused. The categories, structure, methodology and characterization of modified-protein are fully covered. This review provides an overview of recent research advances on different protein-based textile sizing agents and promotes the development of a new generation of multifunctional bio-based materials from biological renewable resources and sustainability of the textile industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive production and extensive use of fossil-based non-biodegradable plastics are leading to their environmental accumulation and ultimately cause health threats to animals, humans, and the biosphere in general. The problem can be overcome by developing eco-friendly ways for producing plastics-like biopolymers from waste residues such as of agricultural origin. This will solve two currently prevailing social issues: waste management and the efficient production of a biopolymer that is environmentally benign, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The current study assesses the environmental impact of biopolymer (PHA) manufacturing, starting from slaughterhouse waste as raw material. The Material Input Per Service Unit methodology (MIPS) is used to examine the sustainability of the PHA production process. In addition, the impact of shifting from business-as-usual energy provision (i.e., electricity from distribution grid network and heat provision from natural gas) to alternative renewable energy sources is also evaluated. As a major outcome, it is shown that the abiotic material contribution for PHA production process is almost double for using hard coal as an energy source than the petro-plastic low-density-poly(ethene) (LPDE), which PHA shall ultimately replace. Likewise, abiotic material contribution is 43 % and 7 % higher when using the electricity from the European electricity mix (EU-27 mix) and biogas, respectively, than in the case of LDPE production. However, PHA production based on wind power for energy provision has 12 % lower abiotic material input than LDPE. Furthermore, the water input decreases when moving from the EU-27 mix to wind power. The reduction in water consumption for various electricity provision resources amounts to 20 % for the EU-27 mix, 25 % for hard coal, 71 % for wind, and 70 % for biogas. As the main conclusion, it is demonstrated that using wind farm electricity to generate PHA is the most environmentally friendly choice. Biogas is the second-best choice, although it requires additional abiotic material input. • Assessment of environmental impact of biopolymer (PHA) manufacturing. • Conversion of waste and surplus materials towards value-added bioproducts. • Environmental analysis using Material Input Per Service Unit (MIPS) methodology. • Comparative analysis of PHA with the fossil-based competitor LDPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Enterococci with optrA increased in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion. • IS 1216E in plasmid plays key role in horizontal transfer of optrA. • Chromosomal optrA linked to Tn 554 spread vertically in dominate E. faecalis ST631. • Hyper-thermophilic anaerobic pretreatment reduced plasmid-borne optrA in enterococci. The extensive use of florfenicol in poultry industry results in the emergence of optrA gene, which also confers resistance to clinically important antibiotic linezolid. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic environments, and removal of optrA in enterococci in mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) anaerobic digestion systems, and a hyper-thermophilic (70 °C) anaerobic pretreatment system for chicken waste. A total of 331 enterococci were isolated and analyzed for antibiotic resistance against linezolid and florfenicol. The optrA gene was frequently detected in enterococci from chicken waste (42.7%) and effluents from mesophilic (72%) and thermophilic (56.8%) reactors, but rarely detected in the hyper-thermophilic (5.8%) effluent. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that optrA -carrying Enterococcus faecalis sequence type (ST) 368 and ST631 were the dominant clones in chicken waste, and they remained dominant in mesophilic and thermophilic effluents, respectively. The plasmid-borne IS 1216E - fexA - optrA - erm (A)-IS 1216E was the core genetic element for optrA in ST368, whereas chromosomal Tn 554 - fexA - optrA was the key one in ST631. IS 1216E might play a key role in horizontal transfer of optrA due to its presence in different clones. Hyper-thermophilic pretreatment removed enterococci with plasmid-borne IS 1216E - fexA - optrA - erm (A)-IS 1216E. A hyper-thermophilic pretreatment is recommended for chicken waste to mitigate dissemination of optrA from animal waste to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, TG-GC-MS was used to study the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters of the atypical biomass such as traditional Chinese medicine residues, livestock and poultry wastes, fungus planting sticks, bagasse and the typical biomass such as bark. It was found that the activation energies of the five kinds of biomass were significantly different. The activation energies of the mixed kinds of traditional Chinese medicine residues and livestock and poultry waste were lower. The mixed biomasses could reduce the initial pyrolysis temperature and accelerate the pyrolysis speed. The water released in the whole process of the atypical biomasses mass loss process. There were two peaks of HR at ∼78 °C and ∼367 °C respectively. The second peak value is significantly higher than the first one, and the peak intensity is 2.44 times of woody biomasses. The peak intensities of non-condensible gas during the atypical biomass pyrolysis are CO + C 2 H 4 > CO 2 > H 2 > CH 4. The proportion of CO + C 2 H 4 pyrolysised by HR is 39.45%, the H 2 is 16.47%, and the CH 4 is 5.17%. [Display omitted] • The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters are researched by TG-GC-MS. • Three stages of five kinds of biomass weight loss were analyzed. • The activation energies of atypical biomasses were differ significantly. • The release characteristics of pyrolytic gases were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorous and Nitrogen are key nutrients for plants growth, usually supplemented by in the form of fertilizers. Therefore, management and utilization of these compounds in a sustainable manner for agriculture is of importance to serve the rising global demand of food. One way is to valorize agricultural wastes in many different ways like anaerobic digestion, struvite production and so on to maximize nutrient recovery and reduce wastage. Struvite recovery is one of the green marketing tools in the fertilizer industry, given the high amount of agriculture and livestock wastes produced. While struvite can be produced from a wide range of wastewater, this article provides an overview about struvite with an emphasis about its production from anaerobic digestates, manure and livestock wastewater and its prospective as a source of fertilizer. Furthermore, discussions about integration with anaerobic digestion, cost benefits and post application plant yields are reviewed to show its practicality and commercial potential. Despite constraints, struvite production promotes circular bioeconomic, sustainable process with a high nutrient recovery and this review will aid to take decisions in implementing this method in the near future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis is at the top of global priorities. It left us with an option to progress with highly efficient materials for energy conversion, production, and storage systems. Carbon nano-allotropes have more accessible, and modifiable surface with excellent surface area, conductivity, catalytic activity, and other features. Biochar synthesized from renewable organic materials such as plants and animal waste, have beneficial physicochemical features (surface functionalities, porosity, adsorption capacity, etc.) and agronomic properties. They are influenced by several factors like the type of thermal treatment and feedstocks. Modification of biochar is an excellent option to obtain synergistic effects and sustainable materials. The current comprehensive review article will focus on biochar, selected nanocarbons (fullerene, carbon dots, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, graphene, and graphdiyne), and their hybrids for hydrogen evolution. Particular emphasis will be on biochar as these materials could be easily generated from different wastes. Biochar can have graphitized or non-graphitized carbon atoms. They can have carbon fragments resembling fullerene. This can be a potential low cost biocarbon alternative to graphene and fullerene and we are well aware of the importance of graphene and fullerene. Future projections in this paper may lead to an added foundation for "trash to treasure"/ "waste to wealth" and "waste to fuel" research and also contributes towards real-world applications in the clean fuel and sustainable energy sector. • Carbon-based materials for H 2 generation using different techniques. • Particular emphasis on the biochar production, structure, and its application in the H 2 generation. • Fulfilling the gap using both carbon nanoallotropes and biochar in the energy production sector. • A comparative study between biochar and other carbon allotropes in terms of H 2 production efficiency. • Biochar has bright, green future in the domain of hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Injection pressure varied from 180 bar to 240 bar. • Two types of nanoparticles, Ce 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , were dispersed in 20 % biodiesel blends at a concentration of 50 ppm. • Increasing engine load and injection pressure improved BTE levels, with Ce 2 O 3 blend reporting the highest BTE. • Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles were found to be more effective than TiO 2 in reducing emissions. The current study investigated the effect of varying injection pressure on a diesel engine fueled with waste animal fats oil. The injection pressure varied from 180 bar to 240 bar, and parameters such as engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were determined. In addition to the biodiesel blends, two types of nanoparticles, Ce 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , were studied. A series of tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine. Both nanoparticles were dispersed in the biodiesel blends at a concentration of 50 ppm. The results indicated that increasing the engine load and injection pressure improved the brake thermal efficiency levels. The use of Ce 2 O 3 along with the blend reported the highest BTE due to its oxygen content during combustion. Higher injection pressure improved spray characteristics and combustion stability, resulting in better combustion efficiency. However, excessive pressure rise can lead to combustion instability and higher emissions. Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles were found to be more effective than TiO2 in reducing the emission of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and soot. Meanwhile, increasing injection pressure can help mitigate hydrocarbon formation and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, while Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles promote a more efficient combustion process. The blend with 20 % biodiesel and 50 ppm of Ce 2 O 3 at 240 bar reported the lowest emissions. On the other hand, 20 % biodiesel with 50 ppm of TiO 2 at 240 bar showed the lowest smoke opacity emissions. The study concludes that Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles and increased injection pressure hold promise in reducing emissions and improving combustion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roxarsone (ROX), commonly employed as a livestock feed additive, largely remains unmetabolized and is subsequently excreted via feces. ROX could cause serious environmental risks due to its rapid transformation and high mobility in the anaerobic subsurface environment. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important constituent of fecal organics in livestock waste and could affect the ROX biotransformation. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms governing the interaction between DOM and ROX biotransformation have not yet been elucidated in the anaerobic environment. In this study, the changes of ROX, metabolites, and microbial biomass in the solutions with varying DOM concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L) under anaerobic environments were investigated during the ROX (200 mg/L) degradation. EEM-PARAFAC and metagenomic sequencing were combined to identify the dynamic shifts of DOM components and the functional microbial populations responsible for ROX degradation. Results indicated that DOM facilitated the anaerobic biotransformation of ROX and 200 mg/L ROX could be degraded completely in 28 h. The tryptophan-like within DOM functioned as a carbon source to promote the growth of microorganisms, thus accelerating the degradation of ROX. The mixed microflora involved in ROX anaerobic degrading contained genes associated with arsenic metabolism (arsR , arsC , acr3 , arsA , nfnB , and arsB), and arsR , arsC , acr3 exhibited high microbial diversity. Variations in DOM concentrations significantly impacted the population dynamics of microorganisms involved in arsenic metabolism (Proteiniclasticum , Exiguobacterium , Clostridium , Proteiniphilum , Alkaliphilus , and Corynebacterium spp.), which in turn affected the transformation of ROX and its derivatives. This study reveals the mechanism of ROX degradation influenced by the varying concentrations of DOM under anaerobic environments, which is important for the prevention of arsenic contamination with elevated levels of organic matter. [Display omitted] • The tryptophan-like in DOM can provide a carbon source for microorganisms to promote their growth. • The arsenic metabolic functions of the ROX anaerobic degrading mixed microflora were characterized. • Dominant functional species differences with different DOM contents during ROX anaerobic biotransformation were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to utilize the wastes of wheat straw, goose down and wood industry and bring them into the economy. A sustainable insulation material was produced using environmentally friendly water-based PVA styrene acrylic copolymer as a binder with these wastes. In the study, mechanical properties, acoustic absorption and burning resistance were examined. Response Surface Method Box-Behnken Design (RSM-BBD) was used for experimental design and optimization. As a result of mechanical tests, it was seen that the binder ratio had a very high effect on mechanical strength. It was observed that the acoustic absorption coefficient increases with the increase of each of wheat straw, wood shaving, goose down and water-based copolymer resin. Styrene acrylic copolymer was found to be suitable binder for agricultural wastes. AL 2 O 3 , MgO, and Zn[B 3 O 4 (OH) 3 ] were used to increase fire resistance. The results revealed that these compounds can be used as fire retardants for materials consisting of cellulosic-based fillers and water-based polymer binders. The best combustion results for the material were achieved with Zn[B3O4(OH)3]. Flame retardants reduced cellulosyl and polymeric mass loss by up to 61.5 %. It was observed that the best fire resistance was F27 sample, which started to extinguish after two minutes despite the continuation of the fire and extinguished immediately after the fire was removed. The study revealed that such materials can rival conventional materials for green credentials, technical, economic, and environmental aspects. • Styrene acrylic copolymer was found to be suitable binder for agricultural wastes. • Flame retardants reduced cellulosyl and polymeric mass loss by up to 61.5 %. • The best combustion results for the material were achieved with Zn[B 3 O 4 (OH) 3 ]. • Al 2 O 3 , MgO and Zn[B 3 O 4 (OH) 3 ] were suitable fire retardants for sample materials. • Wheat straw, sawdust, goose down and polymer had a good effect on sound insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the co-pyrolysis of blends of animal manure (AM) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste was investigated using micro-thermal analysis techniques. Thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the process kinetics and potential synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis. Dynamic co-pyrolysis experiments of animal manure (AM) and polyethylene (PE) blends in proportions of (90:10 %) and (80:20 %) were conducted at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min under an N 2 atmosphere. The process was analyzed and compared to the results obtained in the pyrolysis of pure components. AM and PE co-pyrolysis exhibited a synergic effect on the pyrolysis process, leading to a favorable change in the CPI pyrolysis initiation index. This was observed in the FTIR, shifting maximum devolatilization peaks by 14 °C towards lower temperatures and a lower activation energy of the main pyrolysis stage, with a decrease from 341.49±4.65 kJ/mol to 273.04±6.93 kJ/mol after the addition of 20 wt% PE to the blend. During co-pyrolysis, the main compounds observed in the FTIR absorption spectra were CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , NH 3 , and aromatic hydrocarbons from AM pyrolysis. Additionally, there was an increase in CH 4 and short-chain hydrocarbons due to the PE pyrolysis. • Co-processing of animal and plastic waste via pyrolysis using TG-FTIR was examined. • Addition of plastics to the animal waste changed CPI over 40 %. • 20 % addition of plastic lower energy activation of main pyrolysis stage by 25 %. • Four independent reaction kinetic models of the AM-PE co-pyrolysis were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Livestock restriction successfully reduces riverine antibiotic resistance at a watershed scale. • Animal waste reduction is key to decreasing ARG abundance in river. • Long-term surveillance is crucial for environmental monitoring. • The necessity of an integrated framework to effectively mitigate ARG spread. Natural environments play a crucial role in transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Development of methods to manage antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural environments are usually limited to the laboratory or field scale, partially due to the complex dynamics of transmission between different environmental compartments. Here, we conducted a nine-year longitudinal profiling of ARGs at a watershed scale, and provide evidence that restrictions on livestock farms near water bodies significantly reduced riverine ARG abundance. Substantial reductions were revealed in the relative abundance of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (42%), MLSB (36%), multidrug (55%), tetracyclines (53%), and other gene categories (59%). Additionally, improvements in water quality were observed, with distinct changes in concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus, ammonium, nitrite, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Antibiotic residues and other pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) maintain at a similarly low level. Microbial source tracking demonstrates a significant decrease in swine fecal indicators, while human fecal pollution remains unchanged. These results suggest that the reduction in ARGs was due to a substantial reduction in input of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes from animal excreta. Our findings highlight the watershed as a living laboratory for understanding the dynamics of AMR, and for evaluating the efficacy of environmental regulations, with implications for reducing environmental risks associated with AMR on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual pollution refers to the degradation of landscape aesthetics, manifesting as visible deterioration. On the Agadir coast in Morocco, factors such as urbanization, erosion, marine wracking, litter, sewage, beach driving, and animal waste contribute to this issue, which detracts from coastal scenery. This study employs the coastal scenery evaluation system (CSES) to conduct a scenic assessment of 40 coastal sites, aiming to describe the current state of visual pollution and inform management interventions. The CSES utilizes a checklist comprising 18 physical and 8 human parameters to calculate a scenic evaluation index (D value), which categorizes coastal sites into five classes. These range from Class I — typically undisturbed natural areas with pristine scenic qualities — to Class V — which are degraded natural areas significantly impacted by human activities. The scenic evaluation classified these sites into three classes. Four sites (10 %) were classified as Class III, fifteen (37.5 %) as Class IV, and twenty-one (52.5 %) as Class V. No sites were classified as Classes I or II. The assessments presented here offer a comprehensive overview of the Agadir coastal scenery and establish a baseline for developing strategies to address visual pollution. • Scenic quality of 40 sites along the Agadir coast on the Moroccan Atlantic Coast. • Prevalence of degraded scenic sites classified in lower categories. • Substantial impact of anthropogenic activities on scenic degradation. • Coastal scenery plays a core role in the economic landscape, especially in tourism. • The coastal scenery management plan aimed to reverse scenic degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux and emission sources have been intensively investigated over the past two decades with a primary focus in rural areas and large metropolitan cities. Smaller coastal cities are often overlooked in these studies despite a substantial portion of the earth's population inhabiting these regions. Ammonia and NO x emission source apportionment estimations in these studies can be misleading without proper inspection of intermittent source (e.g., biomass burning and lightning) impacts on the airmass of rain events. This study measured the chemical composition (NH 4 +, NO 3 −, Cl−, SO 4 2− and pH) and isotopic composition of ammonium and nitrate (δ15N–NH 4 +, δ15N–NO 3 -, and δ18O–NO 3 -) in rainwaters collected in a small coastal city (Corpus Christi, TX, USA) to aid in determining the emission source apportionments of NH 3 and NO x. A novel approach coupling lightning and fire/smoke mapping products along with airmass back trajectories was developed to help determine the influence of biomass burning and lightning on individual rain events before applying to isotope source apportionment models. The annual IN wet deposition was 3.9 kg N·ha−1·yr−1, in which NH 4 + and NO 3 − constituted 65% and 35%, respectively. Isotope mixing model results suggest vehicle emission contribution to NH 3 can rival agriculture sources (i.e., fertilizer and livestock waste) in urban areas. Vehicles, biomass burning and lightning were significant NO x sources, while soil "biogenic" emissions increased substantially in certain rain events occurring in warmer months. This work qualified IN wet deposition flux and estimated IN emission source apportionments in a coastal small-sized city, which will inform regional N emission regulations and watershed restoration practices. [Display omitted] • A novel approach coupling mapping products with airmass trajectories to quantify intermittent sources was developed. • Vehicles had the highest contribution to NH 3 emissions outcompeting agriculture emissions in the coastal city. • Vehicles had the highest contribution to NO x emissions followed by intermittent sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many economies, including Vietnam, have substantial potential for producing energy from agricultural waste. However, the analysis of using agricultural waste as a renewable energy source and its associated economic and environmental benefits remain unclear. This study aims to a) estimate trends in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock and crop residue burning; b) evaluate the environmental benefits of using biogas in substitution for coal, wood, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) under various scenarios; c) assess the economic viability of a household-scale biodigester, and d) propose recommendations for the effective exploitation and utilization of biogas. GHG emissions were calculated for livestock and crop residue burning (CRB) using activity data and emission factors. The environmental analysis was conducted to understand the role of biogas in reducing GHG by assuming 100 % exportation of biogas in substitution for fuels for electricity and heat generation. The economic benefits were assessed through internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), payback period, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and levelized cost of heat (LCOH). Results indicate that, between 2000 and 2050, CO 2-eq emissions will rise from 38.5 to 95.2 Mt. Environmental analysis shows that replacing coal or wood with biogas can bring more benefits than LPG, in reducing GHG emissions by 68.2 and 67.9 Mt CO 2-eq in 2020 and by 148.4 and 147.9 Mt CO 2-eq by 2050. Economic analysis shows that investment in biodigesters is most viable when replacing LPG with biogas, with NPV = $4878, IRR = 57.2 %, PBP (simple) = 1.7 years, and LCOH = $0.029/kWh. • The study uncovers the spatial distribution of biogas potential across Vietnam. • Biogas could reduce GHG emissions by 50.4–148.4 Mt CO 2-eq between 2020 and 2050. • Replacing LPG with biogas yields the highest economic benefit. • Long-term strategies are needed to effectively exploit and use biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the International Energy Agency, only a small part of the full potential of biomass energy is currently used in the world. The annual amount of agricultural waste in the Russian Federation is estimated at about 152 million tons, and the energy potential of animal waste is 201 PJ/year. Anaerobic digestion is an efficient method of converting organic waste into renewable energy sources. Previously, the positive effect of pretreatment of various organic feedstocks in vortex layer apparatus (VLA) on the characteristics of anaerobic digestion and energy efficiency was shown. Currently, there is a significant interest in the world in obtaining biohydrogen from organic waste using the dark fermentation (DF) process. During pretreatment in the VLA, the iron working bodies are abraded and iron particles are introduced into the feedstock of the DF reactor. This may have a positive effect on the production rate and yield of hydrogen, which has not been previously studied. This work is aimed at evaluating the possibility of using the VLA as a method for pretreatment of a dark fermentation feedstock for the intensification of biohydrogen production. To achieve this goal, an experimental setup was constructed. It consisted of a 45 L DF reactor, a VLA and a process control system to collect data on the DF process parameters every 5 min. At a hydraulic retention time in the DF reactor of 24 h and in the VLA of 30 s, the hydrogen content in the biogas increased from 51.1% to 52.2%. At the same time, the pH increased from 3.85 to 4.8–4.9, and the hydrogen production rate increased by 16% to 1.941 L/(L day). The hydrogen yield was 80.9 ml/g VS. Thus, pretreatment of the feedstock in VLA can be an effective way to intensify the DF process; however, further study of the VLA operating modes is required in order to optimize the concentrations of iron particles introduced into the feedstock for the most efficient continuous production of dark fermentative biohydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great progress in the development of low-cost ceramic membranes from alternative materials have been achieved recently towards various application especially water and wastewater treatment. However, their significance has not been fully recognized and understood especially in term of their microstructural analysis such as formation of grain growth and microcracks. This review paper summarizes fabrication method, alternative materials, microstructure, wettability, mechanical properties and application of low-cost ceramic membrane. The fabrication method including slip casting, tape casting, extrusion, pressing method and phase inversion technique are described. Alternative materials used in low-cost ceramic membrane fabrication are discussed and categorized into clays, agricultural waste, industrial waste and animal bone waste. The mechanisms of morphology formation, microstructure and wettability properties are analysed. Modification strategies for the surface of low-cost ceramic membrane are discussed, and classified into modification for separation application, modification for photocatalytic application and modification for membrane distillation and membrane contactor system. Modification improves the membrane structure by changing the pore size, porosity and wettability properties of low-cost ceramic membranes. Mechanical properties of low-cost ceramic membranes are also discussed in detail towards several mechanism, like grain growth phenomenon and formation of microcracks which also considered as membrane defects. Grain growth phenomenon can be divided into normal and abnormal grain growth. Meanwhile, formation of microcracks could be occurred in single-phase polycrystalline ceramics that have anisotropic grains or biphasic polycrystalline grains. The application of low-cost ceramic membrane in seawater desalination, oily wastewater treatment, heavy metal adsorption, textile separation and photocatalytic application are reviewed. Finally, some possible opportunities and challenges for further development of low-cost ceramic membrane are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study Hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) and Silica (SiO 2) based scaffold was successfully fabricated for the first time by effective utilizing various waste such as animal waste bone (AWB) and rice husk (RH) as a source of HAp and SiO 2 respectively. Scaffold development involved simple steps comprising of segregation of waste materials followed by sample preparation through die compaction and sintering (1000 °C and 1300 °C). Advanced characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM, and FTIR were employed to study the properties of the waste materials as well as the developed composite scaffold. The presence of silica from RH combines with the HAp during high temperature sintering and initiates the phenomenon of phase transformation of HAp to TCP along with the formation of a glassy phase. The extent of phase transformation increases as the wt% of RH increases. XRD analysis revealed the development of different phases. SEM microstructure shows that the addition of silica restricts the grain growth and supports the formation of crystalline glassy phase termed as Si-TCP. FTIR results confirmed the presence of phosphate, carbonate, and hydroxyl groups in the sintered samples. The porosity of the scaffold was in the range of 34–61% and the compressive strength was up to 4.1 MPa. The SEM images of scaffold dipped in simulated body fluid (SBF) shows formation of apatite layer throughout the surface. The bioactivity of the scaffold was highly influenced by the addition of silica in the HAp matrix. The apatite forming ability of the developed porous was much greater than that of pure HAp for the same incubation period. The obtained properties of the developed scaffold are comparable to that of natural bone. Thus the present work creates an opportunity to use AWB for the development of composite for tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, higher penetrations of renewable energy generations helped persuade sustainable energy and environmental targets, although their intermittent and fluctuated nature raised technical challenges. However, hybrid power system can minimize these technical issues by integrating flexible generation capable renewable energy sources like biomass. This study deals with optimizing grid-integrated and stand-alone biomass-based hybrid power system for the energy demand of a rural region containing poultry farms. Besides solar and wind energy, energy storage integration is evaluated regarding overall technical-environmental-economic performance, considering the actual manure potential using HOMER Pro. In addition, sensitivity analyses are performed, considering the estimated load and inflations using an artificial neural network method. Using biomass and solar hybrid options offers more autonomous, environmentally friendly, and economic advantages. Biomass-based hybrid power system with solar energy reduced net present cost by around 12% and increased renewable fraction by 7%, and grid-connected options can provide 88.9% renewable fraction. In addition, the energy storage integration increased renewable fraction by around 10% and reduced excess energy by 16%. The proposed biomass-based hybrid power system achieves cost-effective sizing of solar or wind-based hybrid systems, empowers the reliability of renewable energy and presents good consistency of decarbonization targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and fossil fuel depletion have boosted the search for alternative and renewable fuels with a low environmental impact. Biodiesel exhibits many advantages over conventional diesel including the possibility of being produced from renewable sources such as waste oils and fats. Specifically, waste animal fats are receiving increased attention as an alternative to vegetable oils for biodiesel production. This low-cost feedstock allows the mitigation of environmental pollution and can also improve biodiesel features by increasing cetane number and enhancing oxidative stability. Among the different technologies available for biodiesel production, supercritical processes offer important advantages over conventional catalytic transesterification in terms of process efficiency and reaction time. According to the increasing interest and number of research articles published in this field in the last years, this work focuses on the systematic review of the technology by using the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology. This work describes the state of the art of non-catalytic supercritical production of biodiesel using animal fats as a feedstock and discusses the key aspects of the process such as the type of fat used, operation variables including reaction time, temperature, solvent excess, pressure, and solvent excess, and the final properties of the synthesized biodiesel. [Display omitted] • Animal fats for biodiesel production in supercritical alcohol • PRISMA method followed to systematically review fat-derived biodiesel production • Analysis of the influence of key operating variables on biodiesel yield • Waste animal fats as a low cost and promising feedstock for biodiesel production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Empirically typical MSM modes are obtained and distinguished by data-driven typology. • Systematically visualizing the methods in each section of entire continuum MSM mode. • Farms' heterogeneous characteristics on corresponding mode adopted are discriminated. • Up-scaling farm and raising farmers' awareness can promote mechanization modes. • Experience values for decision-making of other similar regions are provided. Scale-up intensive pig farming can increase profitability by economies of large scale, but it also exacerbates environmental pollution caused by the disordered discharge of manure and sewage. Manure & sewage management (MSM) is critical to mitigate environmental pressure and reuse livestock waste. However, the corresponding MSM measures adopted by pig farmers are multitudinous in reality, due to the diversity of MSM methods and heterogeneity of farmers' characteristics and behaviors. Thus, this study empirically categorized five typical MSM modes (i.e., traditional simple mode (TSM), mixed processing mode (MPM), semi-biogas mode (SBM), professional processing with simple utilization mode (PPSUM) and professional processing with full utilization mode (PPFUM)) by clustering analysis, based on the field data from 406 pig farms, and further discriminated farmers' heterogeneous characteristics on corresponding mode adoption. Results revealed that each mode was distinctive. The applicability of the corresponding mode was reflected in the synthesis deliberation, involving farming structure, land, farmers' characteristic and their subjective awareness. Farmers' education level and pro-environmental perception are significantly promoted to adopt technology-intensive MSM modes. Scale upgrading has a positive effect on mechanization adoption and diversified strategies application. Land as an unalterable objective factor restricted the extension of MSM modes based on field returning. Conclusions clarified typical MSM modes and provided references to individual pig farms on appropriate mode selection, further enhancing the efficiency of MSM and contributing to the sustainability of green development of pig farming in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, some regions have low access to electricity services, which prevents the affected population from having an adequate standard of living. The human development index (HDI) is an indicator that measures the degree of progress in a country according to the quality of life for the population and the access to electricity has been related to the increase in HDI. A mathematical optimization model is proposed to determine the feasibility of generating electric energy from biogas and provide the electric service to disenfranchised communities. In addition, it considers that biogas can be obtained through animal waste such as manure from cattle and pigs from the considered region. The proposed mathematical model considers the maximization of the annual profit considering the installation of biogas generating plants for the use of manure and power generation plants considering two types of systems, distributed or centralized. The case study of La Ciénega region from Mexico is considered to determine the HDI that can be achieved considering the energy produced from biogas. In a first scenario, the results show a considerable benefit for power generation since a profit of 6.9903 × 105 USD/year can be obtained and the energy generated allows increasing the HDI by 0.05–0.06%. [Display omitted] • Optimization approach in the electrical energy generation from biogas to increase the HDI. • Optimal supply chain biogas production through animal residues. • Greater availability of the electrical services in disenfranchised communities. •The availability of energy per capita is related with the HDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat germ is an agricultural but low-economic by-product for animal feed or waste due to its susceptibility of hydrolytic/oxidative rancidities. Here, we use controllable extrusion to treat wheat germ, and with assistance of exogenous starch as lipid protective factor at different ratios (0:10 2:8, 3:7, 4:6). Oxidation of optimized germ extrudate was slowed down during storage, with total lipid retention rate reach up to ∼88.3%. Extrusion dynamic analysis showed that relatively high screw speed (100–150 rpm) significantly shortened mean residence time, increased axial diffusion velocity and reduced the loss of free and bound lipid. Type Ⅱ starch-lipid complex was changed to type Ⅰ during extrusion, with thermal transition peak declined. Wheat germ lipid was most evenly distributed under 100 rpm extrusion. The hydrogen bonding interaction between exogenous starch and lipids in wheat germ was strengthened, with significant modification in water absorption, water solubility, expansion and textual indexes. • The controllable lipid retention of wheat germ was achieved by extrusion. • Lipid oxidation index of extruded wheat germ was greatly reduced during storage. • Lipid content was changed and clarified by chemical and RTD analyses. • Wheat germ-based complex was prepared with exogenous starch at 0–40%. • Lipid loss rate was decreased to 11.71% in wheat germ-starch extrudate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This opinion paper emphasizes the often overlooked but significant issue of animal waste (AW) pollution on beaches, encompassing waste from domestic pets, livestock, wildlife, avians, aquatic animals, zoo animals, and insects. Animal waste pollution affects beach environments, leading to nutrient loading, chemical contamination, and pathogen transmission. Furthermore, this type of pollution degrades water quality, impacting tourism and local economies. This paper proposes four categories of AW based on its source and impact, offering a coastal management perspective. Similarly, a comprehensive approach to addressing AW pollution on beaches is presented, with a focus on removal, education, prevention, mitigation, and behavioral change. Strategies are customized to different beach typologies, considering user demographics, accessibility, and environmental sensitivity. The information presented here highlights the necessity for effective management and mitigation of AW pollution on beaches, show up the interdependence of ecological health, public well-being, and economic vitality in coastal areas. Practices such as dog walking, animal rides, and animal races contribute notably to animal waste (AW) pollution. [Display omitted] • Animal waste (AW) is a significant but often overlooked source of pollution on beaches. • AW influences environmental, public health, ecology, and socioeconomic aspects. • Four categories of AW based on their source and impact. • Environmental, geographical, and weather factors influence AW distribution. • A comprehensive management approach encompassing five key areas is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural and livestock waste poses a serious concern regarding its management and disposal, as a large sum ends up as solid waste or gets burnt in the field. Therefore, it contributes to air pollution and global warming; thus, different methodologies have been investigated to convert waste into wealth in the form of chemicals, biogas, and raw materials for different industries. In this regard, the electro-methanogenic reactor has shown tremendous enhancement in converting this waste into biogas and bio-fertilizer compared to anaerobic digestion. The improvement is primarily associated with increased hydrogenotrophic methanogens and enriched direct electron transfer in the microorganism matrix. The mini-review aims to provide an overview of existing literature on anaerobic digestion microbial electrolysis cells (AD-MEC) for treating agricultural and livestock waste, offering a promising solution for energy production. It covers technical aspects like pre-treatment methodologies, reactor configuration, and operational procedures. In addition, the economic evaluation of the AD-MEC compared to the AD reactor has been presented to assess the technology's superiority. Furthermore, it identifies potential avenues for future investigations and aims to develop AD-MEC as an efficient and sustainable technology. [Display omitted] • Agricultural and livestock wastes are the most abundant sources of biomass. • Volatile fatty acid buildup limits CH 4 production in anaerobic digestion (AD). • Electromethanogenic process has an advantage over AD for CH 4 production. • Hydrogenotrophic methanogens are prominent in the Electromethanogenic reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Swine farm groundwater carried abundant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). • Metagenome- and culture-based methods tracked the source of groundwater-borne ARGs. • Bacterial migration and horizontal gene transfer may promote ARG spread. • Pathogens were the important ARG hosts in groundwater. • Groundwater-borne ARGs might be transferred from groundwater to humans. Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are prevalent in various environments on livestock farms, including livestock waste, soil, and groundwater. Contamination of groundwater by ARB and ARGs in livestock farms is a growing concern as it may have potentially huge risks to human health. However, the source of groundwater-borne ARB and ARGs in animal farms remains largely unknown. In this study, different types of samples including groundwater and its potential contamination sources from aboveground (pig feces, wastewater, and soil) from both working and abandoned swine feedlots in southern China were collected and subjected to metagenomic sequencing and ARB isolation. The source tracking based on metagenomic analysis revealed that 56–95 % of ARGs in groundwater was attributable to aboveground sources. Using metagenomic assembly, we found that 45 ARGs predominantly conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines could be transferred from the aboveground sources to groundwater, mostly through plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer. Furthermore, the full-length nucleotide sequences of sul1, tetA , and TEM-1 detected in ARB isolates exhibited the close evolutionary relationships between aboveground sources and groundwater. Some isolated strains of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas spp. from aboveground sources and groundwater had the high similarity (average nucleotide identity > 99 %). Notably, the groundwater-borne ARGs were identified as mainly carried by bacterial pathogens, potentially posing risks to human and animal health. Overall, this study underscores the dissemination of ARGs from aboveground sources to groundwater in animal farms and associated risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth result in vast amounts of organic waste being produced, including agricultural waste, animal waste, industrial waste, sewage sludge, and municipal solid waste. Biochar production from solid waste has become a popular waste management method. However, in rural areas of developing nations, biomass is typically used for cooking without being charred. Urban biowaste-derived biochar may enhance soil fertility and overall soil health. However, large-scale biochar production from an electronic muffle furnace could be very expensive, and there is little information on the conversion of biowastes to biochar using traditional kilns or its effects on biochar characteristics, and farmers' biochar production methods are yet underdeveloped. Hence, this study provides biochar production from biowastes using two production methods: 1) a traditional kiln (a tin kiln) intended for use by small farmers and gardeners, and 2) a laboratory muffle furnace, with the aim of evaluating biochar characteristics. Biochar produced in a muffle furnace and tin kiln has found similar physicochemical and adsorption properties at the same pyrolysis conditions. They include high pH, EC, CEC, P ava , Ca, Mg, K, and carbon content. We expect these biochars to have larger long-term effects on agricultural characteristics and soil carbon sequestration. However, the present results might be utilized to drive cleaner biochar production for agricultural use in developing nations, which may multiply local producer benefits. [Display omitted] • Biochar from urban biowaste materials has fulfilled major criteria for heavy metal remediation. • Biochar produced by muffle furnace and tin kiln methods share similar physico-chemical properties. • Significant results are found in the adsorption properties of produced biochar. • Oxygen-rich active sites make both biochar methods adsorb equally. • Traditional kilns (tin kilns) have a negative potential environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smart production system is implemented for more effective labor, less waste, and a reduction of energy consumption. Biofuels are significant substitutes for conventional fuels and decreases air pollution and carbon monoxide, can be made through a smart production system with automated machines. Biodiesel can be produced using an assortment of sources that can be both edible and inedible, but animal fat is a sensible alternative among inedible sources because of its affordable price and ease of availability. The model studies the smart biodiesel production system with energy utilization and less carbon emissions to produce pure biodiesel. The multi-objective mathematical model minimizes the total biodiesel supply chain cost followed by minimizing the total biodiesel supply chain environmental impact and enhancing its social impact. The smart production system with a variable production rate produces the biodiesel with less impurities, but still impurities in the biodiesel, that can be detected by a two-stage autonomated inspection system. The impure biodiesel is remanufactured in the biorefineries at the end of every natural production cycle. For the best utilization of energy, various energy costs, such as lighting and air handling costs are calculated. The improved augmented ϵ -constraint approach with lexicographic optimization is utilized to solve the model. The four mathematical examples are studied, and the repercussions of mathematical experiments reveal that the animal fat purchasing cost is 44.32% of the total cost, and the percentage of impurities in biodiesel can be decreased through minimum energy consumption. The managerial insights of the model, graphical representation, and sensitivity analysis of key parameters are provided in this research. The conclusions can be useful to investors in a sustainable smart production system and biofuel policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional reliance on plastic as the principal packaging material for food poses important problems in the context of promoting sustainable development objectives, particularly SDG-12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production. Despite its cost-effectiveness and durability, research suggests that the non-biodegradable nature of plastic, stemming from robust carbon bonds in condensation polymerization and the use of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol in polyethylene terephthalate production, contributes to plastic debris accumulation in ecosystems, harming wildlife. Utilizing animal byproducts, like feathers, feet, skin, bones, cartilage, and tendons, rich in proteins such as whey, keratin, and gelatin, offers potential for creating sustainable packaging films. This study assesses not just the environmental impact of plastic but also aligns with broader objectives like responsible consumption, production, and the promotion of a circular economy. This review investigates the distinct properties such as transparency, tensile strength, water/gas barrier properties, low cost, biodegradability and low toxicity, etc of waste proteins produced from animal industry wastes. These proteins, possessing essential functional groups and amide linkages, efficiently interact with various composites. Furthermore, they exhibit notable characteristics such as antioxidant and antibacterial activity, transparency, and exceptional physical and mechanical capabilities. The investigation highlights the films' potential to serve as a viable replacement for petroleum-based plastics, adding to the overarching objective of responsible use and production. This review supports the feasibility of composite materials with properties like transparency, tensile strength, antibacterial, and antioxidant features, akin to traditional plastic films. By using cost-effective organic waste proteins, these films offer an environmentally friendly substitute for petroleum-based plastics. The transformative potential lies in utilizing affordable organic waste proteins for eco-friendly packaging films, replacing conventional plastics, and endorsing sustainable alternatives aligned with responsible consumption and production practices. Challenges include raw material compatibility, strength attainment, source variability, and energy-intensive protein purification. Future studies are vital to refining purification techniques and ensuring economic viability. Embracing sustainable packaging enhances well-being and environmental health, aligning with responsible consumption. • Waste from animal industries could be a cost-effective approach for manufacturers. • High strength and antibacterial properties enhanced with specific filler inclusion. • Replacement of petroleum-based plastics with organic protein from different sources. • Suitable for conventional food packaging with high biodegradability after use. • Inconsequential concerns about migration and toxicity and environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The methane production increased by 14-37% after the CHTP-AD process. • Chem-degradation & biotransformation pathways were simulated by Multiomics. • Carbohydrate-Protein-Lipid interaction has been revealed in CHTP. The dense structure and significant differences in the properties of agricultural and forestry wastes make it difficult to achieve anaerobic conversion. This study employed hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) and combined hydrothermal pretreatment (CHTP) to enhance the anaerobic digestion (AD) performance of agricultural and forestry organic wastes. At a specific hydrothermal condition of 140℃ for 30 mins, the cumulative methane production of garden waste (GW), chicken manure (CM), duck manure (DM), and pig manure (PM) increased by 14.70%, 14.18%, 27.48%, and 21.81%, respectively. Under the same conditions, CHTP of garden waste with livestock and poultry manures showed noticeable synergistic effects, resulting in the methane production potential of garden waste mixed with chicken manure, duck manure, and pig manure increased by 28.82%, 36.59%, and 37.56%, respectively, compared with the untreated group. Metabolomic analysis showed that CHTP could significantly promote the decomposition of biomass carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, leading to increased levels of small molecular metabolites. Analysis of microbial community diversity showed that HTP and CHTP increase the abundance of specific functional microbial communities, such as hydrolysis bacteria and methanogens, thereby promoting the anaerobic production of methane from biomass waste. Energy balance analysis shows that HTP-AD and CHTP-AD have a positive net energy benefit. This study provides an efficient CHTP technology and theoretical support for the resource utilization and energy conversion of agricultural and forestry wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biomass-driven integrated system comprising anaerobic digestion, gasification, proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEME), Sabatier reactor, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), a gas turbine, steam turbine and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) was proposed in this study. Biomass feedstocks in form of animal waste served as input in the digester and converted to biogas, and crop residue was converted to syngas in the gasifier. Upgraded syngas and methane from the bio-conversion process was fed to a SOFC-GT topping cycle, with heat recovery bottoming cycles of steam turbine and organic Rankine cycles. The proposed system was assessed from energy, exergy and economic viewpoints in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. Parametric analysis was performed to ascertain the effect of design parameters on the plant's performance. Lastly, a multi-criteria optimization was performed using multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) in MATLAB to maximize exergy efficiency and minimize levelized cost of electricity, as well as selection of best ORC working fluid from six preselected candidates (MM, MDM, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, R1233zd(E), and R600a). According to the results, at optimum point the plant can attain energy and exergy efficiencies of 54.81 % and 44.87 %, respectively. The total power output is 9.05 MW, with levelized cost of electricity of 111.8 $/MWh. Hydrogen of 0.0023 kg/s with PEME efficiency of 73.73 % was obtained and further used in upgrading the syngas from LHV of 4.20–37.78 MJ/kg. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZrO 2 and MWCNT nanoparticles were examined in the diesel engine. • 5 L/min hydrogen effects on the biodiesel blends were determined via performance, combustion and emission characteristics. • Slaughterhouse waste proven to be promising substitute for fossil fuel. • CO, HC and smoke levels are reduced significantly. However, there is positive effects in NOx. In recent years many approaches were carried out in converting the waste into energy. In addition, effective research was also conducted on the nanoparticles in the diesel engine along with biodiesel blends to compensate for the higher viscosity rate, and lower calorific value. Typically adding the nanoparticles to the biodiesel enhances the rate of combustion which leads to less emissions indeed. In this study, the slaughter house waste has been used to produce biodiesel. In order to increase the energy content in the biodiesel, the nanoparticles ZrO 2 and MWCNT were dispersed at the concentration of 50 ppm. Both nanoparticles showed promising potential in increasing the BTE owing to its oxygen content and valence transformation. In addition to above, hydrogen was added via air inlet to enhance the combustion further. Adding the hydrogen to the diesel, decreases the cumulative carbon content involved in the combustion process. Experiments were conducted for the sample diesel and 20 % biodiesel blends under the presence of ZrO 2 and MWCNT nanoparticles at different brake power varying from 0.8 kW to 3.2 kW respectively. In addition to above, the test blends were included with hydrogen gas at the flow rate of 5 L per minute. The performance of the engine was increased at higher brake power. Among the different blends, 20 % blends with hydrogen reported maximum brake thermal efficiency of 10.6 % higher than diesel. On the contrary, the consumption of fuel increased by 7.8 %. With regard to emissions, adding the hydrogen increases the NOx levels due to higher cylinder temperatures and heat release rates. However, the concentration of HC, CO and smoke were reduced due to the influence of nanoparticles and hydrogen content in the biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Global food waste continues to increase despite efforts to reduce it. • Food waste upcycling to animal feed provides the greatest value among alternative uses. • Animals performed optimally in 75–77% of cases when fed diet containing food waste. • Prudent use of food waste can support optimal production and address sustainability issues. • Innovative policy and infrastructural support are essential for broader adoption and impact. Enormous amounts of food waste are generated that could potentially be used for livestock feeding to support sustainable food production and reduce climate and resource burdens. Many studies have documented animal productivity parameters (growth, yield, feed use efficiency) when fed food waste, but their findings remain fragmented. Our objective is to synthesize results from these studies to uncover collective evidence on how animal productivity is affected. A systematic literature review identified 102 studies, which originated from 31 countries and encompassed all major food-producing animal species fed food waste of various types and rates. The field-based primary data were normalized to discern patterns and trends. Animals in 75–77 % of all cases performed as optimally or increased productivity compared to those fed control diet; the remaining 23–25 % had decreased performance. Meta-analysis of a subset of data indicated that pig growth did not differ between control and treatment diets of varying food waste rates. Ultimately, balancing major nutrients from all feed ingredients are key for maintaining optimal productivity while pursuing sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The various microalgae biomass production method was economically compared. • Itemized cost estimation shows a biomass production cost for 5.1 to 14.6 $ kg−1. • Consideration of treatment cost help to reduce waste-based biomass production cost. • Waste treatment cost of above 1.0 $ m−3 is suggested for realistic application. Microalgae have the potential to utilize the nutrients in livestock urine and manure (LUM) for the production of useful biomass, which can be used as a source of bioindustry. This study aims to evaluate the economic benefits of LUM feedstock that have not been clearly discussed before. Two types of photobioreactors were designed with a capacity of 200 m3 d-1. Using the experimental data, the economic feasibility of the suggested processes was evaluated via techno-economic analysis. Itemized cost estimation indicated that the submerged membrane photobioreactor has a lower unit production cost (5.4 $ to 5.1 $ kg−1) than the conventional photobioreactor system (14.6 $ to 13.8 $ kg−1). In addition, LUM-based growth is another good option for reducing the unit production cost of biomass. The revenues from lowering the cost of LUM treatment significantly contribute to enhancing the economic profitability, where the break-even prices were 1.18 $ m−3 (photobioreactor) and 0.98 $ m−3 (submerged membrane photobioreactor). Finally, this study provides several emerging suggestions to reduce microalgal biomass production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented paper identifies the possible corrosion problems related to animal waste incineration since it is a key issue for their use in the power sector. Cow dung as an example of animal-origin biomass is examined in terms of high-temperature corrosion and slagging hazards in comparison with commonly used mixed straw. Results of the laboratory-scale corrosion studies of pure ash deposits on two steel alloys: 16Mo3 and 10CrMo9–10 are reported. Selected steel types are commonly used in boiler construction for superheaters and waterwalls – parts of a boiler that are most exposed to the high-temperature corrosion risk. The corrosion experiments were carried out under oxidizing conditions at 460 °C, 510 °C and 560 °C for 168 h. To determine the corrosion rate the mass of steel samples was measured after 24, 72 and 168 h. For a better understanding of the corrosion process, a detailed chemical analysis of ashes was conducted together with SEM-EDS analysis of the corrosion products. Ash melting and deposition behavior of both ashes were predicted according to 11 indices. It was found that cow dung and mixed straw ash differ significantly in terms of quantitative chemical compositions and ash melting characteristics. Cow dung ash is characterized by a high concentration of alkali compounds (2.57 wt% Cl, 30.6 wt% CaO, 5.56 wt% K 2 O) together with high phosphorus content typical for animal manure. The presence of alkali chlorides in the cow dung ash deposits led to a build-up of chlorides on the steel surface, which caused accelerated corrosion. At 560 °C the corrosion rate was over 3 times higher for cow dung ash than for mixed straw ash. The corrosion occurred due to the formation of low-melting FeCl 2 mixtures since chlorine- and iron-rich particles were found in the crevices and cracks within deposits. The results clearly demonstrated the high corrosive potential of animal-origin biomass and therefore indicate the potential problems related to its thermal conversion process. These adverse effects can be reduced by ash removal and maintaining the temperature of the heating surfaces below 560 °C. • Cow dung ash is characterized by a significant content of alkaline compounds: Ca, Na and Cl. • The corrosion rate at 560 °C was over 3 times higher for cow dung ash than for mixed straw ash. • Chlorine- and iron-rich particles were found in the oxide layer within cow dung ash deposits. • The results can improve the technologies of biomass energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereal, pulse and oilseed processing by-products, specifically the brans/hulls, are enriched sources of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, yet they are typically disregarded as low-value animal feed or waste. Potential health-promoting effects of by-product phenolics are limited by the poor bioaccessibility and bioavailability of their bound phenolic constituents. Accumulating studies have shown solid-state fermentation (SSF) as an efficient strategy to enhance the release of bound phenolics from agro-industrial residues, leading to possible newfound human health attributes and greater value. In this review, we thoroughly discuss recent research on the effects of SSF on the composition, antioxidant activity, bioaccessibility, bioavailability and potential health benefits of phenolics from selected low-value cereal, pulse and oilseed processing by-products. We supplement this discussion by summarizing current knowledge on the phenolic profiles and existing limitations of these by-products to determine untapped research areas for SSF application. Existing research on the phenolic profiles of various cereal, pulse and oilseed processing by-products indicate the presence of a wide variety of phenolics, making them excellent candidates for value-added use. SSF has been found to effectively enhance the bioaccessible and bioavailable phenolic contents in several of these by-products, allowing for improved in vitro antioxidant activities. Currently, there is a lack of in vivo studies to validate findings in vitro. Investigating the physiological health benefits of SSF treated processing by-products, in relation to various chronic diseases, is essentially a novel area of research that can drive the transformation of low-value by-products into value-added functional food ingredients. [Display omitted] • Grain processing by-products are enriched sources of bioactive phenolic compounds. • Solid-state fermentation (SSF) can enhance contents and in vitro antioxidant activities of by-product phenolics. • Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of by-product phenolics may be improved by SSF. • SSF is a promising technology to valorize grain processing by-products. • Future research: in vivo studies with a focus on low-grade inflammation and gut health for fermented processing by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, public attention has been increasingly attracted to solving two inextricably linked problems - preventing the depletion of natural resources and protecting the environment from anthropogenic pollution. The annual consumption of livestock waste for biogas production is about 240 thousand m3 per year, which is 0.17% of the total manure produced at Russian agricultural enterprises. At present, the actual use of organic waste potentially suitable for biogas production is 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than the existing potential for organic waste. Currently, hydrogen energy is gaining immense popularity in the world due to the problem of depletion of non-renewable energy sources - hydrocarbons, and environmental pollution caused by their increasing consumption. Of particular interest is the dark process of producing hydrogen-containing biogas in the processing of organic waste under anaerobic conditions, which allows you to take advantage of both energy production and solving the problem of organic waste disposal. An energy analysis of a two-stage anaerobic liquid organic waste processing system with the production of hydrogen- and methane-containing biogases based on experimental data obtained in a laboratory plant with increased volume reactors was performed. The energy efficiency of the system is in the range of 1.91–2.74. Maximum energy efficiency was observed with a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 days in a dark fermentation reactor. The cost of electricity to produce 1 m3 of hydrogen was 1.093 kW·h with a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 days in the dark fermentation reactor. When the hydraulic retention time in the dark fermentation reactor was 1 day, the specific (in ratio to the processing rate of organic waste) energy costs to produce of 1 m3 of hydrogen were minimal in the considered hrt range, and amounted to 26 (W/m3 of hydrogen)/(m3 of waste/day). Thus, the system of two-stage anaerobic processing of liquid organic waste to produce hydrogen and methane-containing biogases is an energy-efficient way to both produce hydrogen and process organic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to review the environmental and ecological policy instruments that Mexican legislation for existence of an Official Mexican Hydrogen Standard according to the premises motivates decarbonization. There is a worldwide interest in hydrogen (H 2) and its incorporation into legal systems. In Mexico there are large legal gaps that question the legality of H 2 , because it is not recognized in a federal law and is only considered in technical standards of voluntary application. Also, Mexico has forest, agricultural, and livestock waste that, if properly used, can cover the energy demand of communities. The main findings of this study refer to the fact that, according to international standards for the management of H 2 and taking into account the regulatory limitations in Mexico, it is possible to promote, an Official Mexican Standard exclusively aimed at establishing the minimum requirements for the design, construction, operation and maintenance of H 2 storage, considering the areas of the opportunity offered by foreign experiences, according to the Mexican context. It is concluded that the parameters of legality exist in the instruments of environmental policy, to support the existence of an Official Mexican Standard of H 2. • In Mexico there is a technical regulation (not mandatory) of H2. • Instruments of environmental policy that legally justify. • Key elements in the conformation of a norm are proposed. • The proposal is based on the principle of legality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Earthworm separation rate reached 83.79%. • Earthworm-Vermicompost rolling separator treatment capacity is 21.2 kg/min total vermicompost mixture. • The mechanism of earthworm separation was revealed from kinetic analysis, micro-contact interface, and DEM simulation. • Friction force and adhesion play a critical role in the separation process. The vermicomposting is widely acknowledged as an effective and sustainable biological technology to dispose large scale organic solid waste such as livestock manure, crop residues and municipal sludge. The scale of vermicomposting has constantly increased over recent years due to high market demand for live earthworms. Rapid and efficient extraction and harvesting earthworm from large-scale vermicompost has become a bottle-neck problem at the end of vermicomposting. Currently, most earthworm separation is done manually or relies on simple tools, and is therefore low efficient, time consuming and labor intensive. In this study, to explore earthworm separation technology and underlying mechanisms, three major studies were conducted based on the developed separator: Earthworm separation experiment, mechanism analysis of separation, and separation process simulation. The result indicated that under a 45% moisture content of vermicompost, earthworm can be separated centrifugally with approximately 83.79% worm separation rate. The treatment capacity of separator is 21.2 kg of total vermicompost mixture per minute. The critical factor in earthworm-vermicompost separation is frictional force and liquid membrane adhesion at the contact interface of conical separator. The final separated X velocity of earthworms is higher, whereas the Y and Z velocities are less than those of vermicompost. The earthworms are centrifugally thrown to a specific area called the earthworm harvest position. The outcome of this study provides a valuable reference for improvement of earthworm harvest efficiency and for shortening the recycling period of vermicomposting products in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste, manure and slaughterhouse residues of species typical of the Andes, such as llama, vicuña and guinea pig; quinoa, amaranth and wheat straw in order to be able to use them as a renewable energy source and boost rural development in the region. Has been used sludge from a WWTP as inoculum, evaluating the effect of two relationships between the substrate and inoculum (RSI) for both livestock and agricultural waste. The highest cumulative maximum methane production rate was obtained for the residues of flame manure and quinoa straw for an RSI of 1:2 with productions of 376.08 ml CH 4 /g SV and 377.02 ml CH 4 /g SV respectively. In these materials an RSI of 1:2 obtained increases of 22.56% and 37.54% compared to the RSI 1:1. Also, the kinetic analysis showed that the modified Gompertz model is the one that best fits performance, with constant differences of 7.06% between the experimental and predicted values. On the other hand, the modified Gompertz model was adjusted to the experimental results with an r2 of (0.998) and an RMSE of 4.09 ml/g SV at 17.12 ml/g SV. • The addition of an inoculum increased the rate of methane and biogas production. • The camelid manure generated methane yields between 235.49 and 377.02 ml CH 4 /g VS. • The three and four parameter sigmoid prediction models better estimated the BMP tests. • Flame manure residues provided 70.74% biodegradability results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive usage of veterinary antibiotics has raised significant concerns regarding their environmental hazard and agricultural impact when entering surface water and soil. Animal waste serves as a primary source of organic fertilizer for intensive large-scale agricultural cultivation, including the widely utilized medicinal and edible plant, Polygonatum cyrtonem. In this study, we employed a novel plant stress tissue culture technology to investigate the toxic effects of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) on P. cyrtonema. TCH and SDZ exhibited varying degrees of influence on plant growth, photosynthesis, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system. Flavonoid levels increased following exposure to TCH and SDZ. The biosynthesis and signaling pathways of the growth hormones auxin and gibberellic acid were suppressed by both antibiotics, while the salicylic acid-mediated plant stress response was specifically induced in the case of SDZ. Overall, the study unveiled both common and unique responses at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels in P. cyrtonema following exposure to two distinct types of antibiotics, providing a foundational framework for comprehensively elucidating the precise toxic effects of antibiotics and the versatile adaptive mechanisms in plants. [Display omitted] • The shared and distinctive toxicities of TCH and SDZ antibiotics on P. cyrtonema were characterized. • Both TCH and SDZ disturb redox homeostasis and alter the antioxidant system. • SDZ exerts a more pronounced impact on photosynthesis and plant growth compared to TCH. • SDZ triggers the salicylic acid-mediated regulation of stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]