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As a consequence of climate change, heatwaves are expected to become more frequent and severe, increasing the need for adaptive strategies by which individuals can reduce their heat exposure. One of those strategies entails visiting cool environments or 'heat shelters' outdoors. Green infrastructure (GI), such as street trees and parks, is widely regarded as an effective tool for cooling urban environments. However, its degree of usage as a heat shelter depends not only on its physical presence in the environment but also on residents' perception of its ability to provide cooling. This study investigates the self-reported ability of residents in the Netherlands to find cooling during heatwaves and examines how this relates to the presence, type, and accessibility of GI in their neighborhoods. Our results indicate that respondents report limited ability to find cooling outdoors. However, GI in their neighbourhood is a key factor in improving this ability. Specifically, accessible greenness, particularly street trees, has the strongest positive effect, while public green spaces (e.g. parks) become more relevant at larger distances. Accessibility of GI plays an important role, as greenness in non-accessible locations has no significant effect. These findings highlight the importance of considering the type and accessibility of GI when designing heat adaptation strategies. • Assessed perceived ability to find cooling outdoors during heatwaves, in relation to green infrastructure. • Tree cover in accessible locations has the strongest effect on cooling ability. • Vegetation is more important than public green spaces (e.g. parks), except at larger distances (1000 m). • Planners should prioritize vegetation in accessible locations to enhance residents' heat adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence of distressed property spillover in coastal flood-prone areas. By utilizing a hedonic pricing model, this study may contribute to the global discussion on how property markets react to deterioration in coastal areas, specifically from the perspective of the Global South. Spillover effects in housing prices were observed through a spatial autoregressive model by investigating lags in price adjustment over time and space. The authors employed two large datasets comprising property information, including property tax history (n = 1933,037; 1993–2020) and real estate transactions (n = 1029; 2013–2020). These datasets are also recorded in the cadaster map of the Indonesian government. The property tax history provides crucial evidence regarding delinquent taxes, signifying distressed properties abandoned by their inhabitants. Property sales transaction data offers evidence of lowered prices and their spillover effects. As a result, this paper contends that neighborhood decay induced by coastal flooding represents a non-economic shock that permeates to the property market, leading to price movement. The most important finding is that land subsidence has a more significant influence than distressed properties on lowering prices and their spillover effects. These findings have the potential to initiate new discussions about environmental deterioration from a property market perspective. • Spillover in coastal flood-prone areas. • Hedonic Pricing Model. • Submarket for distressed properties. • Spatial autoregressive Model. • Developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the process of increasing coastal vulnerability in response to coastal flooding, from the property market viewpoint. Rooted in knowledge about housing submarket-based neighborhood change, this study adds new understandings of how housing obsolesces influence vulnerability following rapid land use changes, which are currently studied as a new exposure by many researchers. We employ six years of house sales transaction data (n = 1,029) in a spatial data-driven delineation with k-means, through which the submarket shift can be visualized. This approach addresses weaknesses in the existing methods to measure neighborhood change. We find that second-hand houses purchased by low-income people tend to cluster close together in newly formed submarkets in at-risk areas creating submarkets for western-inner city and distressed properties. Our data series also show that the geographical growth of the submarket for distressed properties is expanding, creating further blight in the submarket for western-inner city. Consequently, the submarket for distressed properties tends to transform into an area characterized by substandard housing conditions or slum living. Bearing in mind that the consequences of a flood will cover a wide range of issues, such as the future of public services, and the welfare of citizens in general, disaster risk management is fundamental to socio-economic development of a country. This study can enrich discussions around housing vulnerability and neighborhood change and support the current debate over spatial adaptation and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the consequences of the recent property market boom-bust cycle from the planners’ perspective. It takes the case of Dutch local governments and, in particular, the instrument of public land development. The analysis focusses on the question whether the economic downturn has given rise to a reconsideration of the intertwinement of public and private roles inherent to public land development. The paper sheds light on the formal changes in land management strategies in the recent years and asks whether these formal institutional changes result in less controversial land management, in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, fairness and democratic legitimation. It concludes that, although at first sight the findings suggest a paradigm shift in Dutch land management strategies, municipalities have not sorted out robust new alternatives. Public land development creates serious path dependencies and current changes in the regulatory space of land management are mostly pragmatic and show lots of traces of the old model. If local authorities keep pursuing their active, entrepreneurial, involvement in the land market in an ad-hoc manner, they face challenges regarding how to keep control over the discretionary power. It raises serious new dilemmas on transparency and predictability of municipal behaviour. There is a risk of ending up in a patchwork situation where different regulatory aspects are changed inconsistently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Although vision is typically considered the predominant sense for guiding performance, there are sports for which other senses are believed to be as important, if not more important than vision. Accordingly, in Paralympic judo, athletes with different degrees of vision impairment (VI) compete together based on the assumption that vision does not influence judo performance, as long as judokas start the match with their grip in place. The aim of this research was to test this assumption. Method We conducted two studies. In the first we analysed data from two major recent VI judo competitions to compare the relative performance of blind and partially sighted athletes when competing against each other. In the second study, twenty-four able-sighted players competed in practice matches in sighted and blindfolded conditions. Results In Study 1, we demonstrated that blind judokas win far less medals in VI judo competitions than their partially sighted opponents. In study 2, a significant performance advantage was found for sighted judokas fighting against blindfolded opponents. Conclusions Vision enhances judo performance, even when judokas start the match with their grip in place. These findings suggest that it would be desirable to take measures to make VI judo competition fairer to those who are most severely impaired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities in the Netherlands have long relied on active land policy for urban development. More recently, municipalities have started to explore new types of land policies, as they became aware of the financial risks of this policy. As an alternative to their active involvement in land development, new legislation for urban land readjustment (ULR) has been proposed. This policy supports a land assembly strategy, in which the owners swap land positions, and share (infrastructure) development costs and gains. This paper explores the motivations in the Netherlands for introducing this new land policy tool. Additionally, based on two case studies, we discuss how public and private stakeholders might respond to the introduction of ULR. We conclude that it is unlikely that the introduction of ULR legislation itself will bring forward a paradigm shift in Dutch land policy. Nevertheless, the ULR legislation may add to a redistribution of land development-related risks between the public and the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses a relative gap in the literature on real estate development and property rights in transitional economies, particularly on the “shadow” role of private developers in urban management at the local level. The paper argues that the development of high-rise buildings in Vietnam resulted from the national privatization policy shift known as Doi Moi that gave landowners greater rights. These changes in land rights policy are important constitutive elements for institutional functionality of value capture via privatization of land, to become viable and effective. Further, the paper describes how private developers (foreign and domestic) take advantage of vague and indistinct city governance regarding privatization of land, while the property rights of the original users of the land are insufficiently protected. These issues are illuminated and analyzed through the use of three case studies of commercial projects in Ho Chi Minh City. We suggest a further institutionalization of privatization of land and value capture in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public land development is an approach where the public authority acquires land for development, services the land with public infrastructure, and transfers the serviced building plots to private building developers or self-developing end-users. Motivations to use public land development can be divided to planning goal related motivations and financial motivations. In this paper, we study management of public risks related to the use of public land development by analysing case studies located in Finland and the Netherlands, countries known to have strong tradition in public land development. Our findings indicate that, whereas public land development has efficiencies in managing the risks related to the achievement of public planning goals, the management of the financial risks related to the public land development approach can be remarkably difficult even in countries with wide experience in public land development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redevelopment of a brownfield can provide a range of societal, environmental but also economic benefits for a number of entities. In the Netherlands (and elsewhere), public–private partnerships are common practice for such projects, because of two main reasons. First, limitations to public funding have led governments to invite the private sector into various long-term arrangements for capital-intensive projects. Second, a comprehensive approach for the whole brownfield area may be more efficient and profitable, compared to piecemeal development via interventions by individual owners. This article investigates, with respect to brownfield redevelopment, the interaction behavior of two key parties in forming partnerships: the municipality and a private developer. It is assumed that, apart from their mutual interest to redevelop the brownfield area, they will have different interests as well. In order to indicate their specific interest and the negotiation outcome regarding the forming of a public private partnership, this paper makes use of an experimental game theory approach. Three specific negotiation issues were analyzed in our research: a building claim, future land use and reparcelling of the land. In addition, this paper suggests an eight-step procedure to conduct a game theoretical experiment. A survey was conducted in order to gather the required data for the experiment. The data have been used to estimate the payoffs variations between the two key parties in the mentioned negotiation games. Finally, by comparing sub game perfect Nash equilibrium generated game outcomes and direct expected outcomes of respondents, this paper experimentally proves that the game theoretical analysis provides a valid representation of a real world brownfield redevelopment negotiation within the Dutch institutional-economic context. The outcome of the experiment confirms the Dutch tradition of public private partnerships in urban development practice, with public and private bodies willing to share financial risks and returns in these projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial land-use regulations (ILURs) are important policy instruments used by local governments in China to remedy the side effects of industrial production and to protect scarce land. In recent years, this type of policy has become increasingly stringent. To explain the reasons for using them, we propose an analytical framework in which ILURs are integrated into a land-leasing contract between the firm and the local government. This contract is theorized as a share tenancy with an exogenous rental percentage, and the stringency of ILURs is chosen to minimize transaction costs. In this setting, the region with a higher scarcity of industrial land or higher redevelopment costs of stock industrial land is supposed to impose a shorter leasing term and tighter control of firms' inputs and outputs (FIOs); meanwhile, firms with higher anticipated productivity will be offered a longer leasing term. These propositions are consistent with the patterns we reveal by analyzing the regulatory policies of three Chinese cities around 2015 and the detailed regulations and default clauses stipulated industrial land-leasing contracts in 2017 in Shanghai. • ILURs in China can be integrated into a land-leasing contract between the firm and the local government. • Regulatory stringency that refers to FIOs types, contract length and the enforcement is used to minimize transaction costs. • Regions with a higher scarcity of industrial land is supposed to impose a shorter leasing term and tighter control of FIOs. • Firms with higher anticipated productivity will be offered a longer leasing term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Vietnam, similarly to other countries with the same system, transformation of the economy from one based on central planning into one founded on market principles, provides incomplete property rights in land and property markets. Nonetheless, cities like Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) are experiencing strong growth in commercial property markets. Although the real estate market is still suffering from the recession in many parts of the world, commercial property development in HCMC is booming. This paper explores the present privatization process and the changing property rights regime related to the real estate market in Vietnam. Employing logistic regression analysis, this study also examines opportunities of foreign and domestic investors in the commercial real estate market in HCM city centre. The findings of this study show that there is not yet a level playing field for foreign and domestic investors, mainly caused by a different property rights regime for both groups of investors, especially related to land lease conditions. We also find that both groups invest in different categories of commercial real estate. However, this does not necessarily lead to reduced foreign investment in Vietnam's real estate market, which means that the transition and privatization process in Vietnam is still moving in the right direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For many decades cities in the Netherlands have made extensive use of public land development as a strategic tool for pro-active planning. This paper investigates the Dutch experience to explore its utility both in the Netherlands and in the U.S. We build upon an earlier study by Lefcoe (1977) with similar purposes. His conclusion was that American cities should be cautious in the use of this approach. This paper comes to the same conclusion, but does so taking into account the present institutional contexts and market circumstances both in the Netherlands and the U.S. It is argued that only under very specific circumstances does it make sense for municipalities to act as land developers. Furthermore, the Dutch experience with public land development since the 1990s demonstrates the many dangers there can be to this land development strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper aims to position the concept of adaptive efficiency in planning theory, by providing insights on the conditions that explain why land use planning in some institutional contexts is able to adapt and improve more efficiently than in others. This is done by focusing on a specific planning goal: the control of residential sprawl. The paper presents a theoretical framework based on two models, one on the coordinating mechanisms regarding the use of land and one to explain institutional changes. This framework is exploited with empirical case studies where we compare the control of sprawl in the Netherlands, Belgium and Poland. The analysis diagnoses a duality of planning practices. Even though planning failures occur in the Netherlands as well, we provide evidence that Dutch land use planning has been able to efficiently adapt regulatory instruments and collaborative practices to societal changes. By contrast, Belgian and Polish planners face huge difficulties to incorporate new initiatives to control urban sprawl or, in more general terms, to reinforce their influence on land uses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Land and property development processes obviously can be seen as a social situation in which the interaction of individuals or groups of individuals is one of the essential elements. To study and understand social situations, it is important to analyse how the decisions of actors are interrelated and how those decisions result in outcomes. In this paper, we propose a game theoretical modelling approach to analyse it. Hence, the objective of the paper is to investigate the usefulness as well as the limitations of game theoretical modelling for analysing and predicting the behaviour of actors in decision-making processes with respect to the development of land and property. For that purpose, we have developed game models for the case study of the development of a greenfield residential location in the Netherlands with respect to the implementation of new Dutch legislation on cost recovery. Our study demonstrates that game theory could help us to identify the key strategic decisions of land and property development projects by showing the different payoffs for stakeholders of their chosen strategies and selecting the equilibrium in which all stakeholders involved are best of. We also found many limitations of using game theory in our case study especially regarding the assumptions underlying the model. However, we conclude that game theoretical modelling can be a useful decision support tool in spatial planning, because it provides a way to think about the complexity of strategic interaction and, in particular, about the conflicting structure of collective decision-making processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The research discusses how land pooling policies can become part of predisposed institutional frameworks that support processes of land ownership concentration when embedded in the complex, multilayered context of governmental coordination. Land pooling policies are being promoted by international organizations, the New Urban Agenda (NUA) and other best-practice literature for their potential to supply urban land and utilize part of the land value increment from urbanization to cover the costs for infrastructure, public facilities and construction. In this literature land pooling policies are characterized as equitable land policies because they proportionally distribute the development gain back to the original landowners. However, land pooling policies are no 'silver bullet' for an equitable urbanization. Depending on the institutionalization in the larger framework of national policies, land pooling policies might become included into processes of ground rent dispossession when embedded in the context of overlaying policies with contradictory objectives on diverse governance levels. This can support land transactions that in sum lead to a concentration of land ownership. The research analyses the case of the Republic of Korea, where land pooling policies have been the dominating land policies during the period of rapid urbanization in order to reveal new knowledge on the distributional characteristics of those policies in practice. The study makes clear how government coordination in the narrow perspective (land pooling policies) and in the wide perspective (national planning policies) affects the key transaction dimensions (land values, information impactedness and financing) which causes the diffusion of the equitable character of land pooling policies. The findings are valuable for the academic discourse as well as the best practice literature. Based on the findings the study closes with a set of recommendations for a more equitable implementation of land pooling policies that might be valuable for policy makers, planners, and academics especially in countries that are confronted with the challenges of rapid urbanization. • Land readjustment can become subject to larger processes of ground rent dispossession despite its intrinsically equitable character. • Excessive privatization of the development gains triggers disproportionate speculative land purchases in the anticipatory stages of development. • The introduction of insttutionalized financial hurdles supports distress sales byeconomically weaker stakeholders. • Policy makers need to pay more attention to the diffusing effects of overlaying policies with diverging objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of spatial policy involves intervention in the land market. In the Netherlands local government also acts as a land developer. Due to an increase in activities in the land market by private actors and an increase in the geographical scale of economic and social processes, this practice is under threat. This paper analyses the background and evolution of Dutch spatial development policy during the last ten years, from the perspective of governmental directive function for spatial policy. It focuses on the multi-level governance between local and regional governments and between local government and private actors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Research has shown that performance in highly visually demanding sports can be resilient to substantial levels of blur. This raises the question whether the need for high visual clarity might be reduced even more in less visually demanding sports such as combat sports, where athletes compete at relatively close distances. The aim of this study was to examine the resilience to blur in the grip fighting phase of judo as an exemplar of a visually guided combat sports task. The results were particularly relevant for the purposes of Paralympic judo for athletes with vision impairment (VI judo), because athletes are currently allowed to compete with a visual acuity (VA) of 1.0 logMAR or worse (i.e., 6/60 or 20/200 vision), suggesting this is the presumed level of impairment that decreases performance in able-sighted judo. We let 28 able-sighted judo athletes compete in pairs in a series of grip fighting tasks under increasing levels of simulated vision impairment. Visual function was tested in each condition by measuring VA and contrast sensitivity (CS). We found that VA was a better predictor than CS of grip fighting performance. VA needed to be reduced to at least 1.3 logMAR before a decrease in performance was found, with approximately twice as much blur needed to be applied when compared to visually demanding tasks such as cricket batting, but less than what has been found in static tasks such as basketball free-throw shooting and golf putting. These findings hold implications for VI judo regulations, suggesting that a more severe degree of impairment should be required to participate than is currently the case. • Grip fighting performance of able-sighted judo athletes is resilient to severe blur. • Visual acuity needs to be reduced to at least 1.3 logMAR to impact performance. • Visual acuity better predicts grip fighting performance than contrast sensitivity. • Change is recommended with more impairment required to be eligible for Paralympic judo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site consolidation is a perennial issue in the study of land economics. The emergence in many contexts of policies that follow variations on 'land readjustment' represent a common way for policy makers to overcome the barriers to wholesale redevelopment. In several important respects the nature of the problems that land readjustment seeks to confront are best thought of as questions in cooperative game theory. In this contribution we seek to explore the underpinning logic of land-readjustment using fundamental concepts in cooperative game theory: the Shapley value and the Core. In addition, we present results of an experiment on coalition and value distribution in four European countries. Our results shed light on a range of important practical issues for the policy ranging from the conditions under which development might be self-initiated to coalition stability, and to the value of an animating agency such as urban planning. • The problems that land readjustment seeks to confront are best thought of as questions in cooperative game theory. • We explore the underpinning logic of land-readjustment using fundamental concepts such as the Shapley value and the Core. • We present results of an experiment on coalition and value distribution in four European countries. • Our results shed light on coalition stability and the value of an animating agency such as urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to deal with severe traffic and environmental issues, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been encouraged in China. Land-based value capture strategies have been applied, with varying degrees of success, as a way of co-financing TOD investments. Often, these strategies are based on innovative, but informal planning and land management practices which help to bypass institutional barriersto the effective use of land-based value capture mechanism. This paper aims to identify the interaction between the institutional context and land-based value capture mechanisms for TOD in China and discusses potential ways to deal with those informal practices based on both empirical evidence from successful cases in some Chinese cities and international practices. The findings from literature review, expert interviews, a focus group meeting and three case studies highlight several insights: 1) the effectiveness of land-based value capture for TOD in China is constrained by unsupportive planning, rigid financial regulation, and inefficient governance; 2) informal planning strategies, including the "rail plus property strategy", the "two-step bidding strategy" and the "land reserve strategy" have been experimentally applied to bypass these barriers; and 3) evidence from international TOD policies on the one hand and the institutionalization of experimental planning strategies on the other hand suggests some options how China could move forward in this matter. • Three types of institutional barriers to value capture prevent effective TOD strategies in China. • Informal strategies have been taken by several Chinese cities as a way to bypass current regulation. • Supportive policies, planning experiments, and land value taxation are suggested as three institutional innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has existed for over three centuries and has developed into the financial capital and most important economic hub of Vietnam. This profile outlines the history of HCMC's development and its impact on current conditions and physical structure of the city. The paper analyzes some of the problems with respect to urban land use that have occurred in HCMC in the transitional period after Doi Moi and discusses the city's future challenges, in the perspective of climate change and further economic and population growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While localized price competition in many markets has been extensively analyzed, little empirical work has been undertaken in the land market. It is the intent of this paper, therefore, to investigate the nature of spatial price competition among land sellers that compete in concentrated markets within a specific geographical area. Applying spatio-temporal autoregressive model to data from the residential land market in China from 2007 to 2015, we find that, (1) the land market for residential development is highly localized, where land sellers (local governments) respond more strongly to the price changes by "close-by" sellers; (2) larger market share is significantly associated with less spatial price response and higher land price. Placebo analysis using the sample of land supply for industrial development reinforces a causal interpretation of our main findings. Results from this paper permit the conclusion that the supply of land for residential development is not a perfect competitive but a localized competitive market where land sellers controlling a larger share of the market exercise market power to maximize land revenue. • The first study investigating the nature of spatial price competition in land market. • Price competition among land sellers is highly localized. • Market concentration significantly influences the pricing behaviors of land sellers. • Land sellers exercise market power to maximize land revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper develops a new notion on the development phase specificity of value capture policies • The characteristics of value capture policies at each development stage become clear • We illustrate the significance of trust & power relations for the applicability of value capture policies in practice • The paper makes recommendations for international, multi-directional policy transfer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]