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Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in cardiac surgery can lead to RV failure, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Abnormal RV function can be identified using RV pressure monitoring. The primary objective of the study is to determine the proportion of patients with abnormal RV early to end-diastole diastolic pressure gradient (RVDPG) and abnormal RV end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) before initiation and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) separation. The secondary objective is to evaluate if RVDPG before CPB initiation is associated with difficult and complex separation from CPB, RV dysfunction, and failure at the end of cardiac surgery. Prospective study. Tertiary care cardiac institute. Cardiac surgical patients. Cardiac surgery. Automated electronic quantification of RVDPG and RVEDP were obtained. Hemodynamic measurements were correlated with cardiac and extracardiac parameters from transesophageal echocardiography and postoperative complications. Abnormal RVDPG was present in 80% of the patients (n = 105) at baseline, with a mean RVEDP of 14.2 ± 3.9 mmHg. Patients experienced an RVDPG > 4 mmHg for a median duration of 50.2% of the intraoperative period before CPB initiation and 60.6% after CPB separation. A total of 46 (43.8%) patients had difficult/complex separation from CPB, 18 (38.3%) patients had RV dysfunction, and 8 (17%) had RV failure. Abnormal RVDPG before CPB was not associated with postoperative outcome. Elevated RVDPG and RVEDP are common in cardiac surgery. RVDPG and RVEDP before CPB initiation are not associated with RV dysfunction and failure but can be used to diagnose them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about changes in portal, splenic, and hepatic vein flow patterns in children undergoing congenital heart surgery. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of portal, splenic, and hepatic vein flow patterns using ultrasonography in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Single-center, prospective observational study. Tertiary children's hospital, operating room. Children undergoing cardiac surgery. The authors obtained ultrasound data from the heart, inferior vena cava, portal, splenic, and hepatic veins before and after surgeries. In the biventricular group, which included children with atrial and ventricular septal defects and pulmonary stenosis (n = 246), the portal pulsatility index decreased from 38.7% to 25.6% (p < 0.001) after surgery. The preoperative portal pulsatility index was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension (43.3% v 27.4%; p < 0.001). In the single-ventricle group (n = 77), maximum portal vein flow velocities of Fontan patients were significantly lower (13.5 cm/s) compared with that of patients with modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (19.7 cm/s; p = 0.035) or bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (23.1 cm/s; p < 0.001). The cardiac index was inversely correlated with the portal pulsatility index in the bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and Fontan circulation. (β = -5.693, r2 = 0.473; p = 0.001) The portal pulsatility index was correlated with splenic venous pulsatility and hepatic venous atrial reverse flow velocity in biventricular and single-ventricle groups. The characteristics of venous Doppler patterns in the portal, splenic, and hepatic veins differed according to congenital heart disease. Further studies are required to determine the association between splanchnic venous Doppler findings and clinical outcomes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] An international effort to restore contaminated areas across the Great Lakes has been underway for over 50 years. Although experts have increasingly recognized the inherent connections between ecological conditions and community level benefits, Great Lakes community revitalization continues to be a broad and complex topic, lacking a comprehensive definition. The purpose of this study was to generate a testable "AOC-Revitalization Framework" for linking remediation and restoration success, represented by Beneficial Use Impairment (BUI) removal in U.S. Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC), to community revitalization. Using directed content analysis, we conducted a literature review and identified 433 potential revitalization metrics and indicators and grouped them into 15 broader community revitalization attributes to develop the following definition of Great Lakes community revitalization: " locally driven community resurgence resulting in resilient and equitable enhancements to social, economic, and environmental community structures." We surveyed experts within the Great Lakes AOC program on the likelihood remediation and restoration success, would positively impact revitalization attributes. Focus groups triangulated survey results. Results identified BUI removal was expected to positively affect revitalization, but the type of revitalization outcome was based on the BUI being removed. The AOC-Revitalization Framework is the first to empirically outline these possible linkages, providing a clear testable structure for future research; it can be used to better understand how environmental improvements are or are not leading to community revitalization and more accurately identify components of revitalization impacted, thus supporting more equitable representation, communication, and measurement of the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of brain function monitoring with processed electroencephalography (pEEG) during cardiac surgery is gaining interest for the optimization of hypnotic agent delivery during the maintenance of anesthesia. The authors sought to determine whether the routine use of pEEG-guided anesthesia is associated with a reduction of hemodynamic instability during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) separation and subsequently reduces vasoactive and inotropic requirements in the intensive care unit. This is a retrospective cohort study based on an existing database. A single cardiac surgical center. Three hundred patients undergoing cardiac surgery, under CPB, between December 2013 and March 2020. None. One hundred and fifty patients had pEEG-guided anesthesia, and 150 patients did not have a pEEG-guided anesthesia. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that pEEG-guided anesthesia was not associated with a successful CPB separation (p = 0.12). However, the use of pEEG-guided anesthesia reduced by 57% the odds of being in a higher category for vasoactive inotropic score compared to patients without pEEG (odds ratio = 0.43; 95% confidence interval: 0.26-0.73; p = 0.002). Duration of mechanical ventilation, fluid balance, and blood losses were also reduced in the pEEG anesthesia-guided group (p < 0.003), but there were no differences in organ dysfunction duration and mortality. During cardiac surgery, pEEG-guided anesthesia allowed a reduction in the use of inotropic or vasoactive agents at arrival in the intensive care unit. However, it did not facilitate weaning from CPB compared to a group where pEEG was unavailable. A pEEG-guided anesthetic management could promote early vasopressor weaning after cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic intravenous antimicrobials yield poor outcomes during treatment of periprosthetic joint infection due to the inability to obtain minimum biofilm eradication concentrations. This study evaluated the safety of a novel method of optimized local delivery of intra-articular antibiotics (IAAs). This was a Phase II, multicenter, prospective randomized trial evaluating safety of a rapid (seven-day) two-stage exchange arthroplasty with IAA irrigation compared to standard two-stage exchange. The Experimental Group received irrigation using 80 mg tobramycin daily with a 2-hour soak, followed by hourly irrigation using 125 mg vancomycin with a 30-minute soak via an intramedullary irrigation device. The Control Group received an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer with vancomycin (average 8.4 g) and tobramycin (average 7.1 g, total 16 g antibiotics). Both groups received 12 weeks of systemic antibiotics following Stage 2. Safety measures included adverse events, peak vancomycin/tobramycin serum concentrations (Experimental Group), blood transfusion, and mortality. There were thirty-seven patients randomized to the Experimental Group and 39 to control. There was no difference in baseline demographics or comorbidities. There were no antibiotic medication-related adverse events and 2 serious adverse events related to antibiotic instillation. Of 188 vancomycin peak measurements, 69% had detectable serum level concentrations, with all concentrations well below the maximum acceptable trough threshold of 20 μg/mL. Of the 103 tobramycin peak measurements, 45% had detectable levels, with all below the maximum acceptable peak threshold of 18 to 24 μg/mL. There was no difference in blood transfused per subject (Experimental: 655 mL versus Control: 792 mL; P =.4188). There were two (2) deaths in the Experimental Group and four (4) in the control. The use of IAA is safe with minimal systemic antibiotic exposure. There was no difference in the rates or severity of serious adverse events between groups. Further research is being conducted to examine treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lymphocytopenia is associated with mortality in acute heart failure (AHF), and portal congestion has been suggested to play a role in leukocyte distribution. The associations between lymphocytopenia and ultrasound surrogates for portal congestion have never been studied. We aimed to characterize the determinants of lymphocytopenia, explore the associations between lymphocytopenia and portal congestion, and explore the relationships between lymphocytopenia and outcomes in AHF.Methods and Results: Patients were compared according to tertiles of lymphocyte count (very low, <0.87 × 109/L; low, 0.87-1.2 × 109/L; or normal, >1.2 × 109/L). One hundred three patients with AHF were prospectively assessed at baseline and discharge. At baseline, 69% of patients had a lymphocyte count below the normal range. Patients with baseline very low lymphocyte count were older, had more advanced disease and higher portal vein pulsatility index when compared with those in the higher tertiles. Very low lymphocyte count at baseline was associated with age (odds ratio (OR) 1.098), portal vein pulsatility index (OR, 1.026), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (OR, 0.865, all P < .05). The portal vein pulsatility index was the most powerful determinant of lymphocytopenia at discharge (OR 1.033, P < .05). In a Cox model, lymphocytopenia at discharge was associated with mortality (hazard ratio 4.796, P < .05).Conclusions: In AHF, lymphocytopenia is associated with ultrasound surrogates for portal congestion and right ventricular dysfunction. Whether these associations depict a potent pathophysiologic pathway or whether they only reflect a more advanced disease remains uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in cardiac surgery is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (DSB). The primary objective of the present study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of patients with abnormal RV diastolic pressure gradient (PG). The secondary objective was to explore the association among abnormal diastolic PG and DSB, postoperative complications, high central venous pressure (CVP), and high RV end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP). Retrospective and prospective validation study. Tertiary care cardiac institute. Cardiac surgical patients (n=374) from a retrospective analysis (n=259) and a prospective validation group (n=115). RV pressure waveforms were obtained using a pulmonary artery catheter with a pacing port opened at 19 cm distal to the tip of the catheter. Abnormal RV diastolic PG was defined as >4 mmHg. Both elevated RVEDP and high CVP were defined as >16 mmHg. From the retrospective and validation cohorts, 42.5% and 48% of the patients had abnormal RV diastolic PG before cardiac surgery, respectively. Abnormal RV diastolic PG before cardiac surgery was associated with higher EuroSCORE II (odds ratio 2.29 [1.10-4.80] v 1.62 [1.10-3.04]; p = 0.041), abnormal hepatic venous flow (45% v 29%; p = 0.038), higher body mass index (28.9 [25.5-32.5] v 27.0 [24.9-30.5]; p = 0.022), pulmonary hypertension (48% v 37%; p = 0.005), and more frequent DSB (32% v 19%; p = 0.023). However, RV diastolic PG was not an independent predictor of DSB, whereas RVEDP (odds ratio 1.67 [1.09-2.55]; p = 0.018) was independently associated with DSB. In addition, RV pressure monitoring indices were superior to CVP in predicting DSB. Abnormal RV diastolic PG is common before cardiac surgery and is associated with a higher proportion of known preoperative risk factors. However, an abnormal RV diastolic PG gradient is not an independent predictor of DSB in contrast to RVEDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology is presented for the objective and transparent screening of hydrocarbon reservoirs for underground hydrogen storage (UHS), with subsequent testing on a large confidential dataset provided by the energy company Eni. The procedure uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Delphi technique to gather expert opinions and weight 27 screening parameters in terms of: health, safety, and environment; geotechnical performance; and economic performance. A set of scores is produced that characterizes each site in terms of these three categories, as well as a comprehensive site ranking based on their overall suitability for UHS. The results highlight the importance of geotechnical parameters, while the characterization of faults and hydrocarbon type, the onshore or offshore location, the number of wells, and the reservoir architecture yielded the highest individual weights. Potential scores are also estimated for sites with incomplete datasets. Two blind tests evaluated the method's effectiveness against preexisting industrial assessments. • Screening and ranking of porous-media depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs for UHS. • Utilization of the AHP multi-criteria decision-making method for parameter weighting. • Application of the screening method to a large industrial dataset with blind tests. • Scoring of the HSE, geotechnical and economic performances of sites. • Site performance scoring for UHS site-screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach to the patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery involves multiple aspects. These include the rapid recognition of reversible causes, the accurate identification of patients who will progress to severe stages of AKI, and the subsequent management of complications resulting from severe renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, the inherent limitations of physical examination and laboratory parameter results are often responsible for suboptimal clinical management. In this review article, the authors explore how point-of-care ultrasound, including renal and extrarenal ultrasound, can be used to complement all aspects of the care of cardiac surgery patients with AKI, from the initial approach of early AKI to fluid balance management during renal replacement therapy. The current evidence is reviewed, including knowledge gaps and future areas of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic function can be assessed by transesophageal echocardiography before cardiopulmonary bypass in the setting of cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to determine whether the assessment of LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) improves mortality risk prediction. Retrospective single-center cohort study. Single tertiary cardiac surgery center. Data from patients undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and for which an evaluation for LVDD was performed before CPB between February 1999 and November 2015. Cases were reviewed retrospectively from a transesophageal echocardiography hemodynamic database. LV diastolic function was graded as normal, impaired relaxation (grade 1), pseudo-normalization (grade 2), or restrictive (grade 3) determined by mitral inflow waves, tissue Doppler imaging of the mitral annulus, and pulmonary venous flow. The main outcome was in-hospital mortality. A total of 760 patients were included, 144 (18.9%) patients with normal diastolic function, 331 (43.6%) patients with grade 1 LVDD, 218 (28.7%) patients with grade 2 LVDD, and 67 (8.8%) patients with grade 3 LVDD. In-hospital mortality occurred in 31 patients (4.1%). The presence of grade 3 LVDD was associated with an increased likelihood of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 19.39, confidence interval [CI]: 2.37-158.48, p = 0.006). In contrast, LV systolic dysfunction was not independently associated with increased mortality. When added to the Parsonnet score, the addition of diastolic function resulted in a net reclassification improvement of in-hospital mortality (NRI: 0.419 CI: 0.049-0.759, p = 0.02), and in integrated discrimination improvement (IDI: 0.0179 CI: 0.0049-0.031, p = 0.007). Difficult separation from CPB was observed more frequently in patients with grade 3 LVDD (62.9% v 36.1%, p = 0.01). In contrast to LV systolic dysfunction, restrictive LVDD is associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in cardiac surgical patients. Further studies should explore how this information may be used by the attending anesthesiologist to tailor perioperative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging noninvasive monitoring modality based on chromophore absorption of infrared light. Because NIRS provides instantaneous information on cerebral and somatic tissue oxygenation, it becomes mandatory to identify rapidly the etiology of impaired regional oxygenation and thus perfusion. To do so, the use of whole-body ultrasound (WHOBUS) represents a significant advance in the management of patients experiencing cerebral or somatic desaturation. This narrative review describes the authors' experience since 2002 in the use of combined NIRS and WHOBUS. A practical approach in the use of both modalities and their respective limitations is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Artificially injection was conducted in a shallow aquifer to mimic the CO 2 leakage from a deep storage reservoir. • Physical interactions of CO 2 plume were identified in shallow groundwater scale. • Noble gas tracers identified the preferential path of the CO 2 rich plume. • Tracers provided mass balance constraints of CO 2 degassing and groundwater mixing. Although Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been demonstrated successfully on many occasions, the potential leakage of deep sequestrated CO 2 into shallow groundwater remains a concern. To address this, an artificial injection experiment was performed at the K-COSEM test site in Eumseong, South Korea, that involved the release of CO 2 –infused water (16.9 kg of CO 2 in 5 m3) containing He and Kr tracers into a shallow, heterogeneous, weathered-granite aquifer. The initial CO 2 –fluid was slightly oversaturated at the subsurface injection point, and thus the plume was expected to initially degas CO 2 before equilibrating at in-situ conditions. Monitoring of carbonate system parameters in nearby observation wells helped define the evolution of the injected fluids, while the noble gas tracers were used to clearly define the physical behavior of the CO 2 plume (including an estimate of degassed CO 2 equal to 0.9–3.1%). This study demonstrates the potential use of noble gases for monitoring CO 2 leakage in shallow aquifers, constraining mass balance and phase changes of leaking fluids, and better understanding local flow pathways. Furthermore, breakthrough of noble gases in this study was different from some previous experiments, suggesting that monitoring efficiency of these tracers may depend on leakage and site conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The authors aimed to assess the hemodynamic effects and demonstrate the feasibility of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in hemodynamically unstable patients with acute right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and to explore the safety profile of this approach. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Intensive care unit (ICU) of 2 tertiary care centers between January 2013 and 2017. Participants All patients with RV dysfunction in whom iNO was initiated without invasive mechanical ventilation. Intervention Noninvasive administration of iNO. Measurements and Main Results Eighteen patients received the intervention during the study period; 8 of these patients had a pulmonary artery catheter and 2 had a pulse contour analysis device. Median (interquartile range) iNO concentration was 20 (20-20) ppm, and therapy duration was 24 (12-46) hours. Most patients received iNO through nasal prongs (66.7%) or a high-flow nasal cannula (27.8%). Within 1 hour, iNO reduced pulmonary vascular resistance from 219.1 to 165.4 dyn•s/cm5 (n = 7; p < 0.001), mean pulmonary artery pressure from 28.4 to 25.3 mmHg (n = 8; p = 0.01), and central venous pressure from 17.5 to 13.1 mmHg (n = 16; p = 0.001). Indexed cardiac output increased from 2.0 to 2.6 L/min/m2 (n = 9; p = 0.004). ICU mortality was 27.78%, and median ICU length of stay was 7 (5-9) days. Two significant bleeding episodes requiring intervention and 1 acute kidney injury occurred during iNO therapy. No headache was reported. Conclusion Noninvasively administered iNO was associated with favorable hemodynamic effects in ICU patients with acute RV dysfunction. These results suggest the safety and feasibility of this therapy for which further prospective study is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess a novel hypothesis to explain delirium after cardiac surgery through the relationship between cumulative fluid balance and delirium. This hypothesis involved an inflammatory process combined with a hypervolemic state, which could lead to venous congestion reaching the brain. Design Retrospective case-control (1:1) cohort study. Setting University-affiliated tertiary cardiology center. Participants Cardiac surgery intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Cumulative fluid balance was evaluated at 3 times: (1) upon arrival at the ICU after surgery, (2) 24 hours post-ICU arrival, and (3) 48 hours post-ICU arrival. A generalized estimated equation was used to model the association between cumulative fluid balance and delirium occurrence 24 hours later. Covariates were selected based on the statistical differences between cases and controls on delirium risk factors and clinical characteristics. The cohort included 346 patients, of which 39 (11%), 104 (30%), and 142 patients (41%) presented delirium at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-ICU arrival, respectively. The effect of time had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.603 to 2.851, and a p value < 0.001. The cumulative fluid balance was associated with delirium occurrence (OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.066-1.355, p =.003). History of neurological disorder, having both hearing and visual impairment, type of procedure, perioperative cerebral oximetry, mean pulmonary artery pressure pre-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and mean arterial pressure post-CPB also contributed to delirium in the model. Conclusion Delirium is associated with a cumulative fluid balance, but the extent through which this plays an etiologic role remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Venous congestion is a possible mechanism leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery. Portal vein flow pulsatility is an echographic marker of cardiogenic portal hypertension and might identify clinically significant organ congestion. This exploratory study aims to assess if the presence of portal flow pulsatility measured by transthoracic echography in the postsurgical intensive care unit is associated with AKI after cardiac surgery. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Specialized care university hospital. Participants Patients who underwent cardiac surgery between May 2015 and February 2016 and had at least 1 Doppler assessment of portal flow performed by the attending critical care physician during the week following cardiac surgery. Interventions The association between portal flow pulsatility defined as a pulsatility fraction ≥50% and the risk of subsequent AKI was assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Measurements and Main Results The files of 132 consecutive patients were reviewed and 102 patients were included in the analysis. Significant portal flow pulsatility was detected in 38 patients (37.3%) in the week following surgery. During this period, 60.8% developed AKI and 13.7% progressed to severe AKI. The detection of portal flow pulsatility was associated with an increased risk for the development of AKI (odds ration [OR] 4.31, confidence interval [CI] 1.50-12.35, p = 0.007). After adjustment, portal flow pulsatility and AKI were independently associated (OR 4.88, CI 1.54-15.47, p = 0.007). Conclusions Assessment of portal flow using Doppler ultrasound at the bedside might be a promising tool to detect patients at risk for AKI due to cardiogenic venous congestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Context: Fusion typically consists of joint preparation, grafting, and rigid fixation. Fusion has been successfully used to treat symptomatic disruptions of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and degenerative sacroiliitis using purpose-specific, threaded implants. The biomechanical performance of these systems is important but has not been studied.Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare two techniques for placing primary (12.5 mm) and secondary (8.5 mm) implants across the SIJ.Study Design: This is a human cadaveric biomechanical study of SIJ fixation.Materials and Methods: Pure-moment testing was performed on 14 human SIJs in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR) with motion measured across the SIJ. Specimens were tested intact, after destabilization (cutting the pubic symphysis), after decortication and implantation of a primary 12.5-mm implant at S1 plus an 8.5-mm secondary implant at either S1 (S1-S1, n=8) or S2 (S1-S2, n=8), after cyclic loading, and after removal of the secondary implant. Ranges of motion (ROMs) were calculated for each test. Bone density was assessed on computed tomography and correlated with age and ROM. This study was funded by Zyga Technology but was run at an independent biomechanics laboratory.Results: The mean±standard deviation intact ROM was 3.0±1.6° in FE, 1.5±1.0° in LB, and 2.0±1.0° in AR. Destabilization significantly increased the ROM by a mean 60%-150%. Implantation, in turn, significantly decreased ROM by 65%-71%, below the intact ROM. Cyclic loading did not impact ROM. Removing the secondary implant increased ROM by 46%-88% (non-significant). There was no difference between S1-S1 and S1-S2 constructs. Bone density was inversely correlated with age (R=0.69) and ROM (R=0.36-0.58).Conclusions: Fixation with two threaded rods significantly reduces SIJ motion even in the presence of joint preparation and after initial loading. The location of the secondary 8.5-mm implant does not affect construct performance. Low bone density significantly affects fixation and should be considered when planning fusion constructs. Findings should be interpreted in the context of ongoing clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Val d'Agri is a seismically active intermontane basin in southern Italy known for hosting the largest on-shore hydrocarbon reservoir in western Europe. Despite extensive study of the basin, important questions remain regarding fluid circulation and the possible link between deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, faults, natural and induced seismicity, and gas migration towards the surface. To address some of these issues we performed near-surface gas geochemistry and structural geology surveys throughout the basin at both the regional and local scale. While carbon dioxide data are due to shallow, biological processes in the soil, anomalous results for other gas species are interpreted as being linked to structural discontinuities. Coincident methane and ethane anomalies, which imply a deep thermogenic origin, occur primarily in the northern part of the Val d'Agri basin. The most dominant alignment of these gases starts from a surface hydrocarbon seep and extends above a buried, NE-SW-striking fault that transects the valley. In contrast, radon anomalies are localized in the southern part of the basin along the western border, in correspondence with the Monti della Maddalena Fault System (MMFS) and a cluster of background natural seismicity. The origin and implications of the observed anomalies are discussed. • Gas geochemistry / structural surveys were performed at Val d'Agri, host of Europe's largest onshore hydrocarbon reservoir. • Coincident methane and ethane anomalies along known / inferred faults imply upward migration of reservoir hydrocarbons. • hydrocarbon gas alignment above buried fault shows possible link between exploited reservoirs on either side of the valley. • The correlation between radon anomalies and recent low-level seismicity implies fracture enhanced emanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sulcis Basin is an area situated in SW Sardinia (Italy) and is a potential site for the development of CCS in Italy. This paper illustrates the preliminary results of geological characterization of fractured carbonate reservoir (Miliolitico Fm.) and the sealing sequence, composed by clay, marl and volcanic rocks, with a total thickness of more than 900 m. To characterize the reservoir-caprock system an extensive structural-geological survey at the outcrop was conducted. It was also performed a study of the geochemical monitoring, to define the baseline conditions, measuring CO 2 concentrations and flux in the study site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Italian funding has recently been allocated for the construction of a 350 MWe coal-fired power plant / CCS demonstration plant in the Sulcis area of SW Sardinia, Italy. In addition, the recently approved EC-funded ENOS project (ENabling Onshore CO 2 Storage in Europe) will use the Sulcis site as one of its main field research laboratories. Site characterization is already ongoing, and work has begun to design gas injection experiments at 100-200 m depth in a fault. This article gives an overview of results to date and plans for the future from the Sapienza University of Rome research group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous monitoring has been carried out at a fluvial flood-plain site near Rome for over a year. There is a mix of biogenic CO 2 and deep geogenic CO 2 at the site at relatively low concentrations and fluxes compared with other natural CO 2 seepage sites studied previously. Factors such as temperature and soil moisture clearly affect the CO 2 concentration and flux and seasonal and diurnal influences are apparent. Statistical approaches are being used to try to define these relationships and separate out the two gas components, which would be necessary in any quantification of leakage from CO 2 storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adriatic Sea has a great potential in terms of CO 2 storage. • To develop a storage strategy the site-specific study is necessary. • The storage capacity of siliciclastic and carbonate reservoir show different magnitude. • The lithology drives the CO 2 storage reliability of a site. In Italy, the central-northern Apennines and Adriatic Sea domains have been identified as potential CO 2 storage areas. Although capacity estimates have been undertaken at a regional scale, more detailed research is required to reduce uncertainty. The present study helps address this gap by conducting a detailed screening of a representative area in the north-western Adriatic Sea for suitable CCS sites, using an extensive dataset composed of both public and private seismic and borehole data. Work included selecting suitable sites based on proposed selection criteria, calculating their theoretical and effective storage capacities applying a probabilistic approach, and then performing dynamic flow modelling on one of the selected sites that is representative of fractured carbonate reservoirs. Based on the screening results, a total of 21 out of 38 structures were selected as having the required characteristics suitable for CO 2 storage. As expected, the clastic rock reservoirs have the greatest potential capacity, although some fractured carbonate reservoirs did yield important volumes due to their dual porosity / permeability characteristics. Modelling of one such site highlighted the complex interplay between primary and secondary porosity / permeability on plume migration and capacity estimation. Our results highlight the need to integrate analytical calculations with dynamic simulations for more detailed, site-specific studies to improve the estimates of CO 2 storage capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spinous processes and supraspinous and interspinous ligaments (SSL and ISL, respectively) limit flexion and may relate to spinal curvature. Spinous process angles and mechanical properties of explanted human thoracic posterior SSL/ISL complexes were compared for scoliosis ( n =14) vs. kyphosis ( n =8) patients. The median thoracic coronal Cobb angle for scoliosis patients was 48°, and sagittal angles for kyphosis patients was 78°. Spinous processes were gripped and four strain steps of 4% were applied and held. Percent relaxation was calculated over each step, equilibrium load data were fit to an exponential equation, and a Kelvin model was fit to the load from all four curves. Failure testing was also performed. Median ligament complex dimensions from scoliosis and kyphosis patients were, respectively: ISL width=16.5 mm and 16.0 mm; SSL width=4.3 mm and 3.8 mm; ISL+SSL area=17.2 mm and 25.7 mm; these differences were not significant. Significant differences did exist in terms of spinous process angle vs. spine axis (47° for scoliosis and 32° for kyphosis) and SSL thickness (2.1 mm for scoliosis and 3.0 mm for kyphosis). Fourth-step median relaxation was 42% for scoliosis and 49% for kyphosis. Median linear region stiffness was 42 N/mm for scoliosis and 51 N/mm for kyphosis. Median failure load was 191 N for scoliotic and 175 N for kyphotic ligaments. Differences in loading, relaxation, viscoelastic and failure parameters were not statistically significant, except for a trend for greater initial rate of relaxation (T1) for scoliosis ligaments. However, we found significant morphological differences related to the spinous processes, which suggests a need for future biomechanical studies related to the musculoskeletal aspects of spinal alignment and posture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selected European studies have illustrated the impacts of elevated CO 2 concentrations in shallow soils on pasture. For the first time, general unified conclusions can be made, providing CO 2 thresholds where effects on plants and soil microbiology are observed and making recommendations on how this information can be used when planning projects for CO 2 storage. The sites include those where CO 2 is being naturally released to the atmosphere from deep geological formations; and a non-adapted site, with no previous history of CO 2 seepage, where CO 2 has been injected into the unsaturated soil horizon. Whilst soil gas concentrations will be influenced by flux rates and other factors, the results suggest that a concentration of between 10% and 15% CO 2 soil gas at 20 cm depth, which is within the root zone, is an important threshold level for observing changes in plant coverage. Site-specific plant ‘indicators’ are also observed for CO 2 concentrations at ≥35%. Microbiological changes are seen where CO 2 soil gas concentrations are between 15% and 40%. As part of site characterisation, an evaluation of the risks of leakage and their potential environmental impacts should be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews research into the potential environmental impacts of leakage from geological storage of CO 2 since the publication of the IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage in 2005. Possible impacts are considered on onshore (including drinking water aquifers) and offshore ecosystems. The review does not consider direct impacts on man or other land animals from elevated atmospheric CO 2 levels. Improvements in our understanding of the potential impacts have come directly from CO 2 storage research but have also benefitted from studies of ocean acidification and other impacts on aquifers and onshore near surface ecosystems. Research has included observations at natural CO 2 sites, laboratory and field experiments and modelling. Studies to date suggest that the impacts from many lower level fault- or well-related leakage scenarios are likely to be limited spatially and temporarily and recovery may be rapid. The effects are often ameliorated by mixing and dispersion of the leakage and by buffering and other reactions; potentially harmful elements have rarely breached drinking water guidelines. Larger releases, with potentially higher impact, would be possible from open wells or major pipeline leaks but these are of lower probability and should be easier and quicker to detect and remediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annual maps of the remote sensing green-up date derived from SPOT-VEGETATION data were compared to the phenological observations collected by the PlantWatch citizen science project across Canada between 1998 and 2012. Green-up dates were found to relate to the leaf-out dates for four woody species ( Populus tremuloides , Acer rubrum , Syringa vulgaris , Larix laricina ), with a RMSE from 13.6 to 15.6 days. This was true for all landcover types except in pixels where agriculture or water bodies were dominant. This is less accurate than the results from previous studies for boreal Eurasia (RMSE = 8.7 days), with phenology data from an operational network. When data were aggregated at a regional level, the remote sensing green-up date matched well with the interannual variations in leafing and also in flowering of most of the recorded species. These included spring events for trees, shrubs and non-woody plants which were either native to Canada or introduced. For most plants, spring flowering and leafing times are functions of accumulated temperature. For this reason, plant species develop in a predictable sequence, and interannual variations in this cohort of species leafing and flowering are correlated. This explains the correlation with remote sensing green-up. Data from this volunteer PlantWatch network proved consistent with independent satellite data, suggesting that combining the two will strengthen the future capacity to monitor vegetation changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locating and quantifying anomalous, deep-origin CO 2 leakage from the soil to the atmosphere is typically accomplished by interpolating a dataset of point flux measurements, with overall accuracy and uncertainty strongly influenced by sample spacing relative to anomaly size and variability. To reduce this uncertainty we have developed the Ground CO 2 Mapper, a low-cost complementary tool that rapidly measures, at high spatial resolution, the distribution of CO 2 concentration at the ground-air contact as a proxy of CO 2 flux. Laboratory tests show that the Mapper has a low noise level (2σ = 16 ppm) and fast response time (T 90 = 1.55 s), while field tests at a small controlled-release site define a high level of reproducibility and sensitivity and illustrate the impact of wind and survey speed on instrument response. Modelling based on these results indicates that the Mapper has a greater than 60% probability of detecting an intersected 2 m wide anomaly having a maximum CO 2 flux rate of 75 and 100 g m−2 d−1 at survey speeds of 2.5 and 4.8 km h−1, respectively, under the test conditions. Measurements in a large (4600 m2) grassland field where natural geogenic CO 2 is leaking show how the Mapper can produce, in <10% of the time, a more detailed map of CO 2 flux distribution than a point flux survey conducted on a ca. 10 m grid spacing. Based on these results we believe the Ground CO 2 Mapper can give a useful contribution to diffuse degassing studies in volcanic/geothermal areas and to monitoring of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) sites by reducing overall survey time, costs and uncertainty. Future work will test the Mapper's response and capabilities under more diverse site and meteorological conditions than those examined in this study. [Display omitted] • Mapping CO 2 leakage with point flux measurements has a high level of uncertainty. • New tool maps CO 2 concentration at ground surface at high resolution as flux proxy. • Lab/controlled release tests and natural geogenic leak surveys show capabilities. • Rapid, sensitive, robust and low-cost tool supports soil gas and gas flux surveys. • Useful for carbon capture and storage (CCS) monitoring/diffuse degassing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of the water column in the vicinity of offshore Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) sites is needed to ensure site integrity and to protect the surrounding marine ecosystem. In this regard, the use of continuous, autonomous systems is considered greatly advantageous due to the costs and limitations of periodic, ship-based sampling campaigns. While various geochemical monitoring tools have been developed their elevated costs and complexities mean that typically only one unit can be deployed at a time, yielding single point temporal data but no spatial data. To address this the authors have developed low-cost pCO 2 sensors (GasPro-pCO 2 ) that are small, robust, stable, and which have a low power consumption, characteristics which allow for the deployment of numerous units to monitor the spatial-temporal distribution of pCO 2 , temperature, and water pressure in surface water environments. The present article details the results of three field deployments at the natural, CO 2 -leaking site near Panarea, Island. While the first consisted of 6 probes placed on the sea floor for a 2.5 month period, the other two involved the deployment of 20 GasPro units along a transect through the water column in the vicinity of active CO 2 seeps over 2 – 4 days. Results show both transport and mixing processes and highlight the dynamic nature of the leakage-induced marine geochemical anomalies. Implications for monitoring programs as well as potential impacts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of gas concentrations and fluxes in the soil and atmosphere is a powerful tool for monitoring geological carbon capture and storage (CCS) sites because the analyses are made directly in the biosphere in which we live. These methods can be used to both find and accurately quantifying leaks, and are visible and tangible data for public and ecosystem safety. To be most reliable and accurate, however, the measurements must be interpreted in the context of natural variations in gas concentration and flux. Such baseline data vary both spatially and temporally due to natural processes, and a clear understanding of their values and distributions is critical for interpreting near-surface gas monitoring techniques. The best example is CO 2 itself, as the production of this gas via soil respiration can create a wide range of concentrations and fluxes that must be separated from, and not confused with, CO 2 that may leak towards the surface from a storage reservoir. The present article summarizes baseline studies performed by the authors at various sites having different climates and geological settings from both Europe and North America, with focus given to the range of values that can result from near surface processes and how different techniques or data processing approaches can be used to help distinguish a leakage signal from an anomalous, shallow biogenic signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although CO 2 capture and storage in deep, offshore reservoirs is a proven technology, as illustrated by over 15 years of operation of the Sleipner site in the Norwegian North Sea, potential leakage from such sites into the overlying water column remains a concern for some stakeholders. Therefore, we are obliged to carefully assess our ability to predict and monitor the migration, fate, and potential ecosystem impact of any leaked CO 2 . The release of bubbles from the sea floor, their upward movement, and their dissolution into the surrounding water controls the initial boundary conditions, and thus an understanding of the behavior of CO 2 bubbles is critical to address such issues related to monitoring and risk assessment. The present study describes results from an in situ experiment conducted in 12 m deep marine water near the extinct volcanic island of Panarea (Italy). Bubbles of a controlled size were created using natural CO 2 released from the sea floor, and their evolution during ascent in the water column was monitored via both video and chemical measurements. The obtained results were modelled and a good fit was obtained, showing the potential of the model as a predictive tool. These preliminary results and an assessment of the difficulties encountered are examined and will be used to improve experimental design for the subsequent phase of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near surface gas measurements are presented from a shallow (20 m depth) CO2 injection experiment at the CO2 Field Lab site in Svelvik, Norway, which was designed to test a variety of monitoring tools. Small areas of surface seepage of CO2 were detected during the experiment and these spread as the injection rate was increased. These features only accounted for a small fraction of the injected gas. Isotopic measurements revealed traces of injected CO2 at 50 cm depth nearer the injection point. The spatial extent of this is unknown but it is not likely to imply a significant amount of CO2 seepage. The locations of the gas escape were not as anticipated by prior modelling and highlight the difficulty of predicting where leakage may occur and, hence, where to deploy monitoring equipment. This unpredictability and the limited size of the seeps implies that monitoring will have to be flexible, preferably mobile and capable of detecting small features in large areas if successful leakage detection at surface is to be achieved. Low level seepage, such as that suggested isotopically here, could be significant for carbon auditing if it occurs over wide areas. This could be tested in areas of natural CO2 seepage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Most subsurface CO2 monitoring lacks long-term data. [•] Tree rings records from Caldera Latera (Italy) provide biomonitoring data. [•] We use 14C concentration in tree rings to detect CO2 outgassing. [•] Natural permanent CO2 leakage does not influence oak growth patterns. [•] Decadal variations in caldera CO2 outgassing rate are demonstrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Patient selection for cementless knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains challenging. 106 consecutive TKAs performed with a cementless porous tantalum tibial component of PS-design were reviewed. Nine failures (8 male/1 female) occurred at a mean 18months and demonstrated a characteristic failure mode of medial tibial collapse. The mean height of 72.5inches in the failure group was greater than the 65.8inches in the well-functioning group (P <0.001). The mean weight of 260.4lb in the failure group was greater than the 204.1lb in the well-functioning group (P =0.006). The high early failure rate occurred predominantly in tall, heavy, male patients and may be related to medial tibial overload resulting from increased flexibility of the implant in this patient type. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sites of natural CO2 leakage provide opportunities to study the potential environmental impacts of such leakage on near-surface ecosystems. As part of the FP7 RISCS (Research into Impacts and Safety in CO2 Storage) project a geochemical, botanical and microbiological study have been conducted on a natural CO2 vent in Florina, Greece and the findings are compared with the results drawn from Latera, Italy and Laacher See, Germany. Plant and microbial communities appear to have adapted to long-term CO2 exposure. Therefore the findings may not be representative of the effects of potential leakage from man made storage sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The RISCS (Research into Impacts and Safety in Carbon Storage) project is investigating potential environmental impacts of CO2 leakage. At ASGARD (Artificial Soil Gassing and Response Detection), a fully-replicated facility for controlled injection of CO2 into soil, investigations have been carried out to determine the effects of elevated soil CO2 on crops, soil microbiology, soil flux and soil CO2 concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CO2 storage monitoring programmes aim to demonstrate the effectiveness of the project in controlling atmospheric CO2 levels, by providing confidence in predictions of the long-term fate of stored CO2 and identifying and measuring any potentially harmful leaks to the environment. In addition, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) treats leakages of stored CO2 from the geosphere in to the ocean or atmosphere as emissions, and as such they need to be accounted for. An escape of CO2 from storage may be detected through losses from the reservoir, or migration through the overburden, into shallow groundwater systems, through topsoil and into the atmosphere, or through a seabed into the water column. Various monitoring techniques can be deployed to detect and in some cases quantify leakage in each of these compartments. This paper presents a portfolio of monitoring methods that are appropriate for CO2 leakage quantification, with a view to minimising both uncertainties and costs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background context: Current spine arthroplasty devices require disruption of the annulus fibrosus for implantation. Preliminary studies of a unique annulus-sparing intervertebral prosthetic disc (IPD) found that preservation of the annulus resulted in load sharing of the annulus with the prosthesis. Purpose: Determine flexibility of the IPD versus fusion constructs in normal and degenerated human spines. Study design/setting: Biomechanical comparison of motion segments in the intact, fusion and mechanical nucleus replacement states for normal and degenerated states. Patient setting: Thirty lumbar motion segments. Outcomes measures: Intervertebral height; motion segment range of motion, neutral zone, stiffness. Methods: Motion segments had multidirectional flexibility testing to 7.5Nm for intact discs, discs reconstructed using the IPD (n=12), or after anterior/posterior fusions (n=18). Interbody height and axial compression stiffness changes were determined for the reconstructed discs by applying axial compression to 1,500N. Analysis included stratifying results to normal mobile versus rigid degenerated intact motion segments. Results: The mean interbody height increase was 1.5mm for IPD reconstructed discs versus 3.0mm for fused segments. Axial compression stiffness was 3.0±0.9kN/mm for intact compared with 1.2±0.4kN/mm for IPD reconstructed segments. Reconstructed disc ROM was 9.0°±3.7° in flexion extension, 10.6°±3.4° in lateral bending, and 2.8°±1.4° in axial torsion that was similar to intact values and significantly greater than respective fusion values (p<.001). Mobile intact segments exhibited significantly greater rotation after fusion versus their more rigid counterparts (p<.05); however, intact motion was not related to motion after IPD reconstruction. The NZ and rotational stiffness followed similar trends. Differences in NZ between mobile and rigid intact specimens tended to decrease in the IPD reconstructed state. Conclusion: The annulus-sparing IPD generally reproduced the intact segment biomechanics in terms of ROM, NZ, and stiffness. Furthermore, the IPD reconstructed discs imparted stability by maintaining a small neutral zone. The IPD reconstructed discs were significantly less rigid than the fusion constructs and may be an attractive alternative for the treatment of degenerative disc disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background Context: Stand-alone nonbiologic interbody fusion devices for the lumbar spine have been used for interbody fusion since the early 1990s. However, most devices lack the stability found in clinically successful circumferential fusion constructs. Stability results from cage geometry and device/vertebral endplate interface integrity. To date, there has not been a published comparative biomechanical study specifically evaluating the effects of endplate engagement of interbody devices. Purpose: Lumbar motion segments implanted with three different interbody devices were tested biomechanically to compare the effects of endplate engagement on motion segment rigidity. The degree of additional effect of supplemental posterior and anterior fixation was also investigated. Study Design/Setting: A cadaveric study of interbody fusion devices with varying degrees of endplate interdigitation. Outcome Measures: Implanted motion segment range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ), stiffness, and disc height. Methods: Eighteen human L23 and L45 motion segments were distributed into three interbody groups (n=6 each) receiving a polymeric (polyetheretherketone) interbody spacer with small ridges; a modular interbody device with endplate spikes (InFix, Abbott Spine, Austin, TX, USA); or dual tapered threaded interbody cages (LT [Lordotic tapered] cage; Medtronic, Memphis, TN, USA). Specimens were tested intact using a 7.5-Nm flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial torsion flexibility protocol. Testing was repeated after implantation of the interbody device, anterior plate fixation, and posterior interpedicular fixation. Radiographic measurements determined changes in disc height and intervertebral lordosis. ROM and NZ were calculated and compared using analysis of variance. Results: The interbody cages with endplate spikes or threads provided a statistically greater increase in disc height versus the polymer spacer (p=.01). Relative to intact, all stand-alone devices significantly reduced ROM in lateral bending by a mean 37% to 61% (p≤.001). The cages with endplate spikes or threads reduced ROM by ∼50% and NZ by ∼60% in flexion-extension (p≤.02). Only the cage with endplate spikes provided a statistically significant reduction in axial torsion ROM compared with the intact state (50% decrease, p<.001). Posterior fixation provided a significant reduction in ROM in all directions versus the interbody device alone (p<.001). Anterior plating decreased ROM over interbody device alone in flexion-extension and torsion but did not have additional effect on lateral bending ROM. Conclusion: The cages with endplate spikes or threads provide substantial motion segment rigidity compared with intact in bending modes. Only the cages with endplate spikes were more rigid than intact in torsion. All devices experienced increased rigidity with anterior plating and even greater rigidity with posterior fixation. It appears that the endplate engagement with spikes may be beneficial in limiting torsion, which is generally difficult with other “stand-alone” devices tested in the current and prior reports. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background context: The optimal animal model for in vivo testing of spinal implants, particularly total or partial disc replacement devices, has not yet been determined. Mechanical and morphological similarities of calf and human spines have been reported; however, limitations of the calf model include open growth plates and oversized vertebrae with growth. Mature runt cows (Corrientes breed) may avoid these limitations. Purpose: This study compared vertebral morphology and biomechanical properties of human and runt cow lumbar motion segments. Study design: In vivo disc pressure measurements were obtained in six mature runt cows at L4–L5. In vitro evaluation was performed on these same segments and repeated on 12 human motion segments. Methods: Disc pressures were measured in vivo in runt cow (Corrientes breed) L45 discs using a percutaneous transducer with the animal performing various activities. These motion segments were then harvested and morphologic and biomechanical evaluations (disc pressure in compression, flexibility tests to 7.5Nm) were performed on both cow and male human L23 and L45 segments. Results: The transverse lumbar disc dimensions were slightly smaller for (mixed gender) cow versus (male) humans, but were within the range of reported (mixed gender) human values. The mean±SD disc height was smaller for runt cow (7±1mm) versus human discs (13±2mm, p<.001). The vertebral bodies of the cow were approximately twice as tall as the human. In vitro testing revealed significantly greater disc pressure response to applied axial loading in the runt cow versus humans (1.27±0.18 vs. 0.84±0.15kPa/N, respectively) but similar overall stiffness (2.15±0.71 vs. 1.91±0.94kN/mm, respectively). Runt cow and human segment flexibility curves were similar with the following exceptions: runt cow stiffness was ∼40% greater in torsion (p<.05), runt cow segment lateral bending motion was greater versus humans (range of motion by 30%, neutral zone by 100%; both p<.05), and flexion range of motion tended to be smaller in runt cow versus human specimens (by ∼40%, p=NS). In vivo, the standing disc pressure in the runt cow was 0.80±0.24MPa. Conclusions: Although no animal replicates the human motion segment, the runt cow lumbar spine had a number of biomechanical and morphological measurements within the range of human values. The closed physes and temporally stable morphology of the mature runt cow may make this model more suitable versus standard calf models for human intradiscal implant studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A critical component of long term geological sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 will be our ability to adequately monitor a chosen site to ensure public and environmental safety. Near surface monitoring is particularly important, as it is possible to conduct sensitive and direct measurements at the boundary between the subsurface and the biosphere (i.e. surface water or atmosphere). While discontinuous surface monitoring is often performed, continuous monitoring is preferable if one hopes to observe a leak in its early stages to allow for rapid remedial action. The geochemical signal that may result from a near-surface CO2 leak might take the form of increased soil gas concentrations (on land) or changing pH, Eh, and aqueous chemistry (in groundwater or surface water), and thus continuous monitoring stations capable of analyzing for these parameters have great potential for early leak detection. In the framework of the EC-funded CO2GeoNet and CO2ReMoVe projects innovative monitoring systems have been designed and constructed for autonomous deployment in marine environments above geological CO2 storage sites. The system developed within CO2GeoNet was tested at a site in the Gulf of Trieste where there is no gas release; this site was chosen due to easy access and the presence of an existing oceanographic buoy onto which the monitoring station was mounted. Tests on this early prototype highlighted the various difficulties of working in marine environments, and this experience formed the basis for a new system developed for deployment at the Panarea test site within CO2ReMoVe. This second site is located off the coast of Panarea Island, to the north of Sicily, where naturally-produced CO2 leaks from the seabed into the water column. The advantage of this site is that the leaks occur in a relatively near-shore environment (<300 m) and in water that is not too deep (<25 m), thereby allowing for easy access by SCUBA divers for system testing and maintenance. This location allowed the unit to be connected via cable, rather than a buoy, which makes power supply and data transfer simpler. The system developed for this site consists of three monitoring points that are connected to a land-based control unit. Each point, located 100, 200, and 300 m from shore in different CO2 flux regimes, is able to measure dissolved CO2 and CH4, conductivity, pH, and temperature using low cost but sensitive sensors. The complete system consists of flexible solar panels, a central control unit and three monitoring points, and data download is conducted using a GPRS connection and a web server. Difficulties with the initial deployment in early April of 2008 has necessitated further development work, with the second deployment planned for early November. The following paper discussed the experience gained with these stations, and presents data analysis and anomaly recognition from a land-based monitoring station that has been collecting dissolved CO2 data for over 18 months. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: New methods for the monitoring of CO2 near the ground surface at geological CO2 storage sites have been tested over areas of natural CO2 emission. Mobile open path laser measurements and ground-surface portable infrared measurements show great promise for rapid assessment of large areas. Such techniques would help to focus more detailed investigations needed to verify the extent and source of the gas being emitted. It is envisaged that they would be used in conjunction with established field and laboratory techniques and continuous monitoring methods as part of an overall monitoring strategy for a CO2 storage site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]