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Hemp milk, an emerging beverage with high nutritional value and low allergenicity, is an attractive alternative to dairy, soy, and nut milks. To obtain a non-thermally processed, physically and oxidatively stable hemp milk, high pressure homogenization (HPH) combined with pH shift treatment was investigated. For hemp milk (4% protein, 5% fat) without pH shift, increasing the homogenization pressure (up to 60 MPa) resulted in a more uniform distribution of emulsion droplets (2.2–2.7 μm). When pH shift was applied prior to HPH, large clusters and aggregates of oil droplets (3.5–8.2 μm) were formed. Interestingly, hemp milk with such interactive structures was remarkably stable, showing negligible phase separation within 3-day storage at 4 °C. Moreover, hemp milk made by combined pH shift and HPH exhibited delayed hydroperoxides (expressed as peroxide value, PV) and malondialdehyde (expressed as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS) production, suggesting the resistance of such emulsion cluster structures to radicals. On the other hand, a significant reduction of microbial population was observed in hemp milk prepared by pH shift combined with HPH. The results indicate that the pH shift + HPH combination treatment may potentially be employed for the production of non-thermally processed hemp milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study analysed the effect of frequency of intake and amount of fluoride in milk on the remineralisation of artificial enamel and dentine caries lesions ex vivo/in situ. Materials and methods: Pre-demineralised bovine enamel and dentine slabs were randomly allocated into 5 groups and fixed in removable appliances used by subjects for 7 days in each phase. Each treatment comprised milk containing 2.5 ppm fluoride daily (T1), or every other day (T2), 5.0 ppm F daily (T3), or every other day (T4) or no treatment (T5). Results: Enamel alterations were quantified by surface hardness recovery (%SHR) and transversal microradiography (TMR), and in dentine by TMR only. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). For enamel, the highest %SHR was found for T1 and T3 compared to control, without significant differences between them. All groups showed positive values of ΔΔZ - T1 (247.3 ± 198.5); T2 (110.9 ± 303.2); T3 (226.0 ± 299.2); T5 (5.0 ± 288.0), except T4 (-274.5 ± 407.3). For dentine, the only group that presented remineralisation was T2 (350.0 ± 657.5). Conclusions: Fluoridated milk daily seems to have higher remineralising effect on enamel than its use every other day. Dentine, does not seem to benefit from daily use of fluoridated milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on iodine-131 detected in milk samples from the Dairy Science Unit at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, California following events at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in March of 2011. The milk samples, collected between March 21 and April 11, 2011, were part of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program. A correlation is made between the integrated activity of iodine-131 found in milk and the integrated activities of iodine-131 of rainwater, vegetation and air samples that were collected from March 19 to April 18, 2011. A comparison is then made to previous studies conducted on dairy cattle that were administered controlled amounts of iodine-131 through ingestion. The comparison shows good agreement to the model which states that generally 1 percent of the activity of iodine-131 ingested by dairy cattle will be detected in harvested milk. Considering the environmental factors and the uncertainties involved, these data and calculated results derived from a real world situation provide an excellent application and confirmation of studies done under controlled settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphatidylserine (PS) has received interest for its ability to improve cognitive abilities and behaviors. A new method for determining PS in milk-based nutritional products has been developed. The method includes a quick and simple sample preparation procedure, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fluorescence detection (FLD) with an on-line 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC) derivatization. The method allows PS to be determined in raw materials, milk powder and liquid milk products. The day-to-day ( n = 3 days) average recovery of over spike-in (at 100% PS content level) was 100%, and the method quantification limit is 53 mg per kg milk powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to discover which rheological profiles are related to greater expected satiety in semi-solid milk-based snacks. Chocolate flavoured snacks were prepared with four different hydrocolloids (alginate, carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose -HPMC- and xanthan gum) at three different concentrations. Rheological measurements were carried out in a controlled stress rheometer using a parallel-plates sensor system. Flow curves were obtained at increasing shear rates (0–200 s−1) and viscoelastic properties were measured using small amplitude oscillatory shear tests. The results showed that, in general, increasing the hydrocolloid concentration resulted in greater yield stress, viscosity, thixotropy and viscoelastic moduli, with differences depending on the type of hydrocolloid. For HPMC and alginate, increasing the concentration mainly increased the viscosity, thixotropy and yield stress, while for xanthan gum and carrageenan the most important changes were rises in elastic modulus values and decreased tan δ. The expected satiety delivered by the different samples was evaluated by 50 participants. The snacks were presented physically, sampled and assessed in relation to picture scales of four “comparison foods”: apple, chocolate bar, sandwich (ham and cheese) and doughnut. The results indicated that the effect on expected satiety of increasing the thickness of the snack differed according to the type of thickener used. Expected satiety increased with higher concentration in the alginate and HPMC samples but not in those prepared with carrageenan or xanthan gum. PLS regression showed that viscosity, not solidity (elasticity), determined the expected satiety of semi-solid milk-based snacks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bovine milk is an agricultural product of tremendous value worldwide. It contains proteins, fat, lactose, vitamins, and minerals. It provides nutrition and immunological protection (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract) to the newborn and young calf. It also forms an important part of human nutrition. The repertoire of proteins in milk (i.e., its proteome) is vast and complex. The milk proteome can be described in detail by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. However, the high concentration of dominating proteins in milk reduces mass spectrometry detection sensitivity and limits detection of low abundant proteins. Further, the general health and udder health of the dairy cows delivering the milk may influence the composition of the milk proteome. To gain a more exhaustive and true picture of the milk proteome, we performed an extensive preanalysis fractionation of raw composite milk collected from documented healthy cows in early lactation. Four simple and industrially applicable techniques exploring the physical and chemical properties of milk, including acidification, filtration, and centrifugation, were used for separation of the proteins. This resulted in 5 different fractions, whose content of proteins were compared with the proteins of nonfractionated milk using 2-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. To validate the proteome analysis, spectral counts and ELISA were performed on 7 proteins using the ELISA for estimation of the detection sensitivity limit of the 2-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Each fractionation technique resulted in identification of a unique subset of proteins. However, high-speed centrifugation of milk to whey was by far the best method to achieve high and repeatable proteome coverage. The total number of milk proteins initially detected in nonfractionated milk and the fractions were 635 in 2 replicates. Removal of dominant proteins and filtering for redundancy across the different fractions reduced the number to 376 unique proteins in 2 replicates. In addition, 366 proteins were detected by this process in 1 replicate. Hence, by applying different fractionation techniques to milk, we expanded the milk proteome. The milk proteome map may serve as a reference for scientists working in the dairy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Adequate nutrition is needed for the accrual of bone mass during the pre- and postpubertal growth periods. This study aimed to examine the associations between dietary calcium, vitamin D (calciferol), and milk intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in Spanish adolescents, aged 12.5–17.5yr, participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study (HELENA-CSS). Bone mass was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and diet via 2 nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls (n=227; 48% males). A random subsample of 101 adolescents (46% males) had available measures of 25(OH)D. Multiple linear regression was applied. Significant adjusted associations were observed in males, among milk intakes and BMC and BMD. Also in males, whole-body, head, and right arm BMD were positively related to calcium intakes. In females, 25(OH)D was positively related among others to whole-body, subtotal, and left and right arm BMC and BMD. It could be speculated that diet is not a limiting factor of bone mass development in this group of healthy adolescents, and further research on the effect of other factors in addition to diet in a larger sample should be undertaken. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Being overweight is associated with vascular abnormalities, which are important in the development of atherosclerosis. However, little is known about dietary and lifestyle determinants of vascular function in overweight children. In adults, dietary protein and milk intake are associated with reduced blood pressure and reduced risk of metabolic syndrome. This study examined the associations between dietary protein, milk intake, physical activity, and adiposity on arterial stiffness in overweight children. In a cross-sectional study, overweight children with habitual milk intakes ≤250 mL/d were examined by DXA scans, pedometer counts, anthropometry, and metabolic variables. Dietary intake was registered for 4 d. The outcomes were arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) (n = 182) and augmentation index (Aix) (n = 183). The PWV (mean ± SD) was 4.78 ± 0.72 m/s and the Aix was -0.77 ± 9.44%. In multivariate models, the android fat:gynoid fat and android fat:body fat ratios were positively associated with PWV (β = 1.49 and β = 10.3, both P < 0.05) and Aix (β = 28.3, P < 0.01 and β = 153, P < 0.05), whereas the gynoid fat:body fat ratio was negatively associated with the Aix (β = -134; P < 0.001). Protein intake (percentage energy) was positively associated with PWV (β = 0.05; P < 0.01). Milk intake (L/d) tended to be negatively associated with PWV (β = -0.64; P = 0.05). Pedometer counts were negatively associated with the Aix; however, the association became nonsignificant after controlling for HOMA, which was positively associated with the Aix (β = 0.95; P < 0.01). In conclusion, central adiposity and protein intake are associated with increased arterial stiffness measured as PWV in overweight children independent of blood pressure and heart rate. The effect of protein intake may be caused by meat, because the milk intake was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: During feeding, dietary galactose is a potential source of hepatic glycogen synthesis; but its contribution has not been measured to date. In the presence of deuterated water (2H2O), uridine diphosphate (UDP)–glucose derived from galactose is not enriched, whereas the remainder derived from glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is enriched in position 2 to the same level as body water, assuming complete G6P–fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) exchange. Hence, the difference between UDP-glucose position 2 and body water enrichments reflects the contribution of galactose to glycogen synthesis relative to all other sources. In study 1, G6P-F6P exchange in 6 healthy subjects was quantified by supplementing a milk-containing breakfast meal with 10 g of [U-2H7]glucose and quantifying the depletion of position 2 enrichment in urinary menthol glucuronide. In study 2, another 6 subjects ingested 2H2O and acetaminophen followed by an identical breakfast meal with 10 g of [1-13C]glucose to resolve direct/indirect pathways and galactose contributions to glycogen synthesis. Metabolite enrichments were determined by 2H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. In study 1, G6P-F6P exchange approached completion; therefore, the difference between position 2 and body water enrichments in study 2 (0.20% ± 0.03% vs 0.27% ± 0.03%, P < .005) was attributed to galactose glycogenesis. Dietary galactose contributed 19% ± 3% to glycogen synthesis. Of the remainder, 58% ± 5% was derived from the direct pathway and 22% ± 4% via the indirect pathway. The contribution of galactose to hepatic glycogen synthesis was resolved from that of direct and indirect pathways using a combination of 2H2O and [1-13C]glucose tracers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the biological properties of milk from different animals and breeds such as cows, goats (Prisca, Ionica or Saanen breeds) and donkeys (Martina Franca breed). Methods included in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments to evaluate the activity of milks on platelet aggregation and antioxidant capacity. The in vitro trials results demonstrated the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in goats’ milk, especially from Prisca breed. Ex vivo trials showed that Prisca goats’ milk inhibits platelet aggregation at lower amounts than milk from other species. Consumption for 40 days of 0.6 L day−1 of Prisca goats’ milk significantly increased TAC in healthy volunteers. This study contributes to defining the biological properties of milk from these animals/breeds. Goats’ milk from the autochthonous Greek breed (Prisca) provided the best antioxidant capacity and inhibitory properties on platelet aggregation of the milk samples tested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For young children, the level of vitamin D required to ensure that most achieve targeted serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≥50 nmol/L has not been studied. We aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D-fortified milk on serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations and to examine the dose-response relationship between vitamin D intake from study milks and serum 25(OH)D concentrations in healthy toddlers aged 12-20 mo living in Dunedin, New Zealand (latitude 46°S(. Data from a 20-wk, partially blinded, randomized trial that investigated the effect of providing red meat or fortified toddler milk on the iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin D status in young New Zealand children (n = 181; mean age 17 mo( were used. Adherence to the intervention was assessed by 7-d weighed diaries at wk 2, 7, 11, 15, and 19. Serum 25(OH(D concentration was measured at baseline and wk 20. Mean vitamin D intake provided by fortified milk was 3.7 μg/d (range, 0-10.4 μg/d). After 20 wk, serum 25(OH(D concentrations but not PTH were significantly different in the milk groups. The prevalence of having a serum 25(OH(D <50 nmol/L remained relatively unchanged at 43% in the meat group, whereas it significantly decreased to between 11 and 15% in those consuming fortified study milk. In New Zealand, vitamin D intake in young children is minimal. Our findings indicate that habitual consumption of vitamin D-fortified milk providing a mean intake of nearly 4 μg/d was effective in achieving adequate year-round serum 25(OH)D for most children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tooth loss due to dental erosion, particularly among children, has increased in many countries and has been linked to increased consumption of acidic drinks. A number of compounds, including bioactive peptides, are therefore being assessed for their potential to improve dental health. Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) contains two major fractions, glycosylated (gCMP) and non-glycosylated (aCMP), both possessing bioactive properties. This study aimed to determine the ability of CMP and its individual fractions to protect teeth against acidic erosion. Hydroxyapatite (HA) as the tooth model was pretreated with CMP peptides before exposure to citrate buffers (as the erosive solution) at pH 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5. A reduction in the dissolution of calcium and phosphate from the treated HA compared with untreated HA demonstrated the protective effect of these peptides, and indicated that whole CMP and its fractions have the potential to reduce the erosive effect of acidic drinks by 30–45%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Bovine colostrum collected within 12 h of parturition was de-fatted, de-caseinated, and ultrafiltered (UF) using a 5 kDa cut-off membrane; the resulting UF permeate was freeze dried to create a powder with possible use as a functional food ingredient. Samples representative of five lots of this powdered “colostrum low molecular weight fraction” (CLMWF) were analyzed for chemical composition and nutrient profile. The average contents of fat, moisture, and ash were 0.6%, 1.7%, and 8.3%, respectively. Carbohydrate analysis showed an average of 58.2% lactose monohydrate with no monosaccharides, other disaccharides, trioses, or tetroses detected. The total nitrogen content averaged 1.13%, with 74% of this in the non-protein nitrogen fraction, producing an apparent protein content of 1.9%. A significant mass fraction of the material (∼29%) remains to be characterized. The CLMWF powders contained significant quantities of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium, taurine, l-carnitine, thiamine, and riboflavin, and uridine, cytidine and guanosine based nucleos(t)ides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Equine milk has important nutritional and therapeutic properties that can benefit the diet of the elderly, convalescent or newborn. The protein content of equine milk is lower than that of bovine milk but similar to that of human milk. In this review qualitative and quantitative differences between the caseins and whey proteins of equine, bovine and human milk are discussed. Important biological and functional properties of specific proteins are reviewed and their significance in human nutrition considered. As well as characterizing equine milk proteins in the context of human nutrition and allergology, the potential industrial exploitation of equine milk is explored. Cross-reactivity of proteins from different species is discussed in relation to the treatment of cows’ milk protein allergy. While there is some scientific basis for the special nutritional and health-beneficial properties of equine milk based on its protein composition and similarity to human milk, further research is required to fully exploit its potential in human nutrition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bovine milk is associated with improved health and reduced risk of several diseases, among them cancer. Milk is a complex mixture of known and unknown components. The components and the mechanisms that contribute to the cancer-preventive effects are largely unknown. We set out to find new peptides in milk and identified ubiquitin (Ub) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and Western blot. Using quantitative Western blot, we estimated the Ub concentration to be about 0.003 μmol/L in milk. We then decided to investigate the effect of treating human colon cancer CaCo-2 cells with Ub, using higher concentrations than in milk. CaCo-2 cells treated with 0.02 to 2.0 μmol/L Ub showed significantly decreased proliferation compared with untreated control cells. A higher growth inhibitory effect than in CaCo-2 cells was found in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y treated with 0.02 to 0.2 μmol/L Ub. A bromodeoxyuridine DNA flow cytometric method was used to study cell cycle kinetics in Ub-treated CaCo-2 cells. The data point toward a prolongation of the G1 phase. The levels of several cell cycle regulatory proteins were affected. Our data point to Ub possibly being one of the components in milk reducing the risk of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To determine whether the quantity and type of milk (whole, reduced fat, or 1%/nonfat) consumed at age 2 years is associated with adiposity at age 3 years. Design: We assessed milk and dairy intake at age 2 years with food frequency questionnaires completed by mothers. Our primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m2), z score and overweight at age 3 years, defined as BMI for age and sex ≥85th percentile. Subjects/setting: Eight-hundred and fifty-two preschool-aged children in the prospective US cohort Project Viva. Statistical analyses: Linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for maternal BMI and education, paternal BMI, and child age, sex, race/ethnicity, intake of energy, nondairy beverages, television viewing, and BMI z score at age 2 years were used. Results: At age 2 years, mean milk intake was 2.6 (standard deviation 1.2) servings per day. Higher intake of whole milk at age 2, but not reduced-fat milk, was associated with a slightly lower BMI z score (−0.09 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: −0.16 to −0.01]) at age 3 years; when restricted to children with a normal BMI (5th to <85th percentile) at age 2 years, the association was null (−0.05 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: −0.13 to 0.02]). Intake of milk at age 2 years, whether full- or reduced-fat, was not associated with risk of incident overweight at age 3 years. Neither total milk nor total dairy intake at age 2 years was associated with BMI z score or incident overweight at age 3 years. Conclusion: Neither consuming more dairy products, nor switching from whole milk to reduced-fat milk at age 2 years, appears likely to prevent overweight in early childhood. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Information is limited on persistence of early beverage patterns throughout childhood and adolescence and their influence on long-term dietary intake. Objective: To describe changes in beverage intake during childhood and assess beverage and nutrient intake from ages 5 to 15 years among girls who were consuming or not consuming sweetened carbonated beverages (soda) at age 5 years. Design/subjects: Participants were part of a longitudinal study of non-Hispanic white girls and their parents (n=170) assessed biennially from age 5 to 15 years starting fall 1996. Statistical analyses: At each assessment, intakes of beverages (milk, fruit juice, fruit drinks, soda, and tea/coffee), energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients were assessed using three 24-hour recalls. Analyses of longitudinal changes and the interaction between beverage type and age were conducted using a mixed modeling approach. Girls were categorized as either soda consumers or nonconsumers at age 5 years. A mixed modeling approach was used to assess longitudinal differences and patterns of change in beverage and nutrient intake between soda consumption groups. Results: Early differences in soda intake were predictive of later soda and milk intake and of differences in selected nutrients. Relative to girls who were not consuming soda beverages at age 5 years, soda consumers at age 5 years had higher subsequent soda intake, lower milk intake, higher intake of added sugars, lower protein, fiber, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and potassium from ages 5 to 15 years. Conclusions: Soda consumption at age 5 years predicted patterns of nutrient intake that persisted during childhood and into adolescence. Diets of soda consumers were higher in added sugars and lower in protein, fiber, calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous, and potassium. Findings provide a more complex picture regarding the emergence of early beverage patterns and their predictive effects on nutrient intake across childhood and adolescence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Goat milk production is a dynamic and growing industry that is fundamental to the wellbeing of hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is an important part of the economy in many countries. The aim of the present review is to provide an integrated and critical analysis of the major aspects in this field to highlight unexploited nutritional potential of goat milk and the need for improvements, particularly in food safety. First, it should be kept in mind that goat milk like cow milk delivers many nutrients with relatively low energy content, and is relevant to the health of consumers throughout the life cycle. In addition, the review presents data suggesting that goat milk possesses many advantages over cow milk, for use as a nutritional source for infants and children and as a medicinal food. Furthermore, goats, by consuming large amounts of natural browsing plants all year around, are a potentially overlooked “treasure trove”, with respect to health promoting components. The survey suggests that total bacterial count that is currently used as the major quality measure to prevent pathogen-related food toxicity is not sufficiently effective. The proposal is to include somatic cell count as a routine criterion to qualify the hygienic status of goat milk in terms of the relevant physiology and biochemistry. The paper presents a novel mechanism controlling milk secretion, and demonstrates the use of this knowledge in making decisions for two major managerial tasks that farmers face, namely milking frequency that dictates to a large extent the milk yield and workload on the farm, and helping to deal with subclinical mastitis that is the single major cause for economical losses in dairy farms worldwide. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which assesses the effectiveness of large-scale program of distributing subsidized iron-fortified milk in Mexico for preventing anemia and iron deficiency in children ages 13-30 months old. A double-blind. group-randomized effectiveness trial was conducted in 12 milk distribution clusters. Results suggest that a large-scale iron-fortified subsidized-milk program was effective over the reduction of anemia and iron deficiency rates in Mexican children.

Abstract: Objective: The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a commercially available milk containing small amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and vitamins A, B6, D, E, and folic acid compared with semi-skimmed and skimmed milk in volunteers with moderate cardiovascular risk. Methods: Two hundred ninety-seven subjects 25 to 65 y of age with moderate cardiovascular risk were randomly allocated into three groups. In addition to their diets, one group consumed 500 mL/d of the enriched milk, another group consumed 500 mL/d of skimmed milk, and a control group consumed 500 mL/d of semi-skimmed milk. All groups consumed the dairy drinks for 1 y and blood samples were taken at 0 and 12 mo. Results: Consumption of enriched milk for 1 y produced significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum folate (58%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (4%). Plasma triacylglycerols (10%), total cholesterol (4%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (6%) were reduced significantly only in the supplemented group. Serum glucose, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein remained unchanged. In the skimmed milk and semi-skimmed milk groups, the only significant decreases were in serum folate (17% and 11%, respectively). Conclusion: Daily intake of a milk enriched with fish oil, oleic acid, and vitamins improved the nutritional status and cardiovascular risk markers of volunteers, whereas skimmed milk and semi-skimmed milk did not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Milk has long been and will always be consumed as part of a healthy balanced diet as it contains an impressive array of nutrients and, therefore, plays an important role in assisting individuals to meet their nutrient requirements. Nowadays, that nutrition science moves beyond the study of essential nutrients, interspecies differences, considered as a symptom of evolutionary adaptation to different demands of neonates, could be of major biological importance. Research over the last twenty years has focused on bovine milk. Hence, sheep and goat milk still remain an appealing area of research. The possibility to develop easy digestible ovine and/or caprine milk products, for consumer groups with special needs, such as infants, athletes and the elderly is gathering momentum. Furthermore ovine and caprine milk products may carry specific health effects, when ingested as part of the daily diet; they may be convenient vehicles for peptides that reduce the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is involved in vasoconstriction and therefore blood pressure. The presence of casein phosphopeptides may also enhance the physiological significance of ovine and caprine dairy products. Components of the non-protein-nitrogen fraction of milk that may be able to transmit biochemical messages, such as polyamines and nucleotides have also attracted particular scientific attention. Further exploration of ovine and caprine milk to understand its wholesomeness and the functions of intact milk is warranted. Additionally the possibility of using ovine or caprine milk components or colostral fractions for future product development needs further investigation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which determined the skeletal benefits of the fortified milk after withdrawal of supplementation. Conducted was a 2-year fortified milk trial among one hundred nine men of at least 50 years old and with an additional of 18 months with no fortified milk. Findings indicate that supplementation with calcium and vitamin D fortified milk for 2 years may provide sustained benefits for bone mineral density in older men.

The article discusses a study that examines the satiating effects of energy-containing drinks containing high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and sucrose compared to milk and diet drink. Information on the study design and results of the study are provided. The study found no significant differences in energy intakes or consumption of HFCS and other isoenergetic drinks.

A 14-y follow-up of 58 1 children who took part in a randomized controlled trial of the effect of a milk supplement on growth of children was conducted to investigate the supplement's effect on adult bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD). BMC and BMD of the nondominant forearm were measured by single-photon absorptiometry in 37 1 subjects (64%) aged 20-23 y, at a proximal site (shaft of radius and ulna) and at a distal site near the wrist. BMCs and BMDS tended to be higher in the intervention group (NS). Cross-sectionally, BMD was positively associated with body weight (P < 0.01) in both sexes; inversely associated with alcohol consumption (P < 005), and positively with manual occupation (NS) in men; positively associated with current intakes of calcium (P < 0.05), vitamin D (P < 0.01), and sports activity during adolescence (P < 0.01). and inversely with parity (NS) in women. In multiple linear-regression analysis body weight and sports activity during adolescence were stronger determinants of female BMD than was diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many claims have been made concerning prophylactic and therapeutic effects of fermented bovine milk consumption. Of these, the amelioration of lactose intolerance symptoms in humans and rats due to the reduced lactose level caused by fermentation is convincingly documented and corroborated. In addition, some kinds of fermentation microbes can contribute to lactose digestion in vivo thus augmenting the preingestive fermentative decrease of lactose. Relief of the growth inhibition and the gastrointestinal infection susceptibility due to high dietary lactose levels can also be achieved by fermentation of milk lactose. The hypocholesterolemic activity of fermented milk is apparently related to a similar uncharacterized activity of ordinary milk. Antitumorigenic effects in rats have been reported. Microfloral alterations due to dietary dairy microbes have been reported to retard the development of colon cancer. Purported human longevity effects have not been supported by appropriate data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the acceptability of diets that contain modified and unmodified milk and milk products in individuals with lactose intolerance. It mentions several studies that observes the benefits of adding modified and unmodified milk products on the diets of people with milk ingestion. It also indicates that lactose maldigesters can consume larger quantities of low-lactose diary products compared to regular milk without developing symptoms.

The article discusses the effect of maldigestion on the consumption of milk and milk products on the absorption and utilization of the nutrients they contain. It provides statistics of individuals who confirmed lactose maldigestion, however, consume moderate quantities of milk with no awareness of symptoms. It also suggests that populations with high incidence of lactose intolerance can have positive attitude towards the consumption of moderate quantities.

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis that affects all ruminants worldwide. Since the isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue of human patients bearing Crohn's disease, there has been a debate on the possibility of this agent playing a role in the etiology of Crohn's disease. Milk could be the potential vehicle for transmission to humans. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis has already been detected in milk samples worldwide. In Brazil, detection of MAP is uncommon; however, it has already been detected by bacterial isolation and serological test. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of MAP, by PCR, in raw milk samples in the region of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Of 222 milk samples evaluated, 8 (3.6%) quarter milk samples amplified fragments of similar size to that expected of 626 bp. These fragments were cloned and sequenced. The genetic analysis revealed a 99% identity match between the sequences obtained in this study and the insertion sequence IS900 deposited in the GenBank. In the analyzed milk samples, MAP DNA was detected, confirming its presence in dairy cattle in the region of Viçosa. This is the first report of MAP presence in raw milk samples in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background and aims: To clarify the effects of milk intake on bone mineral density (BMD) ，bone mineral content (BMC) and bone metabolism markers. Methods: We identified randomized controlled trials related to urinary N-telopeptide cross-links of type I collagen (NTx), serum osteocalcin, BMD and BMC listed on MEDLINE (January 1966–November 2010), Science Citation Index and PUBMED (updated till November 2010), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979–November 2010) etc. Results: Eleven studies with a total of 2397 subjects were selected for meta-analysis. The osteocalcin in subjects who consumed milk decreased by 5.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.23, 4.57) ng/ml in comparison to that in control treatment. Milk intake vs control treatment significantly decreased urine NTx by 5.41 (95% CI 10.35, 0.47) nmol/mmol. Moreover, the total body BMC in subjects who consumed milk increased significantly by 40.32 (95% CI 17.58, 63.05) g in comparison to that in control treatment. Milk intake vs control treatment increased total body BMD by 0.01 (95% CI -0.02, 0.03) g/cm2 with borderline significance. Conclusions: Milk intervention significantly attenuates bone loss through inhibiting bone metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Farm milk consumption has been identified as an exposure that might contribute to the protective effect of farm life on childhood asthma and allergies. The mechanism of action and the role of particular constituents of farm milk, however, are not yet clear. Objective: We sought to investigate the farm milk effect and determine responsible milk constituents. Methods: In rural regions of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, a comprehensive questionnaire about farm milk consumption and other farm-related exposures was completed by parents of 8334 school-aged children, and 7606 of them provided serum samples to assess specific IgE levels. In 800 cow''s milk samples collected at the participants'' homes, viable bacterial counts, whey protein levels, and total fat content were analyzed. Asthma, atopy, and hay fever were associated to reported milk consumption and for the first time to objectively measured milk constituents by using multiple regression analyses. Results: Reported raw milk consumption was inversely associated to asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.46-0.74), atopy (aOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.90), and hay fever (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.69) independent of other farm exposures. Boiled farm milk did not show a protective effect. Total viable bacterial counts and total fat content of milk were not significantly related to asthma or atopy. Increased levels of the whey proteins BSA (aOR for highest vs lowest levels and asthma, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30-0.97), α-lactalbumin (aOR for interquartile range and asthma, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52-0.97), and β-lactoglobulin (aOR for interquartile range and asthma, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.97), however, were inversely associated with asthma but not with atopy. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the protective effect of raw milk consumption on asthma might be associated with the whey protein fraction of milk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]