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This paper provides a conceptual history of the development of early universe particle physics in the 1970s, focusing on the development of more sophisticated tools for constructing gauge-theories at finite-temperature. I start with a focus on early investigations into spontaneous symmetry restoration, and continue through the development of functional methods up to equilibrium finite-temperature field theory. I argue that the early universe provides an ideal setting for integrated modelling of thermal, gravitational, and particle physics effects due to its relative simplicity. I further argue that the development of finite-temperature field theory played an important secondary role in the rise of the effective field theory worldview, and investigate the status of the analogies between phase transitions in particle physics and condensed matter physics. I find that the division into "formal" versus "physical" analogies is too coarse-grained to understand the important physical developments at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The muon, a short-lived cousin of the electron, has provided a longstanding discrepancy between the standard model of particle physics and experimental measurements. This suggests that a not-yet-known particle or force perturbs the muon. The discovery of such "new physics" would have profound consequences on our understanding of Nature. In 2021, the attention of the world was drawn to this discrepancy when the announcement of the independent confirmation of the experiment by Fermilab [ 1 ] coincided with the publication of our ab-initio calculation (Nature [ 2 ]). Our result dramatically updated the theoretical prediction, bringing it significantly closer to the experimental value: it may be possible to explain the Fermilab measurement without any new physics, even with the latest Fermilab update [ 3 ]. Our result established a new standard of precision for such calculations that has yet to be challenged; with uncertainties comparable to the experimental measurement and the reference, data-driven computations. We are carrying out new simulations to reduce both the systematic and statistical uncertainties. Both improvements are required in order to match the precision of the final Fermilab measurement, to be obtained in the coming years. As such, these simulations will be critical to determine whether the muon's magnetic moment harbours new fundamental physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our aim is to construct the novel wave structures for two non-linear evolution equations which are rising in non-linear optics, mathematical biological models, fluid dynamics, waves theory, mechanics, quantum mechanics, and many more. We employed an efficient analytical technique namely, the Sardar-subequation method to build the wave solutions for the modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation and the Coupled Klein–Gordon equations. We have built the numerous type of soliton wave structures of modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation and the Coupled Klein–Gordon equations via the Sardar-subequation method. Acquired results reveal the dynamics behavior of waves structures including the bright, singular, dark, and periodic singular solitons solutions. To illustrate the behavior of these solutions some selected solutions are sketched in two-, and three-dimensional graphs. On the basis of these results, our technique is suitable, up-to-date, and powerful. The obtained solutions are very efficacious and influential in non-linear optics, mathematical biology, mechanics, fluid mechanics, plasma physics, and many more. This study will assist to predict some new hypothesis and theories in the field of mathematical physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-nucleon force (3NF) is crucial in shaping the shell structure of atomic nuclei, particularly impacting the enhancement of spin-orbit (SO) splitting, especially in nuclei with significant deviations from stability. Despite its importance, the specific mechanisms driving this enhancement remain unclear. In this study, we introduce a decomposition scheme based on the rank of irreducible tensors forming the 3NF, derived from chiral effective field theory at next-to-next-to-leading order, to elucidate their influence on SO splitting. Within the shell-model framework, our analysis reveals that the rank-1 component of the 3NF is the primary factor enlarging the energy gap between the 0 p 3 / 2 and 0 p 1 / 2 single-particle levels in p -shell nuclei, while the rank-2 component makes a subdominant contribution. Since the rank-1 component originates exclusively from the 2 π -exchange 3NF, our finding will not depend on the choice of the low-energy constants of contact terms. We also remark on the antisymmetry of the rank-1 3NF, which can affect the quantum entanglement of spin states. This study lays the groundwork for further exploration into this field toward a microscopic understanding of the 3NF impact on the nuclear shell structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmic string networks are expected to form in early Universe phase transitions via the Kibble mechanism and are unavoidable in several Beyond the Standard Model theories. While most predictions of observational signals of string networks assume featureless Abelian-Higgs or Nambu-Goto string networks, in many such extensions the networks can carry additional degrees of freedom, including charges and currents; these are often generically known as superconducting strings. All such degrees of freedom can impact the evolution of the networks and therefore their observational signatures. We report on the results of 20483 field theory simulations of the evolution of a current-carrying network of strings, highlighting the different scaling behaviours of the network in the radiation and matter eras. We also report the first numerical measurements of the coherence length scales for the charge and current and of the condensate equation of state, and show that the latter mainly depends on the expansion rate, with chirality occurring for the matter era. Qualitatively, the fact that the matter era is the optimal expansion rate for these networks to reach scaling is in agreement with recent analytic modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past two decades, chiral effective field theory has evolved into a powerful tool to derive nuclear forces from first principles. Nearly all two-nucleon interactions have been worked out up to sixth order of chiral perturbation theory, while, with few exceptions, three-nucleon forces, which play a subtle, but crucial role in microscopic nuclear structure calculations, have been derived up to fifth order. We review the current status of these forces as well as their applications in nuclear many-body systems. While the ab initio description of light nuclei is generally very successful, we point out and analyze problems encountered with medium-mass nuclei. We also survey the construction of equations of state for symmetric nuclear matter and neutron-rich matter based on chiral forces. A focal point is the symmetry energy and its impact on neutron skins and systems of astrophysical relevance. The physics of neutron-rich systems, from nuclei to compact stars, is essentially determined by the density dependence of the symmetry energy. We review the status of predictions in comparison with latest empirical constraints, with particular attention to those extracted from parity-violating electron scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leading account of several salient observable features of our universe today is provided by the theory of cosmic inflation. But an important and thus far intractable question is whether inflation is generic, or whether it is finely tuned—requiring very precisely specified initial conditions. In this paper I argue that a recent, model-independent characterization of inflation—that treats inflation as an effective field theory (EFT)—promises to address this question in a thoroughly modern and significantly more comprehensive way than in the existing literature. To motivate and provide context for this claim, I distill three core problems with the theory of inflation, which I dub the permissiveness problem , the initial conditions problem , and the multiverse problem. I argue that the initial conditions problem lies within the scope of EFTs of inflation as they are currently conceived, whereas the other two problems remain largely intractable: their solution must await a more complete description of the very early universe. I highlight recent work that addresses the initial conditions problem within the context of a dynamical systems analysis of a specific (state-of-the-art) EFT of inflation, and conclude with a roadmap for how such work might be extended to realize the promise claimed above. • Three main problems with the theory of cosmic inflation are distilled and clarified. • Effective field theories (EFTs) of inflation promise to address fine-tuning issues. • Recent work on such issues using a state-of-the-art EFT of inflation is described. • A roadmap is provided for how such work can realize the promise claimed above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report we review recent progress achieved in the understanding of heavy quarkonium under extreme conditions from a theory perspective. Its focus lies both on quarkonium properties in thermal equilibrium, as well as recent developments towards a genuine real-time description, valid also out-of-equilibrium. We will give an overview of the theory tools developed and deployed over the last decade, including effective field theories, lattice field theory simulations, modern methods for spectral reconstructions and the open quantum systems paradigm. The report will discuss in detail the concept of quarkonium melting, providing the reader with a contemporary perspective. In order to judge where future progress is needed we will also discuss recent results from experiments and phenomenological modeling of quarkonium in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. • Lattice QCD confirms Q Q ̄ in-medium modification ordered by vacuum binding energy. • Vital properties of quarkonium at T > 0 revealed by the QCD complex in-medium potential. • Open quantum systems capture quarkonium real-time dynamics from 1st principles. • Quarkonium melting represents quantum decoherence involving screening and scattering. • Q Q ̄ suppression in heavy-ion collisions as interplay of melting & recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calculation of the neutron electric dipole moment within effective field theories for physics beyond the Standard Model requires non-perturbative hadronic matrix elements of effective operators composed of quark and gluon fields. In order to use input from lattice computations, these matrix elements must be translated from a scheme suitable for lattice QCD to the minimal-subtraction scheme used in the effective-field-theory framework. The accuracy goal in the context of the neutron electric dipole moment necessitates at least a one-loop matching calculation. Here, we provide the one-loop matching coefficients for the CP -odd three-gluon operator between two different minimally subtracted 't Hooft–Veltman schemes and the gradient flow. This completes our program to obtain the one-loop gradient-flow matching coefficients for all CP -violating and flavor-conserving operators in the low-energy effective field theory up to dimension six. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective field theory (EFT) for dark matter (DM) has been widely used to investigate dark matter detection in both theoretical prediction and experimental analysis. To form a complete basis of effective operators for Dirac DM EFT at dimension seven, eight new four-fermion operators with a derivative in DM currents have recently been introduced. We discuss the experimental observables and constraints for the theoretical predictions of these new operators to constrain the DM mass and relevant energy scale. The observables from thermal relic abundance, indirect and direct detection, and LHC constraints are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of cosmic structures is an important diagnostic for both the dynamics of the cosmological model and the underlying theory of gravity. At the linear level of these structures, certain degeneracies remain between different cosmological models and alternative gravity theories. It is thus indispensable to study the non-linear, late-time evolution of cosmic structures to try and disentangle their fundamental properties caused by the cosmological model or gravity theory itself. Conventionally, non-linear cosmic structure formation is studied by means of computationally expensive numerical simulations. Since these inevitably suffer from shot noise and are too time consuming to systematically scrutinize large parameter spaces of cosmological models or fundamental theories, analytical methods are needed to overcome the limitations of numerical simulations. Recently, a new analytic approach to non-linear cosmic structure formation has been proposed based on kinetic field theory for classical particle ensembles. Within this theory, a closed, analytic, non-perturbative and parameter-free equation could be derived for the non-linear power spectrum of cosmic density perturbations which agrees very well with numerically simulated results to wave numbers k ≲ 10 h Mpc − 1 at redshift z = 0. In this Letter, we study for the first time the implications of alternative gravity theories for non-linear cosmic structure formation applying this promising new analytic framework. As an illustrative example, we consider vector-tensor theories, which support very interesting isotropic cosmological solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graph theoretic perspective is taken for a range of phenomena in continuum physics in order to develop representations for analysis of large scale, high-fidelity solutions to these problems. Of interest are phenomena described by partial differential equations, with solutions being obtained by computation. The motivation is to gain insight that may otherwise be difficult to attain because of the high dimensionality of computed solutions. We consider graph theoretic representations that are made possible by low-dimensional states defined on the systems. These states are typically functionals of the high-dimensional solutions, and therefore retain important aspects of the high-fidelity information present in the original, computed solutions. Our approach is rooted in regarding each state as a vertex on a graph and identifying edges via processes that are induced either by numerical solution strategies, or by the physics. Correspondences are drawn between the sampling of stationary states, or the time evolution of dynamic phenomena, and the analytic machinery of graph theory. A collection of computations is examined in this framework and new insights to them are presented through analysis of the corresponding graphs. • Direct correspondences between computed solutions to physical systems and graph theory. • Representation and analysis of large-scale, high-dimensional computed solutions. • Framework enabling new insights into the distribution of states of dynamical systems. • New front in taking large-scale computational physics to eventual decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • New class of consistent anisotropic damage models with regularized effect is developed for quasi-brittle materials. • Capability of the proposed model to introduce irreversible strains. • A well posedness result associated with the proposed model is established in the case of a fixed damage state. • Robustness of the model is illustrated by different numerical tests. Abstract Within the framework of damage mechanic, numerous anisotropic damage models have been proposed in the literature with the aim to represent the anisotropic degradation of quasi-brittle materials. The benefits from such models arise from the fact they are consistent with the principles of the continuum mechanics enabling easy numerical implementation in the majority of finite element codes. Despite the wealth of anisotropic models in the literature, further developments are needed to simulate correctly the responses involving phenomena related to crack closure. The present paper proposes a new class of anisotropic damage models characterized by its capabilities to describe non linear progressive stiffness recovery with the possibility to introduce permanent strains. The theoretical framework takes benefits from some results of the operator function theory. Further mathematical features are established for sets of functions, which are termed opening (closure) cracking functions. These features are useful to control the material behavior when the tensile or the compressive strains are activated (deactivated) with more or less smoothness. The thermodynamical admissibility condition is fulfilled, as long as the damage variable and the cracking functions satisfy further conditions. The robustness associated with the time integration of the proposed class of models is illustrated by a structural case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Temperature dependences of the frequencies for the Raman modes of ν (NH 2), ν s (CH 3), ν 1 (HCOO−), ν S (CNN) and IR mode of ρ (NH 2) are calculated in particular, for MHyMn close to the phase transition temperature (T C = 220 K) in the family of compounds CH 3 NH 2 NH 2 M(HCOO) 3 , MHyM with M = Mn, Mg, Fe and Zn. By assuming Raman and infrared frequency as an order parameter, this calculation is performed from the molecular field theory by using the experimental data from the literature. We also calculate the damping constant (FWHM) from the order parameter (Raman and IR frequency of those modes) by using the pseudospin (MHy+ cations)-phonon coupled model (PS) and the energy-fluctuation model (EF) for methylhydrazinium metal formate frameworks. Expressions of the damping constant from both models are fitted to the observed FWHM data for the Raman and infrared modes studied for these metal formates. Our results show that the anomalous behaviour of the Raman and IR frequencies of those modes, except the ν S (CH 3) Raman mode which are associated with the phase transition can be described adequately by the molecular field theory in MHyM, as observed experimentally. Also, the damping constant calculated from the PS and EF models can explain the observed FWHM of those Raman and IR modes studied in methylhydrazinium metal formate frameworks. Highlights • Raman and IR frequencies are calculated from the molecular field theory for MHyM. • FWHM of those Raman and IR modes are calculated from the PS and EF models for MHyM. • Experimental data from the literature are used for the modes of MHyM. • Molecular field theory (frequency), PS and EF models (FWHM) are applicable to the MHyM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We investigate phase transitions and critical behaviors in the frustrated J 1 – J 2 – J 3 transverse Ising antiferromagnet on a honeycomb lattice using an effective-field theory. We find that at large negative J 3 ∕ | J 1 | (< − 1 ∕ 3) there is a tricritical point on the phase boundary between Néel antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases, in contrast to the corresponding frustrated counterpart with J 3 = 0 and zero transverse field Ω. In particular, the variation of the tricritical point with R = J 2 ∕ | J 1 | and Ω ∕ | J 1 | in the three-dimensional space is constructed for J 3 ∕ | J 1 | = − 0. 4. We also discuss longitudinal and transverse magnetizations calculated within the effective-field approach for J 3 ∕ | J 1 | = − 0. 4 and selected values of R = J 2 ∕ | J 1 | and Ω ∕ | J 1 |. Highlights • We investigate frustrated transverse Ising antiferromagnet on a honeycomb lattice. • We present a ground-state phase diagram as a function of the frustration parameter. • We present the phase diagram of the model by using an effective-field theory. • We discuss temperature dependences of longitudinal and transverse magnetizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The difficulty of building metastable vacua in string theory, has led some to conjecture that in the string theory landscape, potentials satisfy | ∇ V / V | ≥ c ∼ O (1). This condition, which is supported by different explicit constructions, suggests that the EFTs which lead to metastable de-Sitter vacua belong to what is dubbed as swampland. This condition endangers the paradigm of single field inflation. In this paper, we show how scalar excited initial states cannot rescue single field inflation from the swampland, as they produce large local scalar non-gaussianity, which is in conflict with the Planck upper bound. Instead, we demonstrate that one can salvage single field inflation using excited initial states for tensor perturbations, which in this case produce only large flattened non-gaussianity in the tensor bispectrum. We comment on the possible methods one can prepare such excited initial conditions for the tensor perturbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper by making use of the "Complexity=Action" proposal, we study the complexity growth after shock waves in holographic field theories. We consider both double black hole-Vaidya and AdS-Vaidya with multiple shocks geometries. We find that the Lloyd's bound is respected during the thermalization process in each of these geometries and at the late time, the complexity growth saturates to the value which is proportional to the energy of the final state. We conclude that the saturation value of complexity growth rate is independent of the initial temperature and in the case of thermal initial state, the rate of complexity is always less than the value for the vacuum initial state such that considering multiple shocks it gets more smaller. Our results indicate that by increasing the temperature of the initial state, the corresponding rate of complexity growth starts far from final saturation rate value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recently, we have determined surface distributions of α clusters in the ground state of Ne 20 from α -transfer cross sections, without investigating the properties of its excited states. In this paper we extend our comprehension of α -cluster structures in excited states of nuclei through reaction studies. In particular we focus on O 16 , for which attention has been paid to advances of structure theory and assignment regarding 4 + -resonance states. We study the surface manifestation of the α -cluster states in both the ground and excited states of O 16 from the analysis of the α -transfer reaction C 12 (Li 6 , d) 16 O. The α -transfer reaction is described by the distorted-wave Born approximation. We test two microscopic wave functions as an input of reaction calculations. Then a phenomenological potential model is introduced to clarify the correspondence between cluster-wave functions and transfer-cross sections. Surface peaks of the α -wave function of O 16 (0 +) are sensitively probed by transfer-cross sections at forward angles, while it remains unclear how we trace the surface behavior of O 16 (4 +) from the cross sections. From inspection of the cross sections at forward angles, we are able to specify that the α -cluster structure in the 0 1 + and 0 2 + states prominently manifests itself at the radii ∼4 and ∼4.5 fm, respectively. It is remarkable that the 4 1 + state has the C 12 + α -cluster component with the surface peak at the radius ∼4 or outer, whereas the C 12 + α -cluster component in the 4 2 + state is found not to be dominant. The 4 2 + state is difficult to be interpreted by a simple potential model assuming the C 12 + α configuration only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The feasibility of formulating the Singularity of Nature was enunciated by Einstein's mathematical formula, demonstrating the equivalency of energy and mass (E = mc2). Despite that statement of principle, it has proven impossible to achieve this goal scientifically by directly merging biology and physics into one continuum. More recently, it has been realized that biology can be traced to its origins by reducing evolutionary biology to cell-cell signaling, the unicellular state being seen as a continuum from genotype to phenotype. Mechanistically, Self-referential Self-organization founded on The First Principles of Physiology offers a mechanistic explanation for 'how and why' evolution has transpired, fueled by the ambiguity (Torday and Miller, 2017a) caused by the differential between internal and external cellular entropy. The reduction of biology to cellular networks uniquely gains purchase to the roles of Quantum Mechanics, such as The Pauli Exclusion Principle, The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Non-Localization and Coherence with their homologies in cellular-molecular biology. This opportunity to find the common denominator between physics and biology predicts that consciousness is the denoument of this continuum. As 'proof of principle', the classic dogmatic association of terminal addition with evolution is shown to be due to cell-cell signaling, both developmentally and phylogenetically, as a manifestation of the Singularity. These novel insights offer the opportunity to empirically formulate the basis for the Singularity of Nature for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We study octet–octet baryon (J P = 1 2 +) contact interactions in SU(3) chiral effective field theory by using large- N c operator analysis. By applying the 1 / N c expansion of the Hartree Hamiltonian, we find 15 operators in the octet–octet baryon potential where 4 operators for the leading order (LO) and 11 for the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO). The large- N c operator analysis of octet–octet baryon matrix elements reduces the number of free parameters from 15 to 6 at the LO of the 1 / N c expansion. The application of large- N c sum rules to the Jülich model of hyperon–nucleon (YN) interactions at the LO of the chiral expansion reduces the model parameters to 3 from 5 at the LO of 1 / N c expansion. We find that the values of LECs fitted to YN scattering data in Ref. [21] in the relativistic covariant ChEFT (EG) approach are more consistent with the predictions of the large- N c analysis than in the heavy baryon (HB) formalism approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hydrodynamic fluctuations are found to be important in many situations such as cosmology, condensed matter system and heavy-ion collisions. Recently, an effective field theory for fluctuating dissipative hydrodynamics has been developed in 1511.03646 and 1701.07817. We apply this theory to investigate nontrivial consequences of hydrodynamic fluctuations on the Bjorken expanding quark gluon plasma (QGP). In particular, we explore nontrivial effects due to interactions among hydrodynamical variables and noises which are systematically incorporated in the present framework but are not fully captured in conventional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The three graphene-like nanoparticles are investigated by using the EFT. • They are constructed from two paramagnetic honeycomb units and an inter-unit exchange interaction r. • Some characteristic phenomena, such as the reentrant phenomena, are found, when take off a transverse field is applied. Abstract The phase diagrams and the magnetizations of graphene-like nanoparticles which are constructed from two paramagnetic honeycomb units and an inter-unit exchange interaction r are investigated by using the effective-field theory with correlations. They have exhibited some characteristic phenomena, such as the reentrant phenomena, when the value of r is larger than r = 1.0 and a transverse field is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We investigate the antiferromagnetic spin- 1 ∕ 2 Ising model in the presence of the external magnetic field on the geometrically frustrated kagome lattice using the effective field theory cluster approximation up to the size of the cluster consisting of 12 connected sites which form typical basic geometrical structure of the kagome lattice. The magnetization properties, systems of the ground states, as well as the specific heat capacity behavior of the model are investigated depending on the cluster size. It is shown that properties of the model related to the frustration, such as the formation of discrete system of ground states, strongly depend on the used cluster approximation. It is shown that besides physically relevant ground states the model also exhibits the existence of ground states which are related to the used effective field theory technique and should disappear in the limit n → ∞ of the n -site cluster approximation with simultaneous formation of physically relevant ground states of the Ising model on the kagome lattice. The unphysical origin of these ground states is also demonstrated by the low temperature behavior of the specific heat capacity which exhibits even inverse Schottky peaks with negative values of the specific heat capacity which are reduced with increasing of the cluster size approximation towards physically acceptable behavior. For completeness, the dependence of the position of the critical temperature and the behavior of the spontaneous magnetization and specific heat capacity of the ferromagnetic model in the zero external magnetic field on the size of the cluster approximation is also briefly discussed. Highlights • Dependence of magnetization properties of the model on cluster size is studied. • The formation of the magnetization plateaus for low temperatures is shown. • The existence of the single-point ground states is also shown. • Anomalies of the specific heat capacity are investigated. • Dependence of the critical temperature of the ferromagnetic model on the size of cluster approximation is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Frequency relation of SH-wave in fiber-reinforced solid over micropolar solid derived. • Magnetic influence in upper fiber-reinforced material has been studied. • The model is developed under periodically corrugated boundary surfaces. • Parametric effect of various attributes have been analyzed and shown graphically. • Special cases involving presence and absence of micropolarity are incorporated. Abstract The present paper is devoted to a study of SH-wave propagation in a fiber-reinforced layer exhibiting magnetic influences embedded over a semi-infinite micropolar elastic solid under the influence of dissimilar corrugated boundary surfaces. In order to establish the frequency relation of SH-wave for the proposed earth model, suitable boundary conditions have been employed upon the surface wave solutions of the elasto-dynamical equations for both the materials. Method of separation of variables has been used in solving the problem. Possible special cases have also been studied which fairly comply with the corresponding results for classical cases. Numerical computations are performed to demonstrate the role of reinforcement parameters, angle with which the wave crosses the magnetic field, corrugation parameters in presence and absence of micropolarity, as well as the micropolarity parameters are presented by means of graphs. The study is important in view of its possible applications in investigations related to deformation characteristics of solids and rock formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We study phase transition properties of the isotropic and anisotropic quantum Heisenberg models for the three dimensional simple cubic lattice under bond randomness. Effects of hamiltonian parameters on the phase diagrams and also magnetization profiles have been discussed. After a detailed analysis, our numerical findings indicate that present system shows interesting magnetic behaviors. For example, when the anisotropy parameters are selected to be relatively small, the system exhibits second order phase transition. However, as the anisotropy parameters exceed a characteristic value, first order phase transition occurs between ordered and disordered phases. We note that this multicritical behavior sensitively depends on the selected values of the bond randomness as well as anisotropy parameters. Highlights • Isotropic and anisotropic quantum Heisenberg models including random bond are considered. • Magnetization profiles and phase diagrams have been discussed. • A multicritical behavior has been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Reduction of developmental biology to self-referential cell-cell communication offers a portal for understanding fundamental mechanisms of physiology as derived from physics through quantum mechanics. It is argued that self-referential organization is implicit to the Big Bang and its further expression is a recoil reaction to that Singularity. When such a frame is considered, in combination with experimental evidence for the importance of epigenetic inheritance, the unicellular state can be reappraised as the primary object of selection. This framework provides a significant shift in understanding the relationship between physics and biology, providing novel insights to the nature and origin of consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The triboelectrification of conducting materials can be explained by electron transfer between different Fermi levels. However, triboelectrification in dielectrics is poorly understood. The surface dipole formations are shown to be caused by the contact-induced surface lattice deformations. An Atomistic Field Theory (AFT) based formulation is utilized to calculate the distribution of the polarization, electric and potential fields. The induced fields are considered as the driving force for charge transfer. The simulation results show that a MgO/BaTiO 3 tribopair can generate up to 104 V / c m 2 , which is comprable with the data in the published literature. Highlights • Contact electrification is correlated with the surface dipole formation. • Atomistic Field Theory provides a coarse-grain tool for electro-mechanical coupling. • Electric characteristics are calculated from a first-principles perspective. • The atomistic calculation on potential is comparable with published experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The influence of magnetic field on FCC of the VGO blended with cottonseed oil was evaluated. • Catalytic cracking was conducted using commercial X-zeolite. • Magnetic field increased the yield of the diesel fraction from 7 to 33% with high aromatic content. Abstract The influence of the 0.4 T magnetic field on catalytic cracking of the vacuum gasoil and its mixture with 5% cottonseed oil was evaluated. Magnetic field intensity excites aromatic resins existing in the vacuum gasoil and causes more effective cracking. Catalytic cracking was conducted using commercial X-zeolite fluid catalytic cracking catalyst and reaction products, especially gasoline and diesel fractions were analyzed in detail. Magnetic field increased the yield of the diesel fraction from 7 to 33% and enriched its composition with aromatic hydrocarbons while opposite effect was observed in gasoline. Cracking mechanisms in formation of gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbons were briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• During the 15-day pre-cooling of 1.2 km HTS cable, Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) test was carried out. • A special phenomenon is found in the tan δ -frequency curves at different temperatures. • The above phenomenon is explained according to the temperature shift theory of dielectric polarization. • An evaluation method of HTS cable pre-cooling process based on FDS is proposed. A 1.2 km, 35 kV superconducting cable project has been built in Shanghai, China. In order to monitor the internal condition of the cable in real time, during the 15-day pre-cooling process, the Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) test at 0.1 Hz–1000 Hz was carried out, and the dielectric loss angle tangent (tan δ)-frequency curves at different temperatures were obtained. A special phenomenon is found: in the early stage of pre-cooling, tanδ is the largest at the lowest frequency and decreases with the increase of frequency; in the late stage of pre-cooling, it becomes that tanδ is the largest at the highest frequency and decreases with the decrease of frequency. According to the Dielectric Polarization Theory in the field of dielectric physics, it is believed that the above phenomenon occurs because the tan δ -frequency curve shifts to the low frequency direction with the decrease of temperature. The evaluation method of the pre-cooling process based on FDS is proposed. In the early stage of cooling, it is suitable to use high frequency tan δ to monitor, and in the late cooling stage, low frequency tan δ is suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The mesoscopic field theory for ionic systems (Ciach and Stell, 2000) is extended to the system with charged boundaries. A very simple expression for the excess grand potential functional of the charge density is developed. The size of hard-cores of ions is taken into account in the expression for the internal energy. The functional is suitable for a description of a distribution of ions in ionic liquids and ionic liquid mixtures with neutral components near a weakly charged wall. The Euler-Lagrange equation is obtained, and solved for a flat confining surface. An exponentially damped oscillatory charge density profile is obtained. The electrostatic potential for the restricted primitive model agrees with the simulation results on a semiquantitative level. Highlights • Simple expression for the grand potential functional of the charge density is developed. • Finite size of ionic cores is taken into account. • The Euler-Lagrange equation is obtained and solved near a charged planar wall. • An exponentially damped oscillatory charge density profile is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical behavior of the binary alloy represented by the formula A c B 1 − c under the effect of bimodal random field distribution has been investigated within the framework of effective field theory. The system consists of type A atoms (spin- 1 ∕ 2 ) with concentration c and type B atoms (spin-1) with concentration 1 − c . Special attention has been paid on the evolution of the phase diagrams with concentration. Besides, by inspecting the behavior of the order parameter, some ideas have been given about the first and second order transitions under several concentrations and randomness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The correspondence between Riemann–Finsler geometries and effective field theories with spin-independent Lorentz violation is explored. We obtain the general quadratic action for effective scalar field theories in any spacetime dimension with Lorentz-violating operators of arbitrary mass dimension. Classical relativistic point-particle lagrangians are derived that reproduce the momentum-velocity and dispersion relations of quantum wave packets. The correspondence to Finsler structures is established, and some properties of the resulting Riemann–Finsler spaces are investigated. The results provide support for open conjectures about Riemann–Finsler geometries associated with Lorentz-violating field theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We show how to construct supersymmetric warped AdS 7 vacua of massive IIA and AdS 6 vacua of IIB supergravity, using "half-maximal structures" of exceptional field theory. We use this formalism to obtain the minimal consistent truncations around these AdS vacua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A one-to-one correspondence is proved between the N -rooted ribbon graphs, or maps, with e edges and the (e − N + 1) -loop Feynman diagrams of a certain quantum field theory. This result is used to obtain explicit expressions and relations for the generating functions of N -rooted maps and for the numbers of N -rooted maps with a given number of edges using the path integral approach applied to the corresponding quantum field theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We show that all fermions of one generation of the Pati–Salam version of the Standard Model (SM) can be elegantly described by a single fixed parity (say even) inhomogeneous real-valued differential form in seven dimensions. In this formalism the full kinetic term of the SM fermionic Lagrangian is reproduced as the appropriate dimensional reduction of (Ψ , D Ψ) where Ψ is a general even degree differential form in R 7 , the inner product (⋅ , ⋅) is as described in the main text, and D is essentially an appropriately interpreted exterior derivative operator. The new formalism is based on geometric constructions originating in the subjects of generalised geometry and double field theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pipeline pigging is a major conventional wax remediation technique for waxy crude oil transportation. Predicting the wax breaking force, a decisive parameter for pigging arrangements, however still remains an open question, primarily due to the ambiguities in wax removal physics as well as a lack of methods. To address this issue, here we propose a new theoretical wax breaking model to explain the wax removal mechanism and predict the wax breaking force, allowing the no empirical parameters or correction factors. It is met by introducing orthogonal cutting in wax removal explanation and employing slip-line field theory in wax breaking force calculation. Scraping disk deformation is incorporated in this model. An indirect trial method is adopted for the wax-disk frictional angle determination. To check its correctness, we conducted verification experiments with 29-mm-ID and 50-mm-ID pipes. Good agreement between the predicted and measured wax breaking forces has been observed with the maximum and average relative deviations being 21.98% and 8.85% respectively. Moreover, case study suggests this model can potentially enable applications in pig design. Recommendations on pig geometry are accordingly given in detail. On the whole, calculating the wax breaking force, this presented model benefits in optimizing the pig design. In a broader perspective, it further helps to avoid pig stall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive an inequality that relates nodal set and eigenvalues of a class of twisted Dirac operators on closed surfaces and point out how this inequality naturally arises as an eigenvalue estimate for the Spin c Dirac operator. This allows us to obtain eigenvalue estimates for the twisted Dirac operator appearing in the context of Dirac-harmonic maps and their extensions, from which we also obtain several Liouville type results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we show that the geodesic flow on a compact rank 1 Riemannian manifold without focal points is transitive, which generalize the classical work of P. Eberlein in the case of nonpositive curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that normal extremals in sub-Riemannian geometry are curves that locally minimize the length functional (equivalently, the energy functional). Most proofs of this fact do not make, however, an explicit use of relations between local optimality and the geometry of the problem. In this paper, we provide a new proof of that classical result, which gives insight into direct geometric reasons for local optimality. Also the relation of the regularity of normal extremals with their optimality becomes apparent in our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that a compact lcK manifold with holomorphic Lee vector field is Vaisman provided that either the Lee field has constant norm or the metric is Gauduchon (i.e., the Lee field is divergence-free). We also give examples of compact lcK manifolds with holomorphic Lee vector field which are not Vaisman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of concern is the study of the space of curves in homogeneous spaces. Motivated by applications in shape analysis we identify two curves if they only differ by their parametrization and/or a rigid motion. For curves in Euclidean space the Square-Root-Velocity-Function (SRVF) allows to define and efficiently compute a distance on this infinite dimensional quotient space. In this article we present a generalization of the SRVF to curves in homogeneous spaces. We prove that, under mild conditions on the curves, there always exist optimal reparametrizations realizing the quotient distance and demonstrate the efficiency of our framework in selected numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a gradient estimate for eigenfunctions associated to the operator Δ V on a Riemannian manifold with m -Bakry–Émery–Ricci tensor bounded from below. As a consequence of this estimate we obtain a Harnack type inequality concerning those eigenfunctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We present a theoretical parametrization of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors (FFs) based on a combination of chiral effective field theory and dispersion analysis. The isovector spectral functions on the two-pion cut are computed using elastic unitarity, chiral pion–nucleon amplitudes, and timelike pion FF data. Higher-mass isovector and isoscalar t -channel states are described by effective poles, whose strength is fixed by sum rules (charges, radii). Excellent agreement with the spacelike proton and neutron FF data is achieved up to Q 2 ∼ 1 GeV2. Our parametrization provides proper analyticity and theoretical uncertainty estimates and can be used for low- Q 2 FF studies and proton radius extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The nonlocal field theory commonly requires a minimal length, and so it appears to formulate the nonlocal theory in terms of the doubly special relativity which makes the speed of light and the minimal length invariant simultaneously. We set up a generic nonlocal model having the same set of solutions as the local theory but allowing Lorentz violations due to the minimal length. It is exactly corresponding to the model with the modified dispersion relation in the doubly special relativity. For this model, we calculate the modified Wightman function and the rate of response function by using the Unruh–DeWitt detector method. It turns out that the Unruh effect should be corrected by the minimal length related to the nonlocality in the regime of the doubly special relativity. However, for the Lorentz-invariant limit, it is shown that the Wightman function and the Unruh effect remain the same as those of the local theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We analyze the possibility to accommodate current b → s ℓ + ℓ − anomalies with TeV-scale mediators that couple to right-handed top quarks and muons, contributing to b → s ℓ + ℓ − at the one-loop level. We use the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) framework but also look at specific scenarios by taking into account all possible irreducible representations of the Lorentz and Standard Model gauge group for the mediators. From a global fit of b → s ℓ + ℓ − data and LEP-I observables we find that the Wilson coefficients of two SMEFT operators: O ℓ u = ( ℓ ¯ L μ γ α ℓ L μ) ( t ¯ R γ α t R) and O e u = ( μ ¯ R γ α μ R) ( t ¯ R γ α t R) need to satisfy C e u ∼ C ℓ u. New physics enters then in b → s ℓ + ℓ − mainly through the operator O 9 = (s ¯ γ μ P L b) (ℓ ¯ γ μ ℓ) of the Weak Effective Theory. After discussing all possible mediators, we concentrate on two scenarios: A vector boson in the irreducible representation Z μ ′ ∼ (1 , 1 , 0) of the Standard Model gauge group with vectorial coupling to muons, and a combination of two leptoquarks: the scalar R 2 ∼ (3 , 2 , 7 / 6) and the vector U ˜ 1 μ ∼ (3 , 1 , 5 / 3). We derive LHC constraints by recasting di-muon resonance, p p → t t ¯ t t ¯ and SUSY searches. Additionally, we analyze the prospects for discovering these mediators during the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We present a novel Affleck–Dine scenario for the generation of the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe based on the non-trivial interplay between quintessential inflationary models containing a kinetic dominated post-inflationary era and a non-minimally coupled U (1) field with a weakly broken B − L symmetry. The non-minimal coupling to gravity renders heavy the Affleck–Dine field during inflation and avoids the generation of isocurvature fluctuations. During the subsequent kinetic era the Ricci scalar changes sign and the effective mass term of the Affleck–Dine field becomes tachyonic. This allows the field to dynamically acquire a large expectation value. The symmetry of the Affleck–Dine potential is automatically restored at the onset of radiation domination, when the Ricci scalar approximately equals zero. This inverse phase transition results in the coherent oscillation of the scalar field around the origin of its effective potential. The rotation of the displaced Affleck–Dine field in the complex plane generates a non-zero B − L asymmetry which can be eventually converted into a baryon asymmetry via the usual transfer mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The (2 + 1) -dimensional Maxwell–Chern–Simons gauge model consisting of two complex scalar fields interacting through a common Abelian gauge field is considered. It is shown that the model has a solution that describes a soliton system consisting of vortex and Q-ball constituents. This two-dimensional soliton system possesses a quantized magnetic flux and a quantized electric charge. Moreover, the soliton system has a nonzero angular momentum. Properties of this vortex-Q-ball system are investigated by analytical and numerical methods. It is found that the system combines properties of a vortex and a Q-ball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the concept of gauge-invariant fields for non-abelian gauge theories. Infinitesimal fluctuations around a given gauge field can be split into physical and gauge fluctuations. Starting from some reference field the gauge-invariant fields are constructed by consecutively adding physical fluctuations. An arbitrary gauge field can be mapped to an associated gauge invariant field. An effective action that depends on gauge-invariant fields becomes a gauge-invariant functional of arbitrary gauge fields by associating to every gauge field the corresponding gauge-invariant field. The gauge-invariant effective action can be obtained from an implicit functional integral with a suitable “physical gauge fixing”. We generalize this concept to the gauge-invariant effective average action or flowing action, which involves an infrared cutoff. It obeys a gauge-invariant functional flow equation. We demonstrate the use of this flow equation by a simple computation of the running gauge coupling and propagator in pure S U ( N ) -Yang–Mills theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering theories in sectors of large global charge Q results in a semiclassical effective field theory ( eft ) description for some strongly-coupled conformal field theories ( cfts ) with continuous global symmetries. Hence, when studying dualities at large charge, we can have control over the strongly coupled side of the duality and gain perturbative access to both dual pairs. In this work we discuss the AdS/CFT correspondence in the regime Q ≫ C T ≫ 1 where both the eft and gravity descriptions are valid and stable ( C T being the central charge). We present the observation that the ground state energy as a function of the Abelian charge Q for a simple eft in some three-dimensional cfts coincides with the expression for the mass of an anti-de Sitter–Reissner–Nordström black hole as a function of its charge. Using this observation we propose a tentative dictionary relating cft , eft and holographic descriptions. We also find agreement for the higher-derivative corrections on both sides, suggesting a large- C T expansion on the eft side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]