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The article presents announcements of several symposium on dermatology is going to be held in the year 1982 and 1983. A symposium on "Kaposi's Sarcoma To-day" will be held in Sassari-Alghero, Italy from June 9-10, 1983. For further information one can contact professor D. Cerimele, Institute of Dermatology, University of Sassari, Italy. The 4th International Symposium on "Bioengineering and the Skin," will be held in France from September 7-9, 1982. The meeting will include invited lectures, free communications, and poster papers. Original papers and lectures on the current state of knowledge in the subject will be presented. For further details and application forms may be obtained from professor Pierre Agache, Department of Dermatology.

In a series of papers on informant accuracy in social network data, Bernard, Killworth, and more recently, Sailer, have concluded that "what people say, despite their presumed good intentions, bears no useful resemblance to their behavior" (Bernard, Killworth, and Sailer 1982: 63). In this paper we reanalyze one of the data sets (the technical group) utilized by Bernard, Killworth and Sailer in arriving at their conclusions, Unlike Bernard et al. we find that the observed behavior data corresponds closely to the recalled data. Using different methods of analysis we find that the verbal recall data can be used to predict structural aspects of the observed data. Two major findings emerge from our analysis: first, the more similarly two people judge the communication pattern of others, the more they interact with each other, and, second, the more two people share accurate knowledge of others, the more they interact with each other. Implications of our findings for the assertions of Bernard, Killworth and Sailer are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a conceptual framework within which one can discuss the identification and comparison of subsets of actors and relations in social networks. Consider the adjacency matrix of a social network: Let a region be any subset of elements in the matrix and a subgroup be any subset of units (rows and corresponding columns). Then, a subgroup defines four regions: all possible relations among subgroup members, all possible relations between subgroup members and nonmembers (two regions), and all possible relations among nonmembers. This paper uses the properties of regions formed by subgroups to: (I) construct consistent and general definitions of degree and density in mathematical graphs; (2) discuss the relationship between subgroups produced by relational analyses and those produced by positional analyses; (3) show how to use region and subgroup to analyze egocentric networks; and (4) indicate directions for the further development of an analytical framework based on region and subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that network analyses of interorganizational relations should begin by examining the way in which relations are organized at the local level. It posits that systematic departures from random models for dyad and triad censuses should be found before interpreting structural patterns isolated by analytic techniques concerned with overall network structure. Three principles of organizational bonding (resource inequality, reciprocity, and redundancy) are identified, and the implications of these for dyadic and triadic microstructures are detailed. Particular attention is given to differentiating between microstructural patterns to be anticipated when a system consists of autonomous actors approximately equal in power and resources and those expected when a system is highly centralized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relevance of the "strength of weak ties" model (Granovetter 1973) in devising community development strategies for urban neighborhoods. The policy implications of this model for activities designed to promote neighborhood identification and cohesion are outlined, and Granovetter's specific assumptions about the structure and functioning of urban neighborhood social networks are assessed in light of existing research. Little support is found for the presumed absence of bridging weak ties among urban neighbors, or for the assumption that strong ties create an obstacle to effective political mobilization in working-class neighborhoods. An alternative model of local-level integration is suggested, which retains Granovetter's concept of dense clusters of network ties linked by "local bridges", but re-examines the role of weak ties in effecting such bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The faith that science and democracy are indissolubly bound up in a single cultural mode had enjoyed a long history before it was passionately reaffirmed in the late 1930s and early 1940s by enemies of the Third Reich. Democracy's link with science was addressed by a host of academic intellectuals in the U.S. and Great Britain who entered into what one of their number, the young sociologist Robert K. Merton, called realistic participation in the evolutionary conflict of cultures. Merton made this observation in an essay of 1942 entitled 'A Note on Science and Democracy'. The paper was to become in later decades, under a succession of different titles, one of the most widely discussed papers in a discipline that Merton helped to found: the sociology of science.

This paper studies a deviant social position within a small group of Italian Fishermen. The role of "court-jester" emerges and, as the title suggests, the relation between this role and the inherent properties of the deviant are explored. It is argued that the emergence of roles among deviant social positions is dependent upon the personal attributes of the deviant and the characteristics of his relations to other members of the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrastructural differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes cultured in the presence of 3T3 feeder cells is significantly different from that of the epidermis in vivo. Several markers of keratinization, including keratohyaline granules (KGs), membrane-coating granules (MCGs), and an enucleated stratum corneum are essentially absent from cultured cells. When cultured rabbit epidermal cells were trypsinized and injected subcutaneously into athymic mice, the cells reaggregated and formed cysts lined with a stratified squamous epithelium morphologically resembling the in vivo epidermis. In this paper, we examined the differentiation of the injected cells by electron microscopy. Within 24 h after injection, MOGs and KGs appeared in the reaggregated epidermal cells. Horny cells were noted within 48 h. Since basement membrane formation was not completed until much later (between 4-9 days), a direct contact between epidermal cells and a continuous basal lamina structure was not required for the formation of various keratinization markers, Glycogen and lipid droplets, winch were abundant in the early (10-48 h) cystic epithelia, gradually disappeared from the basal through the granular layers during days 2-9. By 16 days, the ultrastructure of the cystic epithelium appeared similar to the in vivo rabbit epidermis including the formation of "rabbit-type" KGs, MCGs, and normal enucleated horny cells. These results provided further evidence that the differentiation of epidermal cells can be modulated significantly and reversibly by the external environment. Moreover, the expression of certain morphologic markers of keratinization (KGs and MCGs) can be modulated rapidly by the growth environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a finite connected graph. A set of vertices H ⊂ V(G) is called a LS set if for every proper subset K ⊂ H, there are more edges linking K to H - K than there are linking K to V(G)- H. Since "cliques" in social networks have usually been seen informally as sets of individuals more closely tied to each other than to outsiders, LS sets provide a natural realization of the "clique" concept. In this paper, it is shown that LS sets in social networks have cohesive properties that make them even more useful for empirical analyses. In particular, subgraphs induced by LS subsets remain connected even after several edges have been removed. Results bounding the number of edges that can be so removed are used to get an upper bound for the diameter of subgraphs induced by LS subsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The algebraic definitions presented here are motivated by our search for an adequate formalization of the concepts of social roles as regularities in social network patterns. The theorems represent significant homomorphic reductions of social networks which are possible using these definitions to capture the role structure of a network. The concepts build directly on the pioneering work of S.F. Nadel (1957) and the pathbreaking approach to blockmodeling introduced by Lorrain and White (1971) and refined in subsequent years (White, Boorman and Breiger 1976; Boorman and White 1976; Arabie, Boorman and Levitt, 1978; Sailer, 1978). Blockmodeling is one of the predominant techniques for deriving structural models of social networks. When a network is represented by a directed multigraph, a blockmodel of the multigraph can be characterized as mapping points and edges onto their images in a reduced multigraph. The relations in a network or multigraph can also be composed to form a semigroup. In the first part of the paper we examine "graph" homomorphisms, or homomorphic mappings of the points or actors in a network. A family of basic concepts of role equivalence are introduced, and theorems presented to show the structure preserving properties of their various induced homomorphisms. This extends the "classic" approach to bloclunodeling via the equivalence of positions. Lorrain and White (1971), Pattison (1980), Boyd (1980, 1982), and most recently Bonacich (1982) have explored the topic taken up in the second part of this paper, namely the homomorphic reduction of the semigroup of relations on a network, and the relation between semigroup and graph homomorphisms. Our approach allows us a significant beginning in reducing the complexity of a multigraph by collapsing relations which play a similar "role" in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An economic analysis of the diffusion of sulfate pulping procedures throughout the United States pulp and paper industry is highlighted. A multivariate estimation model which has greater data capacity than that which employs the growth rate function solely is presented. Empirical findings indicate that the econometric approach furnishes meaningful integration of the technological diffusion procedure and the comparative static demand theory. Sulfate pumping procedures are expected to go on capturing market share at a fast pace, and may very well amount to nine-tenths of the overall United States woodpulp production at the turn of the century. Diffusion stages can be grouped in three stages: the learning stage which has a slow rate of adoption due to unfamiliarity, the second or middle stage, wherein supply problems have been mastered and the rate of adoption is facilitated and the mature stage, where there is a declining rate of adoption signals. Diffusion process modeling began about thirty years ago. Its development is analyzed, and graphs of production are included. Findings show that the dynamic equilibrium model of technological substitution has been disappointing because of an overly short time series.

Stem cells are by definition present in all self-renewing tissues and are believed to play a central role in cell growth and differentiation. Existing evidence suggests that a subpopulation of epidermal basal keratinocytes represents stem cells; however, these cells have never been positively identified. In this paper we review evidence that in monkey palm epidermis there exist two morphologically distinct subpopulations of basal keratinocytes that are spatially segregated. One population, located in the shallow rete ridges, is characterized by a cytoplasm filled with tonofilaments and a highly convoluted ("serrated") dermal-epidermal junction; these cells may play a role in anchoring the epidermis to the dermis. In contrast, the other population, located at the tips of deep rete ridges, is characterized by a "primitive" cytoplasm containing abundant melanosomes and a relatively flattened ("nonserrated") dermal-epidermal junction. Tritiated thymidine labeling experiments suggest that the nonserrated basal keratinocytes are slow-cy-cling; however, a highly proliferative population of keratinocytes can be identified immediately above these basal cells, These findings are consistent with the concept that the nonserrated basal keratinocytes may rep- resent stem cells that give rise to suprabasally located, transient amplifying cells before undergoing terminal differentiation. Monkey palm epidermis provides a model system for further studies of primate epidermal stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crucial role that communication plays in organizations has led to the development of various methodologies to collect communications data. Two of the more common techniques are one-shot questionnaires and self-recording diaries completed at the time of the interaction. Questionnaires are often viewed as unreliable since they are based on the memory and perceptions of the participants. Diaries, on the other hand, are considered to be more reliable since they are completed immediately following an interaction when the event is still fresh in the individual's mind. This paper compares the cross-recorder reliability of these two data collection instruments. A reliability measure which indicates the degree to which an individual concurs as to the occurrence of interactions across all individuals is introduced. The results, based on studies in three organizations involving 49, 61 and 110 participants respectively, indicate that diary data are significantly more reliable than data obtained from questionnaires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estradiol in ethanol was applied once daily to one flank of intact male rats and sebum production on both flanks was measured over periods of 18 h alternating with 6 h by absorbing the lipid on pads of cigarette paper held in place by a harness, starting on the 15th day. Sebum production was very significantly less on the treated flanks than on the contralateral flanks that received only vehicle, indicating an unequivocal local effect of the estradiol. At the same time, the values on the contralateral flanks were significantly below those of littermate rats which received vehicle only, indicating that the estrogen had been systemically absorbed to produce a distal action. The estradiol also significantly reduced plasma testosterone and the relative weights of the seminal vesicles, ventral prostate, and preputial glands, which demonstrated that part of the general action of the estrogen could have been by suppression of endogenous androgen production. In short-term experiments, in which measurements were started concurrently with treatment, the inhibitory action of estradiol, in contrast to that of cyproterone acetate, was not detected until the 4th day. Indeed, it appeared probable that the estrogen actually stimulated sebum secretion over the first 2 days, suggesting that it had a biphasic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights some announcements related to dermatology and other skin diseases. The Department of Dermatology, NYU Medical Centre, New York, has invited applications for the fellowship in July 1, 1984. The Section of Dermatology of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia is pleased to announce The Mohamed Amer Award for the best resident paper submitted to The Second Pan African Conference on Dermatology, Zagazig, Egypt. The Italian Leprosy Relief Association "Amici di Raoul Follereau," offers a grant of US $20,000 for leprosy research, named after Raoul Follereau, to a young research worker in an European department.

Science and humanity are seen as comparative parts of an evolutionary process. Each is striving for negentrophy (potential for change), range, and control. DNA and language developed out of biological hypercycles, an evolutionary period of interaction and collaboration rather than competition. Science is further seen as a meta language. It offers society a further tool for control or power over the biological world. Genetic engineering is seen as an inevitable step. Eigen's theory of DNA development is referred to throughout the paper. Diagrams illustrate the author's ideas.

One of the challenges of a zero-sum or static society should be the rewriting of the Constitution of the United States. There has been a 'boom' period stretching from the great discoveries begun by Columbus to the recent 1970s that is coming to an end. Just as the world was forced to open up and change with the discovery of the new world, so we must face and change our political-economic institutions. The Constitution of 1787 does not meet the needs of a sustainable society. Government needs a more active role in societal affairs. The electoral college should be abolished. These are part of the assumptions and proposals of the author in this paper.

The role of cars will be challenged by the development of the information society. A study from Sweden, which was part of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Future of the Automobile Program employed four scenarios for the automobile in Sweden. Findings indicate that information technological development will not replace travel, only the paper transmission of information. Increases in life dispersions make for escalated car use in the future. The world economy is estimated to be quite positive in the year 2000. New engine concepts are promising. Tables of quantitative estimates of future transportation framework data from Sweden are included. Driving age will be younger. Car pools will proliferate.

Epidermal cells contain 4 separate surface receptors which are linked to adenylate cyclase. Activation of any one of these receptors leads to the accumulation of cAMP within the cell which in turn leads to the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The levels of cAMP accumulation within the cell caused by the 4 activators are not the same. Epinephrine, histamine, adenosine, and prostaglandins of the "E" series cause easily measurable concentrations of cAMP within 5 mm of exposure. Prostaglandin F2α causes only a small nonsignificant increase. Similarly, 2 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which inhibit the breakdown of cAMP formed within the cell, differ in their ability to accumulate cAMP when cells are exposed to these agents alone. Isobutylmethylxanthine causes a measurable increase in cAMP, while theophylline, a weak inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, gives a nonsignificant increase in cAMP. Recently, experiments have shown that agents that give only slight increases in cAMP by biochemical measurements, that is, prostaglandins F2α and theophylline, are equally able to activate protein kinase within the cell. Since activation of protein kinase is the only mechanism for an increase in cAMP to have a physiologic effect, all of these agents that do activate protein kinase should cause physiologic effects. Using an explant culture system, we show in this paper that this supposition is correct and that all agents that activate protein kinase do result in inhibition of mitotic activity regardless of whether or not they are able to raise cAMP to a level that can be biochemically measured as being significantly different from the baseline value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everett (1982) has proposed a graph theoretic blocking procedure for social networks. In this paper we give a comprehensive description of the implementation of this procedure with special reference to a FORTRAN program contained in the Appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim in this paper is to look at graph-theoretic and coalition-formation approaches to the development of exchange networks among spatially separated traders. In particular, we shall show: (1) That decentralized trading structures involving bilateral trading with left-hand and right- hand neighbors in a connected ring can, for a certain specified spatial arrangement of traders, be more efficient in minimizing total transportation costs of goods than a centralized market-trading structure; and (2) That an adaptation of a model of sequential proto-coalition formation proposed by Grofman (1982) can be used to predict trade linkages among traders in the Kula ring of the Massing region of Papua New Guinea and to account for the development of the inner ring structure. We shall also briefly discuss how graph theory can be used as a tool to explicate the underlying market structure of a given network of traders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In principle, network sampling is an attractive method for estimating density and degree for large populations. This paper, based on the first extensive application of network sampling, reports some of the problems that may often arise in sampling and reaching respondents. The network sample or samples may be based on a list imperfectly reflecting the target population, the samples may be drawn nonrandomly from the list, and response may be nonrandom. We suggest and illustrate strategies for coping with each of these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show how the algorithm EBLOC can be extended to deal with valued data directly. The technique is then applied to Sampson's (1969) monastery data and comparisons are made with the original EBLOC algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses a recent paper by D.C. Aucamp and W.L. Eckardt on auto correlation in forecasting. He deals with difficulties surrounding approximations and the use of a non zero mean in differencing. At the end of his criticisms, a brief response to his comments are stated by D. Aucamp, one of the authors of the original article.

How do scientists choose between theories? Both sociologists and philosophers of science have regarded this as an important question. In this paper the authors will examine existing approaches to the analysis of theory choice in science, although they will not attempt a systematic review of sociological work on this topic. They will try to show that a new analytical perspective is required. The methodological and theoretical issues that they discuss are by no means specific to the topic of theory choice. They are, however, rather basic issues that could be explored by reference to a wide range of social actions, both in science and in other areas of social life.

A complete inquiry into the traditions of descriptive reporting about Indian society produced by British colonial administrations in India would have to go back at least to classical antiquity, to trace the influence of imperial Roman reports on the work of 19th century civil servants. In this paper, the author suggests that three distinctive genres of the imperial ethnography are to be found in the official revenue literature, the quasi-official compendia and miscellanies, and the officially subsidized tribal monographs. Each of these genres will be discussed by focusing on the administrative and scholarly careers of one or two officials who made what in their day were recognized as outstanding contributions to imperial ethnography, whose work is still of some ethnological interest, and who each had a definite but quite different kind of connection with developments in academic anthropology.

White horses are subject to age-dependent coat depigmentation. They are dark gray or black at birth and lose their coloring between their second and fourth year. Beginning at about age 10 their coat takes on a characteristic silver-gray coloring. The purpose of this paper was to find out to what extent the endogenic α-MSH level changes with the change in pigmentation. α-MSH plasma levels were determined by radioimmunologic analysis in 3 age groups of white Camarque horses: age group 1 consisted of dark horses with a mean age of 1.2 years and a mean α-MSH level of 106.4 pg/ ml ±18.2, age group 2 consisted of gray horses with a mean age of 7.5 years and with a mean a-MSH level of 73.6 pg/ml ± 4.8, and age group 3 consisted of silvergray horses with a mean age of 13.5 years and a mean α-MSH level of 65.0 pg/ml ± 5.3. Highly significant differences (p < 0.001) were found between the means of age group 1 and age group 2 and between the means of age group 1 and age group 3. Determination of the ACTH plasma levels in this breed of horses showed no statistically significant differences between the various age groups. Determination of α-MSH and ACTH levels in a control group (n = 56) of other breeds of horses (10 black, 28 brown, and 18 sorrel) resulted in no significant differences for either hormone with regard to age or coat color. On the basis of these results it may be concluded that the degree of coat pigmentation in white Camarque horses correlates directly with the α-MSH plasma level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic mechanisms involved in the blister formation of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) are not clearly understood at present. In this paper, we attempted to produce experimental blistering in vitro similar to tile histologic picture of EB simplex (EBS) and recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB). It was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy that the medium containing fresh blister fluids from the patients with EBS or RDEB could produce similar histologic features in normal human skin (in vitro) to those of the skin lesions of patients (in vivo), This observation may open new avenues of approach to studying these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents Articles of Association of the European Society for Dermatological Research as amended through the XIIth General Assembly of Members on April 5, 1982. The object of the association is the promotion of scientific research of the skin and skin diseases by means of the application of natural science methods. The chairman, the secretary and the treasurer and one or more other members to be assigned by the Board shall constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive committee shall conduct the daily course of affairs of the association, represent it in and out of court and be entitled to perform all acts of management and disposal relating to the object of the association.

Stochastic relations frequently occur in the social sciences; however, their statistical properties are not well-known. A random relation can be used to model noise or observational error. This paper characterizes the structure of a random relation by deriving the distribution of the structural vector from Q-analysis and by simulating random relations. We propose a measure of structure and apply these concepts to the nominations of esteemed peers by mathematicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to describe the organization of interorganizational fields with the concept of horizontal hierarchy. it specifies certain structural properties of interorganizational field based on different types of linkages between organizations, and develops testable hypotheses by focusing on the interrelationships between the properties of these linkages within the conceptual definition of horizontal hierarchy. These hypotheses are later tested on data collected from manpower organizations in 17 communities of a large midwestern state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the question of informant accuracy in reporting patterns of communication in face-to-face groups. We are attempting to establish the extent to which it is possible to predict individual differences in accuracy from the patterns of recall among informants. We use data from a series of studies by Bernard, Killworth, and Sailer (Killworth and Bernard 1976, 1979; Bernard and Killworth 1977; Bernard et a!. 1980, 1982) in which they collected observed behavior interaction frequencies and subsequently asked informants to recall and rate the degree of previous communication. In this paper we attempt to predict the accuracy of recall, i.e. how well each individual's ranking corresponds to the overall observed interactions for the group as a whole, by looking solely at the recall ranking. Using this method, we are able to account for a major share of the variance in accuracy among the subjects. We outline a theory and method for predicting accuracy based upon recall data that may be generalized to a variety of situations beyond social interaction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of research papers presented at the 14th annual meeting of European Society for Dermatologic Research, held from May 20-23, 1984 in the Netherlands. The topics of some of the papers are, immunoelectron microscopic analysis of human keratinocyte differentiation-related antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies, the intermediate filament proteins of merkel cells, new immunocytochemical observations in cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, effects of azelaic acid on melanoma cells, characteristics of two monoclonal antibodies labelling the keratinocyte membrane.

From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a method that would exploit the algebra of the social relations among individuals to describe the social structure of the group. This goal was reluctantly abandoned, however, because the presence of idiosyncratic relational ties in the data obscured the structure and no reliable method for identifying these ties existed. This paper presents such a method. We have found it useful to distinguish emotionally weak ties (Granovetter 1973), those with low intensity, from structurally weak ties, those that fail to conform to the pattern of ties that exist in and are reinforced by the social structure. The latter type of weak ties are the idiosyncratic ties that interfere with attempts to describe a social structure. This paper operationalizes the concept of structurally weak ties and presents an algebraic method for identifying them in sociometric data. This enables us to use the algebra of social relations to identify a blockmodel that describes the social structure of the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tripartite graphs have three types of nodes and ties exist only between nodes of distinct types. In this paper, we indicate the background of work in structural analysis that leads to the use of such graphs and we develop the associated matrix methods. Fundamentally, the idea is to move another step forward in our ability to treat in analytical terms the general phenomenon of overlapping inclusions, such as that of persons and groups. We relate this idea to classic concerns with the interpenetration of persons, social systems, and cultural systems. In detail, the framework and results generalize those of Breiger (1974) and Wilson (1982). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1977, Holland and Leinhardt introduced a new statistical approach to sociometric data analysis. The details of their approach, based on a model termed Pi' were published in 1981 in papers by Holland and Leinhardt, and Fienberg and Wasserman. Since then, many researchers have adopted this model, addressing substantive questions that were unanswerable with existing methodology. The continuing methodological research of Fienberg and Wasserman has allowed this approach to be applied to many different types of sociometric data. We carry on this research by extending Pi to three new situations: networks of such size that it is impossible for every actor to have contact or knowledge of the other actors; networks in which actor interaction can not be adequately modeled by the simple additive main effects of expansiveness and popularity; and networks in which we measure the strength of the relationship between actors using a non-binary or multivalued relational quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was shown in a previous paper (Fararo 1981) that the part of Peter Blau's theory of social structure bearing on heterogeneity could be embedded within the framework of biased net models, providing a conceptual and mathematical basis for its central theorems. This paper continues this project. It begins by indicating certain revisions of the earlier work and then turns to the part of Blau's theory that deals with inequality and shows how the simplest inbreeding bias model, through a series of derivations and constructive generalizations, permits the derivation of basic theorems that relate the Gini inequality (of a population) to what we term the relational Gini (of a network). The central idea is to construct theoretical models that yield specific forms of transformation of the population Gini into the relational Gini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with issues arising in the use of interview-derived social network data. First, are respondents' relationships correctly reported? Data from dyads in which respondents and those they named were both interviewed indicate high agreement on the characteristics of the relationships. Second, which relationships are named and which are not? Data from interviews, supplemented with a long list of individuals, some of whom were spontaneously named and some of whom were also known but not named, indicate that respondents select in terms of frequency, recency, and how well they know the person, but, unexpectedly, not duration. Comparison of men's and women's selections suggests that women more strongly limit their naming to those they know very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the need for sociological research on labor markets to return its attention to the full range of labor market dynamics described by neoclassical theory, especially the elaboration of the allocation mechanisms which match persons to jobs. Despite the general designation of labor market research, virtually all empirical work has focused exclusively on the outcomes of labor market matches rather than on the institutional characteristics of supply and demand and of the mechanisms for matching them. This neglect is especially ironic in view of the emphasis in early sociological research on such allocation processes. In order to refocus attention on the labor market as a matching process, this paper demonstrates how current sociological research can incorporate the full array of supply and demand variables included in neoclassical labor market theory. It does so by reviewing the economic model of the labor market and then reformulating this model in terms of the theory of the reserve army.

The article informs that the folk image of American society as a land of opportunity for immigrants and their children contains more than a grain of truth. Although each wave of immigrants-the Irish in the 1840s and 1850s, the Eastern and Southern European influx of 1880 to 1920, and the most recent stream from Asia-suffered considerable discrimination, theft children and descendants have managed to move up the socioeconomic ladder of American society, among both the general public and the scholarly community. This paper analyzes the determinants of educational attainment across a broad variety of ethnic communities, defined by ancestry and religion-of-origin. Based upon the richness of sociological variables contained in the NORC General Social Surveys, this study empirically addresses the competing theoretical claims for differential ethnic patterns of educational achievement.

The article informs that for the past decade, considerable research interest has focused on gender differences in psychosocial well-being, with sociological explanations for these differences implicating the social roles that men and women occupy and the relative costs and rewards associated with these roles. The analysis begins with a review of empirical research on gender differences in interpersonal relationships, in which evidence for qualitative differences in male and in female interaction patterns is presented. In a subsequent section of the paper, some of the consequences these differences may be thought to have for the psychosocial well-being of women and men are considered. It is the contention of the present paper that fundamental gender differences in interpersonal orientations are acquired through interaction in institutionalized roles both within and outside the family, and that these orientations may often have important consequences for the health and well-being of individuals.

The article informs that over the past two decades there has been considerable change in attitudes about appropriate gender roles for women in the U.S. but the impact of such shifts upon the content, process, and outcomes of socialization is quite unclear. The object of this paper is to provide a foundation for understanding how recent changes in gender role expectations have affected and will affect gender role socialization and vice versa. An integration of insights from current work on gendered socialization with those from life-course perspectives' will provide a basis for my argument. At first glance, evidence on changes in women's status and attitudes toward women seems to be at odds with the bulk of findings on adolescent gender expectations.