Search

Abstract This paper explores the phenomenon of conflict in tourism development in rural China. Four cases were selected and analyzed as part of this exploration. The study identified eight major conflict issues: land expropriation, ticket revenue distribution, vending rights, tourism management rights, house demolition, house building, entry restrictions, and village elections. The conflict evolution process indicates that these issues are dynamic and connected rather than static and isolated. Local government was found to be the most important conflicting party for local people due to its authority and economic interests in tourism development. In addition, an often-ignored conflicting party, villagers' committees, was found to have limitations in maintaining local people's interests. The findings of this study shed light on this complicated and sensitive tourism conflict phenomenon in rural China. A couple of practical implications for local authorities and UNESCO are outlined at the end of the paper. Highlights • Eight major conflict issues were identified. • Conflict issues are dynamic and connected rather than static and isolated. • Local government was found to be the most important conflicting party with local people. • Villagers' committees are an often-ignored party in conflicts during tourism development. • Villagers' committees were found to have limitations in maintaining local people's interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-body hinge-barge wave energy converter has the advantages of high capture width ratio and wide bandwidth of wave-excited response, which is the current hotspot of studies on wave energy converters. However, to correctly and throughfully analyse its overall efficiency, hydrodynamics, mechanical dynamics and electrical dynamics, a fully coupled wave-to-wire approach by numerical analysis and physical validation is required, which is not concerned by current studies. The work conducted in this study improves the overall wave-to-wire efficiency by optimising the mooring system, the structure and geometry of the primary capture system, and the external electric load. Results show that an optimised prototype achieves a wave-to-wire efficiency up to 25 % in flume experiments, where a significant improvement of 53 % is contributed by employing a damping plate to the right barge. Numerical results indicate that a wave-to-wire efficiency of up to 53 % is obtained by further optimisation of the damping plate. • A wave-to-wire model is developed for a hinge-barge wave energy converter, verified by flume experiments. • Adding a damping plate to the right barge can significantly improve power generation. • High wave-to-wire efficiency of 25.02% is experimentally achieved by a prototype. • High wave-to-wire efficiency of 53% is numerically achieved by optimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy protein hydrolysates (SPH) and their blends with xanthan gum (SPH/XG), produced via a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and heat-shearing treatment, were used as fat replacers in the production of reduced fat ice cream. The physicochemical properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) and its hydrolysates with 1% (SPH1) and 5% degree of hydrolysis (SPH5) were characterized. The results suggested that enzymatic hydrolysis produced a lower average molecular weight ( M w ), particle size, viscosity, and water holding capacity compared with SPI, but increased the solubility, oil holding capacity, and foaming capacity. The particle size of the SPH5/XG fat replacer was significantly reduced by enzymatic hydrolysis and heat-shearing treatment. In addition, the incorporation of XG could stabilize the composite system, as indicated by rheology measurement. The sensory properties of ice creams were correlated with the physicochemical measurements. The results illustrated that 50% fat-substituted ice cream with SPH5/XG (96:4) had an appearance, taste, and texture similar to that of 10% full fat ice cream, and the overall performance was acceptable among the low-fat ice cream samples. Therefore, SPH/XG treated by enzymatic hydrolysis and microparticulation is an alternative choice as a fat replacer in typical ice cream production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of the log-amplitude covariance function of a Gaussian beam propagating through the atmospheric turbulence is proposed based on the Rytov Method. The intensity correlation function of the reflected field from a rough surface is analyzed with the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The covariance and variance and residual scintillation index of the received intensity are calculated for the cases of a collimated beam and a focused beam. It is found that the effect of the log-amplitude covariance of the turbulence along the forward path plays a large role in the intensity fluctuation of the received wave. The size of the laser spot on the target has an “aperture effect” on the covariance and variance of the received intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean waves are a promising source of renewable energy. In this paper, we briefly introduce the characteristics of ocean wave energy and summarize the principles of harvesting ocean energy by wave energy converters. We also review the prototypes or commercial devices deployed in real sea between 2005 and July 2016. In addition, we present the concept of a wave-to-wire model as a framework to systematically review and compare control strategies for wave energy conversion systems, with a focus on the numerical and experimental validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and graph convolutional networks (GCNs) in hyperspectral image classification (HSIC) has achieved remarkable results. However, the limited label samples are still a major challenge when using CNN and GCN to classify hyperspectral images. In order to alleviate this problem, a double branch fusion network of CNN and enhanced graph attention network (CEGAT) based on key sample selection strategy is proposed. First, a linear discrimination of spectral inter-class slices (LD_SICS) module is designed to eliminate spectral redundancy of HSIs. Then, a spatial spectral correlation attention (SSCA) module is proposed, which can extract and assign attention weight to the spatial and spectral correlation features. On the graph attention (GAT) branch, the HSI is segmented into some super pixels as input to reduce the amount of network parameters. In addition, an enhanced graph attention (EGAT) module is constructed to enhance the relationship between nodes. Finally, a key sample selection (KSS) strategy is proposed to enable the network to achieve better classification performance with few labeled samples. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, CEGAT has better classification performance under limited label samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensity fluctuation of the reflected field from a diffuse circular plate with a hard edge in turbulence is investigated by combining the Rytov theory and the Extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The normalized covariance and variance of the reflected intensity are formulated and calculated. The enhancement effect on the normalized variance is discussed around the backscattering direction, which disappears rapidly as the receiving point moves away from the transmitting center. The “averaging effect” of the target aperture is also discussed, and the results show that the normalized variance and the backscattering enhancement effect decreases with increasing target size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a major greenhouse gas, and it is also an energy source that can be utilized. This paper describes a new technology designed to increase the permeability of coal seams using the phase energy of CO 2 . The technology, named as liquid carbon dioxide phase change fracturing technology, is classified as physical blasting. The kernel of this technology is the blasting system, which consists of release tube containing release holes, cutting plate, liquid storage tube containing heating pipe, guide tube and detonator following the order from the top to the bottom. By starting the detonator, special chemicals in the heating pipe begin to react and a lot of heats then are released instantly to heat the liquid carbon dioxide in liquid storage tube. This process brought about the phase change of carbon dioxide and then caused the dramatically expansion of the volume of carbon dioxide. When the pressure of carbon dioxide in the liquid storage tube exceeds the strength of the cutting plate, the cutting plate is damaged and high pressure carbon dioxide enters the release tube and acts on the coal body. The sphere of influence of this technology in coal seams was studied by the numerical study. Then, a large-scale industrial experiment using the technology was conducted in an underground coal mine in China based on the modeling results. Application of this technology could not only improve the efficiency of coal seam gas extraction but could also turn carbon dioxide into energy to improve energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Cu/SiO 2 -AE catalysts with different copper loadings were prepared by ammonia evaporation method with silica sol as the silica source. The systematic catalyst characterization revealed that different proportions of Cu 0 and Cu + species co-existed in the Cu/SiO 2 -AE catalysts, which derived from the reduction of CuO and copper phyllosilicate, respectively. The as-prepared catalysts were employed in the hydrogenation of ethylene carbonate (EC) to co-produce methanol (MeOH) and ethylene glycol (EG). Among the catalysts investigated, the 10%Cu/SiO 2 -AE catalyst with a moderate copper loading exhibited better catalytic activity and product selectivities, which was mainly ascribed to the synergetic effect of Cu 0 and Cu + species and the suitable proportion of Cu + /(Cu + +Cu 0 ). It was proposed that the Cu 0 species promoted the dissociation of H 2 , while Cu + species adsorbed on the carbonyl group of EC. Under the optimized conditions, EC conversion of 100%, MeOH selectivity of 70.8% and EG selectivity of 98.0% were obtained over the 10%Cu/SiO 2 -AE catalyst. The catalyst reusability results showed that the agglomeration of Cu and Cu 2 O particles was responsible for the gradually decreasing activity of 10%Cu/SiO 2 -AE catalyst along with recycling runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of praseodymium oxides (Pr 6 O 11) was developed by CTAB-assisted coprecipitation method. The praseodymium oxides were deeply characterized by XRD, N 2 adsorption, SEM, HR-TEM, H 2 -TPR, soot-TPR, NO-TPO and in situ DRIFTS, and tested for soot combustion in absence/presence of NO atmospheres under tight/loose contact conditions. As a non-noble metal and single element oxide, the Pr 6 O 11 catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performances for both soot oxidation (T 10 = 341 ℃, T 50 = 395 ℃) in O 2 and NO x adsorption (NAC, 906 μ mol/g) at low temperature. It was believed that the relatively large surface area, strong NO oxidation ability and high intrinsic activity contributed to the superior performances. A promoting effect on soot oxidation was found when NO introduced, which was ascribed to the NO x -assisted mechanism. The in situ DRIFTS was used to explore the possible mechanism in the soot oxidation reaction process. The carboxyl was detected over Pr 6 O 11 and was speculated as carbon-oxygen intermediate in soot oxidation. • Praseodymium oxides (Pr 6 O 11) nanorods were synthesized by a CTAB-assisted coprecipitation method. • The as-prepared Pr 6 O 11 nanocatalysts exhibited excellent soot removal ability and NOx adsorption capacity. • Large surface area, high reactivity of oxygen species and strong NO oxidation ability contributed to the good performances. • The "nitrite route" pathway was speculated in NOx adsorption. • The intermediate species (carboxyl) were detected in soot oxidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving capacity utilization (CU) is a critical way for China to promote economic transformation and achieve sustainable development. As a market-based environmental regulation proposed to achieve a low-carbon economy and green transformation, whether emission trading system (ETS) can improve CU deserves an in-depth study. We conduct an empirical study by constructing a multi-period difference-in-differences model with 1,037 Chinese A-share listed firms from 2004 to 2020 as the research sample. The result shows that the ETS can significantly improve CU, which still holds after a series of robustness tests. The mechanism analysis shows that the ETS improves CU through three mechanisms: stimulating green innovation, restricting over-investment, and alleviating financing constraints. Based on the heterogeneity analysis, the improvement of CU by ETS is greater among listed firms in heavy-polluting industries, with good ESG performance, excess leverage, and central state ownership. Our study supports the global implementation of the ETS and provides ideas for resolving overcapacity in the context of global decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tool coatings exhibit different tribological behavior when cutting dissimilar materials, and understanding the differences is crucial for their service life. In this study, CrAlN/TiSiN multilayer coating was deposited by the arc ion plating technique, and its microstructure, load-bearing capacity, and toughness were investigated as well as the tribological behavior of the coating sliding against 7A09 Al alloy and GCr15 bearing steel at different temperatures. The results indicated a high fluctuation in the friction coefficient between the coating and 7A09 Al alloy above 150 °C, and the coating exhibited a negative wear rate. The friction coefficient between the coating and GCr15 bearing steel shows a decreasing trend above 150 °C, and the wear surface of the coating showed a smooth morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the logic of peasant resistance to tourism. Case-oriented qualitative research was adopted, with two tourist villages selected as case studies. The study found petitioning and road blocking are two resistance methods often used by peasants. The use of physically vulnerable peasants and the behaviour of kneeling down are two tactics of peasant resistance. Lawsuits are rarely adopted due to their limitations. The logic of peasant resistance is the result of long-term practice based on a comprehensive consideration of perceived effectiveness, economy, risk perception, and trust propensity. The findings of this study shed some light on the understanding of peasant resistance to tourism, as well as contribute to the development of resistance theory. • The logic of peasant resistance to tourism was explored. • Petitioning and road blocking are often used by peasants. • The use of physically vulnerable people and the behaviour of kneeling down are two tactics of peasant resistance. • Lawsuits are rarely adopted by peasants due to their limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave-based electricity generation is attracting increasing attention to address the long-term power supply problem of offshore marine observation buoys. To achieve continuous and real-time measuring of the marine environment, reliable wave energy harvesting technologies with high efficiency are urgently needed. For that purpose, a new marine observation buoy with a built-in wave-excited energy harvester was proposed in this study. A small-scale proof-of-concept prototype was designed, fabricated, and tested in a wave flume. A fully coupled mathematical model of the system with a mooring system was presented, and simulation results were validated by experimental data. The dynamics and the power performance of this novel concept under regular waves were investigated, considering the influence of the mooring system and electric load. Experimental results from a wave flume indicated that a time-averaged electric power of 160 mW was obtained under a regular wave with a height of 6. 0 cm and a period of 1. 0 s when the electric load for the wave-powered observation buoy is 310 Ω , and corresponding wave-to-wire efficiency is 14. 3 %. Numerical simulations and physical experiments have solidly demonstrated the feasibility of this novel wave-powered marine observation buoy. • A new wave-powered marine observation buoy with a built-in harvester was developed. • A test rig was designed for the dry test of the power take-off system. • A time-averaged electric power of 160 mW was achieved under a flume wave of 6 cm. • High wave-to-wire efficiency of 14. 6 % was achieved by the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The novel polyether materials were synthesized by cationic ring-opening controllable polymerization of 1,2-butylene oxide (BO) with tetrahydrofuran (THF). • The poly(1,2-butylene oxide- stat -tetrahydrofuran)s has a super high viscosity index (≥198) and low pour point (≤-53 °C), which can be used as a base oil and additives in the field of high-performance lubricants. Aliphatic polyethers are synthesized byring-opening polymerization (ROP) of the most common epoxide monomers, such as ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO). 1,2-Butylene oxide (BO) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are potentially extended ROP monomers, which can give polyether unique properties. In this work, a series of poly(1,2-butylene oxide- stat -tetrahydrofuran)s (PBO- stat -PTHFs) with M n of 900–3700 g·mol−1 were synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of BO with THF using strong Lewis acid Rare Earth triflates (RE(OTf) 3) as catalysts and diols as an initiator at room temperature. PBO- stat -PTHFs product with yield up to 90 %, narrow polydispersity of Đ <1.30, and molar ratio of PBO to PTHF 1:1 were obtained. The copolymerization process was studied by in-situ IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis, and the results showed that PBO- stat -PTHF is a statistical copolymer. The early stage of the polymerization reaction was dominated by the activated chain end mechanism (ACEM), which incorporates a large amount of THF into the polymer chains. However, the late stage of the polymerization reaction was dominated by the activated monomer mechanism (AMM), which incorporates a large amount of BO into the polymer chains. Most PBO- stat -PTHFs have a suitable M n range, super high viscosity index (≥198) and low pour point (≤-53 °C), which can be used as a lubricant base oil and additives. In addition, PBO- stat -PTHFs have excellent miscibility with polyalphaolefin (PAO), which could significantly improve the PAO viscosity index. This study provides a mild route to construct high-performance copolyether materials through cationic ring-opening controllable polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The androgen receptor (AR) is required for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression, but the function and disease relevance of AR-bound enhancers remain unclear. Here, we identify a group of AR-regulated enhancer RNAs (e.g., PSA eRNA) that are upregulated in CRPC cells, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and patient tissues. PSA eRNA binds to CYCLIN T1, activates P-TEFb, and promotes cis and trans target gene transcription by increasing serine-2 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II-Ser2p). We define an HIV-1 TAR RNA-like (TAR-L) motif in PSA eRNA that is required for CYCLIN T1 binding. Using TALEN-mediated gene editing we further demonstrate that this motif is essential for increased Pol II-Ser2p occupancy levels and CRPC cell growth. We have uncovered a P-TEFb activation mechanism and reveal altered eRNA expression that is related to abnormal AR function and may potentially be a therapeutic target in CRPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective coal layer mining with pressure-relief gas extraction from the protected coal layer is an effective and economical way of controlling coal and gas outbursts in underground mines. According to a field test of the deformation of the protected coal layer in the Qinglong coal mine, during the mining of the protective coal layer, the floor of the protective coal layer can be divided into five areas in the horizontal direction: the original stress area, the stress concentration area, the stress relaxed area, the stress recovery area, and the recompaction area. From coal bed methane (CBM) extraction with pressure relief, the floor strata can also be divided into five areas: the original gas flow area, the gas flow reduction area, the initial pressure relief area with increasing permeability and flow, the full pressure relief area with high permeability and flow, and the pressure recovery area with decreasing permeability and flow. Mining of a protective coal layer will result in the breakage and movement of the overlying strata as well as floor heaves in the floor strata. In these unloaded coal strata, relieving the stress leads to the production of new cracks, which increases the permeability. The coal deformation and gas desorption are remarkable in the protected coal seam. The maximum dilation and dilation rate were 13 mm and 4.19‰, respectively. The gas flow and permeability increased significantly. The maximum natural emission flow and permeability reached 0.194 m³/min and 19.75 m 2 /MPa 2 .d respectively, There were 27- and 42-fold increases in permeability, which indicated that the pressure relief in this region was complete and that fractures in the coal body developed. This emission is conducive to CBM migration and extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave energy converters are devices that capture the energy carried by ocean waves and convert it into electricity, and their performance is significantly influenced by the geometric shapes of harvesters and the control strategies of power take-off systems. This paper presents a hybrid methodology to improve conversion efficiency in realistic sea states measured from an intended deployment site, taking into account the full coupling of ocean waves, geometric shapes of wave energy harvesters, and control strategies of power take-off systems. The proposed hybrid approach employs a control-strategy-informed optimization routine to select optimal/suboptimal geometries at the design stage, then employs different control strategies for the power take-off system at the operation stage. In numerical case studies, the proposed hybrid methodology is applied to a direct-driven point-absorber type wave energy converter, where its geometric shape is optimized, informing an optimal linear passive control strategy at the design phase. Simulation results indicate that the concave shape has the best energy harvesting performance. A high capture width ratio of 428% is achieved for the found optimum concave shape that employs an optimal linear active control strategy, in a sea state with a significant wave height of 1.6 m and an average period of 5.5 s. • Asymmetric and axisymmetric arbitrary geometries are optimized. • Optimum geometry has a concave shape. • Motion constraints are considered in control strategies. • A high capture width ratio of 428% is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of boron content on the glass-forming ability, mechanical and elastic properties in Co 92 − x B x Ta 8 (at.%, x = 30, 32.5, 35, and 37.5) bulk glassy alloys were investigated. Among these alloys studied, the Co 59.5 B 32.5 Ta 8 alloy exhibits the highest glass-forming ability, which could form a glassy rod at least 3 mm in diameter by the copper mold casting method. It is found that the plasticity of those glassy alloys increases with decreasing boron content. The plastic strains for the Co 59.5 B 32.5 Ta 8 and Co 62 B 30 Ta 8 BMGs are up to ∼2.1% and ∼2.5%, respectively. The decrease of shear modulus with decreasing boron content results in the increase of Poisson’s ratio, which is responsible for the improved plasticity. In addition, the strength of the ductile glassy alloys remains very high at above 5000 MPa, although enhancing plasticity is accompanied by the loss of some strength. The present results show that Co–B–Ta bulk metallic glass with good glass-forming ability and significant plasticity as well as ultrahigh strength can be synthesized by adjusting alloy composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs an investigation of power performance and techno-economic performance of wave power farms in realistic wave climates, where hydrodynamic interaction and influence of control strategies employed by power take-off systems are fully considered in mathematical modeling and numerical analysis. This is of great significance for a commercial wave power farm operated in a specific sea site over a long time of years, as wave energy converters will encounter a wide range of sea states, which requires that associated power take-off systems of individual units must be controlled accordingly to maximize the converted energy and to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). To that end, a fully-coupled numerical model, where the power take-off systems of wave energy converters are coordinately controlled/tuned for each sea state by employing an optimal linear passive control strategy and an optimal active control strategy, respectively. Numerical results show that power performance and LCOE of wave power farms vary over wave climates, and machinery constraints of power take-off force must be considered. Globally coordinated control of wave power farms by employing a constrained optimal linear active control strategy yields a LCOE of 0. 17 − 0. 54 $/kWh and increases the annual energy generation at least three times in specific wave climates of China, United States, Australia and Ireland. • Full hydrodynamic interaction of individual wave energy converters is considered. • Energy generation of wave power farms in realistic wave climates is maximized. • Individual wave energy converters are coordinately controlled. • Machinery constraints of power take-off systems are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bimetallic Fe-Co/GAC (granular activated carbon) was prepared and used as heterogeneous catalyst in the ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate (PS, S 2 O 2− 8 ) process. The effect of initial pH, PS concentration, catalyst addition and stirring rate on the decolorization of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) was investigated. The results showed that the decolorization efficiency increased with an increase in PS concentration from 0.3 to 0.5 g/L and an increase in catalyst amount from 0.5 to 0.8 g/L. But further increase in PS concentration and catalyst addition would result in an unpronounced increase in decolorization efficiency. In the range of 300 to 900 r/min, stirring rate had little effect on AO7 decolorization. The catalyst stability was evaluated by measuring decolorization efficiency for four successive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Magnesium alloys are promising candidate materials for cardiovascular stents due to their good biocompatibility and degradation properties in the human body. However, in vivo tests also show that improvement in their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance is necessary before wide application. In this study, cyclic extrusion compression (CEC) was used to enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Mg–Zn–Y–Nd alloy. The results show that the grain size was greatly refined to 1 m after CEC treatment. The second phase distributed along the grain boundaries with grid shape and nano-sized particles uniformly distributed in grains. The elongation (), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of the CEC treatment samples were 30.2%, 303 MPa and 185 MPa respectively. The CEC treated samples showed homogeneous corrosion because of the grain refinement and the homogeneous distribution of nano-sized second phase. The corrosion current density of the alloy decreased from 2.810 A/cm to 6.610 A/cm after CEC treatment. Therefore, improved mechanical properties, uniform corrosion and reduced corrosion rate could be achieved by CEC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to solve the soot emission problems from diesel engines, a series of La2Sn1.8M0.2O7 (M= Sn, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu) oxides with pyrochlore structure were synthesized by co-precipitation, and investigated for soot oxidation with a O2/NO mixture by Temperature-programmed Oxidation. The incorporation of transition metals strongly influences the crystallite size, surface area and redox properties of the catalysts. All the pyrochlore oxides display catalytic soot oxidation activity with nearly 100% selectivity towards CO2. The doped pyrochlores exhibit higher activities than the undoped, which may be related to the enhancement of reducibility. Among them, La2Sn1.8Mn0.2O7 possessed the best activity with Ti = 341°C. The pyrochlore oxides seem to be a novel active alternative for catalytic soot oxidation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: GPR (Ground penetrating radar) is one kind of the detection technologies with rapid, non-destruction, uninterrupted detection, and high-resolution. GPR can be applied to detect underground holes and loose soil layer and the other baneful anomalies, and therefore is widely applied to hole survey of the subway project in recent years. Based on briefly describing engineering geological background between F station and L station of a subway project in Beijing, this paper gives the arrangement method of GPR survey line in the construction area of shield method, analyzes detection results, verifies an anomaly by spading, determines the distribution range and its characteristic of the hole anomalies. The results showed that three obvious anomalies were detected in the area between F station and L station, and seriously loose soil layer was the cause of No. 1 and No. 3 anomalies, and hole was the cause of No. 2 anomaly. Thereby the anomalies of loose soil layer and hole could be detected accurately by the GPR technology, and then basic data of underground holes could be obtained. On the base of analyzing these data, effective measures could be adopted to avoid the hidden danger, then the safety of subway construction and surrounding environment of the subway project could be ensured. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study explores the reasons for conflict within the tourism sector in rural China. A case-oriented qualitative research method was employed, in which unstructured interviews were used as the primary data collection approach. From the perspective of rural peasant communities this study found three causes for conflict: infringement of peasants' basic rights and interests, economic motivation, and unfair treatment. A deprivation model was then generated as the explanatory tool in which local villagers' experiences of relative deprivation and contractual deprivation were explored. The combination of these two types of deprivation serves to trigger discontent and contributes to conflict. The findings of this study provide valuable insights leading to a better understanding of this complex conflict phenomenon, and they can also help policy makers to better engage communities in relation to conflict reduction and promote sustainable tourism planning and development. • When seen from the perspective of the peasants, three main reasons for the persistent conflict in rural tourism were evident. • A rural tourism-based deprivation model was generated as the explanatory vehicle. • Local villagers experienced relative deprivation and contractual deprivation. • The combination of these two types of deprivation serves to trigger local peasants' discontent and contributes to conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) exhibit excellent performance in hyperspectral image classification (HSIC) and have attracted significant interest. Nevertheless, the common CNN-based classification techniques still suffer from the following drawbacks. 1) Although deep CNNs can effectively extract features from hyperspectral images, a network that is too deep often leads to negative effects such as overfitting, vanishing gradients, and decreased accuracy. 2) Most of these models for HSIC do not fully consider the strong complementarity and correlation between features at different levels. To address these issues, firstly, a self-regularization parameter correction non-monotonic activation function, called Lush, was first proposed. Then, this study proposes a novel bias update method that can update network bias parameters more efficiently. On the basis of the above, a Lush multi-layer feature fusion polarization network (LMFFBNet) for hyperspectral image classification was proposed in this study. It designs a new after-melting technology to fuse deep and shallow features in multiple stages and layers, which can obtain more discriminative features, thereby improving the classification performance of hyperspectral images. Extensive experiments on five challenging datasets (Indian Pines, Pavia University, Kennedy Space Center, Salinas Valley, and Houston) have demonstrated that compared to some state-of-the-art methods, the proposed LMFFBNet method can provide better classification performance for hyperspectral images and has strong robustness. This fully proves the effectiveness of the LMFFBNet method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The speckle carries a large amount of target information, the target features can be obtained by measuring the speckle. • There are few reports regarding the echo speckle characteristics of vortex beams currently. • The echo speckle characteristics of the Laguerre Gauss (LG) vortex beams scattered from random rough targets were examined. In this study, the echo speckle characteristics of the Laguerre-Gauss (LG) vortex beams scattered from random rough surface targets were examined based on the Rytov Approximation Theory. In addition, the expressions of the intensity correlation and coherence functions, along with the normalized intensity variances of the speckle fields, were derived. The coherent lengths and scintillation indexes of the speckle fields were then numerically simulated, and the speckle characteristics of the Laguerre-Gauss vortex beam were compared with those of the Gaussian beams. The effects of the topological charges, rough target radii, initial beam radii, turbulence intensities, and roughness degrees of the targets on the speckle characteristics of the LG vortex beams were analyzed. This study's results showed that in the weak turbulence regions, the target characteristics were the main influencing factors of the speckle fields. Meanwhile, in the strong turbulence regions, the turbulence effects were the main influencing factors of the speckle fields. The influence effects of turbulent atmosphere and target characteristics on the coherent lengths and scintillation effects of the vortex beam echoes were observed to be less than those of the Gaussian beams. In addition, the influence effects of the turbulent atmosphere on coherent lengths and scintillation effects of the vortex beams echoes with small topology were found to be minimal. Therefore, this study's results can potentially provide theoretical and technical guidance for the future applications of laser target detection, target recognition, and speckle measurement processes in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate electric dynamics and improve electric power generation of an isolated wave energy converter that uses a linear permanent magnet generator as the power take-off system, excited by regular or irregular waves. This is of significant concern when considering actual operating conditions of an offshore wave energy converter, where the device will encounter different sea states and its electric load needs to be tuned on a sea-state-to-sea-state basis. To that end, a fully coupled fluid-mechanical-electric-magnetic-electronic mathematical model and an optimization routine are developed. This proposed time-domain wave-to-wire model is used to simulate the hydrodynamic and electric response of a wave energy converter connected to specific electric loads and also used in an optimization routine that searches optimal resistive load value for a wave energy converter under specific sea states. Sample results are presented for a point-absorber type wave energy converter, showing that the electric power generation of a device under irregular waves can be significantly improved. • A wave-to-wire model is developed for a point-absorber type wave energy converter (PAWEC). • A new optimization procedure that identifies optimal electric load is proposed. • Hydrodynamic and electric performance of a wave energy converter under random sea states are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Co-delivery of two or more drugs into the same cancer cells or tissues in the same nanocarriers provides a new paradigm in cancer treatment. In this study, two kinds of nanocarriers: lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs) and polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) were constructed and compared for co-delivery of cisplatin (DDP) and curcumin (CUR). Methods DDP and CUR loaded LPNs (D/C/LPNs) and PNPs (D/C/PNPs) were prepared. Two kinds of nanocarriers were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug release. Their in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy was studied on human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa cells) and mice bearing cervical cancer model. Results Compared with D/C/PNPs, D/C/LPNs showed significantly higher cytotoxicity in vitro . D/C/LPNs also displayed the best antitumor activity than other formulations tested in vivo . Conclusions The results demonstrated that LPNs could improve the anticancer efficacy of drugs to higher levels than PNPs and free drugs, thus could serve as an effective drug system for targeted and synergistic co-delivery nanomedicine for cervical cancer chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, transition metal-catalyzed C(sp 3 ) H functionalization has gradually emerged as a practical and powerful tool to prepare highly valuable chemicals. In this mini-review, we will give some examples to cover recent research advances on transition-metal (Pd, Ni) catalyzed C(sp 3 ) H functionalization via bidentate directing group coordination. Different bidentate directing groups will be discussed. As the whole field of transition metal-catalyzed C(sp 3 ) H functionalization keeps moving forward, more synthetically useful chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective reactions catalyzed by transition-metal with bidentate directing group coordination will be discovered in the future and this promising and attractive strategy will play a more critical role in modern organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydration process of blended cementitious materials is primarily affected by the effect mechanism of supplementary cementitious materials. This study utilizes electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method to investigate the hydration kinetics of cementitious materials incorporating metakaolin (MK), quartz (Q) and limestone powder (LS). The experimental results reveal the influence of MK+Q+LS on the hydration kinetics, phase assemblage, and microstructure of the blended systems. Besides, the electrochemical impedance response of blended cement materials exhibits variation based on the MK contents and the curing age. Furthermore, the resistance of the continuously connected micro-pores (R ccp) in the blended cementitious material progressively increases throughout the hydration process. The inclusion of MK reduces the R ccp values at early ages, while contributes to an increase in R ccp values from 7 days onward. Additionally, positive correlations are established between the R ccp value and compressive strength/heat release across different MK contents and curing ages. The combination of R ccp values and other characterization method can effectively reveal the microstructure evolution process. Therefore, as a nondestructive method, EIS can be effectively applied to predict the hydration of cementitious materials and the mechanical properties. • System with 40 % MK and 60 % quartz, simulated as low-grade calcined clay, exhibit comparable compressive strength to OPC. • The R ccp value, associated with the connected pores, exhibits a correlation with compressive strength and heat release. • R ccp values is related with the filler effect, carboaluminate formation effect and the pozzolanic reaction effect of MK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Finite element model predicts HSR concrete fatigue life. • Model assesses impact of load frequency, stress ratio, and level. • Fatigue life of environmentally damaged concrete analyzed. High-speed railways have become a critical component of modern transportation, and ensuring the stability and durability of high-speed railway concrete under environmental and train fatigue loads is essential for ensuring project safety. This paper employs a numerical simulation method to predict the performance and lifespan of high-speed railroad concrete under fatigue loading with environmental damage. The study analyzes the effects of stress level (0.5–0.8), stress ratio (0.1–0.9), and load frequency (5 Hz–40 Hz) on the fatigue performance and lifespan of railway concrete during bending fatigue loading. A four-point bending numerical model of concrete is developed in this paper, which considers elastic modulus decay and surface cracking, in order to quantify the degradation of concrete properties in response to environmental and load-induced cracks. The numerical model is well-validated with experimental results, and the study establishes a correlation between concrete degradation and environmental and load-induced cracks, as well as the fatigue resistance of high-speed railroad concrete. The bending fatigue frequency of concrete should not exceed 25 Hz at high stress levels of 0.7. This study also shows that environment-induced initial damage will greatly reduce the fatigue resistance of concrete, and fatigue life degradation and elastic modulus decay have a nearly linear relationship. This research provides a crucial foundation for the fatigue design of concrete materials for high-speed railroads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of phase change materials (PCMs) into buildings contributes to mitigating indoor temperature fluctuations, offering opportunities for alleviating energy crisis. However, prevalent PCM integration methods commonly suffer from shortcomings in mechanical properties, compatibility, and environmental sustainability, restricting their applications. This study developed a novel shape-stabilized PCM (SSPCM) using cenospheres from coal-fired power waste and bio-based PCMs from vegetable oil by-products, subsequently sealed with silica coatings to inhibit PCM leakage and improve thermal stability, termed as SCS@PCM, exhibiting melting enthalpy up to 103.9 J/g. SCS@PCM was then integrated into cement mortars by replacing fine sand to fabricate thermal storage cement-based materials (TSCM), followed by assessments of their microstructural, mechanical, and thermal properties. The results showed that the silica coating helps to lowrer adverse impact of SCS@PCM on the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of TSCM. TSCM containing 30.0 vol% SCS@PCM reached a 28-day compressive strength of 45.3 MPa, exhibiting only a 17.4 % reduction compared to the control group, notably less than reductions observed for other SSPCMs reported in literature. Moreover, integration of SCS@PCM improved thermal storage capacities and decreased thermal fluctuation rates of TSCM, evidenced by a 4.7 ℃ decrease in peak temperature at dosage of 30.0 vol%. This study endeavors to develop an eco-friendly TSCM with excellent thermal and mechanical properties, providing insights for applications in improving the thermal regulation and energy efficiency in building roofs. • An eco-friendly, compatible, and robust shape-stabilized PCM was developed using cenospheres and bio-based PCMs. • Effective inhibition of PCM leakage and improved thermal stability of SCS@PCM was achieved by the SiO 2 coating. • SCS@PCM replaced up to 30 % by volume of fine sand without noticeable reduction in the mechanical strength of cement mortar. • SCS@PCM significantly improved the heat storage and temperature regulation capabilities of cement mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete structures are prone to damage from various factors, particularly chloride ion penetration, which can lead to premature deterioration. Although self-repairing materials can mitigate damage and erosion, methods for evaluating their efficacy are lacking. This study explores concrete damage development, chloride and water transport in damaged concrete, and post-repair transport behavior. A comprehensive mechanical-transport-healing model for concrete was established to investigate the influence of damage and self-healing rates on chloride distribution. Results show that tensile loads under 5 μm have minimal impact on concrete transport, whereas larger displacements significantly accelerate water and chloride migration. This acceleration resulted in a 66 % increase in the chloride concentration at a depth of 15 mm with a displacement of 10 mm. Higher self-healing rates effectively reduced the chloride concentration within the 10–30 mm range. Increasing the healing rate from 70 % to 90 % led to 75 % and 35 % decreases in the chloride concentration at a depth of 30 mm after 100 years, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between the mechanical damage and chloride transport in concrete, which can inform the development of strategies for enhancing the durability of concrete structures exposed to chloride-rich environments. • A coupled mechanical-transport-healing numerical model is developed. • The relationship between damage on the acceleration of concrete erosion medium transport was quantified. • The effect of self-healing rate on the transport properties of damaged concrete was calculated, and the self-healing rate requirement for damaged concrete was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experiments have been conducted to investigate the cryogenic adsorption characteristics of helium on activated carbon within the temperature–pressure range of 15–300 K and 0–1.5 MPa, utilizing volumetric method. • A comprehensive analysis have been investigated for installation design, adsorption equilibrium, adsorption isotherms, the isosteric heats of adsorption, heat leak calculation and the uncertainty. • This device can serve for selecting the suitable adsorbents which can be used in the system of helium isotope extraction and purification project in the future. To study the separation of helium isotopes by cryogenic adsorption, figuring out the adsorption characteristics of helium isotopes at low temperature is necessary. In this paper, a cryogenic adsorption measurement device has been established. It consists of a cryostat with a GM Cryocooler as cold source, a Setaram gas sorption instrument and a temperature controller. The helium-4 adsorption isotherms were studied under different temperatures and pressures (15–300 K, 0–1.5 MPa) by volumetric method. The results showed that a little helium was adsorbed by activated carbon at 300 K and 77 K. The amount of adsorbed helium increased with the temperature decreased from 20 K to 15 K. At pressures lower than 0.2 bar, the adsorption capacity increased rapidly as the pressure increased. Besides, the isosteric heats of adsorption were obtained, which was around 515 J/mol and changed little. Moreover, the cryogenic adsorption results were analyzed by Langmuir model and Toth model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisinin ( ART), a well-known antimalaria drug, also exhibits anticancer activities. We previously reported a group of novel dimeric artemisinin piperazine conjugates ( ADPs) possessing p H-dependent aqueous solubility and a proof-of-concept lipid nanoparticle formulation based on natural egg phosphatidylcholine ( EPC). EPC may induce allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to egg products. Therefore, the goal of this report is to develop ADP-synthetic lipid particles suitable for in vivo evaluation. We found that ADP binds to 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ( DPPC) with greater than 90% efficiency and forms drug-lipid particles ( d ∼ 80 nm). Cryo-electron microscopy of the ADP drug-lipid particles revealed unilamellar vesicle-like structures. Detailed characterization studies show insertion of the ADP lead compound, ADP109, into the DPPC membrane and the presence of an aqueous core. Over 50% of the ADP109 was released in 48 hours at p H4 compared with less than 20% at neutral. ADP109-lipid particles exhibited high potency against human breast cancer, but was tolerated well by nontumorigenic cells. In MDA- MB-231 mouse xenograft model, lipid-bound ADP109 particles were more effective than paclitaxel in controlling tumor growth. Cellular uptake studies showed endocytosis of the nanoparticles and release of core-trapped marker throughout the cytosol at 37°C. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the in vivo feasibility of lipid-bound ART dimer for cancer chemotherapy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:1815-1824, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron doped nanocrystalline silicon/amorphous silicon hybrid thin films were deposited by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) to improve the performance of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. Electrical and optical properties as well as structural and passivation characteristics of these thin films were systematically researched as a function of TMB gas mixture ratio. A high dark conductivity of 6.5 × 10 −4 S/cm and minority carrier lifetime ( τ s ) of 1740 μs on Czochralski (Cz) Si wafers were obtained with the hybrid p-type Si films. We applied this optimized film as an emitter layer on SHJ solar cells based on Cz silicon wafers; a significant improvement in the solar cell wavelength response at 400 nm and output performance have been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacking a long-term power supply restricts the endurance of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) and their application in remote sea areas. To address that ptoblem, a reliable solution based on the utilisation of wave energy is proposed in this study, where a wave-excited energy harvester is integrated into the USV. A fully coupled mathematical model is established to describe the dynamics and the electricity generation performance of the integrated system, considering the coupling of the mooring system. Numerical results given by this mathematical model are validated by physical experiments. The influence of the external load, the wave height, the wave period, the pendulum length, the pendulum mass and the mooring system on the system's performance are investigated, respectively. Experimental results of two small-scale prototypes, performed in a wave flume, show that the time-averaged generated electrical power is up to 324.89 mW when the wave height is 9.00 cm and the wave period is 1.72 s , where the corresponding wave-to-wire efficiency is 9.72%. Results indicate that the pendulum length, the pendulum mass, and the configuration of the mooring system significantly influence the resonant period and bandwidth. • A new wave-powered USV based on an inertial pendulum is proposed. • The proposed wave energy harvester has the capability to tune natural frequency. • A time-averaged electric power of 324.89 mW is achieved under a flume wave height of 9 cm. • The mooring system has a significant effect on the bandwidth of the USV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive concrete structures are susceptible to thermal cracking due to the large surface-to-internal temperature gradients induced by the exothermic cement hydration, threatening their durability and safety. This study explored a novel thermal-tailored strategy to mitigate thermal cracking of cement-based materials by incorporating carbon fibers (CF) and liquid-metal-based microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCM). Specifically, spherical MEPCM composed of In-Bi-Sn alloy cores coated by polyvinyl alcohol shells was prepared through a high-speed liquid-phase dispersion method, with average diameters of 36.26 μm and a high volumetric latent heat of 214 MJ/m3. The synergistic effect of CF and MEPCM on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of cement mortars was further investigated. Upon adding 0.3 wt% of CF and 3.2 vol.% of MEPCM, the flexural strength of cement mortars exhibited a significant increase of 30.3 %. Microanalysis revealed that the molten MEPCM could flow to fill the pores and microcracks within its surrounding matrix and form a network skeleton with well-dispersed CF, imparting flexibility to the typically rigid cement hydrates. By this way, the thermal conductivity of cement mortars was increased by 21.7 % and internal temperature rise was decreased by 12 ℃ by adding 4.8 vol.% of MEPCM, contributing to the mitigation of risks associated with thermal cracking. The research outcomes will provide valuable insights into the development of thermal cracking-resistant cement-based materials in a highly efficient way. • Fabrication of microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCM) based on In-Bi-Sn alloy was achieved. • The synergistic effects of carbon fiber (CF) and MEPCM on the performance of cement mortars was evaluated. • Incorporation of CF and MEPCM significantly enhanced the flexural strength and thermal conductivity of cement mortars. • Cement mortars containing 0.3 wt% CF and 4.8 vol.% of MEPCM exhibited a maximum internal temperature reduction of 12 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport of chloride in cement-based materials is influenced by various factors, and the chloride diffusion coefficient in numerical models should be the steady-state value under specific conditions, which is difficult to obtain through traditional experiments. In this article, based on an improved non-contact resistivity instrument, the steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient and porosity of cement-based materials are characterized. Considering the acceleration effect of moisture convection and electric field on chloride transport, a numerical model for moisture and chloride transport coupling diffusion, convection, and electromigration is established. Based on the measured steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient and porosity values, the influence of interface transition zone (ITZ), electric field type, chloride binding effect, initial conditions, and boundary conditions on moisture and chloride transport is numerically analyzed. It is found that the increase of ITZ thickness, electric field strength, boundary concentration, and initial concentration can accelerate chloride transport. The chloride concentration distribution curve exhibits a "shoulder peak" caused by chloride binding effect, and its peak height and width are positively correlated with the chloride binding coefficient. In conclusion, this study aims to better understand the ion transport behavior inside cement-based materials under coupling of convection, diffusion, and electromigration, and identify the key factors influencing this behavior, which provide a feasible scheme for durable design of concrete construction in environments rich in erosive media. [Display omitted] • The chloride diffusion coefficient and porosity of cement-based materials were measured using the improved NC-ERM method. • A numerical model was established for cement-based materials, incorporating convection, diffusion, and electromigration. • Accelerated chloride transport was observed with ITZ thickness, electric potential difference, and concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introducing a novel floating dual-chamber BBDB-OWC WEC with an enhancement plate. • The WEC exhibits smoother output power, greater capture width ratio, and broader respond bandwidth. • Difference in response phase between the front and rear chambers yields a smoother output power. • The dual chambers demonstrate commendable performance in different wave period ranges. In this study, a novel floating dual-chamber backward bent duct buoy oscillating water column (BBDB-OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) is introduced, featuring a horizontal plate at the bottom of the front chamber to act as an enhancement plate. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed and validated by comparing its results with existing experimental measurements. The validated model is employed to investigate the hydrodynamic performance and power generation characteristics of the dual-chamber BBDB-OWC WEC under various conditions, including variations in the length of the horizontal plate (l p / l f) and different regular wave conditions. Key performance metrics, including peak to average ratio of power (PTARP), wave energy capture width ratio (ξ total), and its wave period respond bandwidth (indicated by P ξ total > 0.5 and P ξ total > 0.7), are analyzed and compared with those of a traditional single-chamber BBDB-OWC WEC. The results reveal that, compared to the single-chamber WEC, the dual-chamber WEC with a specific horizontal plate length reduces the average PTARP from 2.88 to a minimum value of 1.82 for l p / l f = 0.5, improves the average ξ total from 0.55 to a maximum value of 0.64 for l p / l f = 2.5, and increases P ξ total > 0.5 and P ξ total > 0.7 from 71 % and 14 % to maximum values of 86 % and 43 % for l p / l f = 2.5, respectively. An explanation for these observations is also provided in the context of structure motion and flow fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To build a suitable corrosion environment for testing the degradation behavior of magnesium alloy in vitro, the medium and test environment are constantly optimized. However, the applicability of medium renewal mode is still vague. In this study, based on three representative test protocols, the influence of the specific ratio of media volume to surface area and the disposable medium real-time renewal mode (flow-through) on Mg corrosion were investigated. It is found that in flow-through medium renewal mode, the composition of the medium is maintained quasi-constant which is essential for corrosion tests. The selection suggestion on medium renewal mode was also proposed. This work is beneficial for ultimately establishing the representative in vitro testing protocols for Mg bioabsorbable materials. • The ratio of medium volume to surface area affects Mg corrosion. • The disposable medium real-time renewal mode maintains the medium stability. • Different media and materials have distinct sensitivity to medium renewal modes. • Medium renewal modes of corrosion test should be prudently selected based on actual needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the hydrodynamic response, the electric power generation and the wave-to-wire efficiency of scale-down prototypes are critically crucial for developing wave energy converters (WECs). Experimental evaluation through dry and wet tests are commonly employed approaches, besides the numerical analysis. However, the current study heavily relies on expensive test platforms and lacks physical verification of control strategies. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate a scale-down oscillating-body-type WEC through newly developed cost-effectively experimental techniques and test rigs, where the influence of the electric load and the implementation of a control strategy are investigated. The newly-designed dry test rig provides a low-cost and generic approach to evaluate the mechano-electric conversion performance of the power take-off system, and an advanced real-time measurement and control system is assembled and employed to test the wave-excited performance of a WEC through flume experiments. More importantly, this real-time control system is used to physically implement a well-established control strategy under regular and irregular waves, to approach the required stable output power. • Propose a low-cost test rig to assess the mechano-electric conversion performance. • The system-wide performance is efficiently obtained by a high-integrated DAQ system. • The real-time control strategy implementation example of look-up table is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]