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Discusses monsoonal differences in phytoplankton biomass and production in the Indonesian Seas. Tracing of vertical mixing by using temperature; Trend shown by the eastern seas; Temperatures that the increase in surface and integral euphotic zone phytoplankton biomass in the eastern seas is correlated with.

The paper examines the recent emergence and rapid development of oneof the world's most active, regionally based, migrant-labour systems. Explanation is sought through two major theoretical perspectives: the neo-classical economics view of labour flows responding to international differences in labour market conditions, and the world systemsview of migration as an integral part of the global restructuring ofcapital. The prime analytical focus is on the economic and migrationlinkages of the region's three leading labour-exporting countries the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia. While the basis for the rapiddevelopment of the East Asian labour migration system has been the widening demographic and economic inequalities within the region, it is shown that the detailed geographical pattern of ensuing labour flows reflects particular macro-economic, cultural and institutional linkages that selectively channel articular types of labour to particularcore economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world. The 3.1 million km2 seas cover about two-thirds of its territory. The 200 miles exclusive economic zone adds another 2.7 million km2.Marine related programmes are given a high priority by the Indonesian government. During the last two decades a concerted effort in marine capacity building has been carried out through bilateral, regional and international co-operation. This effort included, among others, increasing manpower development, expanding and improving research facilities, establishing a national marine data centre, and improving communications and co-operation throughout the marine science community.The bilateral agreement with the Netherlands in the mid-1980s for the implementation of the Snellius II Programme, laid the intellectual basis for the Indonesian marine science capability. The necessary research vessels were obtained through bilateral co-operation with France. At present Indonesia operates: a network of tide gauges and current meter stations; two satellite ground stations; tropical radar wind profiling stations; a network of marine pollution stations; a number of ocean going, coastal and fisheries research vessels; and six SEAWATCH monitoring buoys. It is expected that Indonesia will play a majorrole in the western Pacific region in the near future. This paper gives a brief review of the Indonesian experience in developing a national marine capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a response on the analysis made by Christopher Beier and Gabriele Ferrazi about the research on the progress of Indonesian decentralization efforts. Basic fronts used in evaluating the paper; Criticisms made on the discussion of institutional matters related to the rating effort of Indonesia; Theoretical base and alternative approach; Conclusion.

Presents the results of the deployment of a current meter mooring in Ombai Strait for one year in December 1995. Sampling rate of the instruments; Temperature and salinity stratification and horizontal distribution; Profile of the current; Role of the Ombai Strait in the throughflow between the western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean.

This paper concerns a question of memory relating to an event that took place towards the end of the Indonesian war of Independence (1945-49). The event is the Serangan Oemum 1 Maret 1949, or "General Attack of 1 March, 1949", when Indonesian freedom-fighters Launched an all-out attach on Dutch positions in Yogyakarta and drove them from the city. Who was the originator of this plan? The matter became a national controversy since it involved two prominent persons: the late Sultan of Yogya, and former president Soeharto. While Soeharto. While Soeharto was in power, his own account of the event became the focus of elaborate annual commemorations: but since his fall, historians have thrown into question his account of his own role in the episode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanide fishing has become a popular environmental issue in the Southeast Asia. Within a short period of time, this innovative practice has diffused throughout the fishing villages in Indonesia where the live reef fish industry occurs. Although this fishing technique poses many risks, and is illegal, the fishermen tend to ignore them. This paper describes the adoption process of cyanide fishing practice. The result indicates that the introduction of cyanide fishing favor the innovation adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been a tendency to view the seemingly irremediable spread of “illegal” logging in Indonesia in isolation, or as a result of disassociated and premeditated criminal acts. This paper proposes a different view of the problem by discussing the changing dynamics of the “illegal” logging sector in the two districts of Berau, East Kalimantan and Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan. It suggests that “illegal” logging is not a simple case of criminality, but a complex economic and political system involving multiple stakeholders. Furthermore, “illegal” logging is not a stationary condition that can be effectively dealt with through coercive or repressive measures alone. Rather, it should be viewed as a dynamic and changing system deeply engrained in the realities of rural life in Indonesia. Regional autonomy has also created a supportive environment for the “illegal” logging trade and allowed it to gain resilience. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a planning tool has been utilised for a relatively long time in Indonesia. It was introduced formally through the Act No. 4/1982. Supporting regulation was established in 1986 when Government Regulation No. 29 was enacted. After developing the EIA system for 14 years, Indonesia finally recognized the importance of emphasizing public involvement in the EIA guidelines of 2000. EIA in the previous Indonesian regulations, i.e. Regulation No. 29/1986 and No. 51/1993, did not have provisions for direct public involvement.The Indonesian Government Regulation No. 27/1999 is currently accommodating the above issue. Guidelines for public announcement and public involvement have been introduced in a decree issued by the Head of Indonesia''s Environmental Impact Management Agency No. KepDal 08/2000. This was officially enacted on 7 November 2000 in response to the demand for more public involvement, an issue that was ambiguous in the previous legislation. This paper discusses: the implementation of the new guidelines; what has been achieved; and the challenges during implementation. While the paper focuses its review on the Indonesian EIA system, Indonesia''s experience is relevant to many other developing countries that are starting to adopt public involvement in their decision-making processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The calorie–income demand elasticity is an important parameter in the development literature and in the policy arena. Yet, there is very little evidence on the extent to which it can be considered as an unchanging parameter or a time-shifting parameter that, for example, changes with the economic conditions faced by households. In this paper I use data from the 1996 and 1999 SUSENAS surveys in Indonesia to examine whether the relationship between income changes and caloric availability has changed and if so, how. Using the same questionnaire, the SUSENAS surveys collect detailed information on more than 200 different food items consumed over the last seven days by 60,000 households at the same point in time in each survey year. I use nonparametric as well as regression methods to examine two important relationships: (a) the relationship between income and total calories; and (2) the relationship between income and calories from cereals and other foods (excluding cereals and root crops). The empirical analysis finds that the income elasticity of the demand for total calories is slightly higher in February 1999 (the crisis year with dramatically different relative prices) compared to its level in February 1996. In addition, the calorie–income elasticity for cereals as a group increases while the calorie–income elasticity for other food items decreases. The latter finding is interpreted as behavior that is consistent with the presence of a binding subsistence constraint. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents initial results from a study of factors that inhibit or enhance hard coral recovery in rubble fields created by blast fishing in Komodo National Park and Bunaken National Park, Indonesia. Within nine sites monitored since 1998, there was no significant natural recovery. Levels of potential source coral larvae were assessed with settlement tiles in the rubble fields and in nearby high coral cover sites. Rubble movement was measured and shown to be detrimental to small scleractinians, especially in high current areas. In shallow water (2–6 m deep), rubble is often overgrown by soft corals and corallimorpharians, which inhibit hard coral survival. There is increased scleractinian recruitment in quadrats cleared of soft coral, and Acropora nubbins transplanted into soft coral fields suffer greater mortality than those transplanted above the soft coral canopy. Gaining an understanding of the prognosis for coral recovery is essential not only in order to assess the long-term impacts of blast fishing, but also to improve management decisions about protection of intact reefs and potential restoration of damaged areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The desire to know the future is as old as humanity. For the tourism industry the demand for accurate foretelling of the future course of events is a task that consumes considerable energy and is of great significance to investors. This paper examines the issue of forecasting by comparing forecasts of inbound tourism made prior to the political and economic crises that engulfed Indonesia from 1997 onwards with actual arrival figures. The paper finds that current methods of forecasting are not able to cope with unexpected crises and other disasters and that alternative methods need to be examined including scenarios, political risk and application of chaos theory. The paper outlines a framework for classifying shocks according to a scale of severity, probability, type of event, level of certainty and suggested forecasting tools for each scale of shock. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper uses the case study of a recently designated marine protected area (MPA) in Indonesia to demonstrate the range of institutional and cultural obstacles which hinder effective resource management and which serve to highlight the suitability of collaborative approaches to management. The study explores the implications of recent constitutional reform in this regard and presents evidence supporting the case for enhanced efforts to promote co-management of Indonesia''s MPAs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sparked by examples from Bangladesh, Bolivia, Indonesia, and other developing countries, hundreds of microenterprise programs have been started in the United States. Will these US efforts be successful? This paper reviews the evidence and concludes that microenterprise development is much more difficult in the United States than in the developing world. The paper suggests some ways to address the challenges of US microenterprise development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The sustainable management of areas of logged-over tropical forests requires an understanding of the potential yield from the forest and likely financial performance of the management system. This paper describes an analytical approach that involves the linkage of a simulation model of forest growth and yield to a financial model based on data from a forest concession in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). The growth and yield model SYMFOR (silviculture and yield management for tropical forests) was linked to a financial model derived for a forest concession managed under the Indonesian selective logging and replanting system (TPTI). This combined approach was used in this study to predict the likely timber yield for contrasting management regimes and then to calculate estimates of the financial performance described as the internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) of the forest estate.This approach was used in a study that compared the standard TPTI system with alternatives that combined reduced impact logging (RIL) techniques with alternative systems of yield regulation. The TPTI system regulates timber yield using a single diameter limit given for each type of forest (currently two categories for lowland Dipterocarp forests and one for swamp forest). The alternative systems that were evaluated included one defined by a maximum of eight harvested stems per hectare and others based on maximum volume extracted of either 50 or 60 m3 ha−1. Each of these systems was evaluated for cutting cycle lengths of 25, 35 and 45 years. These management regimes were implemented for a simulated period representing three additional cutting cycles. The impacts of alternative management regimes were compared through statistical analysis of the results from the simulations that was able to remove the effect of the very significant variability between experimental plots.The results of this analysis clearly demonstrated that the conventional TPTI management system failed to achieve criteria of sustainability for timber yield and financial performance. Average yields dropped from over 80 m3 ha−1 for the first simulated harvest from the logged-over area (second harvest) to between 35 and 40 m3 ha−1 for the third and fourth harvests. The financial analysis showed that this system was not viable after the second harvest leaving the only financially viable alternative of land conversion after clear felling of the remaining forest.The alternative management regimes based on reduced impact logging and more effective systems of timber yield regulation performed much better. The study suggested that management systems based on a cutting cycle of 35 years with yield regulated to 50 m3 ha−1 or 45 years with yield regulated to 60 m3 ha−1 were the best alternatives to the current TPTI system. Neither of these two alternatives was able to consistently achieve the desired internal rate of return of 16% unless there were also decreases in wastage associated with the harvesting and timber extraction.Optimisation techniques where used to determine the combination that would produce an internal rate of return of at least 16%. This process suggested that the concession studied would be able to achieve or exceed this criterion over all harvests when (a) a management regime involving a cutting cycle of 45 years is combined with a yield regulation system harvesting a maximum of 60 m3 ha−1 and (b) the efficiency of timber conversion increases from 52 to 60%. It is considered that this is readily achievable using existing methods and appropriate training.The methods described in this paper can be transferred to other concessions or countries and may be modified to utilise alternative growth and yield or financial models. The paper also indicates that the approach could be adapted to consider a wider range of goods and services provided by forests to extend the analysis into a more comprehensive economic analysis. A preliminary consideration of these issues demonstrated that the system of management selected on the basis of timber yield and financial performance will also provide benefits for the environment and local communities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Agricultural development is fundamentally a social process in which people construct solutions to their problems, often by modifying both new technologies and their own production systems to take advantage of new opportunities offered by the technologies. Hence, agricultural change is an immensely complex process, with a high degree of non-linearity. However, current ‘best practice’ economic evaluation methods commonly used in the CGIAR system ignore complexity. In this paper we develop a two-stage monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment approach called impact pathway evaluation. This approach is based on program-theory evaluation from the field of evaluation, and the experience of the German development organization GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fu¨r Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH). In the first stage of this approach, a research project develops an impact pathway for itself, which is an explicit theory or model of how the project sees itself achieving impact. The project then uses the impact pathway to guide project management in complex environments. The impact pathway may evolve, based on learning over time. The second stage is an ex post impact assessment sometime after the project has finished, in which the project's wider benefits are independently assessed. The evaluator seeks to establish plausible links between the project outputs and developmental changes, such as poverty alleviation. We illustrate the usefulness of impact pathway evaluation through examples from Nigeria and Indonesia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper demonstrates a methodology to estimate nitrogen flow due to human activities in three rural hamlets located at different elevations in the Cianjur–Cisokan watershed area, West Java, Indonesia. The rural ecosystem in each hamlet was divided into several components and material transfers between components due to human activities were estimated, mainly by interview, and converted to nitrogen. Then a component model of nitrogen flow in each hamlet was constructed. Nitrogen balances of the three hamlets were positive: 87–267 kg N ha−1 per year. Two indices, NSENO (nitrogen surplus per unit edible nitrogen output) and NSEEO (nitrogen surplus per unit edible energy output), were newly proposed. These indices showed that nitrogen surplus of the hamlet with the lowest elevation where paddy fields are dominant was the least when producing crops with the same nutritional value as those grown in other hamlets. Application of unused local resources, mud and human excrement, can reduce nitrogen surplus by 49–96 kg N ha−1 per year and can provide subsidy of US$ 310–370 per year. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents general equilibrium evaluations of forest sector trade for Southeast Asian exporters. The four scenarios examined range from the 1994 Uruguay Round tariff reductions to a complete liberalisation of forest and agricultural products trade. We find that simultaneous reductions in forest and agricultural sector tariffs make Indonesia and Malaysia worse off. For Indonesia, this is due to the fall in forest rent and agricultural tariff revenues. Malaysia has the highest ratio of agricultural imports to total land-based sector imports, the rise in agricultural prices thus hits Malaysian consumers the hardest.We find that terms of trade effect omitted from the partial equilibrium framework may reduce the welfare calculations for Malaysia and Indonesia in the forest sector trade by as much as 106 and 58%, respectively. This points to the importance of general equilibrium modelling in the logging industry. The same applies to other sector specific analyses where trade is concentrated between few countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we study the performance of smallholders in a nucleus estate and smallholder (NES) scheme in oil palm production schemein West Sumatra by measuring their technical efficiency using a stochastic frontier production function. Our results indicate a mean technical efficiency of 66%, which is below what we would have expected given the uniformity of the climate, soils and plantation construction among the sample farmers. The use of progressive farmers as a means of disseminating extension advice does not appear to have been successful, and more rigorous farmer selection procedures need to be put in place for similar schemes and for general agricultural extension in future. No clear relationship was established between technical efficiency and the use of female labour, suggesting there is no need to target extension services specifically at female labourers in the household. Finally, education was found to have an unexpectedly negative impact on technical efficiency, indicating that farmers with primary education may be more important than those with secondary and tertiary education as targets of development schemes and extension programs entailing non-formal education. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper introduces a variant of scenario planning, supported by some related new concepts in futures studies. The traditional snapshot and chain portrayals of scenarios are replaced by a network, which enables the consideration of multiple views of the present and the past, occurring in multiple systems (e.g. global and local). A fractal “leaf of goals” metaphor is developed, illustrating the argument that activities, events and objectives lie on a continuum: any one event is itself a composite of an indefinite number of component events.Using this concept, network scenarios are developed, consisting of nodes (representing events) and links (representing influences). Because events are socially constructed, each node can be seen as an end-state summary of a smaller network scenario. The networks are created (typically in workshops with participants from the systems being studied) using modified versions of the futures wheel and backcasting, as well as a new variant entitled middlecasting. By working iteratively between past and future events, the networks are steadily refined.A further departure from conventional scenario planning is that scenario networks do not begin at the present time, but extend about as far into the past as they do into the future. By beginning in the past, the roots of network fragments can be identified more clearly in the context of their multiple presents.The method is illustrated with an example of a project to democratize public radio in Indonesia. A scenario network was successfully created, but the delineation of multiple pasts and presents turned out to need further clarification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In Jakarta, the majority of the poor provide their own shelter in spontaneous informal settlements. Such informal settlements are often formed without land titles. Land and buildings are acquired without authorization from government. Their illegal land occupancy status has deprived them of citizenship rights and access to basic infrastructure and services. However, many of these settlements have found ways to survive and gain access to urban services by their own means. NGOs in Indonesia have played a crucial role in mobilizing the resources of the urban poor community. Despite this, there is little research on how these NGOs are intervening in the provision and management of urban services.This paper examines the struggle of one community in an informal settlement known as Kampung Penas Tanggul. Located along the riverbank of Cipinang River in East Jakarta, this close knit community has lived under pressure of threatened eviction and lack of infrastructure. Over time, with the assistance of a NGO, the community has developed a perception of secure tenure in the settlement, which in turn has generated increased community investment in infrastructure and house consolidation. The research shows that positive perception on security of tenure is important in encouraging the community to invest in their settlement. The NGO has played an important role in mobilizing the community''s resources and building their confidence in developing their settlement. The political reformation in Indonesia has also brought new hope to communities living in illegal settlements. Analysis of this ‘successful’ case helps us understand alternative ways of delivering urban services as well as alerting us to opportunities for positive collaboration among relevant stakeholders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bali, a provincial island among Indonesia''s hundreds of islands, is a unique place mainly due to its existence as an island, populated mostly by Balinese Hindu. As such the Balinese traditional-religious conceptions of space are influential in the landscape design. This paper evaluates the site plan and landscape design of the Regency of Badung Civic Center in the Province of Bali, Indonesia. It describes the design approach taken by its designers, in which they explored the traditional-religious conceptions of space in relation to the design goals. The Balinese urban design principles as proposed by Samadhi (J. Indones. Plann. School Assoc. 1(1) (2001) 25, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, 2001) will be utilized as the tool of evaluation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes a process for nominating and assessing potential actions in group meetings. It is probably useful in many other applications including as input to a forecast. The authors were concerned on how the ancient and well-tried technique of argumentative inquiry might be applied in such meetings. The traditional form of argumentation, the courtroom or debating society, was thought too confrontational, yet other attributes of argumentative inquiry were thought to be attractive. These include the use of dialectic perspectives coupled with competition. The application described illustrates the use of the argumentative process in the design and selection of radio programs for estimating demand for an ex-government-controlled radio network in Indonesia as it emerged into democracy. A series of group meetings applied an inverted form of facilitated argument whereby depersonalized statements were debated on. This paper argues that, correctly applied, the argumentative inquiry approach provides reliability, helps inform those participating in the exercises, and is sensitive to a variety of viewpoints. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this research is to find minimum illuminance level such that a visual task (in this case is reading) still can be done properly. The reading object in this research is sentences (written in Bahasa Indonesia) and printed in Times New Roman font on a white A4 paper. Three factors are observed, i.e. font size, luminance contrast (between letters and paper), and reading distance.Measurements were made of the minimum illumination that was needed by subjects, such that they still can read the object properly. The experiment was done in a dark room and the illuminance level on the object from a lamp was adjusted by using a dimmer device.The results of this experiment show that the lowest minimum illuminance of 0.13 lx (for reading object with font size 16, luminance contrast of 0.93, and distance of 60 cm) and the highest of 15.32 lx (for reading object with font size 8, luminance contrast of 0.55, and distance of 100 cm). By using analysis of variance method, it can be shown that reading distance is the most influential factor for the minimum illuminance level, and then followed by dimension and luminance contrast. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the literature on global commodity chains (GCCs) the organization of global clothing production has been largely described as a production system of a buyer-driven governance structure. However, despite the fact that buyer-driven commodity chains have been described as relatively loose and short-term, the commitment of buyers towards their individual producers can vary significantly. This largely depends on the way in which buyers are linked to their external production networks by intermediaries such as representative offices or agents. The integration of these intermediaries has a high potential to influence the ways in which the required raw materials inputs are procured and the individual production processes are organised. In addition, the analysis of labor relations and labor recruitment has been largely ignored in previous studies on GCCs. However, cultural and historic setting have a strong influence how intermediaries organize labor recruitment. Therefore, this paper aims to unravel the role of intermediaries on clothing production in terms of raw material procurement, industrial upgrading and labor recruitment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we investigate how family and community networks affect an individual''s access to credit institutions using new data from the Indonesia Family Life Surveys. Our theoretical framework emphasizes the family and community''s role in providing information, thus lowering the search costs of the borrower and monitoring and enforcement costs for the lender. From our empirical results, community and family networks are important in knowing a place to borrow, as well as for loan approval. Consistent with an information-based explanation of networks, family and community networks have a larger impact on credit awareness of new credit institutions with a lower impact on awareness of established credit sources. Interestingly, we find that women benefit from participating in community networks more than men. There is no evidence that the rich benefit from community networks more than the poor. Our results on the benefits from participation in the community network are robust to the inclusion of community fixed effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper we present densely sampled fumarole temperature data, recorded continuously at a high-temperature fumarole of Mt. Merapi volcano (Indonesia). These temperature time series are correlated with continuous records of rainfall and seismic waveform data collected at the Indonesian–German multi-parameter monitoring network. The correlation analysis of fumarole temperature and precipitation data shows a clear influence of tropical rain events on fumarole temperature. In addition, there is some evidence that rainfall may influence seismicity rates, indicating interaction of meteoric water with the volcanic system. Knowledge about such interactions is important, as lava dome instabilities caused by heavy-precipitation events may result in pyroclastic flows. Apart from the strong external influences on fumarole temperature and seismicity rate, which may conceal smaller signals caused by volcanic degassing processes, the analysis of fumarole temperature and seismic data indicates a statistically significant correlation between a certain type of seismic activity and an increase in fumarole temperature. This certain type of seismic activity consists of a seismic cluster of several high-frequency transients and an ultra-long-period signal (<0.002 Hz), which are best observed using a broadband seismometer deployed at a distance of 600 m from the active lava dome. The corresponding change in fumarole temperature starts a few minutes after the ultra-long-period signal and simultaneously with the high-frequency seismic cluster. The change in fumarole temperature, an increase of 5 °C on average, resembles a smoothed step. Fifty-four occurrences of simultaneous high-frequency seismic cluster, ultra-long period signal and increase of fumarole temperature have been identified in the data set from August 2000 to January 2001. The observed signals appear to correspond to degassing processes in the summit region of Mt. Merapi. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Policy makers in Southeast Asia rarely have complete information to guide their land-use and development decision-making. This paper presents participatory rapid economic valuation (PREV), a practical tool that: (1) provides decision-makers with enough information of adequate quality to guide land-use and development decisions; (2) helps ensure decisions reflect the best available research findings; (3) be widely applicable. In order to achieve these goals, PREV results must be credible to decision-makers, requiring that the methods, data and assumptions used be easily understood, transparent and perceived as reasonable. The economic valuation work should also be carried out in a participatory consensus-building fashion so that the knowledge of local stakeholders is fully utilized, and a wide range of decision-makers are aware of and agree with the findings. PREV must also be rapid enough to respond to real-world policy making time lines, easily carried out and inexpensive if it is to be widely used. These requirements largely restricted PREV valuation analyses to those using currently available data, which are generally market-based. While such an approach provides only a partial valuation (a minimum lower bound on the actual total economic value), in many cases a partial valuation may be sufficient to guide land-use and development decisions. In these cases, the social costs of only a few impacts may be greater than the private profits of the activity, enabling development decisions to be made using only current information. An analysis using currently available data is the first step in an iterative process. If the values based on currently available data are not sufficient, then additional data can be collected and further analyses carried out. Case study results are presented of a PREV carried out with local government officials making natural resource policy decisions for the Togean Islands in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that decision-makers were sufficiently satisfied with analyses based on currently available data to make certain decisions. A consensus was reached that local societal economic interests would be best served by prohibiting further logging and pursuing a multiple-use conservation strategy, both as a basis for tourism and to allow the continued use of marine and terrestrial biodiversity. However, the workshop participants recommended that an improved understanding of community livelihoods and incentives was required before firm decisions regarding zoning and managing the islands could be made. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Decentralization is highly considered as an alternative to make better fisheries management. This is due to that decentralization appears as a means for increasing the efficiency and equity of development activities and services delivery, and also for promoting local participation and democracy. The evolution of decentralization of fisheries management policy in Indonesia showed that the decentralization was gradually developed from deconcentration and delegation to devolution form. After Reform Era, devolution form of decentralization has been implemented due to the enactment of UU 22/1999 (the Local Autonomy Law), where local government has gained the amount of new authorities concerning marine-fisheries management. By such devolution, however, the community based management system, which is rooted from traditional fishing communities, is recognized. The effectiveness of the community based management system for the marine resources sustainability is caused by the bottom up planning and participative approach that led to the increasing of the local fishers’ sense of stewardship over the resources. Even though this kind of decentralization practice has been dealing with several problems, this is still a better way rather than centralization. This paper identifies some agendas are being encountered both in the central and the local level. This is related to the need of improvement of the legal framework, the capacity building of the local government, and the revitalization of the local institution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper seeks to add to the sparse literature on the relationship between home-based enterprises (HBEs) and upgrading by interrogating data in four surveys of 150 HBE operating households carried out in a DFID sponsored study in Cochabamba, New Delhi, Surabaya and Pretoria. It finds that HBEs increase income substantially, and provide services, such as local shops, that should be regarded as essential for low-income households. The evidence on the effect of better servicing on HBEs is generally positive. The spatial implications of HBEs are complex. Their presence takes away domestic space and this is found to be important where space is very scarce (in Delhi). The paper suggests that upgrading should introduce service levels suitable for considerable HBE activity and, in very crowded conditions, consider measures to increase dwelling size where possible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines educational development in East Timor. It is particularly concerned with the period between October 1999 and May 2002 when the country was governed by the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). The paper argues that UNTAET missed an important opportunity to implement the transformation in education that was called for by Timorese leaders. This was in part due to the extensive damage to East Timor’s education system as a result of Indonesia’s violent withdrawal in 1999. It was also due to the UNTAET period being the latest phase of a long history of external actors seeking to govern East Timor. As another (albeit far more benign) external actor, UNTAET’s efforts in the educational sector lacked legitimacy and thus popular acceptance from the people of East Timor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines whether foreign-owned plants are more productive than locally owned plants and whether the differences in productivity are related to the degree of foreign ownership in Indonesian manufacturing in 1995. The results indicate that foreign-owned plants have higher productivity than locally owned plants. Moreover, after accounting for the age of the plant, the results indicate that wholly foreign-owned plants tend to have higher productivity than other foreign-owned plants and that relatively new foreign-owned plants tend to have relatively low productivity levels. The relationship between the share of foreign ownership and productivity level differs among industries, and in some industries, minority or majority foreign-owned plants have relatively high productivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Sustainable ecosystem management of Acacia mangium plantation, the area of which is rapidly increasing in the tropics, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia, becomes more and more important. In this context, abundance, biomass and vertical distribution of soil macro-invertebrates were investigated in a mature plantation of A. mangium in Sarawak, Malaysia. In the present paper, in order to reveal the changes in soil macro-fauna caused by conversion of natural forests to A. mangium plantations, the results were compared with those from a nearby primary forest. While total abundance of soil macro-invertebrates was similar, total biomass was much larger in the plantation than in the primary forest. The prominent factor for such a large total biomass in the plantation was the high abundance of earthworms, followed by isopods and harvestmen with much smaller contributions. The common feature of the communities of these three taxa in the plantation was the absolute dominance by single species. The dominant earthworm species was of the endogeic type that was absent from the primary forest and thought to be introduced with A. mangium seedlings from outside. The isopod flushed in the plantation was a pill bug that occurred in the primary forest, too, and might have been pre-adapted to the vegetation change. The dominant harvestman in the plantation was of the life form different from that of the other species found, and was thought to be supported by the explosive increase in biomass of earthworm and/or pill bug. On the other hand, communities of termites, ants, fly larvae, click beetle larvae and other beetle larvae were depressed by the vegetation change. Thus the major consequence of the conversion of natural forest to A. mangium plantation was simplification of community structure in many taxonomic groups. The major points of the simplification in turn were the explosive increase in biomass of the soil processing earthworm and the litter processing pill bug which may accelerate the mineralization processes. The need for a careful monitoring on sustainability of soil fertility was concluded. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an internally and globally consistent model of plate evolution in eastern Indonesia from Middle Miocene to Present time. It is centered on the Banda Sea region located in the triple junction area between the Pacific–Philippine, Australia and South–East Asia plates. The geological and geophysical data available from Indonesia were until recently insufficient to define a unique plate tectonic model. In this paper, the new data taken into account clearly restrict the possible interpretations. Owing to a great number of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies, the major plate boundaries (the Sunda–Banda subduction zone to the south, the Tarera–Aiduna Fault zone and the Seram Thrust to the east, and the Sorong Fault zone and Molucca Sea collision zone to the north) are now clearly identified. The age of the major tectonic structures is also better known. Geodetic measurements well constrain the Present time plate kinematics. We also consider the deformation history within eastern Indonesia, where numerous short-lived microplates and their related microcontinents successively accreted to the Asiatic margin. Moreover, magnetic anomalies identification of the North and South Banda Sea basins allows a precise kinematic reconstruction of the back-arc opening. We used the Plates software to test the coherency of our model, presented as a series of 4 plate reconstruction maps from 13 Ma to the present. Finally, the origin of oceanic domains restored by our reconstruction is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In a mass casualty event, treatment is traditionally provided in a ‘best for the most’ fashion. This paper examines the challenges encountered by physical therapists while providing rehabilitation to 28 survivors who suffered burns after the terrorist bombing in Bali, Indonesia. Individual patient input was achieved with routine outcome measures and workload statistics. Workforce expansion, maintenance of treatment quality, and other practical initiatives used in order to achieve this goal are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Bali bombings on 12 October 2002 killed 202 people and caused international outrage. The police investigation referred to as “Operation Alliance” involved the Indonesian National Police, the Australian Federal Police and others, resulted in the arrests of key personnel and exposed the link between Jemaah Islamiah (JI) and al-Queda. This paper describes aspects of the investigation from a forensic chemists perspective. The recovery of water soluble residues from blast scenes and suspect''s residences is a challenging task that requires a meticulous and methodical approach. The concept of deploying forensic chemists and setting up a “mobile laboratory” from the outset proved to be a highly effective and efficient way to process large numbers of samples and assist investigators with relevant information at the time that it was most needed. It also identified the need for a new generation of field portable instruments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Telecommunications reform is often used to resolve poor performance problems in telecommunications as well as to improve services and lower prices. When a country initiates reform, new institutions and players may be created. In a case study of telecommunications reform in Indonesia, this paper provides evidence that the performance of the telecommunications sector after reform is largely determined by how well the institutions in the reform process work, rather than depending on reform strategies such as privatization, market competition, creation of a regulatory body, or an increase in the number of players. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A paper published in Ecological Economics [Varma, A. 2003. The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires. Ecological Economics 46,159–171] claims to show that slash and burn agriculture is socially inefficient and should be banned. However, its conclusions and recommendations are flawed. It defines slash and burn agriculture too broadly and misrepresents the nature and causes of the 1997–98 fires by virtue of attributing them entirely to slash and burn agriculture. Its economic assessment of the costs of the fires is also problematic. The recommendations to ban land-clearing fires and to provide alternative livelihoods to slash and burn farmers cannot be supported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is used by small-scale gold miners in more than 50 developing countries, where the accompanied releases affect human health and the environment. The objectives of this paper are to summarize present use of Hg in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) worldwide, reveal the origin of part of the Hg used by the gold miners, and propose appropriate actions to reduce the resulting Hg emissions. Significant releases of mercury are associated with inefficient amalgamation techniques. Releases are estimated to range from 800 to 1000tonne/annum. Of this total, approximately 200–250tonne of Hg are released in China, 100–150tonne in Indonesia, and 10–30tonne each in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Philippines, Venezuela and Zimbabwe. Mercury usually enters these countries legally – typically imported from countries in the European Union – although in some cases and in some years (e.g., Indonesia, Venezuela, etc.), the reported imports of Hg are far below estimated consumption. Meanwhile, the EU, while gradually replacing Hg products and processes with more environmentally benign alternatives, paradoxically continues to produce virgin Hg at government-owned mines, further exacerbating a general global oversupply of Hg – evident from its historically low market price. Political leadership is needed to avoid the transfer of excess Hg, and related health and environmental risks from the EU to third countries. Otherwise, the present situation will continue or even worsen, with no oversight or control of the global Hg trade in which the transfer of excess EU Hg to artisanal miners is favoured by low Hg prices relative to gold prices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article presents and discusses the role of the security forces in the communal conflict in Ambon, Indonesia. Though it shares the view articulated by many scholars and social obervers that the security forces played partisan roles in prolonging the Ambon conflict, it criticizes the tendency to overstate their role and see them as a single homogenous actor. Based on extensive research and fieldwork, this paper argues that the dynamics of the role of the security forces in the conflict in Ambon evolved in concert with the dynamics of the conflict itself and was influenced by both local and national factors and their respective actors. It also examines the issue in the context of civil-military relations in the aftermath of the collapse of the authoritarian regime, with particular attention paid to its impact on security sector reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The paper reviews the literature on the characteristics and impact of opinion leaders on the diffusion of new knowledge, concluding that there is no clear evidence on whether opinion leaders are more effective if they are similar in socio-economic attributes to the other farmers rather than superior to would-be followers. A multivariate analysis of the changes in integrated pest management knowledge in Indonesia among follower farmers over the period 1991–98 indicates that opinion leaders who are superior to followers, but not excessively so, are more effective in transmitting knowledge. Excessive socio-economic distance is shown to reduce the effectiveness of diffusion. The paper then derives operational implications of the empirical results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the speech act of apologizing in Lombok, Indonesia, based on discourse completion task (DCT) data. In particular, it looks at the type of apology term used, and at the types of upgrading used, in different situations. Comparisons are made with published results of choice of apology term and use of upgrading in other cultures. Some findings include: Lombok Indonesians are shown to prefer requests for forgiveness, and not to use other apology terms. Use of upgrading varies both with nature of offense and with nature of relationship, but little difference is seen between genders. Where difference does occur, males proved more likely than females to use solidarity oriented upgrading. Patterns in the use of upgrading sometimes paralleled those found in other studies: deference strategies were used with higher status addressees, while solidarity strategies were used with social intimates. However, often usage reflected particular conventions of Lombok Indonesian society, and could not be explained in terms of the same factors as had proved relevant in other studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Waste from traditional markets in Indonesia is the second largest stream of municipal solid waste after household waste. It has a higher organic fraction and may have greater potential to be managed on a business scale compared to household wastes. The attributed reason is that in general the wastes generated from traditional markets are more uniform, more concentrated and less hazardous than waste from other sources. This paper presents the results of environmental and economic assessments to compare the options available for traditional market waste disposal in Indonesia. The options compared were composting in labour intensive plants, composting in a centralised plant that utilised a simple wheel loader, centralised biogas production and landfill for electricity production. The current open dumping practice was included as the baseline case. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used for environmental analysis. All options compared have lower environmental impacts than the current practice of open dumping. The biogas production option has the lowest environmental impacts. A cost–benefit analysis, which considered greenhouse gas savings, was used for the economic assessment. It was found that composting at a centralised plant is the most economically feasible option under the present Indonesian conditions. The approach reported in this study could be applied for ‘a pre-feasibility first cut comparison’ that includes environmental aspects in a decision-making framework for developing countries even though European emission factors were used. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To cope with the increasing electricity demand and to overcome the supply shortage of electricity, it is imminent that investments be made on the electricity generation sector on a large scale in Indonesia. This paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship between electricity generation and economic growth in Indonesia, using time-series techniques for the period of 1971–2002. The results indicate that there is a uni-directional causality running from economic growth to electricity generation without any feedback effect. Thus, economic growth stimulates further electricity generation, and policies for reducing electricity generation can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects in Indonesia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: This paper develops a framework for conceptualizing local capacity to address village level livelihood and governance problems. The framework is based on an analysis of asset distribution, combined with an explicit analysis of the links between processes of state formation, state-business linkages and local forms of social capital. The framework is used to discuss findings from recent research on village capacity in rural Indonesia. The discussion suggests that it is possible to link a political, economic approach to rural development with recent conceptualizations of social capital. Such an analysis can illuminate the forms taken by and the effectiveness of village level collective action in ways that either purely political economy or social capital approaches do not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper provides some of the only fisheries and quantitative biological data for the Mobulidae (manta and devil rays), a group of large pelagic species that are widely distributed in tropical and warm temperate waters. The data were derived from 409 mobulids that were taken as bycatch of drift gillnet fisheries for the skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis and subsequently examined at fish landing sites in Indonesia. The most abundant of the five species was Mobula japanica (∼50%), followed by Mobula tarapacana (∼24%), Manta birostris (∼14%), Mobula thurstoni (9%) and Mobula cf kuhlii (2%). The four most abundant species were represented by a wide size range of each species and, in the case of Mobula japanica, by embryos, neonates and fully mature individuals. The disc width at maturity (DW50) of males, derived from the proportion of males at each size class with fully calcified claspers, ranged from 1538mm for Mobula thurstoni to 3752mm for M. birostris. As the claspers of males become calcified over a relatively narrow size range, the process of maturation is presumably relatively rapid. There is an increasing demand for various body parts of mobulids. Branchial filter plates, which are used for traditional Chinese medicines, are the most valuable, fetching as much as 30 $US a kilo (dry weight). The skins are dried and deep fried and the flesh salted and dried and these are used for human consumption, while cartilage is dried for export as a filler for shark-fin soup. The very low fecundity of the large and probably long-lived mobulid rays make the stocks of their species particularly susceptible to further increases in fishing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is a general concern that livestock can have a profound effect on the environment, also in smallholder production systems. This paper presented the impact of small ruminants on the quality of air and water in and around small ruminant houses. In total, 27 small ruminant houses from the three agro-ecological zones, lowlands, middle zone and uplands, in the Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were monitored to investigate gas emissions and water pollution. Air samples were taken by using a gas catching tool filled with absorbents for gases. The gases mainly consisted of ammonia, nitrogen oxides, dihydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and hydrocarbons. Groundwater samples were collected from the farmers’ wells, adjacent to the small ruminants houses. The main water chemical parameters analysed were pH, turbidity, iron, fluoride, calcium carbonate, chloride, manganese, nitrate, nitrite, dihydrogen sulphide, and organic matter, while the bacterial indicators were faecal coliform and total coliform. Gas concentrations in the air were highest inside the houses, while around the houses their concentrations decreased rapidly on both the tailwind and headwind side. The concentrations of the gases were below the admissible levels assessed by the local government, except hydrocarbons in the middle zone, which was probably related to the storage of the manure inside the houses. The impact of small ruminants on water pollution was much greater than on air pollution. Some of the physico-chemical parameters showed high concentrations and nearly reached the admissible limit. The water sources had very high levels of faecal coliform bacteria and total coliform bacteria, two groups of bacteria used as indicators for water contamination caused by manure. It can be concluded that, in Central Java, management and housing of small ruminants close to the family quarters causes little environmental problems; however, attention should be paid to water quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper addresses a multi-criteria analysis approach to agricultural landscape planning. The case study was conducted in the Cianjur watershed, West Java, Indonesia, which has experienced soil erosion problems in recent years. The planning process consists of erosion hazard, land suitability, and economic feasibility analyses. Land resource information was developed as a GIS database from topographic maps, Landsat TM images, soil maps, and climatic data. Using these data, the universal soil loss equation was applied to erosion hazard analysis. In land suitability analysis, the land requirement of plants, and land resources characteristics were compared on the basis of Food and Agriculture Organization''s land suitability evaluation methods. Production cost profiles and price data for each crop were used in the economic feasibility analysis. On the basis of the integrated results of the three analyses, proposed agro-ecological land-use was planned under which the land-utilization types would not cause more than tolerable soil loss, would be at least marginally suitable with regard to land resources quality, and would be economically feasible. When compared with current agricultural land-use, the proposed agro-ecological land-use would reduce total soil loss in the area by about 75%, with a reduction in total profit from agricultural production of just 3.1%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Liang Bua, a limestone cave in western Flores, has an archaeological and faunal sequence known to span the last 95ka and is the type-site for a small-bodied hominid species, Homo floresiensis. This paper describes the geomorphic history of this significant site, and presents numerical ages for key events as determined by thermoluminescence dating of sediments (using a dual-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol) and uranium-series dating of flowstones. Our age estimates indicate that Liang Bua existed as a subterranean chamber by 400ka ago. It was subsequently exposed by the incision of the Wae Racang River, which invaded the cave around 190ka and deposited an upward-fining sequence of water-rolled boulders and cobbles. The latter conglomerate was partially reworked around 130ka ago and was capped by flowstones at 100ka. The conglomerate also contains stone artefacts, which implies that the occupation of the surrounding area is at least as old as the time of emplacement of the conglomerate. After 190ka, a complex sequence of erosion and deposition led to the accumulation of at least 11m of sediment in the front chamber of the cave, which proved suitable for hominid occupation. Such geochronological and geomorphological information is extremely valuable for interpreting the archaeological record at Liang Bua and its wider significance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]