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[Display omitted] • This paper demonstrates the Kartini Reactor's educational utility. • A case study was conducted by investigating reactor criticality. • The study achieved reactor criticality by inserting 5 fuel elements, totaling 2524.57 g. • The critical mass determination was refined by plotting the inverse of counts against the total mass of U-235. • This approach utilized both polynomial and linear trend lines to analyze the data. Research reactors serve critical roles across multiple domains—from physics to medicine—while distinctly not being used for electrical power generation. The Kartini Research Reactor located in Indonesia exemplifies the integration of research reactors in education and scientific research, particularly highlighting its educational applications through the Internet Reactor Laboratory (IRL). Established in 1978 and operational since 1979, the Training Research and Isotope Production by General Atomic (TRIGA) Mark II reactor is instrumental in advancing nuclear science with facilities like the Lazy Suzan/Rotate Rack and Beam Port. The IRL significantly enhances its educational process, enabling remote access to reactor physics experiments, thus facilitating global university participation in nuclear engineering education. This capability allows for the real-time visualization of reactor operations and detailed presentation of operational data and experiment results, enriching the learning experience. This paper demonstrates the Kartini Reactor's educational utility through a case study investigating reactor criticality and determining the critical fuel mass under safe operational parameters. Employing telecommunication hardware and software, the study achieved reactor criticality by inserting 5 fuel elements, totaling 2524.57 g. The critical mass determination was further refined by plotting the inverse of counts against the total mass of U-235. This approach utilized both polynomial and linear trend lines to analyze the data. While the polynomial analysis provided upper and lower thresholds for critical mass, the linear regression offered a precise critical mass value of 2428.62 g, showcasing a deviation of only 4% from the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have focused on generating seismic vulnerability maps for earthquake-prone areas, particularly in Indonesia. Building typologies are a key factor in determining vulnerability to earthquakes. However, conducting large-scale field surveys to determine the spatial distribution of building typologies in a city is uneconomical. This paper explores the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect building typologies from diverse regions in Indonesia, utilizing both conventional and automated building image acquisition processes. In this study, datasets from three distinct image acquisition methods are trained with four unique CNN architectures to identify the best-performing model to classify building typologies. The sample size effect on CNN performance is also investigated. The results showed that randomly sampled Google Street View (GSV) images are the most effective dataset for the CNN model, achieving an f1-score of 84.33%. Among the network architectures tested, MobileNet demonstrated superior performance on the majority of evaluated datasets. As the sample size increases by about 350% in the dataset, there is a positive correlation with up to 2.3% f1-score improvement. Using the best-performing CNN model, two building vulnerability models were employed to assess the spatial distribution of building damage in the urban area of Bandung, considering a hypothetical scenario of an M7 earthquake. Incorporating local construction data, one of the generated maps estimated that approximately 55% of buildings in Bandung would experience moderate to severe structural damage. This study showcases the potential of CNN models in automating regional seismic assessments and providing valuable insights for comprehensive seismic mitigation strategies. • A decision tree to label building typology objectively in Indonesia was developed. • CNN model trained with randomly sampled GSV dataset outperforms other models. • The CNN and probability model generated a city-scale building vulnerability map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries like Indonesia, adding a new unit for hydroprocessing facilities is more efficient than modifying the existing equipment. When the addition occurs, refiners should analyze if the existing hydrogen network can supply enough hydrogen to the new unit before constructing a costly hydrogen plant. Current studies on the hydrogen network have yet to consider pressure drop adequately. Therefore, this paper integrates pressure drop estimation and density prediction into the multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network. The multi-objective problem is solved sequentially by adding a minor unit to obtain each configuration's maximum flowrate and total annual cost. The optimal configuration based on the combined objective function is to add 1 PSA and compressor for a hydrogen purity of 0.84 and specified pressure requirements. The pressure drop integration shows an insignificant impact averaging 0.004 m3/s of maximum flowrate difference compared to optimization without pressure drop. • The addition of a new hydroprocessing unit is more efficient than existing refiners. • Multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network is used to analyze retrofit options. • The pressure drop integration shows a small impact on the overall. • Network. • The optimal configuration is to add one PSA and one compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We investigate the use of jurisdictional approaches to promoting sustainable palm oil production. • We theorise the intervention pathways through which jurisdictional approaches promote sustainability. • We analyse the effects of implementation contexts for how jurisdictional interventions are combined and sequenced. • We propose contextually adaptive strategies to improve the impact and resilience of jurisdictional approaches. Voluntary systems of sustainable commodity governance have come under intensified criticism for failing to catalyse transformative change beyond directly regulated supply chains. In response, there has been a surge of efforts to 'scale-up' sustainability impacts through governance interventions at landscape and jurisdictional scales. While these ambitious, scaled-up approaches are attracting significant interest, such approaches demand substantial changes to established repertoires of policy interventions and associated understandings of the pathways through which these contribute to sustainability outcomes. Drawing theoretical insights from scholarship on multi-stakeholder sustainability governance together with findings from a qualitative study of jurisdictional governance experiments in the Indonesian palm oil sector, this paper explores how emerging jurisdictional initiatives are promoting change pathways towards more sustainable commodity production, and how the political, environmental governance and economic contexts in which these interventions are implemented influence these pathways. Analysis shows that by integrating a distinctive mix of market and policy-driven interventions, jurisdictional approaches are contributing to three core pathways of change, centred respectively on network and coalition-building, collaborative governance, and resource mobilisation. However, which of these pathways are most influential, how interventions are sequenced and operationalised, and how the pathways interact in shaping change is highly sensitive to varied subnational implementation contexts, with important implications for the impact and resilience of jurisdictional programs. These findings highlight the need for jurisdictional policy interventions to respond flexibly to contextually-variable configurations of actor interests, coalitions and power relations within contested multi-scalar processes of sustainable commodity governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As start-up companies may leverage information spreading through Instagram's hashtag-setting, algorithms in influence maximization can be encoded. The objective is to find a maximum impact which can activate users in spreading advertisement marketing campaign through social network. This paper contributes an influence analysis on Instagram and reproduces it into a hashtag network by transforming postings with hashtag interdependence. In finding optimal paths such network structure with influence probabilities, we employ Floyd-Warshall algorithm under uncertainty. The technique is simulated on Indonesian FnB unicorn company and demonstrated in numerical example. The result shows that the hashtag #promokopi may impact the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary trade barriers, such as safeguards, is a measure to rescue the economy in such a way as to protect domestic industries from foreign competitors. Safeguards provide opportunities for domestic industries to make structural adjustments and reshape their business process to increase their competitiveness during the validity period. Indonesia's government has imposed safeguards for most textile sub-industries, from the upstream industry (yarn and fibres) to the downstream garment industry and other related textile industries. This paper aims to evaluate whether the application of safeguards meets its objectives in improving the competitiveness of domestic industry against its foreign competitors with a long observation period. It is found that the effectiveness of the application of safeguards was limited to rescuing the trade balance. In terms of export competitiveness, safeguards have not been effective in increasing the export competitiveness of the textile industry in the world market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to predict the determinants of mobile fintech apps and digital financial inclusion from the perspective of the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) segment in Indonesia. To address the complexities of BOP users, this paper theoretically grounded on Mobile Technology Acceptance Model (MTAM) (i.e. mobile usefulness (MU), mobile ease of use (MEU)) along with its relevant extension including personal factor (digital financial literacy (DFL)), financial risk factor (mobile perceived financial cost (MPFC)), and consequent factors (i.e. use behavior (UB), and digital financial inclusion (DFI)). The moderating impact of gender was also tested. A survey instrument that was self-administered and comprised measurement items adapted from prior research was utilized to gather data from 200 mobile fintech BOP users residing in Makassar, South Sulawesi. According to the results of the PLS-SEM test, seven hypotheses were accepted, while two were rejected. In addition, it was confirmed that men play a more prominent role than women in strengthening mobile fintech use and digital financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions in Indonesia are required to report their academic data to the national higher institution database (namely PDDikti) through a synchronization mechanism. Because the PDDikti database has been used as the reference for nationwide programs such as university ranking, diploma verification, faculty promotion, and tenure, academic data in their reports have to be valid, accurate, and up to date. Yet, data quality is an issue among higher institutions, while data governance is the heart of data quality. This paper investigates challenges encountered by a public university in Indonesia in implementing data governance and how to resolve them. The findings outline six main challenges in data governance implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride attack is the main cause of corrosion of reinforced concrete structures subject to marine environment. This paper deals with the assessment of a reinforced concrete jetty structure in Indonesia after 25 years of service life and simultaneously investigate the effect of applying newest Indonesian earthquake code on jetty structural element safety. The work comprises detailed inspection of the structure, on-site and laboratory tests of the structure, and analyses of existing and future structural strength based on the tests data. Current and future strength prediction is performed by assuming average and worst-case scenarios for corrosion. Based on the average-case scenario, the concrete jetty structural elements have no strength reduction up to 2028. By contrast, using the worst-case scenario, the concrete jetty structural elements start experiencing strength reduction in 2003. Applying the 2019 Indonesian earthquake code to analyze the jetty, shows significant reduction of safety factor of steel pipe pile element of the jetty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry in Sumatra, Indonesia, completely changed its key plantation forest species during 2012–2017 from their previous mainstay, Acacia mangium (which had become severely damaged by diseases) to Eucalyptus pellita and related hybrids. This rapid wholesale change posed major challenges to management and ongoing wood production. We present here long-term experimental results and operational pre-harvest inventory of the two species covering five successive rotations, spanning three decades. This is the first such report of long-term, multi-rotation productivity trends for plantations from a tropical equatorial environment. Highlights include: (i) the trends in productivity in the experiments and inventory are parallel and were characterised by an initial increase, followed by a decrease and then recovery of productivity in response to ecosystem stress, species change and management interventions, (ii) the growth rates of E. pellita are significantly lower than those of A. mangium across soils and sites (iii) the conservation of site organic matter during the inter-rotation phase is as critical for eucalypt as it was for acacia, (iv) the response to applied P is more widespread and stronger in E. pellita than in A. mangium , and (v) significant production losses are occurring due to high tree mortality. We also highlight some of the emerging issues warranting attention. Productivity varies widely across sites, so does the relative responses to management inputs in this environment. The reasons for this need to be better understood so that site-specific management practices can be applied. For example, the depth at which an impeding horizon occurs in some soil profiles is a strong factor influencing growth, regardless of species. The legacy effects of A. mangium , especially of fixed N and nutrient cycling are benefitting eucalypts. The adoption of research outcomes by managers have enabled gains of 8–19% in the productivity of eucalypts planted in recent years compared to that obtained in the first eucalypt rotation. Further improvements are possible through adaptive management, guided by both experimental results and inventory, aimed at gains in operationally realisable productivity. The companies are committed to using only plantation grown wood for processing and are not expanding their own land base allocated for production. The imperative, therefore, is to focus on sustainably increasing the productivity per unit area on their existing land management units that are now under the fifth or sixth rotation. • We present trends in productivity covering five successive rotations over three decades: the first such report from the equatorial tropics. • Productivity initially increased, then declined, and subsequently recovered due to ecosystem stress and adaptive management. • The legacy effects of A. mangium benefit the eucalypt phase, but N and K may still be needed in the longer term. • One major problem to overcome is the high tree mortality during the first 2–3 years after planting, the causes of which are unknown. • Adoption of research outcomes has enabled gains of 8–19% in the operational productivity of the second rotation of eucalypts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Barito, Pasir, and Tarakan Basins in Kalimantan Island is the most extensive coal-bearing sedimentary basin in Indonesia, mined since 1989. The coal is notable in having high sulfur coal content, exceeding >10% in some cases, contributed by the presence of pyrite. The latter issue contributed to interest in the coal, forming economic mineral deposits hosted by the sedimentary pyrite and organic matter. Novel findings of this research providing valuable information of trace element behavior during the diagenetic conditions. This paper documents the textural and compositional evolution of pyrite-organic matter of coals using coal petrographic, proximate, ultimate, total sulfur content, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron probe micro analyser (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy. Coals from Kalimantan are mainly characterized by medium-high sulfur content (>3%) and the maximum temperatures reached by organic matter during diagenesis are 166 ± 10 °C for the Pasir Basin, 136 ± 11 °C for the Barito Basin, and 132 ± 12 °C for the Tarakan Basin. Pyrite is mainly found as large size framboids (mostly >5 μm), indicating formation in the sedimentary layer with dysoxic bottom water conditions during early–late diagenetic stages. The framboidal pyrite was preferably formed in detrovitrinite and gelovitrinite under topogenous mire conditions, due to the degradation of macerals and biochemical gelification, which provided the organic templates. High concentrations of trace elements (TEs) of framboidal pyrite, such as 1) Cu, Ni, and Co in the Pasir Basin and 2) As in the Barito Basin, likely reflect the local sedimentary provenance and underlying basement rocks. Pyrite texture evolved with increasing diagenetic temperatures from 1) framboidal pyrite, 2) recrystallized framboidal pyrite rims, and 3) anhedral, anhedral-euhedral pyrite transition, and euhedral massive pyrite. This study shows a similar average TE concentrations of various pyrite textures, suggesting that the TEs are not remobilized during the evolution of pyrite at the diagenetic stages. • Medium-high sulfur coals from Indonesia. • Association of pyrite and organic matter. • Textural and compositional evolution of pyrite in coals. • Trace elements of pyrite in coals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient rice farming in indigenous ricescapes is dependent on access to various forms of capital assets; however, the acquisition of these assets is hindered by environmental, industry, demographic, and cultural vulnerabilities. This paper examines the implications of these challenges on natural, physical, financial, human, social, and cultural capital assets for rice farming in the indigenously engineered ricescapes of Bali, Indonesia, and Ifugao, the Philippines. The study used site visits, focus group discussions, and interviews and employed a combined analysis of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and Bourdieu's theory of capital to explore the interconnected vulnerabilities and their impacts on rice farming to understand the factors that endanger the preservation, cultural integrity, and heritage of these sites. The study shows that similar challenges are present across these ricescapes, including land use changes, erratic weather patterns, and rice market volatility, among others. Additionally, dilemmas regarding cultural and normative directions for development are apparent, while livelihoods vary and are in flux among households due to their discrepant access to capital assets. Therefore, it is crucial to implement governmental, market, and development programs that strengthen rice farmers' access to various types of capital assets to preserve the outstanding universal values of these ricescapes. • Access to capital is crucial for resilient rice cultivation in indigenous ricescapes. • Environmental, industry, demographic, and cultural challenges hinder capital acquisition. • The study examines the impact of multiple vulnerabilities on rice farming capital for resilience in Bali and Ifugao. • Common challenges include land use changes, erratic weather patterns, and rice market volatility. • Discrepancies in capital access lead to unstable livelihoods in rice farming households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to demonstrate the comprehensive development of typical meteorological years (TMYs) under relatively limited observational data. The distribution of missing hourly observational data of the 2011–2020 period at all sites was examined. This paper proposes a quality control method for filling the gaps in the missing hourly observational data using bias-corrected ERA5 reanalysis data in the process of developing TMYs. Initially, the temperature bias distribution from −4.5 °C to 2.7 °C was reduced to a range of −0.014 °C to 0.005 °C. The relative humidity bias distribution was −6 % to 10 %, and was reduced to −0.32 % to 0.07 %. The bias distribution of wind speeds ranging from −4 m/s to 2 m/s was reduced to −0.02 m/s to 0.35 m/s. The Sandia method with a modified weighting of Finkelstein-Shaffer (FS) statistics was applied to eight climate elements, namely, global horizontal irradiance, direct normal irradiance, diffuse horizontal irradiance, temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, and dew point temperature to generate TMYs at 106 sites across eight climate zones in Indonesia. The verification results showed that the average correlation and RMSE between TMYs and their long-term averages were 0.96 and 75 w/m2 for global horizontal radiation, respectively, while those for temperature were 0.86 and 1.3 °C, respectively. • Quality control was performed on the datasets for the process of developing TMYs. • The ERA5 reanalysis datasets have been improved using a bias correction method. • TMYs have been proposed for 106 sites based on 8 climatic elements. • The climate pattern of each climate zone can be well represented by TMYs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm kernel expeller (PKE), a by-product of the palm oil production process in Indonesia, has evolved into a billion-dollar export 'flex' commodity to feed cows in intensified dairy production in New Zealand. As the PKE trade grew in New Zealand, the dairy industry became a transnational behemoth and a leading global exporter. Through our examination of PKE, an understudied commodity, we reveal the ways that ecological degradation to local, regional, and world-ecologies are exacerbated and intertwined. This paper argues that neoliberalisation of regulatory and trade policy, both within and between the two countries, laid the groundwork for the growth of the ecologically destructive palm oil operations of Indonesia as well as the intensified dairy operations in New Zealand, both of which rely on dispossession of Indigenous lands. Our theorisation builds on the flex commodity literature by analyzing the ways PKE became an 'environmental fix' and part of a transnational waste regime linking two semiperipheral regions. This environmental fix for the dairy industry temporarily limits the negative impacts of climate change induced drought. The world-ecology(ies) of such 'fixes' is becoming increasingly urgent and increasingly tenuous in the face of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of urban future storylines of transformative change is subject to socio-political processes rather than a mere, objective envisioning of the desirable city. Approaches in urban imagination and planning processes should thus consider plural perspectives across a range of actors and stakeholders beyond the usual suspects of experts and professionals.This paper mobilizes the case of the emergence of online taxis in Indonesia to embrace a more inclusive approach to the assessment of urban mobility futures by employing multi-criteria mapping (MCM) analysis and combining it with an open dialog on future storylines. We answer the question of what insights can be derived from diversifying future storylines in the online taxi industry in Indonesia? From applying a more inclusive approach in constructing future imaginaries we derive four insights: 1) criteria to appraise the future are never purely technological; 2) there is a difference in perceptions of time horizons among actors when imagining futures; 3) perceptions of time horizons are shaped by actor backgrounds and social interactions; and 4) the MCM method contributed to helping individuals to focus and explore their future storylines. • Criteria to appraise the future are never purely technological. • There is a difference in perceptions of time horizons among actors when imagining futures. • Perceptions of time horizons are shaped by actor backgrounds and social interactions. • The MCM method contributed to helping individuals to focus and explore their future storylines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geospatial analysis is useful for mapping the potential of renewables like solar PV. However, recent studies do not address PV's bankable potential for which project financing can be secured. This paper proposes a framework that incorporates project finance into geospatial analyses to obtain the bankable potential of renewables. We demonstrate our framework for Indonesia, and compare the bankable potential with the socio-economic potential mostly used in literature. Using average inputs On average, the technical potential is 12,200 TWh/year and the socio-economic potential is 152.7 TWh/year if capped by 2030 demand (34% coverage). Considering PV's financing risks, PV's bankable potential is 16.0 TWh under current conditions if capped by 2030 demand (3.6% coverage). Both economic potentials are mainly in East Indonesia and absent on Java due to tariffs and land availability. For the bankable potential, the risk perception by banks and investors is another key influence. With a feed-in tariff of 11.5 US¢(2021)/kWh and temporary lift of import restrictions, the bankable potential is 23 TWh if capped by 2030 demand (5.2% coverage) and spreads to Java. For more widespread bankability, additional temporary measures are recommended until the PV's costs have decreased further and trust by financial institutions has increased. • Geospatial analysis with project finance for PV's bankable potential in Indonesia. • Technical PV potential (8,077 TWh/year) meets future demand in all areas but Java. • Up to 26.2 TWh/year bankable under current conditions, mostly in rural areas. • Short-term policies spread potential to rest of country (up to 348.6 TWh/year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of legacy as a hidden agenda behind the ambitions and haste attitude of Indonesian state leaders in relocating the capital. It also elucidates the institutional mechanisms employed to achieve this lofty goal. In 2019, President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) issued a controversial declaration on the relocation of Indonesia's capital city from Jakarta to Kalimantan Island. Despite the protracted COVID-19 pandemic and the prevailing global economic and geopolitical uncertainties, he marshalled all necessary means and resources under his command to ensure the capital megaproject could commence and the inauguration could be held before his presidential tenure ends in 2024. As formal and technical arguments for Indonesia's capital relocation have been criticised for inconsistencies, a comprehensive understanding of the real phenomenon necessitates an exploration of the hidden agendas behind this unpopular move. The argument posits that the new capital city serves as a megaproject legacy, signified by the construction of monumental and iconic buildings and structures that will reflect the enduring power and memories of the politicians. Furthermore, the institutional mechanisms of the megaproject legacy tend to be pragmatic, whereby quick, concrete and symbolic actions become the top priority at the expense of the quality of the planning process and outcome. • This paper explores megaproject legacy as a hidden agenda behind capital relocation. • Indonesia's capital relocation can manifest a megaproject legacy. • Official motives for capital relocation are criticized for inconsistencies. • Capital cities reflect state leaders' ambitions and enduring power and memories. • Megaproject legacy building involves pragmatic uses of institutional mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jakarta City is one of the largest cities in Indonesia, experiencing urban areas development generally intensive and unsustainable. This development impacts directly or indirectly on landscape degradation. Kalijodo is one of the important public open spaces (POS) constructed in the Jakarta Capital Special Region to facilitate different social functions and ecosystem services. This paper aims to describe the non-ideal condition of the Kalijodo area as a POS and to strengthen its functions towards a Public Green Open Space (PGOS). The Kalijodo POS had actually 47.91 % vegetated and 52.09 % of non-vegetated land cover and this area cannot be categorized as PGOS due to its vegetated land cover under a minimum threshold of 75 %. This condition is closely related to other aspects and parameters which indicate that Kalijodo POS has low water absorption ability, low water storage capacity, high average air temperature, high Thermal Humidity Index (THI), and low potential for economic benefits. The ecohydrology principles were taken into consideration for understanding, assessment, and identification of possible efforts to achieve the PGOS level. Several possible actions would be suggested for improvement consisting of increasing vegetated land cover, replacing pavement hardeners, introducing bio pores, constructing water ponds and wetlands, increasing public participation, and adjusting appropriate government policy and regulations. These efforts will probably have positive impacts on average air temperature reduction, increasing water absorption ability and potential economic gain, entering THI to a comfort zone and positive people's perception, as well as increasing people attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Degraded peatland increases the risk and frequency of peat fires. • Peatland restoration programs faced social and environmental challenges. • We frame peatland programs as distortions to the local actor-network. • The non-human actors reshape actor-networks at different levels. • The peatland programs need to be compatible with non-human actors to survive. This paper studies the survivability of peatland-related programs in Indonesia. Despite an increase in the global and national programs for peatland restoration, many of these programs fail to survive in the long-term. To understand this low survivability, this paper examines how peatland-related programs re-arrange the relationship between the local community and peatland across time and how the new actor-network contributes to the survivability of peatland programs. We develop a multi-level actor-network framework that combines the multi-level perspective from transition studies to capture the stability of actors' relationships and power from actor-network theory to investigate how activities mobilise human and non-human actors to comply with a specific program. Our research shows that non-human actors such as peat, paddy, Acacia, and fire shape peatland-related programs by resisting non-suitable crops, by re-shaping the program, by mobilizing human actors, and by creating pressure to the existing regime. We highlight that the survivability of peatland restoration programs is strongly influenced by how they are adjusted to the materiality of these non-human actors. Given the importance of peatland restoration programs, our study provides an approach in which human and non-human come together to generate plural voices to ensure the survival of peatland restoration programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Paper rethinks the concept of 'labour risk' by emphasizing workers' perspective. • Firms in labour-intensive sectors outsource economic risks to workers. • Focussing on Indonesian cruise ship worker's resilience strategies. • Workers relying on family, virtual community networks and the local labour market. • Workers' resilience strategies central for reproducing capital accumulation regimes. The collapse of the global industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated how precarious the livelihoods of workers embedded in globalised industries are. In the global production network literature, moments of crisis have been addressed in the debate on 'GPN risk'. While this debate has contributed to our understanding of firms' risk mitigation strategies, much less attention has been paid to workers' resilience strategies in the face of risk. To fill this gap, this paper rethinks the concept of 'labour risk' by including the perspective of the workers. Drawing on concepts from labour geography, the article sheds light on the resilience strategies of cruise ship workers from Indonesia during the COVID-19 crisis. We interviewed twenty-two cruise ship workers, two non-governmental organisations, and two political authorities to analyse how workers used different resilience strategies (coping, adaptive and transformative) to respond to the risk outsourcing practices of cruise ship companies. Our study shows that workers cope with the crisis by relying on family relations, virtual community networks, and the local labour market. In a few cases, workers followed adaptive strategies of opening their own businesses and leaving the cruise industry. These results emphasise that workers' resilience strategies play a central role in reproducing exploitative capital accumulation regimes underpinning global production networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal production systems are developing into increasingly complex value chains involving a large diversity of actors with multiple and dynamic linkages, concurrently creating many opportunities for disease spread. Access to timely and good-quality animal health information is vital for designing effective disease management strategies. However, several factors may hamper information flows along those chains. Understanding the structure and dynamics of information networks is essential to develop effective and acceptable health information systems. We applied a qualitative network approach to understand how information about poultry health is generated, disseminated and used for decision-making along the poultry value chain in Indonesia. Maps of the value chain and information networks were generated based on data from key informant interviews to illustrate the linkages and information-sharing patterns between stakeholders. Four types of farm business models were identified: company-owned, contract, partnership and independent. Although companies and most independent farmers collected health and production data routinely, their systems were strongly siloed and still relied on a mix of digital and paper-based methods, which impaired their analytical capacity. Technical service providers from the upstream sector and industry associations were identified as key intermediaries in the information-sharing network with the ability to create informal bridges between separate business networks and public actors. These actors can play a strategic role in the development of integrated information systems to improve stakeholders' capacity to monitor, anticipate and manage disease threats at all levels of the value chain. This study contributes to fill an important knowledge gap regarding the layer sector and may help decision-makers to design effective policies and interventions tailored to the type of business model. • The layer sector is fragmented, with a large proportion of independent farmers. • Health and production data is managed in siloed systems. • The lack of formal data-sharing mechanisms impairs capacity for surveillance and forecasting. • Private service providers have a central role in informal information-sharing networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent do marine-based economic activities influence the onset of violent conflict? Despite ongoing debate over several decades around the relationship between natural resources and violent conflict, little of the relevant research has addressed the marine environment. Based on satellite data in Indonesia, this paper exploited geographical variations in ocean productivity to provide new evidence on the relationship between fisheries and violent conflict. Using a search-by-radius approach, we compiled a sample of 757 cells to represent spatial interactions and spillovers between land-based conflicts and catch landings on the sea. We found that both industrial and non-industrial catches exhibit a statistically significant positive influence on the occurrence of conflict events. Additionally, increased illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) catches are more likely than legal catches to cause violent conflict. An increase in fish catches in Indonesian waters fuels conflict of every kind, among which protests and riots are most sensitive to fisheries while fighting and terrorism are least sensitive. Overall, these empirical findings support the hypothesis that increased competition for common-pool resources contributes to the onset of violent conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid residues in the Citarum River, Indonesia, was first investigated based on their occurrences, water assimilative capacity, and risk assessment. In this paper, first, a relatively simple and efficient method was built and validated for analysis of seven pyrethroids in a river water matrix: bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin. Next, the validated method was used to analyze pyrethroids in the Citarum River. Three pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, were detected in some sampling points with concentration up to 0.01 mg/L. Water assimilative capacity evaluation shows that β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin pollution exceed the Citarum river water capacity. However, due to hydrophobicity properties of pyrethroids, removal through binding to sediments are expected. Ecotoxicity risk assessment shows that β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin pose risks to the aquatic organisms in the Citarum River and its tributaries through bioaccumulation in food chain. Based on bioconcentration factors of the detected pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin poses the highest adverse effect to humans while cypermethrin is the safest. Human risk assessment based on hazard index suggests that acute non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin is unlikely. However, hazard quotient shows that chronic non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin is likely. However, since the risk assessment was performed separately for each pyrethroid, further assessment on the impact of mixture pyrethroid to aquatic organisms and humans should be performed to explore the real impact of pyrethroids to the river system. [Display omitted] • Pyrethroids occurrence and risk assessment in the Citarum River was first reported. • A simple and efficient method was built and validated for pyrethroids analysis. • β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, were detected in the Citarum River. • β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin have exceeded the Citarum river water capacity. • Chronic non-carcinogenic risk associated to β-cyfluthrin is likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has adopted the establishment of regional (sub-national) marine protected areas (RMPAs) as a key strategy for achieving ambitious national marine spatial management targets. Under Act No. 32 of 2004, regency governments were given a mandate to autonomously manage marine resources, including RMPA establishment and management. Under the direction of these local governments, management strategies established through a co-management framework were providing good management systems in terms of personnel capacity, financing and monitoring. However, in 2014 the authority of the regency governments was revoked and transferred to the provincial governments under Act No. 23 of 2014. To date, the authority transference process is still incomplete for many of Indonesia's RMPAs. This paper identifies and analyses the problems faced by regency and provincial governments in undertaking this transition process using case studies from South Sulawesi Province and South-East Sulawesi Province. Problems identified at the local scale include limited funds, limited number and capacity of personnel and a strong sense of ownership of regency governments towards their assets. These hamper management, asset and document transfer, and zoning processes. The transfer of management authority has also severed partnerships with local communities previously playing important roles in RMPA management. At national scale, we found the national government has paid little attention to the problems occurring in the provinces and regencies. A strong willingness from the provincial and regency governments to co-manage the RMPAs is arguably vital and can become the point of departure for creating authority-sharing models that work under the new legal framework. • Regional Autonomy Act 23/2014 transferred jurisdiction over coastal waters from regency/city to provincial governments. • This necessitated formal MPA re-establishment and new management structures at provincial level, but progress has been slow. • South Sulawesi and South-East Sulawesi are two of many provinces where management authority transfer is still incomplete. • Key obstacles include sub-optimal national support, limited provincial resources, regency/city reluctance to loose assets. • Co-management could accelerate MPA transference, re-instating management functions and revitalising community participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical thinking is one of the essential skills for learning in the twenty-first century. One strategy to encourage critical thinking skills in learning is to use a learning model that can educate these abilities. The study's conclusions indicate that the only form of training that can aid students in fostering their critical thinking skills is problem-based learning. The purpose of this research is to review articles from indexed journals that explore how well PBL model foster critical thinking skills. This paper discusses aim to describing the research findings that have been tried and published in good reputation daily articles during the past 5 years (2018 – 2022), while mindful of the importance of critical thinking skills to students and the use of PBL models to develop critical thinking skills. The data in this study is focused on data related to problem-based learning models and critical thinking skills in the field of social science. This study is a particular kind of literature study investigation employing the PRISMA method, which has four parts (identification, screening, eligibility and included). It was discovered from the identification, screening, and eligibility results of hundreds of article journals and twenty one papers were gathered from various journal publications. Based on the study's findings, research on the PBL model and critical thinking skills is mostly conducted in universities among numerous Asian nations, with Indonesia accounting for the biggest share. Science is a subject that is extensively researched utilizing quantitative methods. Additionally, it was discovered that other variables were being included in PBL research, in addition to critical thinking skills. It is clear from the results of the review of journal papers that the PBL model can fostering critical thinking skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, sick building syndrome (SBS) and related health problems possibly caused by chemicals are suspected among residents in newly constructed urban houses, in which modern building materials are used without sufficient material standards and the minimum ventilation rates. This paper analyzes the causal relationships of factors affecting multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in urban houses in Indonesia. The measured IAQ data from three major cities of Indonesia (n = 207) were calibrated, and a structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to identify the factors affecting MCS from a questionnaire survey in apartments and Kampong (n = 896). The results showed that the respondents living in a higher concentration of either formaldehyde or TVOC tended to have higher MCS risk, especially in the apartments. Overall, the apartments exhibited poor air quality rates, with the average maximum values of 0.172 ppm formaldehyde and 1.64 m g/m3 TVOC, potentially resulting in allergic problems and MCS risk among residents. In Kampongs, the building age was observed to increase the dampness, thereafter possibly causing allergies and MCS among residents. The results of this study implied that higher MCS in the apartments was majorly affected not only by their allergic conditions but also by additional factors concerning building attributes and occupant behavior. • Measurement and interviews revealed the current conditions of SBS and IAQ in Indonesia. • Respondents were in a higher MCS risk in the newly constructed apartments. • Formaldehyde and TVOC were far higher than the WHO standards. • MCS risk was influenced by allergies and IAQ rates related to building attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has issued a series of biodiesel-related policies to alleviate energy shortage anxiety and reduce carbon emissions. However, no other provinces or cities in China widely utilize biodiesel except Shanghai. This article firstly conducted a comprehensive estimation of the potential botanical biodiesel capacity in China. Then, we examined why biodiesel advancement in China was stagnated by comparing biodiesel-related policies in pioneer countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia. We found the highest mix ratio will be ∼13 % if all potential botanical oils are added to petrochemical diesel and an addition of 3 % blending ratio can be achieved if waste cooking oils are effectively utilized. We concluded that despite the encouragement from policies, insufficient materials and lack of downstream consumptions may be the major reasons for the sluggish development of biodiesel in China. If microalgae biodiesel production technology is overcome in the future, China can compulsorily mix biodiesel on a large scale. This paper provided a comprehensive review of biodiesel-related policies in Malaysia, Indonesia and China, and figured out the key problems that hinder the promotion of biodiesel, helping to understand the dilemma and drive the potential development of biodiesel in China. • Potential biodiesel capacities were estimated among various provinces in China. • The highest biodiesel mix ratio will be ∼13 % if adding all potential botanical oils. • The southern China is more likely to prioritize blending biodiesel than the north. • Biodiesel-related policies in Malaysia, Indonesia and China were fully reviewed. • Inadequate materials and lacking downstream consumption hindered biodiesel growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big cities in Indonesia are faced with the issue of scarcity of cemeteries. This case study explores the effects of spatial regulations on the allocation of space for cemeteries in Surabaya, where 11 out of the 13 cemeteries managed by the city authorities are full. Using the lens of theory of spatial justice, secondary data collected was from documentary and doctrinal sources. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with cemetery officials. This was complemented with discussions with spatial planning experts and focus groups. Data analyses suggested that cemeteries were perceived as residual green open space and often yielded to commodification, with severe implications for marginalized groups. The paper proposes that the government must make regulations to prevent cemetery spaces from being converted for economic activities. The regulations should prevent capital interest from turning cemeteries into commodities. • The city government of Surabaya shows a weak role in providing burial grounds. • The availability of cemeteries in Surabaya is threatened because the cemetery has become a residual space. • Spatial planning law in Indonesia have created inequality and open opportunities for the commodification of cemeteries. • The governments , at national and local level, have to prevent capital interest turn cemeteries into commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation between language spread and the existence of archaeological remains is often debated when trying to prove prehistoric human migration in various locations. Numerous experts argue that language spread cannot always serve as evidence of human migration, as language and artifacts can diffuse without necessitating migration. This process may have taken place in Western New Guinea which is now part of Indonesian territory. In this area, known as Indonesian Papua, the influence of Austronesian culture has been significant for thousands of years. This paper aims to investigate whether there are any parallels between the presence of Austronesian material culture and the distribution of Austronesian languages in Papua, Indonesia. The method employed involves overlaying the locations of archaeological sites containing Austronesian material culture with the distribution of Austronesian languages in the region. The results indicate that while there is some overlap between language distribution and Austronesian cultural remains in the Papua region, particularly in parts of coastal areas and surrounding island, there are also coastal areas with high Austronesian archaeological potential that lack Austronesian language presence. This is especially true in the central highlands which are predominantly Australo-Papuan areas, where Austronesian cultural influence exists but is not accompanied by the language. This demonstrates that the presence of Austronesian cultural influences in the Papua region does not always have to be associated with Austronesian migration or the language, it is possible that the culture was adopted as a result of contacts that took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did early Anatomically Modern Human (Homo sapiens sapiens) appear on earth and then spread rapidly across the globe to the present day? There are two main stages of Homo sapiens' evolution: (1) the archaic Homo sapiens lived since their initial appearance up to 150,000 years ago, and (2) anatomically modern Homo sapiens from 150,000 years ago to the present. The multiregional model argues there was a gradual and continuous evolutionary process from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens in every region of Africa and Eurasia. In contrast the "Out of Africa" evolutionary model, known as the "replacement" theory argued that the genetic roots of Homo sapiens were around 150,000 to 100,000 years ago originated from one place in Africa, and spread out in different directions, flourished, and replaced local archaic populations. This paper will discuss the presence of early anatomically modern human remains in Southeast Asia including Indonesia from around the second half of the Upper Pleistocene including Wajak man, Lida Ajer and Punung remains, also Flores hominin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of Indonesian crops is a critical task in developing farming and getting more understanding of agriculture. However, there is no clear task in classifying types of crops in Indonesia. Transfer learning has been used successfully in a variety of image classification applications. Thus, in this paper, we collected images of Indonesian crops from the internet randomly and proposed a classification by using transfer learning of deep learning with four pre-trained models: EffficientNet- B0, ResNet18, VGG19, and AlexNet. In the experiment, augmentation techniques such as random horizontal flip, random vertical flip, and random affine were utilized to prevent the network from overfitting. The result found that EfficientNet-B0 outperformed other models with an accuracy of 82.55. Then, the model struggled to distinguish between crops in the same family. According to the results, although transfer learning can work well to classify images of Indonesian agricultural crops, some improvements are still required to address existing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a vast market for talents recruiting, with around 203 million people that count into work age definition (above 15 years) and around 138 million of them are workforce, while 7 percent of the workforce are open for hire. There are several players of job-seeking apps in Indonesia. But most of them are targeting talents with undergraduate degrees and above. Mid to high-level jobs have become such an attractive market for these players. We can see it on several job seeker hub websites, where job seekers proudly post their personal profiles to attract recruiters from top employers. It is not possible for lower-level job seekers to post their profiles on these websites. They will just be under the recruiter's radar. Whereas from the report data released by the Indonesian statistical center bureau regarding the percentage of open unemployment based on education level, the total unemployment rate from diploma education and below is very large compared to the unemployment rate with university education (undergraduate and above). The Covid-19 pandemic also gave a negative impact on the lower job segment, with a decrease in demand and sales resulting in a higher layoff rate which also means an increased percentage of the open unemployment rate. We need a solution to this problem. A solution that can erode a large chunk hidden under an iceberg. This paper offers "Megawe", a mobile application-based solution to assist both job seekers and low-level job recruiters. This segment may have a smaller contract value than upper segments but has a much larger quantity of labor force. Because we are focusing on development speed and accuracy of requirements, we used the prototyping methodology in the implementation of the solution. Moreover, before it is launched publicly, we conducted usability testing to gain a deeper understanding of the user experience directly from users of the targeted segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with hearing impairments exist in our society, whether we realize it or not. It is not easy for them to communicate with us, the ones without hearing disabilities, and they often receive a lot of mistreatment. Since we don't learn about sign language and don't know where to start, our knowledge about sign language is also limited. This paper explains the making of Deafvoir—a visual novel game about sign language—as well as why it is developed and how it can help the deaf and us learn sign language. By conducting a survey and asking how familiar sign language is to some people and their response about Deafvoir, we can move forward to realize this sign language learning visual novel video game and make it local-based before going international. With this video game, it is hoped to make Indonesia's younger generation, especially Gen Z, understand and be able to use sign language whenever they encounter the deaf in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the development of a markerless augmented reality (AR) application for Indonesian traditional house education. The application aims to provide an immersive and interactive way of visualizing traditional houses from various regions of Indonesia, with the potential to raise public awareness about the importance of preserving traditional culture. The prototyping method was employed as the most appropriate approach to software development, and the ARFoundation platform was used to integrate plane detection into the AR application. The results showed that 80% of tested devices were compatible with ARCore, and the AR plane detection could detect up to 250cm from the device position. In addition, a feedback survey conducted on 17 testers showed that the application design and mechanism brought a good experience to users, with 53% stating that the app is easy to use. This research project contributes to the development of technology-based solutions to promote Indonesian culture and preserve traditional houses, especially for younger generations who may be less familiar with traditional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 was declared a world pandemic in early-mid 2020. After about a year, several vaccines for this virus have been found and become alternative solutions to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and build up herd immunity in society. Since early 2021, Indonesia has been one of the countries that participate in using vaccines for the public to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are a lot of positive and negative responses from Indonesian society related to these COVID-19 vaccines. Implementing a sentiment analysis model for a specific topic like a "vaccine" from social media could help us to see and understand the responses from society in Indonesia towards the vaccine program that is being conducted by the Indonesian government. Understanding society's response towards vaccines is expected to be able to support the Indonesian government, for example in formalizing the distribution strategy of vaccines in the future. This paper discusses how to develop a sentiment analysis model, by implementing several existing technologies such as Twitter API, TextBlob , and Googletrans Python libraries. The utilization of these existing technologies could show how a sentiment analysis model could be developed conveniently, for example in using cases to analyse Indonesian society's responses towards the COVID-19 vaccine program. Besides the solution design, this paper also shows a sample of data visualization of the sentiment analysis model in a meaningful infographics format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effectiveness of the monetary policies undertaken by the central bank on economic growth during COVID-19 uncertainty in case of India and Indonesia. We use an innovative framework of Growth-at-Risk as oppose to standard macroeconomic models, which can predict the growth in a much robust way particularly when an economy is facing shocks like COVID-19. The empirical results based on Growth-at-Risk model clearly reveal that effect of COVID-19 pandemic on economic growth is much adverse in comparison to actual declines. Further, this study shows the effectiveness of monetary and financial policies undertaken by the central banks of both India and Indonesia, which have actually subsided the adverse impact of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the responses of credit and business cycle to various policy actions of the Government of Indonesia during the COVID-19 crisis. Specifically, the paper addresses two key questions (1) How do the credit and business cycle behave during the COVID-19 crisis in Indonesia? (2) Do the central bank and government policy responses effectively stabilize the credit and business cycle? Using the concordance Index and DCC-GARCH methodology, we found that the COVID-19 crisis increased Indonesia's credit and business cycle co-movements. Similarly, using the mixed data sampling regression technique, our findings suggest fiscal policy measures and government support help the business cycle revival during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the monetary policy transmission is weak during the pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sediment Transport and Erosion Prediction (STEP) model is methodically described in this paper. The STEP model was implemented at a 3.47 km × 3.47 km grid resolution in the Kalisapi sub-watershed, Central Java, Indonesia. It was calibrated and validated in the period of 2003–2008 and 2010–2014 respectively. The result shows that the STEP model functions satisfactorily at monthly and annual time window in the calibration and validation periods. In both periods, the STEP model is able to produce fruitful annual sediment transport rates with R2 values of 0.71 and 0.9 in the calibration and validation period respectively. Moreover, the STEP model exhibits more equitable spatial variability than that of the widely known USLE model. Correspondingly, it can be surmised that the STEP model is capable of simulating spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport from a watershed at monthly and annual time scales. • STEP model is developed to simulate soil erosion, deposition and sediment transport processes in time and space. • STEP model has been successfully implemented, calibrated and validated in the Kalisapi sub-watershed, Indonesia. • Calibrating STEP model to fit the observation is straightforward as it only needs to modify two model parameters. • STEP model source code and input data for the study area are freely available in the Bitbucket repository service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the popularity of the environment, social and governance (ESG) concerns, the circular economy concept has gained tremendous attraction from the industries, policy makers and academicians. On a firm level, this is implemented through the so-called Circular Business Model (CBM), which is seen through various initiatives. This includes firms in the energy industry, who are transitioning from conventional to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, despite of the importance and the omnipresence of the practice, there is still lack of empirical research within the CBM topic. In particular, empirical research combining the CBM and technological innovation topic within energy industry (as technology-intensive and high risk industry) in developing country such as Indonesia, is still lacking. To answer this gap, using literature review as research method, this paper has arrived into the following propositions as main result; (1) there is a positive relationship between firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption to firm's performance, where (2) the two antecedents that are positively impacting firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption are leader's innovativeness and perceived level of technology. For academicians, this research is expected to provide contribution to the energy transition literatures within CBM and technology innovation adoption topic. Propositions provided in this paper is expected to serve as valuable basis in conducting further empirical research. For practitioners, this research is expected to provide valuable insights to make improvements and/or innovations in terms of business model, technology adoption, and strategy. At last, this research is expected to support energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant health-seeking behaviour is understood to be influenced by transnationalism. This paper explores how transnationalism influences health seeking behaviour among Indonesian women living in Perth, Western Australia. Using a participatory action research approach, we conducted five focus groups with 21 women from Indonesia living in Perth. Transnational practices were common amongst Indonesian women. Transnational health-seeking (seeking Indonesian resources in Australia); transnational social support (between countries); and transnational healthcare (return to Indonesia) were common practices amongst Indonesian women. Transnational social networks were a critical source of health information and support. Findings suggest public health interventions may be improved through utilization of transnational social networks. • Transnational practices appear common among Indonesian migrant women. • Health-seeking practices are influenced by transnationalism. • Women sought transnational health information; accessed transnational social support; and sometimes returned to Indonesia for healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 190-km-long Matano fault is a major left-lateral strike-slip fault in Sulawesi, Indonesia that accommodates the rapid westward motion of the Pacific plate relative to the Australian plate. The Matano fault has remained unruptured at least in the past two centuries. The lack of geologic information, such as precise active fault traces, paleoseismic history, and slip rates has been a significant barrier to assessing the seismic hazards of the Matano fault. This paper presents the results of tectonic geomorphic and paleoseismic investigations on the 30 km long easternmost portion of the Matano fault. We identified four geometrical fault segments, documented five surface faulting events, and calculated a surface-rupturing earthquake recurrence interval of 200–470 years and a slip rate of 21 ± 9 mm/yr. The timing of the most recent surface-rupturing earthquake was constrained between 1432 and 1819 CE with an estimated M w ∼ 7.4 and a probable rupture length of ∼110 km. At least 200 years have passed since the latest faulting event, exceeding the shortest recurrence interval. Thus, the next surface-rupturing earthquake is already due. Integrating our interpretations with results from several published studies clarifies that the Matano fault slips slower than the Palu-Koro fault and connects to the South Sula fault in addition to the Tolo thrust. • The Matano fault is characterized by a complex fault segmentation at its easternmost part. • The first paleoseismic investigation on the Matano fault documents five paleoseismic events. • The last surface faulting event on the easternmost Matano fault was dated between 1432 and 1819 CE with an estimated M w ∼ 7.4. • The easternmost Matano fault exhibits a large earthquake recurrence interval of 200–470 years and a slip rate of 21 ± 9 mm/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-Hydro Power (MHP) is a type of hydroelectric power that typically generates electricity from 5 kW to 100 kW using the natural flow of water. This study investigates the MHP plant as one of the renewable energy projects in rural areas of Indonesia and its benefits to rural women. Implementation of the renewable energy (RE) projects were initiated by local non-government organizations (NGOs) and donor agencies that provide funding, technical assistance, and training for the rural community. The MHP projects discussed in this paper were located in rural areas of West Java and East Java. The empirical data show that MHP not only provides green electricity but also gives benefits to many households. It significantly impacts women's empowerment, gender relations, and their relationship to rural development, including improves their living conditions. The biggest challenges for future implementations of MHP at the national level are maintaining the local's responsibility, networking to connect and motivate practitioners from various institutions and organizations, and developing sustainable and successful Indonesia's energy programs in the long run. • Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHP) is one of the renewable energy projects in rural areas of Indonesia and benefits rural women. • MHP provides green electricity and gives benefits to many households. • MHP brings many positive changes to society, including increasing women's knowledge and skills. • MHP can have a significant impact on women's empowerment, gender relations, and their relationship with rural development, including better living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on social development in Indonesian Villages. In this study, I use data from different waves of the Indonesian Village Potential Statistics (Potensi Desa) to determine whether mobile phone signal strength affects social development indicators. The results indicate that villages with a strong signal are statistically more likely to possess the proper infrastructure programs. Furthermore, mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Using the plausibly exogenous variation of lightning strike intensity as the instrumental variable, this study suggests that higher mobile phone signal strength is positively associated with the policies implemented by the village head and leads to better social development. As the mechanisms, this study shows that mobile phones increase the likelihood of having collective action and civic engagement, increasing villagers' political participation and use of telecommunication services, thus leading to an increase in village government's accountability. • Villages with a strong signal are more likely to possess infrastructure programs. • Mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit. • This paper uses the variation of lightning strikes as the instrumental variable. • There are several mechanisms to explain the impact of mobile phones on policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We estimated the impact of internet availability on five aspects of female labour market outcomes in Indonesia. • Our study shows that internet availability has a positive, but small, impact on young or low educated women's probability to have a full-time job. • We observe a negative but small effect on women's chance of holding a formal job and a skilled job. • We do not find evidence that this is caused by women being pushed into these jobs. Instead, the majority of jobs that were created by the arrival of internet are unskilled and informal. • The study finds that while positive, internet by itself may not be sufficient to bring about a large and positive benefit on women's labor market outcomes. Greater female labor market participation benefits not only women's empowerment and the well-being of their families, but also the economy as a whole. Yet the labor force participation of women in developing countries is relatively stagnant, even with higher levels of economic development and better educational attainment. Women are also more likely to work in the informal sector and unskilled jobs. The arrival of the internet and the subsequent creation of internet-based jobs may positively affect women's labor market outcomes. In this paper, we examine the effect of internet availability on five dimensions of women's labor market outcomes in Indonesia, focusing on the heterogeneity in the impact of internet availability on female labor market outcomes. We construct a balanced pseudo panel covering all districts in the country for 2008 – 2018. We find that internet availability has a small positive effect on the labor force participation and full-time employment of younger or low-educated women. We find a small negative effect on the likelihood of holding skilled jobs for these groups of women. We also find a small negative effect on job formality. These effects are concentrated among low-educated women. The findings are mainly explained by the kind of internet-based jobs that were created in the country. On balance, we do not find evidence that the internet significantly improves women's labor market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a state that is very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, one of which is sea level rise. Based on data from the International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), sea level rises by an average of 2.5 mm every year. There are 92 outermost small islands of Indonesia that have the potential to sink due to rising sea levels. The existence of the small island is the point of withdrawal of the archipelagic baseline that connects one island to another. The impact of the sinking of the islands is a shift in the baseline and archipelagic sea lanes that will change the boundaries of Indonesia's maritime territorial sovereignty. Indonesia Government has deposited Government Regulation No. 37 of 2008 concerning the Basic Point of Coordinates for the Indonesian Archipelago to the United Nations Secretariat General. If there is a change or shift in the baseline withdrawal, Indonesia must reconstruct the baseline drawing which will also have an impact on changes in the Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes which are used as the determination of border areas with other states. In order to obtain clarity on territorial sovereignty regarding the reconfiguration of baselines, there are no clear guidelines, both in national and international law. The aim of this paper is to create a Geographic Basepoint Reconstruction Model of Indonesia by analyzing the outer islands of Indonesia that are sinking due to climate change using a Resource-Based Theory implementation in developing a Reconstruction Model for Indonesia's Geographic Baseline and Implementing baseline reconfiguration and Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The performance of the PV-RO was analysed economically and environmentally. • The batteryless PV-RO system is the most economically feasible among other scenarios. • The diesel-assisted PV-RO system is the less preferable option. • The CO 2 emissions avoidance by the batteryless PV-RO system is 65,152.5 kg.CO 2 eq. • The optimized PV-RO system could avoid about 111,690 kg.CO 2 eq per year. Clean water demand has significantly increased due to the rise in the global population. However, most water on the Earth has high saline content that cannot be consumed directly; only about one over forty of the total water source is freshwater. Desalinated water is one of the potential solutions to meet the growing demand for freshwater, which is highly energy intensive. This paper analyses the energy, economic and environmental performance of a 5 m3/day PV (photovoltaic) powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system. Three scenarios of PV-RO with and without battery storage and diesel generator hybrid systems have been analyzed and investigated for the annual estimate load, net present value, and payback period of the water and electricity production costs. Also, the CO 2 avoidance over the lifetime operation of all scearios is evaluated. This study shows that the PV-RO system without battery with 6.3 kW PV panels installed and with a 2-days water storage tank system is the most profitable economically f. For this scenario, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), Levelized Cost of Water (LCOW), and Payback Period (PBP) are found to be $0.154/kWh, $0.627/m3, and five years, respectively. In addition, for this scenario, the CO 2 emissions avoidance was the maximum (111,690 kg.CO 2 eq per year) compared to other scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports indicate that international migration patterns will continue to grow between 50 and 60 million per decade. Consequently, people's perceptions of a country's image will evolve. Country image is an important phenomenon affecting organizations and people's decisions to travel, invest, study, migrate, and many more. Hence, this study aims to examine the influence of global and local identity on citizens' and migrants' perceptions of their countries' images. In addition, the paper investigates the mediating effect of lower sociocultural adaptation and cultural intelligence on a country's image. Our sample is drawn from Indonesians and Australians who completed survey questionnaires in the two countries. The sample comprises citizens and migrants (n = 1188) from Australia and Indonesia. The results show local and global identity differences in how individuals perceive other countries. For Indonesians, local identity makes people perceive Australia more positively. In contrast, for Australians, global identity makes people perceive Indonesia more negatively. Furthermore, the results indicate the importance of cultural intelligence over sociocultural adaptation. This paper will make several theoretical and managerial contributions. First, the paper contributes to cultural and identity literature. Individuals' perceptions of a country are influenced by their identity and values. Second, this study shows the importance of sociocultural adaptation and cultural intelligence. Mere identity (global or local) is insufficient to justify the relationship between identity and perception of a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesian fisheries law and policy is currently dominated by hierarchical or centralised governance models which have several shortcomings compared to participatory governance. The octopus fisheries governance in four villages of Bulutui, Gangga Satu, Popisi, and Darawa in Sulawesi, Indonesia present a unique model of participatory fisheries governance. In this paper, we use T.S. Gray's fisheries governance model to identify best practice for participatory fisheries governance at the village level (de facto) and analyse Indonesian fisheries law (de jure) to support best practice therein. This study shows that of the four models of participatory fisheries governance, applying a hybrid approach between community partnership and co-management is the most suitable partnership model (de jure and de facto). The hybrid model can be applied for both villages with adat communities, i.e. communities where customary tenurial claims are still practised, acknowledged under law and respected by migrant communities, and for those villages with non- adat communities. It is recommended that octopus fisheries policy incorporates participatory governance in the future to allow active participation of the community in managing their fisheries with a clear legal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world and has vast natural resources. In the maritime sector, efforts to realize the sustainability of natural resources in coastal ecosystems have focused on mangroves and seagrass meadows, also known as blue carbon ecosystems, that have an important role in regulating the Earth's climate. The need for ecosystem-based climate change mitigation combined with economic recovery and improved environment conditions has shifted the motivation and escalated mangrove restoration efforts in Indonesia. As the richest mangrove nation with the greatest mangrove carbon stocks in the world, recently Indonesia has taken significant steps in the land use sector to reduce emissions by acknowledging the 'true' value of mangrove carbon and setting priorities for mangrove conservation and restoration within Indonesia's climate actions. This paper reviews opportunities and challenges in mainstreaming mangrove blue carbon into policy in Indonesia. We evaluate the gaps in regulations and policies and propose pathways for the national blue carbon action. As mangroves are embedded in both forestry and marine sectors and the responsibilities for management lies within several government ministries, an integrated framework is suggested to support the national blue carbon strategy. The Indonesia Blue Carbon Strategy Framework (IBCSF) encompasses three main elements that should be considered in order to address challenges and seize opportunities in blue carbon: coordination, policy and funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) in Indonesia is still relatively high and has not shown a significant decrease. One of the main reasons is due to the lack of supervision on the implementation of health protocols such as wearing masks in daily activities. Recently, state-of-the-art algorithms were introduced to automate face mask detection. To be more specific, the researchers developed various kinds of architectures for the detection of masks based on computer vision methods. This paper aims to evaluate well-known architectures, namely the ResNet50, VGG11, InceptionV3, EfficientNetB4, and YOLO (You Only Look Once) to recommend the best approach in this specific field. By using the MaskedFace-Net dataset, the experimental results showed that the EfficientNetB4 architecture has better accuracy at 95.77% compared to the YOLOv4 architecture of 93.40%, InceptionV3 of 87.30%, YOLOv3 of 86.35%, ResNet50 of 84.41%, VGG11 of 84.38%, and YOLOv2 of 78.75%, respectively. It should be noted that particularly for YOLO, the model was trained using a collection of MaskedFace-Net images that had been pre-processed and labelled for the task. The model was initially able to train faster with pre-trained weights from the COCO dataset thanks to transfer learning, resulting in a robust set of features expected for face mask detection and classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]