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This paper describes the design and implementation of a "pre-structured multi-purpose data base" for information about the Canadian corporate structure. This system includes data on directorship, officership, executive board membership, and ownership ties among approximately 10,000 Canadian and other financial and industrial corporations and about 6,000 organizations (law firms, brokerage houses, public institutions, etc.) with which directors resident in Canada were affiliated. In addition, it contains data on the operating accounts, and standard industrial classification codes, for a large subset of these. Here we summarize its capabilities and analytic uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is poverty necessary in one of the wealthiest and most advanced industrial nations? Whether poverty should be considered a public problem requiring expanded state involvement or a private and individual problem for which the state should accept minimal responsibility? The conservative ideology maintains that the social programs have helped to establish a culture of dependency that has institutionalized permanent poverty. It is believed that government programs to aid the poor encourage dependency and render them less and less capable of self-help, self discipline, and a successful entry into the work force. The belief that the causes of poverty are rooted in failed individuals and families rather than a failed public economy and discriminatory public policy requires a fundamental reexamination of the politics of poverty and the policy related to social services and redistribution of wealth. What is the extent of poverty in major Canadian cities? This paper attempts to examine the ideologies, and policy-programs of governments and the role of nongovernmental organizations in dealing with the problem of poverty in Canadian cities and argues for a major paradigm shift in social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of wait time for hip fracture surgery in Canada on post-surgery length of stay in hospital and inpatient mortality. After controlling for observed and unobserved patient and hospital characteristics, pre-surgery delay has little effect on either of the two outcome variables. Patients from higher income postal-codes experience only slightly shorter delays, and income has no substantial effect on post-surgery outcomes. For hip fracture patients surgery delay may lead to greater pre-surgery inpatient costs and more patient discomfort, but we find no evidence of a detrimental impact on post-surgery outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses organized humanism in Canada. Despite the fact that church attendance and participation rates have dropped dramatically over the past few decades, most Canadians choose to maintain formal church ties. The majority of Canada's humanists, on the other hand, have relinquished their former religious identities, which were in many instances quite strong, in favor of a fairly hostile expression of "irreligion." Organized humanism, which is the focus of this paper, represents one form or expression of irreligion. The return rates for the surveys were, respectively, 58 percent and 54 percent. As a component of my continuing research in this field, the author has conducted many open-ended interviews with members of the national humanist movement. In cases where Nones have chosen to join religious establishments, it is seldom the result of a burning religious commitment; for the most part affiliation stems from a practical demand for rites of passage. According to 1991 census figures, 56 percent of Canada's Religious Nones are men and 44 percent are women. The census also revealed that Canada's Religious Nones tend to be better educated than individuals within the other principal denominational categories.

This paper provides an overview of fisheries in Atlantic Canada and examines in detail the two most important and widespread sectors, groundfish and lobsters, highlighting initiatives undertaken in tile wake of the collapse of the groundfish stocks in the early 1990s. Two key features contributed to this collapse: over-reliance on quota management and an adversarial relationship between fishers and government.Among the new initiatives detailed in the paper are co-management, community quotas 'Conservation Harvesting Plans' and the Fisheries Resource Conservation Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission has initiated a programme to investigate coastal zone management (CZM) throughout the European Union and to address the objective and targets outlined in the European 5th Environmental Action Programme. However, the emphasis is biased towards action at a national rather than European level. Elsewhere, the issue of delivering CZM at a `continental' scale have already been investigated and addressed in a variety of ways. A detailed review of CZM in Australia was recently completed by the Commonwealth Resource Assessment Commission. The USA have had a federal programme of CZM for more than 20years. In Canada, CZM has been evolving for a similar period of time. This paper considers these examples, attempts to identify the role of federal governments in CZM and proposes measures which the European Commission should take forward in order to develop effective CZM throughout the European Community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed Canada Oceans Act, Bill C-26, includes provisions for the establishment of marine-protected areas in Canadian waters for purposes of marine conservation and biodiversity. Furthermore, two existing federal acts, the Canada Wildlife Act and the National Parks Act,allow for the establishment of marine protected areas focusing on seabirds and marine parks, respectively. Most existing protected areas off the east coast of Canada, however, have been established under other mechanisms, both federal and provincial. This paper itemizes and reviews Canadian east coast marine protected areas including proposedand suggested sites, sites under consideration, and sites previouslyidentified but not proceeded with. It also provides examples of the types of issues and challenges that must be faced in the establishment of a network of marine-protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian multistakeholder NOx/VOC science program wasinitiated in 1992 explicitly to respond to the needs of the policy community for defensible, high-quality scientific guidance upon which to design and implement emissions reduction strategies to manage the ground-level ozone problem in Canada. The primary product of the science program to date is the eight volume Canadian NOx/VOC Science Assessment, the first comprehensive review of the science of ground-level ozone completed for Canada. The science reports in the assessment series cover ambient air monitoring and analysis of the datacollected from the monitoring networks; health and vegetation effects of ozone; mathematical modeling for emission control scenarios in the three regions most impacted by ground-level ozone in Canada; and, emissions inventories for ozone precursors. In addition to the science reports, the Summary for Policy Makers synthesizes the key scientific findings and presents a set of recommendations to the policy community, recognizing there are limitations to their use in policy decision-making. This paper describes the management process used to deliver the assessment, the key findings of the science and how the science-based recommendations are being used for ground-level ozone policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government of Canada is in the process of developing an oceans strategy and management regime for sustainable ocean development. Thispaper examines the implications of this approach. It develops a basic economic and management framework for dealing with sustainable oceans development, examines some of the issues associated with ocean industries in Canada, and points out some of the inadequacies of Canada's present management of ocean industries (a method that utilizes an individual-industry focus). The paper supports the thesis that a sustainable ocean management regime could be more efficient and effective in solving some of the current and future difficulties faced by Canada's ocean industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the number of poor in Canadian cities has been dramatically increasing. The poverty rate for families, especially for single-parent mothers, has remained at an unacceptably high level, thereby rendering more than a million children in poverty. The number of families suffering from long-term unemployment has risen. Educated young people have trouble finding work. It is getting harder for many poor people to work their way out of poverty. The number of people using food banks has doubled, and the number of communities with food banks has tripled. The government spending cuts on social programs raise the prospect of ever increasing rates of poverty for the next century. This paper attempts to examine the policies aimed at, and services provided by, different levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and community groups. The author evaluates different models of poverty alleviation programs, and argues in favor of the self-help model of reducing poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper integrates the meaning, use, and design of residential space in an examination of home-based work. It relies on representative time-use data from Sweden (1990-1991) and Canada (1992) which are used both to identify two different types of home-based workers (extensive arid intensive) and to compare their everyday behaviors with those of conventional workers along lines suggested by previous literature. Complementary qualitative data from an original study of 22 teleworkers in Sweden sheds additional light on everyday behavior while also detailing diverse ways in which they deal with their homes. Both types of data show that gender further specifies ways that people experience home-based work and its associated behaviors and space use. While confirming certain unique patterns of behavior and ideal types of space use among home-based workers, this analysis nonetheless concludes that their complex contexts do not lead to simple or monolithic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The montane alternative silvicultural systems (MASS) study was established to test the feasibility and ecological consequences of alternative silvicultural systems in montane old-growth forests of coastal British Columbia. The experiment includes replicated treatments representing a range of overstory removal (shelterwood, patch clearcut and green tree retention), adjacent old-growth and clearcut `control' areas and pre- and post-harvest measurement of a variety of ecological attributes. In this paper, we report results from vegetation and bird studies. Forest trees and understory vegetation were sampled on a series of permanent plots. Forest birds were monitored using transect methods during winter and point-counts during the breeding season. The cover, frequency and number of species of understory plants decreasedafter all harvesting treatments. Three years after harvest, cover increased in the harvested areas primarily due to herbaceous colonizers. The shelterwood, where understory vegetation was protected in undisturbed groups of leave trees, retained the greatest diversity of understory trees, shrubs and bryophytes compared to the other systems. Shelterwood species richness and abundance were greater 3 years after harvesting than before harvesting, but changes in species composition were quite variable. Presence of bryophytes and herbs that prefer moist, shaded habitats generally decreased after harvesting. Pre-harvestbreeding bird communities were dominated by a few abundant species. Of 26 species detected, 4 species accounted for 64% of all bird detections, and 10 species accounted for 96%. Different levels of canopy retention produced dramatic effects on breeding birds. Species richness and bird abundance were reduced 3 years after harvesting. Most common species (9 species) showed evidence of population decline, 2 species showed significant increase, and 3 species showed unchanged abundance. Few species were completely lost or added to the avifauna. Only 17 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of the rural areas in Quebec is a result of the decrease in the agricultural population, the spread of the periurban fringes, and the appropriation of areas by seasonal residents. To whatextent have these phenomena evolved according to different spaces, from one municipality to the other? Have they made the territory more homogeneous, or have they rather contributed to produce new spatial patterns? What are the dominant traits of the rural communities' sociodemographic profiles that are attributed to these trajectories? Considerable work remains to be done in order to characterize the evolvingtrajectories, induced by these phenomena, and the resulting spatial patterns. Based on the agricultural and sociodemographic indicators available in Canadian censuses, and the possibilities offered by the multivaried analyses; the present research aims to identify typological outlines apt to report on: (1) evolving agricultural trajectories (1961-1991); (2) resulting agricultural profiles; and (3) current sociodemographic profiles. Two observations result from these outlines. First, resulting from the two main agricultural trajectories observed (intensification-regression), the five following agricultural profiles were noticed for 1991: vegetable crop intensive farming, cereal crop intensive farming, moderately intensive farming, extensive cattle farming, and marginalised farming. Second, on the sociodemographic level, the identification of seven rural municipality groups (predominantly agricultural, agricultural in transition, marginalised agricultural, periurban, small mutating industrial centre, traditional and high-class rural amenity municipalities) accounts for the diversity of social recomposition shapes. This paper attempts to contribute to the understanding of spatial and demographic dynamics of contemporary rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall objective of this work was to measure the spatial variation of sulphur isotopic composition of lichens across the island of Newfoundland in order to assess the degree to which the atmosphere is being affected by long-range transport of anthropogenic sulphur from eastern North America, and/or local pollution sources. A contour map (based on over 80 composite samples of the lichen Alectoria sarmentosa) illustrates the spatial distribution of sulphur isotopic composition of the Newfoundland atmosphere. It shows a gradient of delta34S of sulphur in lichen, decreasing from the coast to the interior of the island. It also shows local anomalies corresponding to thecity of St. John's, the Come-By-Chance Oil Refinery, mining areas and fossil-fuel powered pulp and paper mills in central and western Newfoundland. The study strongly suggests that the isotopic composition of sulphur in the Newfoundland atmosphere is influenced more by the ocean (sea salt sulphate) and local anthropogenic activities in the province, than by long-range transport of continental North American sulphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantifies the amount of old growth forest in a boreal mixedwood landscape using the profile of tree sizes within stands. In the boreal mixedwood, successional trajectories exhibit significant variability, thereby making classification systems based on age or seral stage difficult to apply. Furthermore, a lack of extensive datasets on forest structure prevents comprehensive, multivariate classification of stands. Alternatively, we designated old growth status using the proportion (≥15%) of large trees (≥40 cm DBH) and the subcanopy/canopy tree ratios (>1.5). With these riteria, approximately 11.4% of the boreal mixedwood landbase within northeastern Alberta has an old growth structure. Proportionally, more old growth structure was found in aspen and white spruce mixedwood types, with lesser proportions in pure aspen and white spruce stands. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the tree size criteria was the most important driving variable in determining the amount of old growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth and survival responses of 8 year-old interior spruce to reductions in paper birch density from 2500 to 1000, 50 and 0 overtopping stems ha[sup -1] were examined after five years on a single site in the Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone of southern British Columbia. Stem diameter increased and height: diameter ratio decreased when birch density was reduced from 2500 to 50 stems ha[sup -1], but there were no further benefits to spruce growth when the entire birch overstory was removed. Spruce growth did not improve where birch was thinned to 1000 stems ha[sup -1], but its potential for release may have been confounded by the higher density of taller conifers in that treatment. Interspecific competition between spruce and paper birch appeared to be primarily for light because spruce responded to dramatic reductions in overstory density but not to reductions in understory sprout density. Spruce survival was unaffected by thinning treatments, indicating that birch density of 2500 stems ha[sup -1] was too low to induce mortality. Armillaria root disease was the main cause of mortality, and spruce leader weevil and Cooley's spruce gall adelgid were important damaging agents, but the behaviour of these organisms was unaffected by treatment. Stand structure was dramatically changed from a mixed coniferous-deciduous to a predominantly coniferous overstory when birch was thinned to 50 or 0 stems ha[sup -1], which may have negative implications for wildlife. If balancing maximum spruce growth with biodiversity is the primary objective, then between 50 and 1000 stems ha[sup -1] birch should be retained on sites similar to the one used in our experiment. This will require modification of the current legislation governing reforestation in British Columbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the determination of structure, height and diameter growth, above-and below-ground biomass and nutrient distribution of a paper birch and subalpine fir mixed species stand in the Sub-Boreal Spruce zone of British Columbia. Findings that suggest normal distribution of height and diameter in paper birch; Distribution pattern of subalpine fir; Total biomass of both plants.

This paper reports on the results of an investigation of management costs in the fisheries of Iceland, Newfoundland and Norway and discusses them in a more general framework. Management costs are defined ascosts necessary to overcome the problems associated with common property. The question of whether management costs should be paid by industry is discussed, as is the likely effect of user pay on the efficiency with which management is provided. Since management has public goods characteristics, it is likely that there is an unavoidable role for government in providing these services. The question of who pays for it is separate, and recovering costs from industry has both efficiency and optimal taxation aspects. A greater involvement in management by industry further raises the question of compatibility between the industry's interests and the public interest. Measured as percent of gross value of fish landings the management costs are by far highest in Newfoundland (15/25%), lowest in Iceland (about 3%), with Norwayin the middle (about 10%). Management costs thus appear to be substantial and quite variable. This gives rise to three conclusions. First, when calculating optimal harvesting and investment paths one must take the management costs of implementing these paths explicitly into account. Second, what is the economic efficiency of management? Couldthe same level of benefits be produced at lower costs? Third, can fisheries management expenditures of the magnitude discussed be justified in the sense that the benefits exceed the costs? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable forest management (SFM) represents a new paradigm for forestry. Traditional forestry objectives aimed at sustainable yield management are being replaced with those of a sustainable ecosystem management. This paradigm shift in forest management requires an effective transfer of results from researchers to forest managers. To predict the potential impacts of future changes in global environment (suchas climate, land use, fire disturbance, and forest harvesting) on the sustainability of forest ecosystems, forest resource managers will require forest simulation models. There have been two basic approaches to modeling forest vegetation growth and dynamics: empirical and mechanistic forest simulation models. This paper reviews and compares three major types of forest simulation models: (1) growth and yield models (empirical approach); (2) succession models (empirical/mechanistic hybrid approach); and (3) process models (mechanistic approach), and describes three case studies as examples. The advantages and disadvantages of the different modeling approaches are discussed. The casestudies deal with predicting future forest stocks under different management options, simulating the potential effects of climate change,and effects of fire disturbance on structure and function of forest ecosystems in Canada. There is still a gap between foresters and ecologists in developing and using forest simulation models. Diversified modeling approaches integrated into a decision/support system, which will become an important tool for evaluating the sustainability of forest ecosystem in a changing environment, is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of articles in professional and scientific journals, as well as in the public press, give evidence to a rising number of conflicts that exist in rural communities. These conflicts arisefrom changes in farming practices, the increasing number of large-scale production units, resource use, and demographics. Fair, effectiveand efficient approaches to resolve these conflicts are of increasing interest and importance. An interactive conflict resolution (ICR) approach that focuses on communication and positive social interactions may be a preferred approach for resolving conflicts. The role of ICR approaches in addressing conflicts arising from farming and agri-business practices is presented and discussed in this paper. The paper posits that ICR approaches are efficient from an economic as well as a social perspective and that they provide the greatest potential to realize socially optimal outcomes from a both a theoretical and practical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an evaluation of selected Canadian environmental assessment (EA) processes to reveal the extent to which they facilitate mutual learning by EA participants. The evaluation criteria were derived from transformative learning, which presents a comprehensive theory of how adults learn. Data collection methods were document review and semistructured qualitative interviews. A primary area of strength of the EA processes examined was in the provision of accurate and complete information. Other areas of strength were found in selected dimensions of openness to alternative perspectives, equal opportunityto participate and opportunity to have arguments evaluated in a systematic fashion. Conspicuous weaknesses were evident in structuring processes to be free from coercion and providing equal opportunity to participate. Deficiencies were also found in dimensions of the provision of accurate and complete information and opportunities to critically reflect upon presuppositions. Consideration of process deficiencies illuminated areas for EA reform to facilitate mutual learning by all participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To estimate direct medical costs of managing major macrovascular complications in diabetic patients. Methods: Costs were estimated for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic stroke by applying unit costs to typical resource use profiles. Data were obtained from many Canadian sources, including the Ontario Case Cost Project, provincial physician and laboratory fee schedules, provincial formularies, government reports, and peer-reviewed literature. For each complication, the event costs per patient are those associated with resource use specific to the acute episode and any subsequent care occurring in the first year. State costs are the annual costs per patient of continued management. All costs are expressed in 1996 Canadian dollars. Results: Acute hospital care accounts for approximately half of the first year management costs ($15,125) of AMI. Given the greater need for postacute care, acute hospital care has less impact (28%) on event costs for stroke ($31,076). The state costs for AMI and stroke are $1544 and $8141 per patient, respectively. Conclusions: Macrovascular complications of diabetes potentially represent a substantial burden to Canada's health care system. As new therapies emerge that may reduce the incidence of some diabetic complications, decision makers will need information to make critical decisions regarding how to spend limited health care dollars. Published literature lacks Canadian-specific cost estimates that may be readily translated into patient-level cost inputs for an economic model. This paper provides two key pieces of the many needed to understand the scope of the economic burden of diabetes and its complications for Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses significant challenges for the Canadian water sector. This paper discusses issues relating to the selection of proactive, planned adaptation measures for the near term (next decade). A set of selection criteria is offered, and these are used in three cases to illustrate how stakeholders can identify measures appropriate for the near term. Cases include municipal water supply in the Grand River basin, Ontario; irrigation in southern Alberta; and commercial navigation on the Great Lakes. In all three cases, it is possible to identify adaptations to climate change that also represent appropriateresponses to existing conditions; these should be pursued first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally accepted that the dramatic Heinrich (H-) events were principally sourced from the major Hudson Strait drainage basin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, but it is not known whether the higher frequency Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events have an imprint on sediments deposited during the inter-H intervals in ice-proximal slope sediments. This paper examines this question by an analysis of data from cores on the SE Baffin slope. Because the proxies for Heinrich events are so massive in scale, we removed the major H- events (H-1, H-2 and H-4) from the records so as to better examine the structure of data in the intervening hemipelagic sediments. The period of interest extends between ∼15 and 40 cal ka (interstadial events 2–8); resolution varies with the proxy to between 210 and 700 yrs per sample. In HU87033-009 from the lower slope, a total of twelve variables (for example, δ18O, mass magnetic susceptibility, calcite/dolomite ratio, number of IRD >2 mm), show a variety of multi-millennial oscillations, although not all of the same amplitude nor frequency; several parameters show little correlation with the GISP2 δ18O record. However, a comparison of CIE* sediment color (L) from HU87033-009 and HU97048-007 (from the upper slope) with the GISP2 oxygen isotope record, suggests that a substantial correlation exists between the records. Such changes might be associated with either detrital carbonate content or foraminiferal concentrations. Analysis suggests, however, that the first possibility is correct, hence suggestive of a glaciological response of the Hudson Strait Ice Stream with D–O events. In the NW Labrador Sea, the sediment records from around H-3 time (∼30 cal ka) show excursions which might be correlative within this event, but its amplitude is not unusual compared to events both before and after. This reaffirms the argument that H-3 represents a different glaciological response. A significant issue discussed in this paper is the inherent ambiguity of correlating records whose errors in the time domain approach that of a dominating periodicity, in this case ca. 1.5 kyr. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Telesat Canada''s fifth generation Anik E satellites will be reaching the end of their operational lives in the early years of the 21st Century. Consequently, planning started about 1996 for replacement satellites. Major considerations in determining the requirements of these satellites included the minimisation of per-channel costs and increased area coverage compared to Anik E, with payloads providing service to both North and South America. The need to provide the most cost-effective C-band and Ku-band services, and the decision to cover South as well as North America, dictated the procurement of dual band satellites using the full capabilities of the new generation of high-power service modules. Anik F1, a Hughes HS702, will be the world''s largest and most powerful fixed services communications satellite when it is launched in the second half of the year 2000. Anik F1 will have a total of 84 operational channels; 36 C-band channels with an EIRP of up to 41 dB W and 48 Ku-band channels with an EIRP of up to 52 dB W. Channel bandwidths will be 36 and 27 MHz, respectively.This paper reviews the overall design and performance of Anik F1 and the main design features of the dual band communications subsystem and the high-power service module. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is a fundamental assertion by indigenous communities, which is now beginning to be recognized globally, that “we belong to the land.” The position of indigenous people, both locally and globally, as traditional knowledge holders and legal entities with rights and title to lands is challenging the authority of nation states in the development and management of lands and resources. International bodies, such as the United Nations and World Bank, continually place emphasis on bridging the implementation gap between the inclusion and exclusion of indigenous communities in public policy. However, increasing tensions exhibited between indigenous nations and nation states continue to surface. Much needs to be written about the shortsightedness of state governments that continue to ignore indigenous rights and title and the perils that await them. This paper will focus on a small part of this larger question, examining the emerging struggle of legal recognition of indigenous title, rights and cosmologies into the Canadian body politics as it relates to environmental policy. In addition to broad policy implications associated with the acceptance of indigenous people''s knowledge, there are also ethical issues of “integrating” traditional knowledge as well as practical problems with “implementing” traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) into legal and regulatory environmental regimes, practices and policies. A significant new way to examine these questions is to examine them through an Aboriginal resource planning approach. This approach will be formalized in relations to current activity in British Columbia, Canada, where Aboriginal communities and two levels of Canadian government are negotiating a balance between indigenous and state aspirations to find complimentary and sustainable mechanisms for environmental assessments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Canada and the United States are working cooperatively in three, independent transboundary ecosystem management initiatives in the shared waters of the east coast Bay of Fundy/Gulf of Maine, the interior Great Lakes, and the Georgia Basin/Puget Sound on the west coast. These programs have placed the international boundary, which separates these systems jurisdictionally, into the background in favour of the natural boundaries which define these shared ecosystems. This paper examines the motivation behind the establishment of these three US–Canada cooperative ecosystem management programs, their goals, objectives and priorities, institutional structures, challenges, and progress to date. The experiences and approaches of these three programs, individually and collectively, provide insights that have already proven useful for each initiative and offer valuable perspective for other cooperative ecosystem-based management arrangements worldwide. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The twelve months since IAF 2000 have been perhaps the most exciting, challenging and rewarding months for Canada since the beginning of our participation in the International Space Station program in 1984. The highlight was the successful launch, on-orbit check out, and the first operational use of Canadarm2, the Space Station Remote Manipulator System, between April and July 2001. The anomalies encountered and the solutions found to achieve this success are described in the paper.The paper describes, also, the substantial progress that has been made, during the twelve months since IAF 2000, by Canada as it continues to complete work on all flight-elements of its contribution to the International Space Station and as we transition into real-time Space Station operations support and Canadian utilization.Canada''s contribution to the International Space Station is the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), the external robotic system that is key to the successful assembly of the Space Station, the maintenance of its external systems, astronaut EVA support, and the servicing of external science payloads.The MSS ground segment that supports MSS operations, training, sustaining engineering, and logistics activities is reaching maturity. The MSS Engineering Support Center and the MSS Sustaining Engineering Facility are providing real-time support for on-orbit operations, and a Canadian Payloads Telescience Operations Center is now in place. Mission Controllers, astronauts and cosmonauts from all Space Station Partners continue to receive training at the Canadian Space Agency. The Remote Multi Purpose Room, one element of the MSS Operations Complex, will be ready to assume backroom support in 2002.Canada has completed work on identifying its Space Station utilization activities for the period 2000 through 2004. Also during the past twelve months the CSA drafted and is proceeding with the approval of a Canadian Space Station Commercialization Policy.Canadian astronauts have now participated in three ISS assembly missions - Julie Payette on STS-96, Marc Garneau on STS-97, and Chris Hadfield on STS-100 in April 2001 during which he performed Canada''s first EVA and the successful installation of the Space Station Remote Manipulator System. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Retrofitting with fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) to strengthen and repair damaged structures is a relatively new technique. In an extensive research program underway at the University of Toronto, application of FRP in concrete structures is being investigated for its effectiveness in enhancing structural performance both in terms of strength and ductility. The structural components tested so far include slabs, beams, columns and bridge culverts. Research on columns has particularly focussed on improving their seismic resistance by confining them with FRP. All the specimens tested can be considered as full-scale to two-third scale models of the structural components generally used in practice. Results so far indicate that retrofitting with FRP offers an attractive alternative to the traditional techniques. In many circumstances, it can provide the most economical (and superior) solution for a structural rehabilitation problem. Selected results from experimental and analytical research are presented in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As a result of public outrage over lower prescription drug prices in Canada, Congress passed legislation that would allow these drugs to be imported into the US. The lower Canadian prices reflect price regulation. Opponents of allowing these imports have argued that the US will import Canadian price controls and that profits of pharmaceutical companies will be hurt. In this paper, a model is developed in which a good sold in the foreign country is subject to a negotiated price which is determined in a Nash bargaining game. When imports back into the home country are allowed, this negotiated price also becomes the domestic price. This causes the home firm to make fewer price concession in the Nash bargaining game. Home firm profits are found to rise under the reimport regime for both of the demand functions analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl (IUPAC No. 11), a chlorobiphenyl (CB) that is not generally analysed in environmental studies of CBs, is found, sometimes at high concentrations, in water, suspended particulate material, biota and sediments from Halifax Harbour, NS, Canada. The results presented demonstrate the need for investigations of non-Aroclor CBs like CB 11. Not only can they have rather elevated environmental concentrations like those reported here for CB 11, but they also can be members of the more toxic non-ortho class of CBs and thus important from a toxicity standpoint. The focus of this paper was to investigate the possible sources of CB 11, a trace constituent of commercial mixtures, but dominant in various environmental compartments of Halifax Harbour. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With 2% of the world’s forests and 17% of Canada’s forested land, Ontario plays a major role in maintaining Canada’s forests and managing them sustainably. Ontario is developing a set of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management (SFM) to aid in conservation and sustainable management of its temperate and boreal (BO) forests. The criteria and indicators are intended to provide a framework for describing and assessing processes of SFM at a regional scale; and to improve the information available to the public and decision-makers. This paper describes three ecological indicators, evaluated using a carbon (C) budget model, a forest inventory database, and disturbance records to assess long-term sustainability of Ontario’s forest ecosystems based on the environmental conditions of the past 70 years. Results suggest that total net primary productivity (NPP) of Ontario’s forest ecosystems increased from 1925 to 1975 and then decreased between 1975 and 1990; Ontario’s forest ecosystems acted as a C sink between 1920 and 1980, and a C source from 1981 to 1990, mainly due to decreased average forest age and NPP caused by increased ecosystem disturbance (e.g. fire, insect and disease infestations, harvesting) since 1975. Current estimates from this analysis suggest that there is significant potential for Ontario’s forests to function as C sinks by reducing ecosystem disturbances and increasing growth and storage of C in the young forests throughout the province. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the relative contributions of compositional and contextual effects on the one hand, and behavioural and material factors on the other, to help explain smoking initiation. We present results from a cross-sectional, multi-level analysis linking data from pre-adolescents, their households and their neighbourhoods across Quebec, Canada. Results show a significant geographical area variation in youth smoking initiation. The variation is explained not only by individual characteristics (parents’ smoking status, parents’’ education and pre-adolescents’ age), but also by aspects of the social structure at the neighbourhood level. When both the individual level and territory level predictors are entered in the model, only 2.66% of the between-territory variance in smoking initiation remain unexplained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper investigates community perceptions of and coping responses to a petrochemical refinery in Oakville, Ontario. The analysis of in-depth interviews (n=29) revealed the effects of social and community factors on residents’ everyday life experiences of refinery emissions, and the factors that shape residents’ perceptions and responses after the refinery''s implementation of extensive measures to reduce emissions and odours. Overall, residents reported a reduction in odours from the refinery. While the refinery now poses a minimal or tolerable level of risk to some people in the community, it is still intolerable to others. The results show residents’ shifting concerns, with their fears now focused on invisible emissions. Residents continue to employ both action-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. These findings suggest that refinery intervention may have to move beyond the focus on technological measures to reduce odours to address the psychological and social concerns of residents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Canada is embarked upon a policy of divesting many of its smaller ports and airports from federal control to local management. Despite a similar set of policy goals, airport transfers have proceeded generally faster than ports. By examining divestiture at several facilities in Quebec this paper demonstrates that local conditions and attitudes are important in explaining the differences in the implementation of two seemingly similar policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Snow removal and disposal are important and expensive winter operations in many cities. When a large amount of snow accumulates in an urban area and impedes traffic, the snow must be removed to snow disposal sites. This paper first briefly describes snow disposal operations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It then presents models and efficient algorithms for partitioning a city into sectors for snow disposal operations, and for assigning the sectors to disposal sites. These algorithms are incorporated in a decision support system (DSS) built on a geographic information system. The DSS provides initial solutions, and allows the planner to interactively design sectors to incorporate difficult constraints. Results and some sensitivity analyses are presented for the City of Montreal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Central to the success of many recent health system reforms is the implementation of new primary health care delivery models. The central characteristic common to these new models usually emphasises interdisciplinary collaboration. Using empirical research, this paper studies interdisciplinary collaboration among various groups of professionals within an original Canadian primary health care delivery model, the Quebec Community Health Care Centres (CCHCs). The entire population of more than 150 CHCCs have been surveyed. The goals of this study are (1) to measure the achieved intensity of inter-professional collaboration among Quebec CHCCs, and (2) to identify the organisational and professional factors fostering or limiting interdisciplinary collaboration. The results show that Quebec CHCCs have reached modest results in achieving interdisciplinary collaboration especially since interdisciplinary collaboration is a central objective that has been pursued for more than 25 years. This study demonstrates that the main factors associated with interdisciplinary collaboration are closely linked to work group internal dynamics. Interdisciplinary collaboration is linked to the simultaneous and antagonistic effect of some central intragroup process factors. Conflicting values and beliefs are present that both enhance and limit interdisciplinary collaboration. The presence of conflicting stimuli seriously undermines the strength of the CHCC work group's shared beliefs and strongly limits interdisciplinary collaboration. The results also stress the importance of administrative formalisation initiatives to enhance collaboration among different professions. The efficacy of formalisation in this context is based on its capacity to offer an articulated and operative interdisciplinary framework that can generate a counteractive effect to the traditional professional framework. It offers concrete rules that help align the work group beliefs with interdisciplinary values. The... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of an econometric analysis of the borrowing and repayment patterns of Canadian bachelor''s level university graduates, using data from the National Graduates Survey (NGS) of the class of 1990. After confirming the intuition that the level of borrowing is determined by supply-side rather than by demand-side factors, we analyze the repayment experience of the graduates. We calculate that the fraction of graduates who reported problems repaying their student loans was, overall, quite small, falling in the 7–8 percent range. Among both men and women, graduates with low current earnings and those in fields likely to have low lifetime earnings reported significantly greater problems with repayment. Holding other variables constant, women reported more difficulty in repayment than men. Overall, it would seem that women borrowed only slightly less than men, repaid as quickly as men (despite lower earnings), but reported having significantly more difficulty in repayment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Public relations practitioners who have worked in the United States and Canada often remark how differently activists and public issues are dealt with in each of the countries. Generally, disputes are seen as much less confrontational, much less zero-sum games in Canada than in the United States. This paper delves into that top-of-mind perception through in-depth interviews with 15 communications and PR practitioners and professors with experiences on both sides of the 49th parallel and a review of the relevant literature. It concludes that the greater acceptance of two-way symmetrical communication in Canada than in the United States results from the tradition of compromise embedded in Canadian culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The US withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol has exacerbated the policy debate that has been centered on the compliance cost in Canada. In contrast to previous studies, this paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model with monopolistic competition to explore the consequences, in terms of compliance costs, of departing from perfect competition. While the simulation results show that a perfectly competitive framework can underestimate the welfare cost of compliance by as much as 30%, they also indicate that the market structure does not have a noticeable impact on the estimation of the annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) costs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Most habitat maps are presented as if they were a certain fact, with no indication of uncertainties. In many cases, researchers faced with the task of constructing such maps are aware of problems with the modelling data and of decisions that they make within the modelling process that are likely to affect the output, but they find it difficult to quantify this information. In some cases they attempt to evaluate the modelled predictions against independent data, but the summary statistics have no spatial component and do not address errors in the predictions. It is proposed that maps of uncertainty would help in the interpretation of these summaries, and to emphasize patterns in uncertainty such as spatial clustering or links with particular covariates. This paper reviews the aspects of uncertainty that are relevant to habitat maps developed with logistic regression, and suggests methods for investigating and communicating these uncertainties. It addresses the problems of subjective judgement, model uncertainty and vague concepts along with the more commonly considered uncertainties of random and systematic error. Methods for developing realistic confidence intervals are presented along with suggestions on how to visualize the information for use by decision-makers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper provides an overview of four national forest fire management information systems currently used in Canada. The Canadian forest fire danger rating system (CFFDRS) is a non-spatial system, which provides the science framework for fire danger rating in Canada. The spatial fire management system (sFMS) is a geographic information system based fire management information system that implements two core subsystems of the CFFDRS, along with other models and systems. The sFMS is the spatial engine that has been used to implement both of Canada''s national forest fire management information systems, the Canadian wildland fire information system (CWFIS) and the fire monitoring, mapping and modeling system (Fire M3). The CWFIS is Canada''s national fire management information system; it presents daily information on fire weather, fire behavior potential and selected upper atmospheric conditions. Fire M3 integrates the use of satellite technology for monitoring and mapping large fire occurrence in Canada. Fire M3 also incorporates information from CWFIS to model the impacts of large forest fires based on fire weather conditions and potential fire behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Renewable energy resources will play a key role in meeting the world''s energy demand over the coming decades. Unfortunately, these resources are all susceptible to variations in climate, and hence vulnerable to climate change. Recent findings in the atmospheric science literature suggest that the impacts of greenhouse gas induced warming are likely to significantly alter climate patterns in the future. In this paper we investigate the potential impacts of climate change on wind speeds and hence on wind power, across the continental US. General Circulation Model output from the Canadian Climate Center and the Hadley Center were used to provide a range of possible variations in seasonal mean wind magnitude. These projections were used to investigate the vulnerability of current and potential wind power generation regions. The models were generally consistent in predicting that the US will see reduced wind speeds of 1.0 to 3.2% in the next 50 years, and 1.4 to 4.5% over the next 100 years. In both cases the Canadian model predicted larger decreases in wind speeds. At regional scales the two models showed some similarities in early years of simulations (e.g. 2050), but diverged significantly in their predictions for 2100. Hence, there is still a great deal of uncertainty regarding how wind fields will change in the future. Nevertheless, the two models investigated here are used as possible scenarios for use in investigating regional wind power vulnerabilities, and point to the need to consider climate variability and long term climate change in citing wind power facilities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Women’s Health Report was a preliminary study that formed part of the Hospital Report 2001 Series; an evaluation of hospital performance in the province of Ontario using a balanced scorecard framework. The Report reflects the importance of including a women’s health perspective in the evaluation of health system performance and the need for increased accountability for equity in access to, and delivery of, care. This paper outlines the methodology that was used to develop the Women’s Health Report and highlights important findings from this early stage in the development of performance measurement for hospital care for women in Canada. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the interplay of commercial imperatives and health care legislation in the survival of a privately owned psychiatric hospital in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Using documentary and archival evidence, we show how the Homewood Retreat (later Sanitarium, and eventually Health Centre) was able to respond to and anticipate legislative developments through the agency of successive medical superintendents and the structural positioning of the institution as an inextricably integrated element in local and provincial mental health provision. Our case study is used to draw out wider lessons concerning agency, legislative context and treatment modality in the determination of organizational histories. We conclude by noting the important role of the private sector in ensuring the continued provision of an asylum form of mental health care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]