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Tropospheric ozone (O 3) causes widespread damage to vegetation; however, monitoring of O 3 induced damage is often reliant on manual leaf inspection. Reflectance spectroscopy of vegetation can identify and detect unique spectral signatures of different abiotic and biotic stressors. In this study, we tested the use of hyperspectral leaf reflectance to detect O 3 stress in alder, beech, birch, crab apple, and oak saplings exposed to five long-term O 3 regimes (ranging from daily target maxima of 30 ppb O 3 to 110 ppb). Hyperspectral reflectance varied significantly between O 3 treatments, both in whole spectra analysis and when simplified to representative components. O 3 damage had a multivariate impact on leaf reflectance, underpinned by changes in pigment balance, water content and structural composition. Vegetation indices derived from reflectance which characterised the visible green peak were able to differentiate between O 3 treatments. Iterative normalised difference spectral indices across the hyperspectral wavelength range were correlated to visual damage scores to identify significant wavelengths for O 3 damage detection. We propose a new Ozone Damage Index (OzDI), which characterises the reflectance peak in the shortwave infrared region and outperformed existing vegetation indices in terms of correlation to O 3 treatment. These results demonstrate the potential application of hyperspectral reflectance as a high throughput method of O 3 damage detection in a range of common broadleaf. species. [Display omitted] • Tropospheric ozone damage changes leaf reflectance of broadleaf saplings. • The hyperspectral reflectance signal of ozone damage is multivariate. • This signal has the potential be scaled up for monitoring ozone damage to forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen deposition and tropospheric ozone are important drivers of vegetation damage, but their interactive effects are poorly understood. This study assessed whether long-term nitrogen deposition altered sensitivity to ozone in a semi-natural vegetation community. Mesocosms were collected from sand dune grassland in the UK along a nitrogen gradient (5–25 kg N/ha/y, including two plots from a long-term experiment), and fumigated for 2.5 months to simulate medium and high ozone exposure. Ozone damage to leaves was quantified for 20 ozone-sensitive species. Soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil extracellular enzymes were measured to investigate secondary effects on soil processes. Mesocosms from sites receiving the highest N deposition showed the least ozone-related leaf damage, while those from the least N-polluted sites were the most damaged by ozone. This was due to differences in community-level sensitivity, rather than species-level impacts. The N-polluted sites contained fewer ozone-sensitive forbs and sedges, and a higher proportion of comparatively ozone-resistant grasses. This difference in the vegetation composition of mesocosms in relation to N deposition conveyed differential resilience to ozone. Mesocosms in the highest ozone treatment showed elevated soil solution DOC with increasing site N deposition. This suggests that, despite showing relatively little leaf damage, the 'ozone resilient' vegetation community may still sustain physiological damage through reduced capacity to assimilate photosynthate, with its subsequent loss as DOC through the roots into the soil. We conclude that for dune grassland habitats, the regions of highest risk to ozone exposure are those that have received the lowest level of long-term nitrogen deposition. This highlights the importance of considering community- and ecosystem-scale impacts of pollutants in addition to impacts on individual species. It also underscores the need for protection of 'clean' habitats from air pollution and other environmental stressors. Image 1 • The N-polluted sites contained fewer ozone-sensitive forbs and sedges. • Vegetation composition in relation to N deposition conveyed differential ozone-resilience. • Mesocosms in the highest ozone treatment showed elevated soil solution DOC. For dune grassland habitats, the regions of highest risk to ozone exposure are those that have received the lowest level of long-term nitrogen deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence suggests that tropospheric ozone has widespread effects on vegetation, which can contribute to alter ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and belowground processes. In this study, we used intact soil mesocosms from a semi-improved grassland and investigated the effects of elevated ozone, alone and in combination with nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil-borne greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem C fluxes. Ozone exposure under fully open-air field conditions was occurred during the growing season. Across a one-year period, soil methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions did not differ between treatments, but elevated ozone significantly depressed soil CH 4 uptake by 14% during the growing season irrespective of N fertilization. Elevated ozone resulted in a 15% reduction of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide, while N fertilization significantly increased ecosystem respiration during the growing season. Aboveground biomass was unaffected by elevated ozone during the growing season but significantly decreased by 17% during the non-growing season. At the end of the experiment, soil mineral N content, net N mineralization and extracellular enzyme activities (i.e., cellobiohydrolase and leucine aminopeptidase) were higher under elevated ozone than ambient ozone. The short-term effect of single application of N fertilizer was primarily responsible for the lack of the interaction between elevated ozone and N fertilization. Therefore, results of our short-term study suggest that ozone exposure may have negative impacts on soil CH 4 uptake and C sequestration and contribute to accelerated rates of soil N-cycling. • Temperate grassland mesocosms were exposed to ozone with or without N fertilizer. • Elevated ozone had negative effects on soil CH 4 uptake and net ecosystem CO 2 exchange. • Aboveground biomass was reduced during the non-growing but not the growing season. • A positive feedback of soil N-cycling to ozone exposure was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have seen a changing temporal profile of ground-level ozone (O 3 ) in Europe. While peaks in O 3 concentrations during summer months have been declining in amplitude, the background concentration has gradually increased as a result of the hemispheric transport of O 3 precursors from other world regions. Ground-level O 3 is known to adversely affect O 3 -sensitive vegetation, including reducing the yield of O 3 -sensitive crops such as common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The reduction in wheat yield has been shown to be linearly related to the phytotoxic O 3 dose above a flux threshold of Y (POD Y ) accumulated over a specific period. In the current study, we tested whether the flux-effect relationships for wheat yield and 1,000-grain weight were affected by the temporal profile of O 3 exposure. A modern wheat cultivar (Skyfall) was exposed to eight different realistic O 3 profiles repeated weekly: four profiles with increasing background O 3 concentrations (ca. 30–60 ppb) including small peaks and four profiles with increasing O 3 peak concentrations (ca. 35–110 ppb). Both wheat yield and 1,000-grain weight declined linearly with increasingPOD Y . The slope of the flux-effect relationships was not affected significantly by the profile of O 3 exposure. Hence, flux-effect relationships developed for wheat based on exposure to enhanced peak O 3 concentrations are also valid for the changing European O 3 profile with higher background and lower peak concentrations. The current study also shows that the modern wheat cultivar Skyfall is more sensitive to O 3 than European wheat varieties tested for O 3 sensitivity in the 1980s and 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impacts of tropospheric ozone on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are poorly understood despite being a staple food grown in locations deemed at risk from ozone pollution. Three varieties of sweet potato were exposed to ozone treatments (peaks of: 30 (Low), 80 (Medium), and 110 (High) ppb) using heated solardomes. Weekly measurements of stomatal conductance (gs) and chlorophyll content (CI) were used to determine physiological responses, along with final yield. gs and CI were reduced with increasing ozone exposure, but effects were partially masked due to elevated leaf senescence and turnover. Yield for the Erato orange and Murasaki varieties was reduced by ∼40% and ∼50% (Medium and High ozone treatments, respectively, vs Low) whereas Beauregard yield was reduced by 58% in both. The DO 3 SE (Deposition of Ozone for Stomatal Exchange) model was parameterized for gs in response to light, temperature, vapour pressure deficit and soil water potential. Clear responses of gs to the environmental parameters were found. Yield reductions were correlated with both concentration based AOT40 (accumulated ozone above a threshold of 40 ppb) and flux based POD 6 (accumulated stomatal flux of ozone above a threshold of 6 nmol m− 2 s− 1) metrics (R2 0.66 p = 0.01; and R2 0.44 p = 0.05, respectively). A critical level estimate of a POD 6 of 3 (mmol m−2 Projected Leaf Area−1) was obtained using the relationship. This study showed that sweet potato yield was reduced by ozone pollution, and that stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content were also affected. Results from this study can improve model predictions of ozone impacts on sweet potato together with associated ozone risk assessments for tropical countries. [Display omitted] • Leaf stomatal conductance and chlorophyll reduced with higher ozone (O 3) exposures. • Elevated O 3 up to 110 ppb reduced yields by ∼50% in three varieties. • O 3 flux model (DO 3 SE) parametrised for sweet potato. • Critical level (at 5% yield loss) estimated using the O 3 dose/response relationship. • Results can improve risk assessments of O 3 yield impacts for this staple food crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we have demonstrated that plants originating from upland peat bogs are sensitive to increasing background concentrations of ozone. Peatland mesocosms from an upland peat bog in North Wales, UK were exposed to eight levels of elevated background ozone in solardomes for 4 months from May to August, with 24 h mean ozone concentrations ranging from 16 to 94 ppb and cumulative AOT0 24hr ranging from 45.98 ppm h to 259.63 ppm h. Our results show that plant senescence increased with increasing exposure to ozone, although there was no significant effect of increasing ozone on plant biomass. Assessments of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from the mesocosms suggests that there was no change in carbon dioxide fluxes over the 4 month exposure period but that methane fluxes increased as cumulative ozone exposure increased to a maximum AOT 0 24hr of approximately 120 ppm h and then decreased as cumulative ozone exposure increased further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• O 3 pollution is a hidden threat to oilseed rape cultivation and processing. • O 3 reduces yield by 20% in spring and 40% in winter oilseed rape cultivars. • O 3 decreases seed quality of the spring, but not the winter, cultivar. • O 3 decreases on-farm quality premiums and profit margins. • Variation in cultivar tolerance may offer agronomists ways to mitigate O 3 impacts. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is cultivated worldwide, producing 11.5% of global oilseeds at an economic value of 38 billion USD in 2020. It is sensitive to phytotoxic damage from exposure to tropospheric ozone (O 3), a major air pollutant, which disrupts plant physiological processes and thus decreases biomass accumulation. As background ozone concentrations continue to increase globally, we investigated the impact of ozone exposure on seed and oil yield of a shorter-lived spring (cv. Click) and a longer-lived winter (cv. Phoenix) oilseed rape cultivar to ozone levels (treatments with peaks of 30, 55, 80, 110 ppbv) representative of typical European conditions where these cultivars are common. Thousand Seed Weight (TSW), an important measure of final yield, decreased more in Phoenix (40%) than Click (20%) with increasing ozone exposure. Click produced more racemes and many small seeds while Phoenix produced fewer racemes and larger seeds. However, seed quality declined more substantially in Click than Phoenix. The oil content in Click's seed significantly decreased with increased ozone exposure, while less desirable components (moisture, chlorophyll, ash) increased. Scaled to field-level, our findings imply substantial economic penalties for growers, with potential losses of 175–325 USD ha−1 in Click and 500–665 USD ha−1 in Phoenix under ozone concentrations typical of spring and summer periods in Europe. Decreased total yield would likely outweigh the benefits of any improvement in animal oilseed cake quality (increased protein and key micronutrients for livestock feed). Neither cultivar sustained visible injury at earlier growth stages, and Phoenix sustained photosynthesis even under high exposure, thereby making ozone an invisible threat. Our findings of reduced oilseed quantity and quality threaten oilseed rape production, but differences between the cultivars may also offer an opportunity for breeders and agronomists to identify and exploit variation in ozone tolerance in oilseed rape. [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]