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The mobility of vehicles in off-road environments is critical for many applications. Predicting the tire-soil interaction is a challenge, especially in non-linear deformable terrain. This paper presents an overview of the bibliographic references on tires–deformable soil interactions after the 2000's, identifying the gaps in the literature. The capabilities and challenges of different modeling frameworks used for mobility (i.e., empirical, semi-empirical, and physics-based) are discussed; special emphasis is given to continuum-based frameworks. A summary of terrain material models used to approximate the behavior of coarse and fine-grained soils is provided with practices used to characterize such materials. A review of tire models for deformable soil navigation and the tire-soil interfaces is provided. Strategies to validate all these models are presented. Finally, the application of these studies for assessing the sensitivity concerning input parameters (e.g., velocity, inflation pressure, and normal load), multi-pass, multi-layered soils, wet soils, and fully integrated multi-body vehicle models are discussed. The final contribution of this review paper is a summary table that synthesizes the extensive bibliographic review. Overall, this work highlights a lack of physics-based trafficability studies in wet and plastic deformable soils. Moreover, studies on contact adhesion, stone picking, multipass, and cornering also need improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Realistic microsimulation platform for right-turning vehicle-pedestrian interaction. • Optimized vehicle dynamic model reproduces right-turning and yielding processes. • Modified social force model considers various factors affecting pedestrian behavior. • Novel contribution to evaluating interventions in pedestrian-vehicle interactions. The unclear understanding of right-turning vehicle behavior at signalized intersections complicates the interaction with pedestrians. Current micro-dynamic modeling research falls short of effectively simulating this complexity. Specifically, the existing models fail to adequately capture the three states that right-turning vehicles may undergo: car-following, free right-turn, and avoidance of conflicting pedestrians. Moreover, pedestrian behavior is typically influenced by encountering conflicting vehicles and surrounding pedestrians, as well as traffic signals. To simulate these behaviors, the right-turning and yielding intelligent driver model (RTYIDM), the modified social force model (MSFM) considering green light pressure, and the yielding decision model between pedestrians and vehicles have been established. Model calibration is performed using detailed behavioral data collected and extracted from field observations. Furthermore, a microsimulation platform with 3D visualization and playback features has been developed to facilitate testing and demonstration. Model validation is performed by comparing it with actual trajectories in three representative scenarios of pedestrian crossing with conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. Meanwhile, the calibrated model's ability to predict pedestrian-interaction events and estimate vehicle yielding rates is also assessed. The well-established simulation performance of the proposed model makes it a useful tool for evaluating existing traffic operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A unified reconfigurable vehicle dynamics model is developed in this study. • A novel approach in vehicle modeling is presented to develop the proposed model. • The model can be configured for different four- and three-wheeled vehicles. • Wheels and actuators can readily be added or removed using the defined matrices. • Included actuators are active steering, differential braking and torque vectoring. This study presents a novel approach in vehicle modeling to provide a unified reconfigurable vehicle dynamics model. The introduced vehicle model is applicable for analysis, design, and control of a wide variety of vehicles and can be reconfigured for four- and three-wheeled vehicles. Active steering, differential braking, torque vectoring, and active camber are included in the model as the actuators. The proposed set of model equations is reconfigurable and can be adjusted for various vehicles without need for new derivation. Two matrices are defined called the corner reconfiguration matrix and actuator reconfiguration matrix that are responsible for wheel and actuator configurations of the vehicle, respectively. The model can be reconfigured by setting the diagonal elements of these two matrices. The proposed reconfigurable model is compared with different high-fidelity vehicle models in CarSim for validation. Simulation results show that four-wheeled and three-wheeled vehicle models can all be drawn from the single unified reconfigurable model. In addition, the introduced model properly matches the high-fidelity CarSim models for four-wheeled and three-wheeled vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]