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The energy demands and costs of harvesting microalgal biomass make it unrealistic and unsustainable for economically feasible microalgal biofuel production. Therefore, meticulous exploration of the harvesting processes is essential to identify appropriate harvesting techniques for potentially commercialized microalgal biodiesel production. Flocculation may be a superior method when considering harvesting efficiency, economic cost, energy consumption and technical feasibility. This review sheds some light on the recent progresses of physical/chemical flocculation and bioflocculation applied in the microalgal biomass harvesting processes. Physical flocculation techniques are energy-intensive and require special equipment, creating the cost barrier for microalgal biomass harvesting. Magnetic particle flocculation is much more efficient and is also recyclable. In contrast, chemical flocculation that involves the application of organic and inorganic flocculants, is now in the limelight. The microalgae species applied, the dosages of flocculants as well as flocculation recovery efficiencies are compared and presented in detail in this review. In addition, bioflocculation as a harvesting techniques is critically described, in particular the mechanisms of autoflocculation, a promising bioflocculation by co-cultivation of microalgae with microorganisms, are explored. This review also disclosed the effects of flocculant application on downstream processes, especially when chemical flocculants are applied. This review intends to provide guidance for the long-term adoption of these economically beneficial mature flocculation recovery technologies in the biofuel industry. Despite of considerable progress, key challenges such as further reduction of costs and the minimization of downstream product pollution risks in conventional and advanced harvesting techniques, must be addressed. This article also suggests the directions for future research in microalgae harvesting and argues that the production of microalgae biofuels under potential policy intervention should be carried out in a healthy and sustainable way. Image 1 • As a potential substitute for fossil fuel, microalgae biofuel has great significant application prospects. • The high cost of the harvesting process is the main bottleneck in microalgae biofuel production. • The selection of microalgae harvesting technologies is advised to ensure the sustainable development of biofuels. • The systematic policy guarantees the successful large-scale application of the microalgae biofuel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of nitrogen on nutrient removal and biodiesel production of mono- and mix-cultured microalgae was investigated. • Microalgae co-culture could remove 70.4%–74.1% nitrogen. • Algae grown in media with different nitrogen sources had better growth performances. • The ultimate biomass increase and productivity in the mix-culture were the highest. • The biodiesel yields in this study ranged from 8.5–11.2 g-biodiesel/100 g-dry weight. Effects of nitrogen source inhomogeneity on nutrient removal and biodiesel production of mono- and mix-cultured microalgae were investigated in this study. The microalgal growth characteristics, lipid accumulation, biodiesel production and nutrient removal were determined by mono- or co-culturing microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus in media with different nitrogen sources. The results showed that microalgae cultivated in media with different nitrogen sources indicated higher nitrogen removal, biomass increase and productivities of biomass, lipids and biodiesel than media with the sole nitrogen source. As for the microalgae grown in media with the same nitrogen source, the pattern for the lipid content was in the relationship C. vulgaris > mixed culture > S. dimorphus. The fatty acids of microalgae mainly consisted of C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:2 and C18:3, accounting for 79.6–90.6% of the total. The biodiesel production in this study ranged from 8.5 to 11.2 g-biodiesel/100 g-dry weight. This study presents one of the few studies, suggesting that nitrogen source itself can influence the nutrient removal and biodiesel production of mono- and mix-cultured microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chemical, physical, biological and magnetic harvesting methods are summarized. • Charge neutralisation, patching, bridging and swapping mechanisms are analyzed. • Application of magnetic nanomaterials can realize the microalgae harvesting. • The microalgae production can be combined with environmental pollution control. Biodiesel is one of the best promising candidates in response to the energy crisis, since it has the capability to minimize most of the environmental problems. Microalgae, as the feedstock of third-generation biodiesel, are considered as one of the most sustainable resources. However, microalgae production for biodiesel feedstock on a large scale is still limited, because of the influences of lipid contents, biomass productivities, lipid extraction technologies, the water used in microalgae cultivation and processes of biomass harvesting. This paper firstly reviews the recent advances in microalgae cultivation and growth processes. Subsequently, current microalgae harvesting technologies are summarized and flocculation mechanisms are analyzed, while the characteristics that the ideal harvesting methods should have are summarized. This review also summarizes the environmental pollution control performances and the key challenges in future. The key suggestions and conclusions in the paper can offer a promising roadmap for the cost-effective biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]