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Onshore wind potentials are commonly mapped with site selection criteria that either fully include or exclude land for wind farms. However, current research rarely addresses the variability of these criteria, possibly resulting in overly conservative or optimistic potentials. This paper proposes a method to account for the variability of site selection criteria in resource assessments. We distinguish between static and flexible, non-binary criteria and assess onshore wind's technical and economic potential with bias-corrected ERA5 data, 28 turbine power curves, and a turbine-specific cost model. For Indonesia, we show that our flexible mapping approach improves the transparency of resource potential assessments and could contribute to more informed and useful recommendations. These recommendations could address the (1) calibration of site exclusion thresholds, (2) dilemmas of preferring one land type over others, (3) location-specific challenges of wind farm deployment, and (4) more direct support schemes for affected stakeholders and wind farm operators.. We report a technical potential of 207–1,994 TWh/year in Indonesia, which could cover more than 50% of 2030 electricity demand on all islands. LCOEs range between 5.8 and 24.5 US¢(2021)/kWh with an economic potential of 16 TWh/year, which improves to 31–212 TWh/year with a carbon tax of 100 US$(2021)/tCO 2 e. • New method to account for variability of onshore wind site selection criteria. • We differ between static and flexible site selection criteria for resource mapping. • Their use may change onshore wind potentials by several orders of magnitude. • Flexible site selection enables more transparent and informed recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-mining land usage (PMLU) is a critical concern in Indonesia as the country needs to figure out alternatives for repurposing mined land into productive activities which could utilize the available potential. This paper analyzed the technical feasibility, economic viability, socioeconomics, and environmental impact of building a solar power plant as a post-mining land use option. Solar energy generation potential near the equator line can complement the land availability after coal mining operations cease. The technical analysis, financial model, and Monte Carlo simulation were conducted for the techno-economic analysis. The 300 MWp project was estimated to be able to generate 464 gigawatt-hours annually with a setup cost of around 3.1 trillion Rupiah (USD 200 million). The base case net present value (NPV) was 437 billion rupiah (USD 28 million), while the discounted payback period (DPP) was 13 years, suggesting the viability of the project. The simulation results returned 93.99 % certainty that the NPV would be positive, and 94.71 % certainty the DPP would be <25 years. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the top financial risk factors are loan interest, tax rate, feed-in tariff, operating cost, structure cost, array efficiency, solar irradiance, and inflation rate. Solar irradiance and inflation rate are systematic risks that cannot be controlled internally, and array efficiency is limited by 100 %. Five risk factors could be internally managed: loan interest, tax rate, feed-in tariff, operating cost, and structure cost. Furthermore, this system would offer additional socio-economic and environmental benefits such as job creation, biodiversity preservation, and pollution reduction. The system would generate 281,780 tCO 2 annual GHG emission savings. • Post-mining land usage analysis for renewable energy plant is an essential part of the mining plan. • The techno-economic analysis of the solar plant for post mining land usage was investigated. • The optimization combinations are obtained through financial model and Monte Carlo analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use, land use change, and forestry issue has become attractive issue. This issue associates with a trade-off between economic development and environmental quality. Dynamics of land allocation for different land uses at regional level in Indonesia is a multi-dimensional problem, as it is influenced by socio-economic and policy factors of land use change. Land use and land-use change have a significant impact on economic growth and quality of environment. It is therefore a challenge to develop an appropriate model that can address these complexities. This paper tries to develop econometric model to study land allocation behavior. The model is considering the profit-maximization behavior in modeling the process of land use change. This model uses spatial land cover data at provincial level from 2000 to 2013 and socio-economic variables that collected from various sources. This paper briefly examine land allocation behavior for forest, plantation and food crop and mine land as function of some socio-economic factors. The result shows that there is a competition between land-use due to land use price volatility. Other economic factor such as wage and interest rate tend to have no significant influence on land allocation behavior. In addition population also has a significant influence to land allocation behavior except to plantation allocation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An earthquake occured in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta and Central Java on May, 27th 2006 was one the biggest earthquake in Indonesia. The earthquake was about 5.9 Richter scale and made many victims. The previous research showed that the most damaged area was around the Opak Sesar in Bantul. This fact actually indicates that the Opak Sesar had the influence for the damage on that earthquake. Bantul District is a region which has variation of landuse such as settlement, agriculture area, tourism, and conservation area. Unfortunately, the distribution of this landuse still not considers on the disaster management aspects. This paper is purposed to clasify and mapping the Bantul area in two main classes, settlement and non settlement area based on earthquake management consideration and using the remote sensing and geography information system method. The settlement is the most essensial part which include the human so it should be saved more than other area. The mapping considered some parameters, which every parameters has to be scored to clasify the area. The mapping process used Landsat 7 ETM+ image of Bantul area, recorded in 2007 and secondary data from the previous research in 2006. This research can be also to evaluate the existing ‘Regional Planning’ from Bantul goverment. The results of this paper actually not to change the real landuse condition directly, but it can be a suggestion area design for the goverment to manage the area planning at the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract A port–city interface can be characterized as an area of conflicts between port development and city land-uses. Unfortunately, most research is limited to a technical and managerial perspective on port development and focuses less on the impacts on the communities in the area. This paper offers a new direction to acknowledge the impacts of port development on the community by borrowing from literature on rural–urban fringes, as there are similarities between the port–city interface and the rural–urban fringe as areas with conflicting interests. The port community is divided into the community of interest and the community of place. Based on this, a set of implications arising from how the community might experience the impacts of port development is presented. These implications are operationalized in a case study of the expansion of Tanjung Priok Port in Jakarta, Indonesia. The findings are differentiated for the four most prominent communities that are vulnerable to the impacts, namely fishermen, port workers, seafood processors, and industrial and other types of workers. They are likely to experience two indirect effects of the port development, namely resettlement and loss of livelihoods. This shows how vulnerable the communities living on the edge of the new development are, mainly due to their livelihoods' dependency on the blurry boundaries between port and city. Highlights • The literature on port-city interface has so far barely looked at the interests of local communities. • The communities on the vicinity area of new port development are vulnerable and at high risk of social disruption. • It is mainly due to their livelihoods' dependency on the blurry boundaries between port and city. • Focusing on these communities will enable policymakers to map the actual impacts of new port development on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient rice farming in indigenous ricescapes is dependent on access to various forms of capital assets; however, the acquisition of these assets is hindered by environmental, industry, demographic, and cultural vulnerabilities. This paper examines the implications of these challenges on natural, physical, financial, human, social, and cultural capital assets for rice farming in the indigenously engineered ricescapes of Bali, Indonesia, and Ifugao, the Philippines. The study used site visits, focus group discussions, and interviews and employed a combined analysis of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and Bourdieu's theory of capital to explore the interconnected vulnerabilities and their impacts on rice farming to understand the factors that endanger the preservation, cultural integrity, and heritage of these sites. The study shows that similar challenges are present across these ricescapes, including land use changes, erratic weather patterns, and rice market volatility, among others. Additionally, dilemmas regarding cultural and normative directions for development are apparent, while livelihoods vary and are in flux among households due to their discrepant access to capital assets. Therefore, it is crucial to implement governmental, market, and development programs that strengthen rice farmers' access to various types of capital assets to preserve the outstanding universal values of these ricescapes. • Access to capital is crucial for resilient rice cultivation in indigenous ricescapes. • Environmental, industry, demographic, and cultural challenges hinder capital acquisition. • The study examines the impact of multiple vulnerabilities on rice farming capital for resilience in Bali and Ifugao. • Common challenges include land use changes, erratic weather patterns, and rice market volatility. • Discrepancies in capital access lead to unstable livelihoods in rice farming households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Specialisation at national level hampers mitigation-adaptation integration. • Local actors prioritize climate adaptation but lack of influence hinders action. • Decentralisation affects cross-level power differentials in land and climate domains. • Dominant national level communities exclude localities from policy decisions. Abstract This article proposes an innovative theoretical framework that combines institutional and policy network approaches to study multi-level governance. The framework is used to derive a number of propositions on how cross-level power imbalances shape communication and collaboration across multiple levels of governance. The framework is then applied to examine the nature of cross-level interactions in climate change mitigation and adaptation policy processes in the land use sectors of Brazil and Indonesia. The paper identifies major barriers to cross-level communication and collaboration between national and sub-national levels. These are due to power imbalances across governance levels that reflect broader institutional differences between federal and decentralized systems of government. In addition, powerful communities operating predominantly at the national level hamper cross-level interactions. The analysis also reveals that engagement of national level actors is more extensive in the mitigation and that of local actors in the adaptation policy domain, and specialisation in one of the climate change responses at the national level hampers effective climate policy integration in the land use sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploitation of Indonesian peatlands with improper management has created vast areas of degraded peatlands. Degraded peatlands have become an important source of CO 2 emissions from peat decomposition and land use change. On the other hand, appropriate utilization of peatlands for food production will be crucial in the future due to increasing food demand and inadequate arable land availability for agrarian development in mineral soils. Less damaging and more sustainable management practices that take into account optimum land allocation to ensure food security while reducing CO 2 emissions need to be implemented in degraded peatlands. This paper discusses and highlights the effects of alternative land use options for degraded peatlands in the context of reducing CO 2 emissions and improving food security. A 25-years simulation model shows that management of degraded peatlands areas in Central Kalimantan by reforestation, agroforestry and rice farming would reduce cumulative CO 2 emissions by 13–21% compared to the business-as-usual scenario. Simultaneously, rice farming in degraded peatlands of the study area would annually contribute as much as 0.59 million tonnes to Central Kalimantan rice production starting from 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is a scarce resource affecting the implementation of many sectoral policies. In Indonesia, the expansion of palm oil plantations has led to non-sustainable land use practices in past years, particularly deforestation. More recently, the government has set ambitious targets for the adoption of biodiesel which will require expansion of oil palm plantations, thus putting further pressure on land. Meanwhile, the need to guarantee food supply, forest conservation and climate change mitigation also imply challenges when it comes to land allocation and use. This paper examines the role that land plays in the implementation of sectoral policies in Indonesia, exploring the availability of land to satisfy the multiple goals defined in national policies. We explore land competition resulting from allocations made in official policy documents starting with biofuel policy. The analysis of policy goals and coherence when it comes to land allocation is made in relation to agriculture, climate and forestry policies. We conclude that adjustments need to be made in the policies to avoid overlappings and misinterpretations when it comes to land allocation. The area made available for meeting each sectoral policy goal when taking into account cross sectoral interactions is: 14.2 Mha for agriculture, 43 Mha for climate mitigation measures, 9.2 Mha for forestry, and 20.9 Mha for biofuels. A more uniform land classification and development of a common reference database will increase transparency on land allocation and use, and help to monitor land use change, ultimately supporting the achievement of multiple national goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the construction model of urban farming on vertical building envelopes to support the green building development in Sleman Regency, Special District Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. The construction of vertical buildings in Sleman district is growing rapidly together with the increasing demand for the provision of housing and public facilities. The rapid physical development in Sleman has caused the reduction of green land such as green open space (RTH), agricultural land and rice fields. These developments potentially threaten food security in Sleman district. Urban farming is a method of agricultural activities to reduce the problems of agricultural land limitation in urban areas, like Sleman district. The construction design model of urban farming on the vertical building envelope is one aspect of green building that will support the efforts in vertical farming processes. This showed that the method did not require any horizontally ground space but effectively used the vertical space on the building envelope, including wall and building roof features and construction. In fact, the urban farming construction method will not only contribute to productive agricultural activities, but also support the greening of the urban area as well as reduce the crisis of agricultural land issues. The urban farming construction model of the vertical building facade includes the urban farming construction on the roof, wall, and balcony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for forestland for non-forest uses, mostly oil palm, has increased dramatically in the past few years and has become a chief driver of deforestation in Central Kalimantan. In this paper, we aim to shed light on how multiple levels of government create a facilitating environment for oil palm expansion. In our research, we employed three different methods: content analysis of key policy documents, participant observations, and expert interviews. We found that the technical complexities of formal procedures for the conversion of forest to oil palm are relatively easy to bypass. Contradicting laws and regulations have created a situation where the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) and local governments have relatively equal legal mandates and authority over land-use and allocation. This is further complicated by the ambiguity of the decentralization policy. Enabled by the spatial planning law and the decentralization laws, local governments have aggressively issued plantation licenses for forest areas without the formal release of the forest from the Ministry of Forestry. The issuance of plantation permits has also been legitimized by other policies within central government, which have made oil palm a national priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional agroforestry practices in Berau, East Kalimantan, are suitable land use types to conserve that potentially support the implementation of REDD+. The objectives of this research are to assess biodiversity and carbon stock in various traditional agroforestry practices, also to determine the accuracy of the ability levels of local community in biodiversity and carbon stock monitoring. This paper presents the implementation plan and preliminary data in Kampung Birang and Kampung Merabu, in Berau district. Professional forester-led methods of biodiversity and carbon stock assessment follow the recommended procedures, while training component are carried out using different method in order to test the accuracy of monitoring level. First round of data collection in both villages identified main fruit trees, locally known as langsat , in Kampung Birang, while different durian were found in Kampung Merabu. Field observation showed that the total time taken for completing the monitoring work has declined in line with the work cycle progress supported by willingness of community to participate in the monitoring program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines dynamic patterns of land use, capital investments and wages in agriculture using farm panel data from Indonesia. The empirical analysis shows that with an increase in real wages that prevailed in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in rural areas, relatively larger farmers increased the size of operational farm land by renting in land as well as used more hired-in machines through machine rental and/or service providers, which induces the substitution of labor by machines. Machines and land are complementary and, consistently, the inverse farm size-productivity relationship tends to be reversed among relatively large holders. The results support growing (diminishing) advantage of large (small) farms in the presence of rapidly rising real wages and have food security policy implications to many Asian countries where real wages are rapidly rising and small farms are predominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than ever, state agencies responsible for forest issues are required to balance the social, economic and environmental demands on forests in domestic and international spheres. New and often cross-cutting issues may threaten the position and power of traditional forest bureaucracies through, e.g., a redistribution of power among a number of other land-use-related state agencies. This paper analyzes the absolute and relative power of the Ministry of Forestry (MoF) in two selected policy processes originating on the international and domestic levels, namely the REDD+ Programme and the One Map Policy. Building on a behavioralist conception of power and bureaucratic politics theories, we study these processes to reveal the power dynamics between the MoF and other state bureaucracies, based mainly on documents on tasks assigned to these bureaucracies. Our results show a clear decline in the relative power of the MoF, most notably in the case of incentive and coercive power, though we also show a continuation of power resulting from dominant information. However, due to political intervention from the new president, traditional forest bureaucracy is now reclaiming most of relative power elements in these cases. We discuss the core findings and conclude that both REDD+ and the One Map Policy are likely to become effective policies only if the bureaucratic, sectoral and multi-level conflicts of interest we examine are addressed and fewer leading agencies (or one) assume responsibility for policy formulation and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, international agreements, treaties, and conventions address tropical deforestation and specific causes of rainforest transformation. Such international regimes may aim to conserve natural forests or to support the exploitation of lands for a particular purpose, e.g. agricultural commodities. This paper’s goal is to map the international regime complex for rainforest transformation by identifying those global and regional regimes that are relevant for tropical rainforest transformation systems in Indonesia. The relevance of international regimes for rainforest transformation is assessed based on a novel methodology using two criteria: First, international regimes may be relevant in Indonesia because the core problem they address exists in Indonesia (problem dimension). Second, specific international regimes may be made relevant by the actions of specific actors and their coalitions in pursuit of their interests (actor dimension). To achieve the study’s goals we used (1) content analysis of international policy documents and treaty texts, (2) expert interviews with key informants in Indonesia, and (3) own field observations in current Indonesian land use politics. The results indicate that regimes dealing with biological diversity, climate change, trade in endangered species, wetland management, international tropical trade, illegal logging, Southeast Asian (ASEAN) forest and environment, the Asia Pacific free trade, and the southeast Asian rubber trade regime are relevant in both the problem and actor dimensions. The regimes concerned with desertification and international forestry research are relevant only in the actor dimension. In contrast, the following regimes are relevant only in the problem dimension: indigenous rights, forest certification, palm oil certification, agroforestry certification, and international rubber trade. We discuss our results considering global and regional regimes relevant to Indonesian rainforest transformation systems. We conclude that regimes relevant solely due to the engagement of domestic actors and not in respect of the problem dimension are unlikely to maintain their relevance in the long term. In the short term, however, they have the potential for creating substantial political benefits for the actors using them. In contrast, regimes with high problem relevance but low actor backing are unlikely to even enter the political agenda, and therefore will have only limited impact. This suggests that future research should consider that, whilst relevance in the problem dimension is necessary to establish regime influence, it alone does not suffice. We can expect global and regional regimes to have an influence only when powerful actors back them in their agenda setting, domestic policy formulation and actual implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical forests in Indonesia are subject to major transformation processes from native forests to other land uses, including rubber agroforestry as well as rubber and oil palm plantation systems. Using content analysis of policy documents, this paper aims at (i) analysing the formal administrative responsibilities related to the four rainforest transformation systems and (ii) based on the informal motives of the competing bureaucracies involved generating hypotheses on their future course of action and related research. We find that based on the legal and political land use application, Indonesian tropical rainforests may fall into six categories of land use. They may be situated in both, within the forest area and land outside of the forest area in so-called title forests, even though there is a though political debate about forest area category's jurisdiction confirmation. The Ministry of Forestry, the National Land Agency, and regional governments are identified as the core bureaucracies responsible in both forest area and title forest. The Ministry of Agriculture only has responsibilities in title forests. A number of secondary bureaucracies also steering forest transformation are identified. Formal responsibilities of these bureaucracies are highly complex and fragmented regarding the tasks of forest regulation, forest administration, forest management, forest protection, issuing forest management rights, issuing land rights, regulating and administering timber product, issuing licence, and regulating the commodity. Indonesian tropical rainforest is found to potentially transform into other land uses through seven ways: (i) releasing certain area from forest area, (ii) using forest area for non-forestry purposes (e.g. palm oil plantation), (iii) maximising production forests for logging, (iv) developing community forest schemes in forest area, (v) developing plantation and agroforestry in title forest (vi) taking advantage from waste land, and (vii) steering back to native forest. The intersection of responsibilities in steering rainforest transformation has created contestation between the bureaucracies involved. We conclude that the main conflict of interests runs between the core bureaucracies in this transformation, i.e. the Ministry of Forestry, the National Land Agency, and regional governments. The authors conclude with hypotheses on future actions of such bureaucracies in light of national and international influences on rainforest transformation systems. The central hypothesis contends that both core and secondary bureaucracies have conflicting interests over all four types of tropical rainforest transformation due to the areas of overlapping responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The implementation of REDD+ requires knowledge of the willingness to accept land use change contracts and its application over large areas. This paper uses primary data from Indonesia to contrast two approaches to the elicitation of the supply curve for carbon: an auction and an analysis of opportunity costs. The analysis shows that there are important differences between the two approaches for a wide range of prices. An analysis of bidding behavior shows that location and individual preferences (time and risk preferences), but not opportunity costs, play a significant role in this decision. The implications for targeting are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores the impacts of large scale land acquisition for agro-development by analyzing the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) in Indonesia. It also examines the potential for MIFEE to meet sustainability requirements under RSPO, ISPO, and FSC. The plantation development plans are characterized by a lack of reliable official data and limited public disclosure. The available information paints a skewed picture of expected outcomes, where short-term economic benefits from forest clearing dominate and environmental impacts and social implications appear to be underestimated. Our analysis indicates that oil palm concessions under MIFEE can be RSPO compliant if they resist the short term windfall profits from conversion timber. ISPO certification is possible without any major overhaul. On the other hand, FSC certification for timber concessions is not possible. Because MIFEE plantation program is dominated by timber plantations, they weigh heavily on the program''s poor sustainability prospects. In order to meet the Indonesian government''s own objectives and improve the project''s sustainability, the government needs to push for the implementation of oil palm certification and timber legality verification systems, reduce the size of plantations, target non-forestland, prioritize food crops, and secure local acceptance of plantation investments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Forest management poses particular challenges as the pressure on forests is huge due to deforestation. In this context, the establishment of protected areas is a common conservation measure where institutions are put in place and sanctions regarding forest use are enforced. This paper focuses on the practice of sustainable forest management and the associated perspectives of local institutions at the rainforest margins of Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Our case study applies a qualitative social science research approach. Interviews and group discussions with relevant actors such as farmers, village authorities, the National Park authority, and non-governmental organization members were conducted. The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework served to structure the study and to provide a set of questions to be considered concerning rules, participants, and conservation outcomes. State-induced formal rules are compared with traditional informal rules regarding natural resource use. Our results suggest that the current state-imposed formal rules have not been successfully implemented in the past. Insufficient boundary demarcation, and a lack of congruence between rules and local conditions have been identified as main reasons. Traditional informal rules are rather more respected by local people since they are adapted to traditional use rights and sanctions at the village level. Community conservation agreements (CCAs) are considered a promising tool to mediate between National Park conservation interests and local people''s needs integrating traditional informal rules. However, the CCAs implemented in the LLNP area do not address existing differences in perception and behavior of indigenous people and migrants in the area. We argue that this is a central aspect in terms of successful CCA implementation and forest management. Thus, we recommend that the National Park authority should take the cultural diversity of the area seriously into consideration and integrate flexible and distinct socio-cultural strategies into its management processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper addresses a multi-criteria analysis approach to agricultural landscape planning. The case study was conducted in the Cianjur watershed, West Java, Indonesia, which has experienced soil erosion problems in recent years. The planning process consists of erosion hazard, land suitability, and economic feasibility analyses. Land resource information was developed as a GIS database from topographic maps, Landsat TM images, soil maps, and climatic data. Using these data, the universal soil loss equation was applied to erosion hazard analysis. In land suitability analysis, the land requirement of plants, and land resources characteristics were compared on the basis of Food and Agriculture Organization''s land suitability evaluation methods. Production cost profiles and price data for each crop were used in the economic feasibility analysis. On the basis of the integrated results of the three analyses, proposed agro-ecological land-use was planned under which the land-utilization types would not cause more than tolerable soil loss, would be at least marginally suitable with regard to land resources quality, and would be economically feasible. When compared with current agricultural land-use, the proposed agro-ecological land-use would reduce total soil loss in the area by about 75%, with a reduction in total profit from agricultural production of just 3.1%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Policy makers in Southeast Asia rarely have complete information to guide their land-use and development decision-making. This paper presents participatory rapid economic valuation (PREV), a practical tool that: (1) provides decision-makers with enough information of adequate quality to guide land-use and development decisions; (2) helps ensure decisions reflect the best available research findings; (3) be widely applicable. In order to achieve these goals, PREV results must be credible to decision-makers, requiring that the methods, data and assumptions used be easily understood, transparent and perceived as reasonable. The economic valuation work should also be carried out in a participatory consensus-building fashion so that the knowledge of local stakeholders is fully utilized, and a wide range of decision-makers are aware of and agree with the findings. PREV must also be rapid enough to respond to real-world policy making time lines, easily carried out and inexpensive if it is to be widely used. These requirements largely restricted PREV valuation analyses to those using currently available data, which are generally market-based. While such an approach provides only a partial valuation (a minimum lower bound on the actual total economic value), in many cases a partial valuation may be sufficient to guide land-use and development decisions. In these cases, the social costs of only a few impacts may be greater than the private profits of the activity, enabling development decisions to be made using only current information. An analysis using currently available data is the first step in an iterative process. If the values based on currently available data are not sufficient, then additional data can be collected and further analyses carried out. Case study results are presented of a PREV carried out with local government officials making natural resource policy decisions for the Togean Islands in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that decision-makers were sufficiently satisfied with analyses based on currently available data to make certain decisions. A consensus was reached that local societal economic interests would be best served by prohibiting further logging and pursuing a multiple-use conservation strategy, both as a basis for tourism and to allow the continued use of marine and terrestrial biodiversity. However, the workshop participants recommended that an improved understanding of community livelihoods and incentives was required before firm decisions regarding zoning and managing the islands could be made. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fully spatial treatments of discrete choice models are difficult to specify and can be computationally intense. Several ad hoc procedures have been proposed in the land use literature to mitigate the potential estimation problems caused by spatial effects. We investigate the consequences of different spatial effects for several of these non-fully-spatial approaches using Monte Carlo simulation of a binary choice and a real world example of land use on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. We find that there are few effects on categorical prediction and that inclusion of spatially lagged explanatory variables is the most effective procedure. Resumen Los enfoques totalmente espaciales de modelos de elección discreta son difíciles de especificar y su cálculo puede ser muy laborioso. En la literatura sobre uso del suelo se han propuesto varios procedimientos para el caso con el fin de mitigar los posibles problemas de estimación causados por efectos espaciales. Investigamos las consecuencias de diferentes efectos espaciales para varios de estos enfoques no totalmente espaciales, utilizando simulación de Monte Carlo de elección binaria y un ejemplo del mundo real de uso del suelo en la isla de Sumatra en Indonesia. Encontramos que existen pocos efectos sobre la predicción categórica y que la incorporación de variables explicativas espacialmente desfasadas es el procedimiento más efectivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]