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Much effort has been made to improve the accuracy of plasma creatinine (Pcr) based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations, and many equations have been published. In Mainland China, prior to the publication of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation, the main GFR estimating equation used was the Cockcroft-Gault equation. The MDRD equations were published in 1999, simplified in 2000, and re- expressed in 2006. That same year, the MDRD equations were modified for use in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). With the numerous GFR estimating equations available, which is the most appropriate, especially in Chinese patients with CKD? In this review, methods on how different equations can be compared will be discussed, the importance of calibration of Pcr will be emphasized, and some tricky issues on the development of these equations will be presented, which should be helpful in aiding our selection of the most appropriate equation to use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was epidemic worldwide. The prevalence of CKD indicators, including proteinuria, hematuria/uninfectious leukocyturia and reduced GFR, was investigated in the middle and old-aged population of Beijing Shijingshan district. Methods: Subjects of 2310 aged ≥40 y were enrolled. Their health conditions were taken by questionnaires and physical check-ups. Spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio, spot urine dipstick and microscopy for urine red cell and leukocyte, and serum creatinine was determined. Using simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation estimated GFR assessed renal function. The associations between age, gender, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, and indicators of kidney damage were examined. Results: Through the questionnaires, the history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and CKD were found in 28%, 47.1% and 3.6% of subjects, respectively. Albuminuria was detected in 8.4% of subjects, hematuria and uninfectious leukocyturia in 0.7%, and reduced GFR in 4.9%. Approximately 12.9% had at least 1 indicator of CKD. The known rate of CKD in the studied population was 7.1%. Age, diabetes mellitus, hyper fasting blood glucose and hypertension were independently associated with albuminuria; age, gender, hyper uric acid and albuminuria with reduced GFR. When proteinuria and reduced GFR were determined using spot urine dipstick protein ≥25 mg/dl and serum creatinine ≥133 μmol/l, the prevalence of proteinuria and reduced GFR were 4.7% and 0.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD is common in middle and old-aged population of Beijing, especially in the elderly, but the known rate was relatively low. These findings highlight the clinical and public health importance of CKD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]