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Taiwan's per capita carbon emissions ranks first in Asia. Whether Taiwan's current "2025 Non-Nuclear Homeland" energy transition policy can achieve the goal of greenhouse gas reduction is an issue that needs to be studied urgently. On the basis of studying the status quo of energy supply and demand and carbon emissions in Taiwan, this paper first uses an econometric model to predict Taiwan's energy demand from 2021 to 2030, and then uses a Markov chain model to predict its energy structure changes and CO 2 emission trends under different scenarios, and evaluates the impact of its energy transition policies on carbon emission reduction goals. On this basis, by comparing the carbon trading markets on both sides of the Taiwan strait, the feasibility of and obstacles to the cross-strait cooperation in the carbon trading market are discussed in depth, and the opportunities for future cross-strait cooperation in the carbon trading market are proposed innovatively. The empirical results of this paper show that the carbon emissions in 2025 under the energy transition policy will be reduced by 59.8–61.1 million tons compared with those without planning constraints, but compared with the carbon reduction target (a reduction of 124.8–133 million tons), there is still a long way to go. The contribution potential of the annual carbon emission reduction target is only 45.9%–47.9%, and the contribution potential in 2030 is 57.2%–60.1%. The current "2025 Non-Nuclear Homeland" policy is not in line with Taiwan's current reality, and it is difficult to achieve the expected carbon reduction goal. In order to realize the energy transition in Taiwan in the future, it is necessary to make overall planning of energy policies, explore the cross-strait power cooperation model, and gradually try to build a cross-strait carbon trading market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Energy trilemma objectives are not always conflicting in network design. • Stand-by fossil generators combined with batteries as backup for blackouts. • Required external grid capacity ranges between 43% and 228% of peak load. • Changes in capital expenditure and self-supply could affect business models. • No consensus between 4 multi-objective decision making methods. A significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions entails complex trade-offs among economic, environmental and security objectives of the energy trilemma. The associated proliferation of distributed energy resources in power distribution networks requires optimized planning to ensure economic efficiency and security, where security is defined as the ability to withstand outages (reliability) and imbalances between generation and load (flexibility). This paper investigates the trade-offs among active distribution network design solutions in the energy trilemma. Storage, renewable and dispatchable generators are installed to minimize cost, interruptions and emissions via epsilon-constraint mixed integer linear program. The ramping capability of distributed energy resources is harnessed to provide flexible capacity to the surrounding grid, and to enable the transition from active distribution networks into microgrids with islanding capability. Decision-making strategies for selecting the best design from a Pareto-optimal set are contrasted based on the economic, sustainability and security of the design and operations. Applying these strategies to a Californian distribution network shows nonlinear trade-offs between the trilemma objectives, reducing both emissions and interruption durations by up to 64%. Remarkably, energy supply is diversified with up to 47% of local generation entailing a strong reduction in operating expenditures. While the increase in local generation can reduce the peak imports from the surrounding grid by 56% compared to a network without distributed energy resources, enforcing strict emission limits can lead to renewable exports that exceed the peak load by 130%. Sensitivity analyses identify the performance indicators which strongly influence the selection of the best design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the Paris Climate Agreement, sustainable energy supply will largely be achieved through renewable energies. Each country will have its own unique optimal pathway to transition to a fully sustainable system. This study demonstrates two such pathways for Bolivia that are both technically feasible and cost-competitive to a scenario without proper renewable energy targets, and significantly more cost-efficient than the current system. This transition for Bolivia would be driven by solar PV based electricity and high electrification across all energy sectors. Simulations performed using the LUT Energy System Transition model comprising 108 technology components show that electricity demand in Bolivia would rise from the present 12 TWh to 230 TWh in 2050, and electricity would comprise 82% of primary energy demand. The remaining 18% would then be covered by renewable heat and sustainable biomass resources. Solar PV sees massive increases in capacity from 0.13 GW in 2020 to a maximum of 113 GW in 2050, corresponding to 93% of electricity generation in 2050. In a high transmission scenario, levelized cost of energy reduces 27% during the transition. All scenarios studied see significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, with two scenarios demonstrating a Bolivian energy system with no greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. Further, such scenarios outline a sustainable and import-free supply of energy for Bolivia that will provide additional social benefits for the people of Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]