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Southeast Asia (SEA) is a key producer and exporter of rice, accounting for around 28% of rice produced globally. To effectively mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in SEA rice systems, field methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions have been intensively studied. However, an integrated assessment of system-level GHG emissions which includes other carbon (C) balance components, such as soil organic carbon (SOC) or energy use, that can positively or negatively influence the net capacity for climate change mitigation is lacking. We conducted a systematic review of published research in SEA rice systems to synthesize findings across four main components of net system emissions: (1) field GHG emissions, (2) energy inputs, (3) residue utilization beyond the field, and (4) SOC change. The objectives were to highlight effective mitigation opportunities and explore cross-component effects to identify tradeoffs and key knowledge gaps. Field GHG emissions were the largest contributor to net system emissions in agreement with existing scientific consensus, with results showing that practices such as floodwater drainage and residue removal are sound options for CH 4 mitigation. On the other hand, increasing SOC potentially provides a large GHG mitigation opportunity, with long-term continuous rice cropping and practices such as residue incorporation and biochar application promoting SOC increase. A reduction in energy inputs was mainly achieved by optimizing agrochemical use, especially N fertilizers. For residue utilization beyond the field, GHG emission mitigation mainly came from preventing open field burning through residue removal. Removed residue can subsequently be used for producing energy that offsets GHG emissions associated with conventional fuel sources (e.g. fossil fuel-based electricity generation) or substituting material used in other production systems. Integrating all four components of net system emissions into one analysis underscores the following two main takeaways. First, the components of field GHG emissions and SOC change are the biggest opportunities for reducing net system emissions and need to be considered for effective climate change mitigation. Second, the reduction of C inputs through residue removal and increased soil aeration through multiple drainage will lower CH 4 emissions but may also potentially decrease SOC stocks over time. Hence, we argue that future research needs to consider cross-component effects to optimize net system emissions, specifically the "stacking" of best management practices for mitigation related to field GHG emissions or SOC change in long-term experiments. • Net system emissions include field CH 4 /N 2 O emissions, energy inputs, residue utilization, and SOC change. • Integrated review highlights cross-component effects of management including tradeoffs. • Field GHG emissions and SOC change are the largest opportunities for mitigation. • Reduced C inputs and drainage decrease CH 4 emissions, but may negatively affect SOC. • "Stacking" of best management practices is a key knowledge gap that warrants research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite the overwhelming consensus within the scientific community concerning the causes and effects of climate change, decision-making processes often do not point out in the same direction. In order to effectively and satisfactorily tackle climate change, a legally and politically binding long-term policy architecture is needed. In practice, however, central governments and international policymakers have been unable to provide a successful policy architecture. Yet, city-level initiatives within the Smart City framework are a promising way to tackle climate change. An example of such a Smart City framework is the London Environment Strategy (LES). In this paper, we propose a zero mean reverting model for greenhouse gas emissions to quantitatively analyze its consistency with the 2050 Zero Carbon objectives. We consider different policy scenarios proposed in the LES and the forward-looking policy uncertainty embedded in different economic sectors, primarily domestic, industrial and commercial and transport. We find that, on average, only transport improves the historical greenhouse gas emissions trend, and most of this reduction comes from Smart Mobility and/or Smart Regulation programs focusing on the environment. Highlights • Most actions oriented to mitigate the effects of climate change are being taken at the city level. • The current GHG emission trend in London is not in line with the 2050 zero level objective. • Stress test analysis considering a zero mean reverting process and different policy scenarios • Considering the simulation average trend only Transport sector improves the historical trend. • Industrial and Commercial sector reports the highest level of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The present study explored community-action-oriented projects on litter management. • The study adopted a mixed method of data collection. • Data were collected through: questionnaire and a life-cycle-based model. • Respondents' knowledge scores before and after the intervention were significantly different. • All (100%) the participants were willing to participate in waste recycling business. • 4Rs strategy had potential in saving greenhouse gas emissions in the community. Abstract Throughout the world, waste sector has been implicated in significant contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Involving communities in recycling their solid waste would ensure climate change effect mitigation and resilience. This study was carried out to improve waste management practices through a community-led intervention at Kube-Atenda community in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design, comprising mixed method of data collection such as semi- structured questionnaire and a life-cycle-based model for calculating greenhouse gas generation potentials of various waste management practices in the area. A systematic random sampling was used to select sixty (60) households for a survey on knowledge, attitude and practices of waste management through Recovery, Reduction, Reuse and Recycling (4Rs) before and after the training intervention. Data collected were summarised using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t -test and ANOVA at p = 0.05. The mean age of the respondent was 49.7 ± 16.7 and 68.3% were females. Respondents' knowledge scores before and after the intervention were significantly different: 7.07 ± 1.48 and 11.6 ± 1.6 while attitude scores were: 8.2 ± 2.3 and 13.5 ± 0.8. There were significant differences in the major waste disposal practices in the community before and after the intervention. All (100%) the participants were willing to participate in waste recycling business and the model predicted that adoption of 4Rs strategy had a great potential in saving greenhouse gas emissions in the community. The behaviour of the community people has changed towards waste management that promote climate change mitigation and adaptation through waste reduction, reuse, and resource recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture can be mitigated from both supply (production) and demand (consumption) sides. In this study the carbon footprint (CF) of a range of 26 crop and 6 livestock products was calculated using national statistical data and used as an indicator to assess the climatic impacts of agriculture from farm production to food consumption in China. Of the products assessed, meat had the highest CF (6.21 kg CO 2 -equivalent (CO 2 -eq)/kg), and vegetable had the lowest (0.15 kg CO 2 -eq/kg). The CFs of fruit, legume, grain crop, oil crop, milk, industrial crop and poultry egg were 0.31, 0.46, 0.77, 0.95, 1.47, 2.96 and 4.09 kg CO 2 -eq/kg, respectively. Methane emissions from paddy rice and emissions from fertilizer application were the largest contributors of about 36∼93% of CFs for crop production, whereas GHG emissions from forage, enteric fermentation and manure treatment accounted for more than 96% for CFs of livestock and poultry production. Significant differences between CFs were found across different management patterns and farm scales. GHGs emissions estimated from supply side food production are currently 912.5 kg CO 2 -eq/capita/year, which was considerably higher than that estimated from consumption being 379.6 kg CO 2 -eq/capita/year – which may be attributable to export, waste, or to the use of crops as feed for livestock. The CF for dining out was 2.87 kg CO 2 -eq/capita/meal, which was higher than home dining at 1.57 kg CO 2 -eq/capita/meal. We conclude that both improved agricultural management and dietary consumption changes have the potential to provide considerable GHG mitigation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Paris agreement in 2015, the European Union (EU) set a carbon neutrality objective by 2050, and so did France. The French agricultural sector can contribute as a carbon sink through carbon storage in biomass and soil, in addition to reducing GHG emissions. The objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the additional storage potential and cost of a set of eight carbon-storing practices. The impacts of these agricultural practices on soil organic carbon storage and crop production are assessed at a very fine spatial scale, using crop and grassland models. The associated area base, GHG budget, and implementation costs are assessed and aggregated at the region level. The economic model BANCO uses this information to derive the marginal abatement cost curve for France and identify the combination of carbon storing practices that minimizes the total cost of achieving a given national net GHG mitigation target. We find that a substantial amount of carbon, 36.2 to 52.9 MtCO 2 e yr−1, can be stored in soil and biomass for reasonable carbon prices of 55 and 250 € tCO 2 e−1, respectively (corresponding to current and 2030 French carbon value for climate action), mainly by developing agroforestry and hedges, generalising cover crops, and introducing or extending temporary grasslands in crop sequences. This finding questions the 3–5 times lower target of 10 MtCO2e.yr−1 retained for the agricultural carbon sink by the French climate neutrality strategy. Overall, this would decrease total French GHG emissions by 9.2–13.8%, respectively (reference year 2019). • Additional carbon storage, net GHG budget, and cost of 8 agricultural practices. • MACC shows abatement potential of 40–60 MtCO 2 e.yr−1 for carbon price 55–250 €.tCO 2 e−1. • Key practices: agroforestry, hedges, cover crops, grasslands in crop sequences. • No "one size fits all strategy" due to heterogeneity across regions and practices. • French agricultural carbon sink potential is 5 times higher than anticipated by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing and quantifying the carbon footprint (CF) of livestock production would offer insights into how livestock production contributes to climate change and help to establish potential greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options. In Sichuan, one of the largest provinces for livestock production in China, a questionnaire farm survey was performed in 2012. CFs of livestock and poultry production were quantified using a dataset encompassing 20 farms for egg production, 25 farms for milk production, 20 farms for chicken production, and 32 farms for pork production, including both household and aggregated farms. The results revealed that over both farm types, emissions from manure treatment accounted for 70% and 74% of the total CFs in egg and chicken production, respectively. On average, 39% of the total CF in milk production was contributed by enteric fermentation; meanwhile, emissions by fodder production contributed on average 75% to the total CF of pork production. In general, egg, milk, chicken and pork production in Sichuan were associated with CFs of 3.70, 1.01, 20.02 and 5.42 kg CO 2 -eq/kg production for household farms, and 3.46, 1.13, 7.86 and 4.29 kg CO 2 -eq/kg for aggregated farm, respectively. Statistically, egg, chicken and pork production on household farms was characterized by higher CFs than that on aggregated farms. This study highlights that aggregated farm management could be an efficient option to mitigate the GHG emission in China's livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle electrification represents a promising solution to address the challenges of energy security and sustainable mobility. The environmental performance of electric vehicles is heavily dependent on the energy structure which is undergoing a profound transition. Moreover, the deployment of electric vehicles is critically affected by policies. In this context, this study investigated the impact of energy structure transition and penetration uncertainty on emissions of electric vehicles in Japan from 2000 to 2030. The results suggested that the greenhouse gas and reactive nitrogen were mitigated for both energy sources of electricity mix transition and ammonia energy carrier compared with the baseline. Trade-off between the electricity mix transition and ammonia energy carrier scenarios was observed. Specifically, the electricity mix transition results demonstrated a more significant emission reduction of reactive nitrogen, while an ammonia energy carrier led to a more significant emission reduction of greenhouse gas. Finally, key policy implications were summarized by providing insights into energy portfolio planning and electric vehicle deployment from the perspective of climate change mitigation and sustainable reactive nitrogen management. • Modeled penetration and energy structure transition for electric vehicles. • Electricity mix transition led to more reactive nitrogen emission reduction. • Ammonia energy carrier resulted in more greenhouse gas emission reduction. • Implications were discussed providing insights into policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been argued recently that green growth is the only economic development pathway to secure a sustainable future. The Government of Jordan has launched a National Green Growth Plan aiming to facilitate the transition towards green growth in six priority sectors; amongst those is the solid waste management sector. Jordan Vision 2025 has set a 33% reduction target in the solid waste amounts disposed in landfills or dumpsites by 2025. This study examines the development of the municipal solid waste management sector in Jordan from sustainability standpoint and presents potential scenarios to attain Jordan Vision 2025 target and gradually place this sector on a green growth path. The Sustainability Window analysis tool was used to assess the sustainability of this sector over the 2010–2015 period. This tool identifies whether the economic growth maintains the social and environmental wellbeing using strong and weak environmental, social inclusion, and economic indicators. Three scenarios to address Jordan Vision 2025 target were proposed and compared using the Sustainability Window tool: Mechanical biological treatment-anaerobic digestion, mechanical biological treatment-composting, and incineration. It was concluded from the sustainability window analysis of the 2010–2015 data that the total number of jobs in the municipal solid waste management sector is a weak social inclusion indicator compared to the stronger one "jobs per 10,000 tonnes". Likewise, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per tonne is a weak environmental indicator unlike the stronger "net GHG emissions". It was also inferred from the Sustainability Window analysis that the 2010–2015 Jordanian municipal solid waste sector growth did not fulfill all sustainability criteria. The proposed future scenarios were compared and it was determined that the mechanical biological treatment alternatives fulfill all sustainability criteria regardless of the indicators' strength, whereas the incineration scenario only satisfies the sustainability criteria using weak environmental indicators. Nonetheless, mechanical biological treatment-composting is the most attractive scenario from an economic perspective owing to the lower GHG mitigation cost of $18.3 per tCO 2 -eq compared to $35.5/tCO 2 -eq for the mechanical biological treatment-anaerobic digestion and $161.7/tCO 2 -eq for incineration. • The sustainability of the solid waste management sector in Jordan was assessed using the Sustainability Window tool. • The current growth scheme of the Jordanian solid waste management sector is not sustainable. • Mechanical biological treatment plants are sustainable solid waste management alternatives. • The least expensive mitigation measure is the mechanical biological treatment-composting with a cost of $18.3 per tCO 2 -eq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]