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Grain or seed number is the dominant component determining yield in major grain crops. Major grain crops differ in the timing of the critical period for grain or seed number determination. Differences between grain crops are related to the flowering phase duration and the proportion of the whole cycle allocated to pre-flowering development. Considering the critical period relative to the onset of grain or seed filling reconciles differences among major field crops. Our findings strengthen the evolutionary basis of the universal plasticity of the number of grains or seeds. Studies across different crops demonstrated that grain or seed number per unit area (GN m–2) is the dominant yield component. Although grains or seeds derive from floret or flower production and survival, the timing of the critical period for GN m–2 determination is known to vary noticeably, from mainly pre-flowering to strongly post-flowering, across major grain crops. Here, we demonstrate that discrepancy between crops in the timing of their critical period is related to the flowering phase duration and the proportion of the whole cycle allocated to pre-flowering development. Changing the perspective, positioning the critical period at the end of the phase when grain abortion occurs instead of flowering, results in the critical period virtually coinciding among contrasting grain crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is an over-yielding effect in wheat cultivar mixtures. • Wheat yield components reach an optimized level by mixed cropping. • Relative yield of mixtures increases under unfavourable climatic conditions. Scaling current cereal production to meet the globally increasing food demand will be a challenge under climate change. Previous studies have shown that crop diversification, such as intercropping, can increase crop yield, stability, resource-use efficiency and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in agroecosystems. However, more evidence is needed to explain the influence of inter-annual climate variations on crop yield in the context of genetic diversity. Here, we conducted a field experiment over four years in the North China Plain to test the effect of genetic diversity on yield under varied climate conditions. We compared the performance of eight winter wheat cultivars in monocropping with that of mixed cropping of two (mixture-2), four (mixture-4), and eight (mixture-8) cultivars. Our results showed that the yields of all cultivar mixtures were higher than those of their component cultivars in monocropping from 2017 to 2020. In particular, the grain yields of mixture-4 and mixture-8 were significantly increased by 7.37% and 5.94% in the drier years (2017 and 2019), compared with that of the highest yield of local cultivar (LY502). From 2017 to 2020, yield components in wheat mixed cropping had synergetic effects that could offset the tradeoffs among them and obtained an optimized combination at population level. Moreover, the yield stability of all mixtures was higher than the weighted means of monocultures averaged across the four years. The cultivation of mixtures of wheat cultivars effectively alleviated the negative effect of high temperature stress on 1000-grain weight, and improved grain water use efficiency in the drier years. Our findings showed that enhancing wheat genetic diversity at population level can effectively promote grain yield under drought and high temperature, which can be considered as an ecological approach to cope with global climate change towards food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awnless and awned wheat is found across the globe. Archeological and historical records show that the wheat spike was predominantly awned across the many millennia following domestication. Thus, ancient farmers did not select against awns at least until the last millennium. Here, we describe the evolution and domestication of wheat awns, quantifying their role in spike photosynthesis and yield under contrasting environments. Awns increase grain weight directly (increasing the size of all grains) or indirectly (increasing the failure of distal grains), but not as a consequence of additional spike photosynthesis. However, a trade-off is produced through decreasing grain number. Thus, favorable effects of awns on yield are not consistently found across environments. The role of wheat awns in yield has remained controversial despite decades of studies. Archeological and historical records show that wheat spikes were predominantly awned across many millennia after domestication, while small awns or awnless spikes were common during the last millennium. The meta-analysis conducted in this review shows that the presence of awns significantly increases average grain weight by 5% at the expense of grain number, which is reduced by 3% independent of the environmental growing conditions. The increase in grain weight is not associated with an increase in spike photosynthesis but rather as a constitutive effect that increases the failure of distal grains or increases the grain size potential of all grains. No clear advantage or disadvantage due to the presence of awns was observed for wheat yield across favorable and stressful environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• IZA (einkorn) wheatgrass had the highest amount of p-coumaric acid. • Kıraç-66 (bread wheat) grain had the highest amount of trans-ferulic acid. • The highest amount of p-coumaric and trans-ferulic acid was in IZA (einkorn) among the tested whatgrasses. • The amount of p-coumaric acid was higher in the wheatgrasses of the tested wheats than in their grains. • The amount of trans-ferulic acid was higher in the wheat grains than their wheatgrasses. • Emmer grain and einkorn wheatgrass had the strongest antioxidant activity. Wheat has been a primary food source in human and animal nutrition in many parts of the world since ancient times. The objective of the present study was to evaluate phenolic acid composition (p -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, trans -ferulic acid, and sinapic acid) and antioxidant potentials (total phenol and flavonoid contents, and free radical scavenging activity) in both grain and grass of einkorn (Triticum monococcum spp. monococcum ; Cv. IZA), emmer (T. dicoccum ssp. dicoccum Schrank.) population, durum (T. durum Desf.; Cv. Kunduru-1149), and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.; Cv. Kıraç-66). The amount of phenolic acids in grain and two weeks old grass obtained from 4 different wheat species was detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The p -coumaric acid was the most abundant compouns in all tested grasses, while trans-ferulic acid were the most abundant compounds in all tested grains. It was determined that einkorn (IZA) had the highest amount of p -coumaric acid (1.360 µg/g dw) and trans -ferulic acid (0.490 µg/g dw) among the grasses, while the highest p -coumaric acid (0.770 µg/g dw) and trans -ferulic acid (3.400 µg/g dw) were found in bread wheat (Kıraç-66) among the grains. The highest total phenolic content was obtained from grain (90.12 mg/g dw) and grass (99.24 mg/g dw) of durum wheat (Kunduru -1149). The the highest total flavonoid content was found in both grain (141.58 mg/g dw) and grass (179.50 mg/g dw) of einkorn (IZA). Grains of emmer (2.68 µg/mL) and grasses of einkorn wheat (2.98 µg/mL) had the strongest antioxidant activity with the lowest IC 50 (concentration inhibiting 50% of DPPH) values. Einkorn, an ancestral wheat species with 14 chromosomes, has higher phenolic molecules, total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential than modern wheat species such as durum wheat with 28 chromosomes and bread wheat with 42 chromosomes. Wheatgrass of IZA (einkorn) is thought to have the potential as a functional food/beverage in the future with its higher amounts of phenolic molecules and strong natural immune booster antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest in perennial crops to build soil carbon (C), but the mechanisms underlying soil C accrual in perennial croplands remain unclear, especially over time in the first years of perennial crop growth. To address this gap, research is needed that directly tracks intra-annual C fluxes through crop-microbial-soil pools, evaluating the capacity of perennial crops to build soil C over intra-decadal time periods. We conducted a 13C isotope-tracer study to compare within-season C uptake and crop-microbial-soil C partitioning patterns between 1-year-old (IWG-1) and 2-year-old (IWG-2) stands of a novel perennial grain crop, intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey). We compared these to a common annual grain crop, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop shoots, roots, soil, and soil respired-C were sampled ten times over a 90-day chase period. We also measured the incorporation of recently assimilated 13C into soil microbial biomass (13C PLFA) and functional groups over the first 7 days post-label application. Overall, IWG-1 assimilated almost 1670 mg 13C m−2 during the study period, nearly twice that of IWG-2 or wheat, but neither IWG system retained significant amounts of new C in soil. Rather, a higher proportion of assimilated new C was retained in IWG-1 in root tissues (14%) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when compared to other cropping systems, while IWG-2 retained almost 50% of total assimilated C in aboveground crop tissues. We expect the shift from new C retention in belowground root-mycorrhizal networks to aboveground tissues is associated with a shift from an acquisitive to conservative growth strategy that occurs between the first and second IWG production years. The observed shift in C partitioning patterns and potential change in growth strategy limited the allocation and retention of new C in soil as IWG aged, adding valuable context to our understanding of why perennial grain crop establishment seldom leads to significant carbon gains in the first several years following establishment. • 13C-CO 2 labelling revealed age-related changes in perennial grain C partitioning • 1st-year perennial grain retained new C in roots, but little new C retained in soil • Sharp decline in new C uptake and belowground retention in 2nd-year perennial grain • Changes in primary microbial consumers of new C observed between 1st- and 2nd-year [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium (Cr) pollution may threaten food safety in China. In this study, the concentration, pollution level, distribution, and non-cancer risk of Cr in wheat grains grown in 186 areas across 28 provinces in China were investigated. Results indicated that mean concentration of Cr was 0.28 ± 2.5 mg/kg, dry mass (dm). Of the samples, 7.5 % were found to be polluted with Cr. The mean concentrations were in the following order: Northwest > Northeast > South > East > North > Southwest > Central China. Based on deterministic models, mean hazard quotient (HQ) values for adult males, adult females, and children were 0.11 ± 3.4, 0.11 ± 3.4, and 0.13 ± 3.5, respectively with < 6 % of HQ values ≥ 1. Eleven sites in northern China were identified as hotspots, whereas Gansu Province and Northwestern China were labeled as priority provinces and regions for risk control. The mean HQ values estimated by probabilistic risk assessment were two times greater than those estimated using deterministic models. The risk probabilities for adult males, adult females, and children were 4.81 %, 3.78 %, and 6.55 %, respectively. This study provides valuable information on Cr pollution in wheat grains and its risks at a national scale in China. [Display omitted] • First national-scale investigation of Cr in wheat grains and health risks. • Cr pollution and deterministic and probabilistic health risks were assessed. • Hotspots, priority provinces and regions for risk control were identified. • 7.5 % of wheat grains polluted; 3.78–6.55 % of inhabitants at non-cancer risks. • Children were not undergoing larger risk than adult males/females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant increase in cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollution in agricultural soil has greatly heightened environmental contamination issues and the risk of human diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the transformation of Cd and Pb in soil as well as the influencing factors during their accumulation in crop grains remain unclear. Based on the analysis of the distribution trend of Cd and Pb in soil during the growth and development stages of wheat (tillering, filling, and maturity) in alkaline heavy metal-polluted farmland in northern China, this study investigated the response mechanism of soil heavy metal form transformation to soil physicochemical properties, and elucidated the main determining periods and influencing factors for Cd and Pb enrichment in wheat grains. The results showed that an increase in CEC and SOM levels, along with a decrease in pH level, contributed to enhancing the bioavailability of Cd in the soil. This effect was particularly evident during the tillering stage and grain filling stage of wheat. Nevertheless, the effects of soil physicochemical properties on bioavailable Pb was opposite to that on bioavailable Cd. The enrichment of Cd and Pb in grain was significantly influenced by soil pH (r = −0.786, p < 0.01), SOM (r = 0.807, p < 0.01), K (r = −0.730, p < 0.01), AK (r = 0.474, p = 0.019), and AP (r = −0.487, p = 0.016). The reducible form of Cd in soil during the wheat tillering stage was identified as the primary factor contributing to the accumulation of Cd and Pb in wheat grains, with a significant contribution rate of 84.5%. This study provides a greater scientific evidence for the management and risk control of heavy metal pollution in alkaline farmland. [Display omitted] • The growth stages of wheat (tillering, filling, and maturity) were monitored and examined. • The morphological transformation of Cd and Pb exhibited higher activity during the tillering and filling stage. • The Cd absorption efficiency in wheat grain surpasses that of Pb. • The reducible Cd in soil during tillering stage was the main factor for Cd and Pb accumulation in wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been extensively applied as biofertilizers in wheat to promote crop productivity. However, variability in AM root colonization, grain yield, and nutrients was observed among wheat genotypes and according to AM genotype and environment. We hypothesized that wheat response to AM inoculation is more affected by genotype than environment; the response is driven by increases in AM abundance and community structure changes, and not by modification of composition. We inoculated an indigenous AM consortium on four old genotypes (Bianco Nostrale, Andriolo, Abbondanza, Sieve) and one modern variety (Bologna) of bread wheat for two years. The effect was evaluated by assessing grain yield, nutrients, and quality of processed products (flour and breadsticks), while the AM abundance and the community composition and structure in roots were characterized, at two plant growth stages, using morphological and molecular tools. The functional traits of AMF and plant were better explained by inoculation than by genotype or environment (33 %, 17 %, 4 % of total explained variance), although significant interactions environment x genotype and genotype x inoculation were highlighted. Consistent increases in AM abundance in Sieve and Bologna were associated with positive changes in grain yield and nutrients, supporting the good responsiveness of these genotypes with inoculated AMF, while the plant response of other genotypes was shaped by air temperature and rainfall. However, we did not find significant correlations between changes in AM colonization and mycorrhizal response ratio, with the exception of P and K. After inoculation, AM community composition was similar in all wheat genotypes, but the structure greatly differed among genotypes in interaction with inoculation and plant growth stage. These changes were significantly related to wheat productivity. A Septoglomus taxon, present in the inoculum, was the best predictor of wheat performance. The characterization of the community structure at early crop development and maturity allowed the identification of fast and latest active AM colonizers. Our results showed for the first time that AM inoculation affect the rheological parameters and nutraceuticals of processed products, although the response was modulated by genotype. The selection of responsive wheat genotypes is fundamental for the positive outcome of inoculation. The positive effects on wheat productivity and field persistence of the inoculated AMF support the use of indigenous consortia that have low impacts on resident AMF. Our findings advance the understanding of the facilitative mechanisms that underlie compatibility between AMF and wheat genotypes. • Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were applied on wheat for 2 years. • AMF/plant responses were shaped by genotype (G) x inoculation (Inoc) and year x G. • AM composition did not change among genotypes, but AM structure was modified by G and growth stage. • A Septoglomus taxon, present in the inoculum, was the best predictor of wheat performance. • The interaction Inoc x G affects rheological and health-promoting traits of processed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat crop grown under elevated CO 2 (EC) often have a lowered grain nitrogen (N) and protein concentration along with an altered grain ionome. The mechanistic understanding on the impact of CO 2 x N interactions on the grain ionome and the expression of genes regulating grain ionome is scarce in wheat. In the present study, the interactive effect of EC and N dosage on grain yield, grain protein, grain ionome, tissue nitrate, and the expression of genes contributing to grain ionome (TaNAM-B1 and TaYSL6) are described. Three bread wheat genotypes were evaluated under two CO 2 levels (Ambient CO 2 (AC) of 400 ± 10 ppm and elevated CO 2 (EC) of 700 ± 10 ppm) and two N levels (Low (LN) and Optimum N (ON). In EC, wheat genotypes HD2967 and HI 1500 recorded a significant decrease in grain nitrate content, while leaf and stem nitrate showed a significant increase. BT. Schomburgk (BTS), showed a significant increase in unassimilated nitrate and a decline in grain N and grain protein under EC. There was a general decline of grain ionome (N, P, K, Ca, Fe) in EC, except for grain Na content. The expression of genes TaNAM-B1 and TaYSL6 associated with protein and micronutrient remobilization to grains during senescence were affected by both EC and N treatments. For instance, in flag leaves of BTS, the expression of TaNAM-B1 and TaYSL6 were lower in EC-LN compared to AC-LN. In maturing spikes, transcript abundance of TaNAM-B1 and TaYSL6 were lower in EC in BTS. The altered transcript abundance of TaYSL6 and TaNAM-B1 in source and sink supports the change in grain ionome and suggests an N dependent transcriptional reprogramming in EC. • Genotype BT. Schomburgk (BTS), showed a significant increase in unassimilated nitrate and a decline in grain N and grain protein under EC. • There was a general decline of grain ionome (N, P, K, Ca, Fe) in EC, except for grain Na content. • The expression of genes TaNAM-B1 and TaYSL6 associated with protein and micronutrient remobilization was reduced by EC in source and sink tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compared with infant cereals based on refined grains, an infant cereal containing whole grains (WGs) and pulses with adequate amounts of ascorbic acid to protect against absorption inhibitors could be a healthier source of well-absorbed iron. However, iron absorption from such cereals is uncertain.Objective: We measured iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate (Fefum) added to commercial infant cereals containing 1) refined wheat flour (reference meal), 2) WG wheat and lentil flour (WG-wheat-lentil), 3) WG wheat and chickpea flour (WG-wheat-chickpeas), and 4) WG oat flour (WG-oat) and from ferrous bisglycinate (FeBG) added to the same oat-based cereal (WG-oat-FeBG).Methods: In a prospective, single-blinded randomized crossover study, 6- to 14-mo-old Malawian children (n = 30) consumed 25-g servings of all 5 test meals containing 2.25 mg stable isotope-labeled iron and 13.5 mg ascorbic acid. Fractional iron absorption (FIA) was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of isotopes after 14 d. Comparisons were made using linear mixed models.Results: Seventy percent of the children were anemic and 67% were iron deficient. Geometric mean FIA percentages (-SD, +SD) from the cereals were as follows: 1) refined wheat, 12.1 (4.8, 30.6); 2) WG-wheat-lentil, 15.8 (6.6, 37.6); 3) WG-wheat-chickpeas, 12.8 (5.5, 29.8); and 4) WG-oat, 9.2 (3.9, 21.5) and 7.4 (2.9, 18.9) from WG-oat-FeBG. Meal predicted FIA (P ≤ 0.001), whereas in pairwise comparisons, only WG-oat-FeBG was significantly different compared with the refined wheat meal (P = 0.02). In addition, FIAs from WG-wheat-lentil and WG-wheat-chickpeas were significantly higher than from WG-oat (P = 0.002 and P = 0.04, respectively) and WG-oat-FeBG (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively).Conclusion: In Malawian children, when given with ascorbic acid at a molar ratio of 2:1, iron bioavailability from Fefum-fortified infant cereals containing WG wheat and pulses is ≈13-15%, whereas that from FeBG- and Fefum-fortified infant cereals based on WG oats is ≈7-9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B-group vitamins are important micronutrients for maintaining human health; nevertheless, B vitamin deficiency is a globally widespread issue. Thus, it is relevant to accurately assess the B-vitamin content in staple crop products such as wheat grains. Here, we developed a multi-enzyme extraction method allowing accurate quantification of seven B vitamins in wheat using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Free forms of thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7) and folates (B9) were determined with recoveries ranging from 81 to 118% and accuracy below 15% bias. The precision was below 20% relative standard deviation and the internal standards adequately compensated for matrix effects. The method was applied to determine the B vitamin stabilities in wheat grains stored at different temperatures and periods. The results provide an important basis in future studies aiming at understanding nutritional availability of B vitamins. • An enzymatic extraction method for B-group vitamins from wheat grains is presented. • An LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of B-group vitamins is validated. • All B vitamins are sensitive to high storage temperatures except for riboflavin (B2). • Storage at 60 °C increases the free-form content of niacin in wheat grains. • Folate is the most temperature-sensitive B vitamin during storage of wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spike grain number is a crucial parameter when estimating wheat yield. However, most methods predominantly focus on a single period, lacking universality. To achieve rapid and intelligent wheat spike grain counting from the filling stage to the mature stage, this study used different smartphones to obtain wheat ear images of different varieties and constructs the spike grain dataset required for deep learning segmentation model through image normalization and data enhancement. Then we propose a segmentation model called Multi-Attention TransUNet (MATransUNet) and a spike grain counting model (SGCountM) to achieve wheat spike grain counting. Our results indicate that, comparing with other models, MATransUNet achieves the best segmentation performance with strong robustness and generalization capabilities, achieving a mean intersection over union(mIoU) of 85.93%. Through the comparative analysis with manual counting results, our Method I, doubling the number of grains on one side of the ears, results in a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 4.38 and a coefficient of determination(R2) of 0.85; while the Method II, adding the grains on both sides of the ears, yields a RMSE of 3.13 and a R2 of 0.93. The counting accuracy significantly improves compared to not using the SGCountM. Moreover, transfer learning notably enhances the accuracy of the segmentation and counting model, enabling accurate spike grain counting from the filling stage to the mature stage. Finally, we integrate MATransUNet and SGCountM to design and implement a wheat spike grain segmentation and counting system (WeChat mini program). In practical tests, the mini program can effectively, accurately segments and counts wheat spike grain, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness. This research provides valuable insights into the intelligent application of wheat spike grain counting. [Display omitted] • MATransUNet is proposed to improve the segmentation accuracy of wheat spike grains. • A wheat spike grain count model (SGCountM) based on adaptive erosion is developed. • Transfer learning enables high precise spike grain counting across multiple periods. • An automated wheat spike grain segmentation and counting system is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature during the critical period of wheat can cause floret sterility, grain abortion, yield reduction, and economic losses. We tested the hypothesis that selection for yield improved frost tolerance. We measured phenology, yield and its components, including the distribution of grains within the spike, in a factorial experiment combining 12 wheat varieties released from 1973 to 2015, two sowing dates (mid-April and early or mid-May), two thermal regimes, ambient control and frost-protected, and two seasons. To protect crops from frost we used moveable, lightweight passive heating chambers before each frost event (≤ 0 °C). The rate of genetic gain in yield aligned with frost severity: it ranged from negligible under severe frost to 0.79 ± 0.05% y−1 in unfrosted crops. The chambers diminished but did not fully prevent frost; across sources of variation grain yield was 179 ± 20.1 g m−2 in ambient control and 264 ± 13.3 g m−2 in frost-protected treatments. Frost intensity was calculated as the cumulative, canopy-level minimum temperature below 2 °C during the period from −300 to + 100 °C d centred at anthesis. For the pooled data, yield declined with frost intensity at 1.24 ± 0.12% °C−1. Across varieties and environments, frost-protected crops set 29 ± 3.0 grains spike−1 compared with 19 ± 2.7 in ambient control. We did not find random grain abortion within spikelets, but random sterile spikelets. Average grain weight (weighed by the relative contributions of these grains to the number of grains per spike) in main shoot spike did not vary with thermal regime. Selection for yield did not improve frost tolerance. Preventing spring radiation frost improved spike fertility by increasing the proportion of grains in distal positions with no reduction in grain weight potential within spikelets in relation to controls. We advanced damage functions relating yield and frost, which are useful for modelling, and maps of grain set in spikes that help understanding the physiology of yield in response to frost. • We advance damage functions relating yield and frost, which are useful for modelling. • We quantified frost intensity as the cumulative minimum temperature below 2 ℃ during the critical period. • Wheat grain yield declined, on average, at 1.24% °C−1 with frost intensity. • The rate of genetic change in yield, from 1973 to 2015, declined with frost severity. • Frost-protection improved the proportion of grains in distal positions with no reduction in grain weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-Kranz C 4 photosynthesis of the NAD-ME subtype, specifically in developing wheat grains (14 dpa, days post-anthesis) was originally demonstrated using transcriptome-based RNA-seq. Here we present a re-examination of evidence for C 4 photosynthesis in the developing grains of wheat and, more broadly, the Pooideae and an investigation of the evolutionary processes and implications. The expression profiles for the genes associated with C 4 photosynthesis (C 4 - and C 3 -specific) were evaluated using published transcriptome data for the outer pericarp, inner pericarp, and endosperm tissues of the developing wheat grains. The expression of the C 4 -specific genes across these three tissues revealed the involvement of all three tissues in an orderly fashion to accomplish the non-Kranz NAD-ME-dependent C 4 photosynthesis. Based on their expression levels in RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads) values, a model involving multiple cell- and tissue-types is proposed for C 4 photosynthesis involved in the refixation of the respired CO 2 from the endosperm tissues in the developing wheat grains. This multi-cell C 4 model, proposed to involve more than two cell types, requires further biochemical validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms of assimilate distribution and sugar metabolism in spike-stem that inhibit the formation of fertile florets and grains per spike in winter wheat under pre-reproductive drought stress. Two winter wheat cultivars, CH58 (relatively strongly drought tolerant) and LH6 (relatively weakly drought tolerant), were subjected to successive soil drought treatments from jointing to heading during the 2020–2022 growing seasons. The results showed that pre-reproductive drought stress intensified the degradation and abortion of wheat florets. Compared to CH58, the decrease in the number of fertile florets and grains per spike of LH6 under drought stress increased by an average of 5.3%−8.0% and 8.3%−9.0%, respectively. Drought significantly inhibited the distribution of 13C-photosynthates in wheat spikes (15.7%−24.7%) and stems (8.5%−11.7%) during the booting stage. The number of differentially expressed genes enriched in starch and sucrose metabolic pathways was much higher in the spike and stem of LH6 than in those of CH58. Drought significantly reduced sucrose and hexose in young spikes but increased hexose and fructan concentrations in stems. Compared to LH6, the higher invertase activity and accompanying high expression of sugar transporter protein (STP) in CH58 spikes under drought stress contributed to the utilization of sucrose in young spikes. Additionally, under severe drought, the higher fructan concentration and expression of sugar transport proteins (SWEET and SUT) in the stem of CH58 improved the ability of the stem to transport assimilates to young spikes and thus alleviated the loss of grain number per spike. Exogenous spermidine optimized hexose and sucrose allocation in young wheat spikes and stems after drought stress, thereby increasing the number of fertile florets under drought stress. Overall, the ability of the dominant spike to utilize sugar and the ability to compete for assimilates between the spike and stem contribute to the resistance to drought stress-induced grain reduction in the spike. Exogenous chemicals can regulate the number of fertile florets through this pathway, thereby promoting the formation of wheat grain number. [Display omitted] • Pre-reproduction drought stress exacerbated the decrease in grain number per spike. • The transfer rate of 13C-photosynthate was linearly related to floret degradation. • Drought-resistant wheat had a greater capacity to catabolize sugar in spike. • Dominant stem-to-spike sugar transfer capacity helped floret resist drought. • Exogenous spermidine optimized the allocation of sugar in spike-stem by drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further increasing wheat productivity is more challenging due to consistently rising temperatures. Heat stress negatively affects both grain number per m2 (GN) and average grain weight (AGW). It is not clear whether the sensitivity of these components differ, nor whether it would be related to the relevance of the component for determining unstressed yield in the particular cultivar. The aim of this study was to elucidate the plasticity of GN and AGW in response to heat waves at pre-anthesis; and post-anthesis under different source-sink ratios. The field experiments were carried out in two different locations of Catalonia (NE Spain). We selected two contrasting genotypes (Pistolo and Sublim) for the relevance of GN and AGW and analysed in detail (i) the causes for their differences in AGW and (ii) their GN and AGW responses to heat wave stress (HT). The HT treatments were imposed in the field using portable tents with transparent polyethylene films at either at booting (pre-AN HT) or 15 days after anthesis (post-AN HT) for 7 days, with a delta in maximum temperature of c. 5ºC. In addition, we increased source-sink ratios in the control and post-AN HT treatments by removing all spikelets on one side of the spike (de-graining) 14 days after anthesis. Pistolo had always less but heavier grains than Sublim. The differences in AGW were constitutive, rather reflecting a trade-off with GN, as there was no scarcity of resources to satisfy the demands of the growing grains in any of the two cultivars. Exposing the crops to heat stress at pre- and post-anthesis resulted in yield penalties, but yield was more sensitive to pre-AN HT than to post-AN HT, consistently across both locations and genotypes. The reduction of GN per spike was mainly mediated through grain abortion rather than through mortality of floret primordia. The reduction of AGW caused by post-AN HT was not related to source strength changes, but due to a direct effect reducing potential grain weight (PGW) per se. There seemed to be a trend for the cultivar constitutively producing more grains having less sensitivity of GN to pre-AN HT, and for the cultivar constitutively having heavier grains having less sensitivity of AGW to post-AN HT. The reduction of AGW caused by post-AN HT was not related to source strength changes, but due to a direct effect reducing potential grain weight. The plasticity of a yield component in response to heat stress was inversely related to the relevance of that component for yield determination in unheated conditions. Our result would open an opportunity for breeders to select for improved sink-strength through either higher GN or higher PGW depending on the timing and frequency of the most damaging heat waves. • Grain number reduction caused by pre-anthesis heat waves was through grain abortion. • Grain weight loss by post-anthesis heat waves was due to reducing potential weight. • Plasticity of yield components to heat seemed inversely related to their relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staple cereals always have been important dietary components, yet recent debates on their role in human diets are riddled with myths and misinformation. This article examines the informational controversies, particularly about wheat, and reviews the evidence. The discussion centers on three nutritional cereal debates: i) 'empty calories', ii) over-consumption, and iii) how 'free-from' fads confound dietary transitions. This article makes two principal points, that i) advances in nutrition are a complex, slow process, and that ii) they can be easily confounded and undone by misinformation. Hence we suggest that more consumer-oriented work is needed—including behavioral approaches and political economy—in order to improve the quality of information, communication and dietary decision making. There is a clear need to tackle nutritional misinformation given the costs of inaction and the need to formulate a coherent agri-nutrition agenda. • Staple cereals important in human diets–yet role controversial in media & academia • Examines 3 nutritional cereal-debates: 'empty calories', over-consumption and fads • Nutritional enhancement complex & slow process—easily confounded and undone • More & different research needed across nutrition agenda, incl cereals & behavior • Need to tackle nutritional misinformation & formulate coherent agri-nutrition agenda [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An appropriate selenium intake can be beneficial for human health. Se-biofortified food in Se-deficient regions is becoming an increasingly common practice but there are still issues to be addressed regarding the observed Se-induced toxicity to the plant. In this respect, plant biostimulants are used to enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and crop quality. In this work, the efficacy of a plant biostimulant to counteract the Se-induced stress in wheat plants is experimentally assessed. The co-application of different Se-biofortification treatments and the biostimulant at different growth stages (tillering or heading stage) was investigated. The use of micro focused X-ray spectroscopy allows us to confirm organic Se species to be the main Se species found in wheat grain and that the proportion of organic Se species is only slightly affected by the Se application stage. Our study proves that the biostimulant had a key role in the enhancement of both the amount of grains produced per spike and their dry biomass without hindering Se enrichment process, neither diminishing the Se concentration nor massively disrupting the Se species present. This information will be useful to minimize both plant toxicity and economic cost towards a more effective and plant healthy selenium supplementation. Image 1 • The biostimulant has a key role in re-establishing grain yield without diminishing neither Se-concentration and speciation. • Se-exposure stage and the length of the treatment are important parameters in the conversion of inorganic Se to organic Se. • Se treatment applied at heading stage minimize the Se induced toxicity compared to the tillering stage application. • Organic Se-species are the main species found in wheat grains and co-located with minerals in the outer layer and embryo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperatures can significantly impact wheat growth and grain yields during the grain-filling stage. In this study, we identified genes that respond to high-temperature stress during the grain-filling stage. We also identified and characterized 24 novel genes of the DOG1 gene family in hexaploid wheat. Motif analysis and conserved domain search revealed substantial similarities among TaDOG1 family members. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the evolutionary conservation of the TaDOG1 family across various plant species. Tissue-specific expression profiling indicated consistent patterns, with TaDOG1 genes predominantly expressed in stem tissues. Only TaDOG1 - 1 exhibited enhanced expression, particularly during hard dough and ripening stages. TaDOG1-1 and TaDOG1-7 exhibited increased expression under heat stress during the grain-filling stage, indicating their heat-responsive nature. Cis -element analysis revealed potential regulatory motifs, suggesting the involvement of TaDOG1-1 and TaDOG1-7 in stress tolerance mechanisms. Yeast two-hybrid screening revealed interacting proteins, including stress-responsive and grain development-associated proteins. To understand the biological function, we overexpressed TaDOG1-1 in Arabidopsis plants and observed enhanced thermotolerance under basal heat stress. Under heat stress, the transgenic plants exhibited increased biomass and elevated expression levels of heat-responsive genes. Furthermore, TaDOG1-1 –overexpressing plants showed improved survival rates under soil heat stress, along with a greater accumulation of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. In this study, the identification and functions of the DOG1 gene family provide valuable insights for developing genetic engineering strategies aimed at improving wheat yield under high-temperature stress. • 24 novel genes of the DOG1 gene family were identified and characterized in hexaploid wheat. • TaDOG1 genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in different tissues and response to high-temperature stress. • TaDOG1-1 -overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exhibited significant thermotolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is experiencing significant losses of food and related resources, including cereals and bakery products. The demand for alternatives to preserve both raw materials and food is increasing, and research associated with processing industry and substances of natural origin, such as essential oils, have increased. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of essential oil testing, particularly in the vapour phase, to assess their antifungal efficacy in cereal grains and bakery products. We emphasized on comparing methodologies, in vitro , in situ and finally tests on bakery products, highlighting their heterogeneity, advantages, and limitations. The great interest in this issue is reflected in the number of studies conducted thus far. These results indicate realistic and promising possibilities for the practical utilisation of essential oils. However, there is a need to standardise the methods, systematically relate the experiments and include sensory analysis to determine a balance between effective and acceptable concentrations. • There are realistic possibilities for the use of essential oils in cereal storage. • Essential oils extend bakery products shelf life but causes sensory changes. • Sensory analysis is indispensable to balance effective and acceptable doses. • There is a need for methods standardization and conceptual continuity of experiments. • Further research of essential oils vapours use in cereal processing is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a serious threat to both the productivity and quality of wheat. This study aimed to investigate the genotypic variation in grain Cd concentration in wheat through field and pot experiments. Among 273 wheat genotypes, a significant genotypic difference was found in grain Cd concentration, ranging from 0.01 to 0.14 mg kg−1. Two contrasting genotypes, X321 (a low grain Cd accumulator) and X128 (a high grain Cd accumulator), were selected for pot experiments. X321 exhibited a 17.9% greater reduction in yield and a 10.2% lower shoot-to-grain Cd translocation rate than X128 under Cd treatment. Grain Cd content showed a positive correlation with soil available Cd content and a negative correlation with Cu content. Soil catalase activity significantly decreased in X128 under Cd stress, whereas no difference was found in X321. The grains of X321 exhibited a more compact spatial distribution of starch grains and protein matrix than those of X128. Moreover, the size of A-type starch in X128 was larger than in X321. Meanwhile, X128 contained much B-type starch, with some surface pits observed on A-type granules under Cd stress. Cd treatment increased the abundance of rhizosphere microorganism communities, with Ellin6067 and Ramlibacter being enriched in X128 under Cd treatment, which might facilitate Cd uptake. The accumulation of Cd in grains demonstrated a strong positive correlation with the rhizosphere bacterial diversity (correlation coefficient = 0.78). These findings provide new insights into the basis of grain Cd accumulation in wheat and have potential implications for developing new verities with low Cd accumulation to ensure food safety and minimize human exposure. [Display omitted] • Genotypic variation was found in grain Cd accumulation. • X321 was a low Cd accumulator and sensitive to Cd stress. • The structure of A-type starch was affected by Cd in X128. • X128 rhizosphere soil had more Ellin6067 and Ramlibacter than X321. • Grain Cd content was positively with the rhizosphere microbial diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Models using GF as a proxy should be calibrated for each site and stage. • Using three or four bands was best for detecting the green fraction from spectra. • Spectral information has the potential to compensate for low spatial resolution. Estimating straw cereal plant density at early stages is important for field crop management and phenotyping. Usual plant density estimation methods include manual counting and image-based counting, both of which have limited throughput, due to the need for high spatial resolution images. In this study, we explored the potential of high-throughput estimations with spectral information. A large and diverse dataset was collected on micro plot field experiments, encompassing six sites, three leaf stages, and four species of straw cereals. Canopy spectral reflectance was acquired with a spectrometer, both in 0° or 45° view zenith angle, perpendicularly to the row direction. Two reflectance-based approaches were then tested. In the direct approach, density was directly estimated from reflectance using Gaussian process regression (GPR) and spectral bands selected based on Akaike's information criterion. In the indirect approach, the green fraction derived from high spatial resolution RGB images (GF_rgb) was first estimated from reflectance using GPR and selected bands, and then linearly related to density. These reflectance-based methods were compared to a classical image-based baseline method, which estimates density directly from GF_rgb. An ablation study firstly showed the superiority of 45° observations, and the necessity to calibrate one model for each site, growth stage, and species. The band selection process recommended using no more than four bands as inputs to the GPR models. The resulting direct and indirect estimations had an overall relative error of 30 %. The image-based baseline method had a lower error of 22 % for submillimeter spatial resolutions, but it performed worse than reflectance-based methods when degrading the spatial resolution to more than 1 to 2 mm to mimic an increase in sensor altitude. These results showed that spectral information can compensate for spatial information and that spectral methods can potentially provide high-throughput and reasonably accurate estimates of straw cereal plant density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for wheat growth and has a critical influence on yield and quality. This study aims to examine how medium nitrogen level (240 kg/hm2) affects the starch granule development, starch accumulation, and structural characteristics of wheat starch. The results showed that nitrogen treatment could reduce the biosynthesis of starch and amylose, delay the degradation of starch in pericarp, and promote the proportion of B-type small starch granule in endosperm compared with those in the N0. In addition, the composition and distribution of starch granules were changed, the crystal structure in the inner lamellae and ordered structure in the external region of starch granules were affected, and the swelling power and solubility of starch during wheat development were increased. The effect of nitrogen treatment on the mRNA expression of enzymes related to starch biosynthesis or degradation varied in different developmental stages. During middle and later grain filling stages, AGPase , GBSSI , and GBSSII were lower, and SSS , SBE , and DBE were higher in N240 than in N0. This study indicated that nitrogen application at booting stage significantly affected the structural characteristics of starch, and ultimately determines its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated grain proteomic profiles in response to water deficit, high nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and their combined treatments in elite Chinese bread wheat cultivar Jingdong 17, using a two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE)-based approach. Water deficit negatively affected the main agronomic traits of wheat and grain yield, while high-N fertilizer had the opposite effects. The application of a high-N fertilizer under water deficit conditions moderately improved kernel development and grain yield. 2D-DIGE led to the identification of 124 differentially accumulated protein (DAP) spots during five different grain developmental stages, corresponding to 97 unique proteins. The more significant changes of DAPs occurred at 10–20 days after flowering. DAPs were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, protein turnover, protein folding, cell cycle control, stress response, nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, and energy metabolism. In particular, water deficit caused a significant downregulation of proteins involved in starch biosynthesis, whereas high-N fertilizer led to a significant upregulation of proteins involved in nitrogen metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and starch biosynthesis. The combined treatment resulted in a moderate upregulation of DAPs related to carbohydrate metabolism, starch biosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism. Our results indicated that high-N fertilization could alleviate yield loss caused by water deficit by promoting the accumulation of proteins involved in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism. • Independent and combined water-deficit and high-N treatments have significant effects on wheat kernel proteome. • 124 differentially accumulated proteins involved in nine functional groups were identified under different treatments. • Water deficit downregulates carbon metabolism related proteins and decreases grain weight and yield. • High N-fertilizer upregulates nitrogen and energy metabolism related proteins and alleviates the negative effects of water deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remobilization of stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) can supply crucial carbon resources for grain filling against drought stress. Here, spatiotemporal variations in post-anthesis WSC levels and compensatory effects for grain weight from different internodes of the main stem were investigated, when exposed two wheat genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance to drought-stressed and well-watered conditions. Analysis of variance revealed that stem WSC levels were predominantly affected by days after anthesis, water stress and their interactions. Compared with well-watered conditions, the peak time of WSC levels was curtailed by 7–14 days in drought-stressed plants. Drought stress highly promoted WSC levels (ca. 20–30%) in upper internodes during the early period of grain filling, but significantly reduced WSC levels (ca. 40–90%) in all internodes during the late period. The drought-tolerant genotype LJ196 was more superior in WSC partitioning than the drought-prone genotype XD18, due to its stronger capacity for stem WSC remobilization, especially for pre-anthesis reserves under drought stress. This was associated with a better grain filling and compensation to the loss of grain weight. The WSC levels induced by drought stress formed a high-to-low concentration gradient from the lower to the upper internodes. Presumably, it might favorably drive WSC flux from stem to developing kernels, indicative of higher WSC remobilization efficiency generally in lower internodes than in upper ones. These findings provide the well-understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern of post-anthesis WSC accumulation and remobilization along stem internodes and their roles in the wheat grain-filling process under drought stress. • Stem WSC levels dominated by growth stage, water stress and their interactions. • Drought highly induced gradient concentrations of WSC along stem internodes. • WSC remobilization efficiency in lower internodes higher than upper ones. • Drought optimized pre-anthesis WSC in stem partitioning to grain filling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG), the main component of the plastid membrane, is essential for chloroplast photosynthesis; however, little information is available about the function of MGDG synthases gene (TaMGD) in wheat grain. In this manuscript, three homologous genes were identified in wheat grain, and their functions were investigated by gene silencing and overexpression techniques. Three TaMGD homologous genes, TaMGD-6A , -6B , and -6D , located on chromosome 6A, 6B, and 6D, respectively, were isolated from common wheat. The transcription of TaMGD was detected in stems, roots, leaves and grains, and high levels of gene transcripts were detected in stems and leaves. Silencing of TaMGD in common wheat spikes resulted in a decrease in grain weight and starch content, and proteomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins mainly included carbohydrate metabolism- and nucleic acid-related proteins. In comparison with wild-type, transgenic rice plants overexpressing TaMGD-6A and -6D showed an increase in thousand kernel weight, as well as an increase in the expression level of genes related to starch biosynthesis, whereas transgenic rice plants overexpressing TaMGD-6B showed increased grain yield and grain number per spike. The results of gene silencing and overexpression indicated that TaMGD plays an important role in wheat grain weight, which might be associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Hence, this study provides new insights regarding the role of TaMGD in wheat grain characteristics. • TaMGD from wheat encodes monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthase localised in plastid. • Silencing TaMGD in wheat spike resulted in decreased grain starch content. • Overexpression of TaMGD resulted in increased grain yield in transgenic rice plant. • TaMGD mainly affects grain weight by affecting carbohydrate metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small grain cereals such as wheat, rice and barley are among the most important crops worldwide. Any attempt to increase crop productivity and stability through breeding implies developing new strategies for plant phenotyping, including defining ideotype attributes for selection. Recently, the role of non-foliar photosynthetic organs, particularly the inflorescences, has received increasing attention. For example, ear photosynthesis has been reported to be a major contributor to grain filling in wheat and barley under stress and good agronomic conditions. This review provides an overview of the particular characteristics of the ear that makes this photosynthetic organ better adapted to grain filling than the flag leaf and revises potential metabolic and molecular traits that merit further research as targets for cereal improvement. Currently, the absence of high-throughput phenotyping methods limits the inclusion of ear photosynthesis in the breeding agenda. In this regard, a number of different approaches are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 28 key transcripts involved in phytosiderophore biosynthesis, Fe/Zn uptake and transportation activities were identified associated with efficient Fe and Zn accumulation in wheat. • Expression analysis of 12 of the transcripts using qPCR was conducted in seedling stage and flag leaf which exhibited greater differential accumulation in efficient genotype, CRP 1660. • miRNAs corresponding to all 28 transcripts mentioned above were identified. • There was significantly higher differential accumulation of the transcripts in flag leaf as compared to seedling • This study would help in better understanding of molecular basis of Fe/Zn transport and accumulation in grain and consequently the wheat improvement. Wheat (T. aestivum L.) is the second most important staple food crop consumed in the form of various end-use products across the world. However, it contains lower concentrations of Fe and Zn leading to micronutrient deficiency in human beings where wheat is the sole diet. Therefore, increasing grain Fe/Zn content in wheat has become priority in wheat breeding programmes across the world. Understanding the molecular mechanism of Fe/Zn transport and accumulation in grains is required to expedite the breeding process. For this purpose, whole seedling transcriptome analysis was conducted in four wheat genotypes (CRP 1660, Sonora 64, Vinata, : high, and DBW17: low) differing in grain Fe/Zn content under controlled and Fe/Zn deficient conditions. Twenty eight key transcripts involved in phytosiderophore biosynthesis, Fe/Zn uptake and transport were identified. Expression analysis of 12 of the transcripts using qPCR was conducted in seedling stage and flag leaf which exhibited greater differential accumulation in CRP 1660 followed by Vinata, Sonora 64 and DBW 17 in both flag leaf and seedling. However, there was significantly higher differential accumulation of the transcripts in flag leaf as compared to seedling. In CRP 1660, transcripts pertaining to phytosiderophore biosynthesis like DMAS1-B, NRAMP2 and NAAT2-D showed greater accumulation. Additionally, corresponding miRNAs were also identified for these 28 transcripts. The findings will help in better understanding of molecular basis of Fe/Zn transport and accumulation in grain and subsequent utilization in breeding to improve Fe/Zn content in wheat grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifting the life cycle of grain crops from annual to perennial would usher in a new era of agriculture that is more environmentally friendly, resilient to climate change, and capable of soil carbon sequestration. Despite decades of work, transforming the annual grain crop wheat (Triticum aestivum) into a perennial has yet to be realized. Direct domestication of wild perennial grass relatives of wheat, such as Thinopyrum intermedium , is an alternative approach. Here we highlight protein coding sequences in the recently released T. intermedium genome sequence that may be orthologous to domestication genes identified in annual grain crops. Their presence suggests a roadmap for the accelerated domestication of this plant using new breeding technologies. Current grain crops are annuals that must be sown every year, giving their root systems little time to develop during the growing season. A perennial grain crop with a long-lived extensive root system would improve soil quality, store carbon belowground, and utilize water and minerals more efficiently. Domestication genes of the annual grass wheat are highly conserved in the perennial intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), providing an opportunity for accelerated domestication of a perennial grain using a mutagenesis approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, consumers claim more healthful foods, among them, bakery products, which are an excellent source of nutrients. Although flour from different grains and seeds has been added to these products, the use of no traditional sources of flour has been raised in the last decades, one of them, flour from Prosopis spp. This plant is an underutilized legume that is a good source of carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and phytochemicals. this review aims to describe the value of the entire Prosopis tree and its chemical compounds in its leaves, rind, exudate gum, flowers, and pods. This paper emphasizes the use of Prosopis ground pods as flour in traditional food. Key Findings and Conclusions : Pods from the P. alba, juliflora, chilensis, nigra, cineraria, africana, and tamarugo species have been investigated for its nutritive and bioactive properties. The flour from different parts of the pod (epicarp, mesocarp, and seed) had been investigated because of its nutritive effects, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hyperglycemic activities. The ground pod is a suitable ingredient in the formulations of bread, cookies, and gluten-free products. • Prosopis spp. is an underutilized legume. • Leaves, rind, exudate gum, flowers, and pods of Prosopis tree have bioactive properties. • The Prosopis pod is used worldwide as an ingredient for food and feed. • The pod flour has potential as a partial wheat replacement in bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whole grain wheat (WGW) consumption is associated with health benefits in observational studies. However, WGW randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies show mixed effects.Objectives: The health impact of WGW consumption was investigated by quantification of the body's resilience, which was defined as the "ability to adapt to a standardized challenge."Methods: A double-blind RCT was performed with overweight and obese (BMI: 25-35 kg/m2) men (n = 19) and postmenopausal women (n = 31) aged 45-70 y, with mildly elevated plasma total cholesterol (>5 mmol/L), who were randomly assigned to either 12-wk WGW (98 g/d) or refined wheat (RW). Before and after the intervention a standardized mixed-meal challenge was performed. Plasma samples were taken after overnight fasting and postprandially (30, 60, 120, and 240 min). Thirty-one biomarkers were quantified focusing on metabolism, liver, cardiovascular health, and inflammation. Linear mixed-models evaluated fasting compared with postprandial intervention effects. Health space models were used to evaluate intervention effects as composite markers representing resilience of inflammation, liver, and metabolism.Results: Postprandial biomarker changes related to liver showed decreased alanine aminotransferase by WGW (P = 0.03) and increased β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.001) response in RW. Postprandial changes related to inflammation showed increased C-reactive protein (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.02), IL-8 (P = 0.007), and decreased IL-1B (P = 0.0002) in RW and decreased C-reactive protein (P < 0.0001), serum amyloid A (P < 0.0001), IL-8 (P = 0.02), and IL-10 (P < 0.0001) in WGW. Health space visualization demonstrated diminished inflammatory (P < 0.01) and liver resilience (P < 0.01) by RW, whereas liver resilience was rejuvenated by WGW (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Twelve-week 98 g/d WGW consumption can promote liver and inflammatory resilience in overweight and obese subjects with mildly elevated plasma cholesterol. The health space approach appeared appropriate to evaluate intervention effects as composite markers. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02385149. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete utilisation of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) requires effective pretreatment strategies aiming to increase the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose and improve its conversion to fermentable sugars. To this end, the effect of different NaOH concentrations (0–5%, w/v) and temperature (30–121 °C) on the fractionation of DDGS to its main components (cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins) was evaluated. As the NaOH concentration and temperature increased, the total sugar content of the pretreated DDGS solids progressively increased to a maximum of ∼88%. At 121 °C and 5% NaOH, the DDGS solid residue consisted primarily of glucose (∼53%), a 5-fold increase compared to the original DDGS, reflecting the presence of cellulose, and to a lesser extent by xylose (∼25%) and arabinose (∼10%) reflecting the presence of hemicellulose. Approximately 83% of the initial hemicellulose and 79% of the protein contents were removed into the liquid fraction during alkaline pretreatment. The enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated DDGS solids by the Accellerase® 1500 cellulase enzyme was significantly improved, resulting in a 3.6 fold increase in glucose yield compared to untreated DDGS. Mass balance analysis demonstrated that the proposed process scheme recovers the majority of the key DDGS components (cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins) in an efficient manner with relatively low losses, and provides a viable approach for the valorisation of DDGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of limited information, a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the stability of organo-arsenic complexes as affected by competing anions i.e. phosphate, nitrate and sulphate. For this purpose, humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were extracted from farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and soil. A pot experiment was also conducted with 4 levels each of arsenic (As) (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg kg−1) and amendments (no amendment, FYM, VC and SB at the rate of 10 t ha−1 each). Results indicate that stability of FA extracted from sugarcane bagasse have the highest stability constant (log K) as 9.77 and the corresponding mole ratio (x) value of 1.51. The phosphate was the most effective in replacing As from organo-As complexes followed by sulphate and nitrate. Under pot culture study, As content in wheat grain was the lowest in sugarcane bagasse amended soil followed by FYM and VC at all levels of As application. Solubility-free ion activity model was most effective in predicting As uptake by wheat grain based on Olsen extractable As, pH and Walkley & Black organic C. Efficacy of organic amendments in reducing health hazard for intake of As through consumption of wheat grain grown on contaminated soil was also reflected in the values of hazard quotient (HQ). • E4/E6 ratio followed the order: FYM > vermicompost > Sugarcane bagasse. • Organo-As complexes showed the highest stability in case of sugarcane bagasse. • Phosphate was most effective in replacing As from organo-As complexes. • Sugarcane bagasse was the most effective amendment in reducing available As. • Solubility-FIAM was most effective in predicting As uptake by wheat grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of age and supplemental xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of Ross × Ross 708 male broilers during weekly intervals from 14 to 42 d of age. Day-old chicks (1,500) were randomly distributed into 60 floor pens (25 chicks/pen; 0.078 m2/bird) and fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments (TRT) throughout the starter (1 to 14 d of age), grower (15 to 28 d of age), and finisher (29 to 42 d of age) phases with 15 replicates per TRT. Dietary TRT consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 diet types (corn- or wheat-based) and 2 xylanase inclusions (0 or 16,000 BXU/kg) as the main factors. At 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d of age, cecal contents were collected (4 birds/pen) for VFA analysis. Main effects of cereal grain source (P < 0.05) affected propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and isocaproic acid concentrations at 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d of age. Broilers fed corn-based diets had higher (P < 0.05) propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and isocaproic concentrations than those fed wheat-based diets from 14 to 42 d of age. However, broilers fed wheat-based diets had higher (P < 0.05) butyric acid concentrations at 28, 35, and 42 d of age compared with those fed corn-based diets. Individual and total VFA concentrations increased (P < 0.05) linearly from 14 to 42 d of age. Age and cereal grain interacted (P < 0.05) to affect propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acid concentrations. These results indicate that broiler cecal VFA concentrations are influenced by cereal grain source and age. In contrast, supplemental xylanase inconsistently influenced broiler cecal VFA concentrations. Therefore, future research evaluating factors affecting supplemental xylanase and cecal VFA production in broilers is warranted. Additionally, research investigating cereal grain source effects on cecal microflora development and fermentative patterns may be beneficial for optimizing cecal VFA production in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks implicating raw wheat products have focused much attention on decontaminating wheat grains used for manufacturing flour and other milled products. The present study investigated the effectiveness of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) for destroying Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli , Salmonella enterica and natural microflora on tempered wheat grains. Portions (10 g) of grains were each inoculated with a 5-strain mixture of E. coli or S. enterica to obtain an initial count of ∼7.0 log 10 CFU/g. Inoculated or non-inoculated wheat grains were sealed in plastic bags filled with atmospheric air and exposed to ACP (44 kV) dielectric barrier discharge for 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. Pathogen survivors were evaluated by washing wheat grains with sterile diluent, plating the wash solution on thin agar layer (TAL) media and appropriate selective (SEL) agar, and counting bacterial colonies after 48 h of incubation (35 ᵒC). Non-inoculated grains were analyzed for yeast and molds, mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and Enterobacteriaceae. After 20 min, initial viable counts (log CFU/g) on TAL medium and SEL agar, respectively, decreased by 3.09 and 4.84 (for E. coli), and 4.40 and 4.32 (for S. enterica). A higher level of sub-lethal injury occurred in E. coli compared to S. enterica (P < 0.05). After ACP treatment for 20 min, log CFU/g reductions of mesophiles psychrotrophs, and Enterobactericeae were 0.96, 2.14 and 1.38, respectively. In contrast, yeast and molds were totally destroyed (3.29 log CFU/g reduction) after only 10 min. ACP has good potential for killing both enteric pathogens and spoilage microorganisms on tempered wheat grains destined for the manufacture of wheat flour. Further research on the baking characteristics of flour manufactured from ACP-treated wheat grains is warranted. • ACP inactivates both enteric pathogens and spoilage microbes on tempered wheat grains. • The TAL method allows resuscitation of pathogens sub-lethally injured by cold plasma. • Native fungi and psychrotrophic bacteria are sensitive to ACP applied to wheat grains. • ACP treatment of wheat grains can enhance the microbial quality and safety of flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluated the effects of debranning (2% and 4%) of Indian and exotic wheat varieties on pasting, protein profile and rheological properties of meal. Exotic varieties grains showed significant difference in cooking properties despite having similar protein content. Debranned grains of exotic varieties showed significantly lower water uptake (WU) than those from Indian varieties. Ash content, protein content and mixographic properties (mixing time, dough strength) of meal decreased with increase in extent of debranning. With increase in debranning level unextractable polymeric proteins (UnEx-PP) decreased while unextractable monomeric proteins (UnEx-MP) increased. Exotic varieties had lower extractable PP as compared to Indian wheat varieties. With increase in debranning level pasting parameters (final, breakdown and peak viscosity) increased. Exotic varieties showed the higher gluten strength indicated by mixographic parameters. Wheat grains debranned to 4% debranning level showed better cooking properties. Exotic wheat varieties showed better pasting and mixing properties as compared to Indian wheat varieties. Unlabelled Image • The proportion of polymeric protein (PP) increased with increase in debranning. • Meal prepared from debranned grains had lower unextractable PP. • Exotic varieties showed better pasting and mixing properties. • Exotic varieties had lower extractable PP as compared to Indian wheat varieties. • Mixographic properties decreased with increase in extent of debranning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding grain weight determination and its limitations is relevant for increasing grain yield in crops. Reasons behind variations in grain weight could be related to its potential or to competition among grains for insufficient source. Previous studies in old genotypes showed that wheat grain weight was not source limited during grain filling, while no clear pattern was determined for barley. The aim of this study was to assess the coordination between grain water and grain dry matter content to determine the extent of source limitation during grain filling in modern wheat and barley genotypes. Two databases containing grain dry matter and grain water content of wheat and barley throughout the grain-filling period and grain weight subjected to different source/sink manipulation treatments was compiled and analyzed. Final grain weight was predicted from grain water content early during grain filling under optimal and stressful conditions. A quantitative approach for determining the magnitude of changes in grain weight in response to source/sink manipulations during grain filling was applied in wheat and barley. Grain water content measured at the end of the lag phase was a good predictor of grain weight under non-stressful conditions in wheat (nRMSE= 13.2%) and barley (nRMSE= 13.5%) crops. Under abiotic or biotic stressful conditions, the grain water content was unable to explain the variations in the grain weight due to a developmental and/or growing failure affecting final grain weight (nRMSE = 13.3–53.8%) suggesting a degree of source limitation. Artificial increases in source/sink ratio slightly increased wheat (8%) and barley (11%) grain weight. Theoretical reductions in the source/sink ratio of 100% reduced final grain weight 59% in wheat and 56% in barley relative to the control. Also, modern wheat genotypes showed a greater grain weight response under reductions of assimilates availability than old genotypes. Final grain weight in wheat and barley can be predicted early in development only under non-stressful conditions. Wheat and barley showed high stability in grain weight when the source-sink ratio was increased, however, reductions in the source-sink ratio negatively impacted in final grain weight with a similar magnitude in both species. Reductions in grain weight due to limitations in the availability of assimilates, such as biotic or abiotic stresses, could result in significant grain yield reductions in modern genotypes. • Wheat and barley showed a close coordination between grain water and dry matter content, during grain filling. • Under abiotic or biotic stressful conditions, wheat and barley grains fail to attain its potential grain weight. • Wheat and barley showed high stability in grain weight when the source/sink ratio was increased. • Reductions in the source/sink ratio negatively impacted in final grain weight in both species. • Grain weight of modern wheat genotypes showed greater vulnerability to reductions in assimilate supply than older ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methodology for measuring the frictional force of granular materials of plant origin is complex, since it requires taking into account both variable material factors and the use of available measurement methods in an appropriate way. This article deals with one of the important aspects of the application of a measurement methodology using bottomless containers. The effect of grain pressure on the side walls of the measuring container on the value of grain pressure on the measuring surface was studied. Five different granular materials (wheat, oat, beans, maize, peas) were used as the research material. To analyse the problem, the Janssen model was used as a basis, which describes the normal pressure of the granular material at the bottom of the container depending on certain factors. The tests were carried out for different heights of the material layer and different load values. After analysing the measurement values with calculated values, modifications of the base model were proposed. This modification allowed a high (close to 1) model fit to the measured values. The proposed approach can be useful in carrying out measurements of the friction force of granular materials, since it allows one to estimate the value of the actual pressure of the material on the contact surface. This provides an opportunity to make better use of the horizontal tribometer with a measuring container with support. [Display omitted] • Methodological problems of friction measurement of granular materials are discussed. • The effect of lateral grain pressure on vertical pressure on the surface is shown. • The possibility of using the Janssen model for small containers was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Process-based model quantifying climate change vulnerability of perennial wheat • Plant traits drive annual-perennial differences in leaf temperature and gas exchange • Highest gas exchange in perennials with high leaf area and photosynthetic capacity • Water use and carbon fixation in a dry down depend on traits and evolving conditions • Deep roots are essential for perennials to withstand a prolonged dry down Perennial grain crops are promoted as an alternative to annual staple crops to reduce negative environmental effects of agriculture and support a variety of ecosystem services. While perennial grains have undergone extensive testing, their vulnerability to projected future warmer and drier growing conditions remains unclear. To fill this gap, we compared leaf temperature and gas exchange rates of annual wheat and different perennial wheat ideotypes using a multi-layer process-based eco-hydrological model. The model combines leaf-level gas exchange, optimality principles regulating stomatal conductance, energy balance, radiative and momentum transfer inside the canopy, as well as soil water balance. Wheat ideotypes are parameterized based on an extensive review of field data. When compared with annual wheat, perennial wheat ideotypes with high leaf area index had between 12% and 39% higher canopy transpiration and net CO 2 assimilation, depending on their photosynthetic capacity and water status. Differences in leaf temperature and instantaneous water use efficiency between annual wheat and the perennial ideotypes were moderate (-0.5 to +0.4 °C and -6 to +2%, respectively). Low soil water availability did not alter the ranking of ideotypes in terms of canopy temperature and gas exchanges. During a prolonged dry down, cumulated water use was higher and canopy temperature lower in perennial than annual ideotypes, thanks to the deeper roots, whereas cumulated net CO 2 fixation depended on the specific traits and air temperature. Leaf-specific and whole plant characteristics interacted with hydro-meteorological conditions in defining the perennial's vulnerability envelopes to potential heat and water stress. These findings underline the importance of plant characteristics, and particularly leaf area and rooting depth, in defining the suitability of perennial grain crops under future climates. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global trade networks of maize, wheat, and rice and their carbon emission networks are established from 2000 to 2020. Social network analysis (SNA) is used to quantify countries' roles in the networks. Spatial econometric model is used to analyze the impacts of socio-economic indicators and the countries' roles according to Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. The results show that the global cereal trade volume and their carbon emissions continues to rise. The overall cereal trade networks tend to be complicated and tight. Global cereal trade networks are highly heterogeneous networks with numerous peripheral economies and a few hub countries. However, with the rise of developing economies in cereal trade, the dominance of hubs decrease. The panel regression shows that the network characteristics of three cereal trade have different effects on carbon emissions as follows: (1) In rice trade network closeness centrality increases carbon emissions, meaning countries or regions with more trade connectivity emit more carbon emission. However, in wheat trade network it has reducing effects in whole and low-income countries, while increasing effects in high-income countries. (2) Among the three cereal trade, betweenness centrality reflecting mediating role has significantly negative effects on carbon emissions only in rice trade network. (3) Regarding the number of importing partners, it has positive effects on carbon emissions for wheat and maize trade, while negative for rice trade. The number of exporting partners has positive effects in all the three cereal trade. This study confirms carbon mitigation potentials from trade relationship. This study also discusses some implications for agriculture and policymakers in different countries or regions involved in the global cereal trade. [Display omitted] • Global cereal trade and emission networks (maize, wheat, rice) in 2000–2020 are built. • SNA method and SDM model are combined to reveal trade effects on carbon emission. • Rice trade network: more connectivity, higher emissions in all countries. • Wheat trade network: more connectivity, less emissions in low-income countries. • Maize trade network: more importers, more emissions in low-income countries but less emissions in high-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat cultivars with low cadmium (Cd) accumulation (WCCA-Cd) are widely used on Cd-contaminated farmland and can effectively reduce the grains Cd content to achieve the clean production in agriculture. However, there is a lack of soil Cd content thresholds specifically for the WCCA-Cd. To achieve safer production of wheat grains, a prediction model for WCCA-Cd was developed based on total Cd content in wheat grains (Grain-Cd) and soil factors using 379 soil‒wheat datasets from 10 field experiments in this research. The adaptability of the prediction model was tested using 312 pairs of data. Descriptive statistics (N = 379) showed that soil pH ranged from 4.28 to 8.76, the total Cd content in soil (Soil-Cd) ranged from 0.09 to 10.25 mg kg−1, and Grain-Cd ranged from 0.002 to 1.35 mg kg−1. Correlation analysis showed that Grain-Cd had a highly significant negative correlation with soil organic matter (SOM), soil pH, and soil conductivity (EC) and a highly significant positive correlation with Soil-Cd and Cd content in the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extraction state (DTPA-Cd) (P < 0.001). The bioconcentration factor (BCF) decreased with increaseing soil pH. Both random forest and stepwise regression equations indicated that the most important factors affecting Cd bioeffectiveness were Soil-Cd and soil pH, explaining 80% of the variation in Grain-Cd. The prediction model indicated a soil Cd threshold (0.23–1.25 mg kg−1) for the safe production of WCCA-Cd at soil pH (4–9), which has a wider range of applicability compared with the Chinese Soil Safety Standards. Therefore, these results can quantify the grain Cd content of WCCA-Cd and guide the safe and clean production of WCCA-Cd on different Cd contaminated farmlands. [Display omitted] • Grain Cd content prediction was based on 13 low-Cd wheat cultivars from field experiments. • The Cd bioconcentration factor of wheat grains decreased with increasing soil pH (pH > 5.5). • Soil Cd content and pH were the main soil factors affecting Cd accumulation in wheat grains. • Soil Cd thresholds were derived for the safe production of low-Cd-tested wheat cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc-deficient diet and poor bioavailability are leading to Zn deficiency a major form of hidden hunger affecting millions across the globe with significant economic and health consequences. Agronomic Zn-fortification of cereals using Zn-solubilizing bacteria based biofertilizers (Zn biofertilizer) can be an effective, economic, and socially acceptable solution. This field study explores the prospect of using a combination of ZnO-nanoparticles (5 kg ha-1) with Zn-biofertilizer (20 g kg-1 of seeds) for agronomic fortification of wheat. Culture-dependent technique and Illumina sequencing were used to evaluate the shift in soil microbial community in response to these amendments. The change in vegetative growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plant and grain Zn-content was also monitored. The results were compared with those obtained with bulk ZnO amendment. In the presence of ZnO-NPs and biofertilizer the total length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content increased by 14.6 %, 37.5 %, 40 %, 30.9 %, and 31.7 %, respectively, compared to control indicating a significant improvement in plant growth. The grain's protein, grain yield, and Zn content increased by 30.74 %, 8.8 %, and 66.3 %, respectively. The total aerobic bacteria, fungal count, N 2 -fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizers, and Zn-solubilizing bacteria increased by 99, 34, 31, 166, and 1400 %, respectively. While the population of actinobacteria remained unchanged. The Illumina sequence analysis shows an increase in the population of bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacillota and Pseudomonadota, and genera like Bacillus , Masillia , and Rhizobium indicating a shift towards plant growth promotion. Alpha diversity indices and ordination analysis do not indicate any significant change in the microbial community. Results presented in this study indicate that the soil amendment with a combination of Zn-biofertilizer and ZnO-nanoparticles significantly promotes plant growth and improve grain Zn-content without significantly shifting microbial community structure. [Display omitted] • For controlling Zn deficiency, agronomic fortification of wheat is the best strategy. • Commercial-grade Zn-biofertilizer was prepared and its survival in soil was confirmed. • Zn biofertilizer and ZnO-NPs conferred better growth and yielded Zn-dense protein-rich grains. • Illumina sequencing shows no remarkable shift in the microbial community structure. • This approach can yield Zn-dense wheat without significantly altering the soil microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Soil nutrients were evaluated for contribution to grain Zn in different regions. • Soil Fe inhibited Zn accumulation in wheat grain in single wheat region. • High P and low Zn in soil inhibited Zn increase in wheat grain of wheat-maize region. • Soil Amon-N was a dominant factor for grain Zn in rice-wheat region. • Integrated soil nutrient management is needed for grain Zn improvement regionally. It is useful to understand soil nutrients responsible for grain zinc (Zn) variation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different cropping regions, in order to adopt appropriate soil management measures to improve grain Zn nutrition and alleviate human Zn malnutrition. A total of 599 wheat plant and corresponding soil samples were collected from farmers' fields in three typical wheat cropping regions of China in 2015 and 2016, to determine the dominant soil nutrients related to high grain Zn concentration. Obtained results showed that a large variation in grain Zn existed within different regions, with 8%, 9% and 16% of grain samples reaching the recommended level of 40 mg kg−1 in the single wheat, wheat-maize and rice-wheat regions, respectively. In the single wheat region, grain Zn was positively correlated with soil available potassium (K) and Zn, and negatively correlated with available iron (Fe) (P < 0.001), with the available K being 164 and 117 mg kg−1, Zn 0.64 and 0.46 mg kg−1, and Fe 3.3 and 5.2 mg kg−1 for the high and low Zn groups, respectively. In the wheat-maize region, grain Zn was positively correlated with soil available Zn, while negatively correlated with available phosphorus (P) (P < 0.001), with the available Zn being 1.7 and 1.3 mg kg−1, and P 24 and 25 mg kg−1 for the high and low Zn groups, respectively. In the rice-wheat region, grain Zn was positively correlated with soil ammonium nitrogen (Amon-N) and available Zn (P < 0.001), with Amon-N being 7.2 and 4.6 mg kg−1, and available Zn 1.9 and 1.2 mg kg−1 for the high and low Zn groups, respectively. Therefore, it is possible to produce wheat with grain Zn higher than 40 mg kg−1 in farmers' fields, and apart from available Zn, soil available K and Fe in the single wheat region, available P in the wheat-maize region, and Amon-N in the rice-wheat region should also be considered for the purpose of grain Zn improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced primarily by the fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum in cereal grains. It causes vomiting, anorexia, reduced weight gain, and impaired immune function in multiple animal species. Several outbreaks of human gastroenteritis in different populations worldwide suggest a possible link to dietary DON exposure. Because of these acute and chronic health risks, the United Nations (UN) Codex Alimentarius Commission has recently set guidelines on maximum tolerable DON levels in wheat, barley, and maize. This review describes DON occurrence in wheat worldwide, and current regulations regarding DON in foods set by Codex Alimentarius Commission and some individual countries. We review toxicological evaluations of DON and extend global human health risk assessments for different age-subgroups. Whether the recent Codex DON guidelines are adequately protective is addressed on the basis of risk assessments with and without these guidelines in place, in different nations of the world. Using updated wheat consumption data from the FAO/WHO Chronic individual food consumption database (CIFOCO), we found adult populations in Brazil, China and Belgium and child populations in Australia, China, and Belgium have DON exposures that could pose chronic health risks. The new Codex guidelines for DON in wheat are stricter than most nations' current regulatory standards. Some populations worldwide may not be well protected even if Codex standards are applied, because of high wheat consumption. In those populations, pre- and postharvest interventions to reduce DON in wheat should be implemented to protect health. • Humans would experience gastrointestinal and immunotoxic effects from DON exposure. • CAC has recently set guidelines on maximum tolerable DON levels in wheat. • Some adult and children populations are at risk of dietary exposure to DON. • Some populations may not be well protected even if Codex standards are applied. • Interventions to reduce DON in pre- and postharvest settings should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding diets varying in cereal grain source and supplemental xylanase concentrations on growth performance and cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of Ross × Ross 708 male broilers from 1 to 40 d of age. A total of 1,536 day-old chicks were randomly distributed into 64 floor pens (24 chicks/pen; 0.08 m2/bird) and fed 1 of 8 dietary treatments (TRT) with 8 replicates per TRT. Experimental TRT were of either corn- (TRT 1 to 4) or wheat-based (TRT 5 to 8) origins. The 4 dietary TRT for each cereal grain source consisted of a positive control (PC) reference diet and 3 reduced AMEn diets (AMEn reduced 66 kcal/kg below PC) with supplemental xylanase at either 0 (negative control), 12,000, or 24,000 BXU/kg. Birds and feed were weighed at 1, 14, 26, and 40 d of age to determine BW gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. At 26 and 40 d of age, cecal contents were collected and pooled per pen (7 birds/pen; 5 replicate pens/TRT) for VFA concentrations. No TRT differences (P > 0.05) in cumulative growth performance were observed. Likewise, no TRT differences (P > 0.05) in acetic or total VFA concentrations were observed at 26 or 40 d of age. However, cereal grain source (P < 0.05) influenced propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric concentrations at 26 and 40 d of age with birds receiving the corn-based diets having higher (P < 0.05) cecal propionic, isobutyric, and isovaleric concentrations, and lower (P < 0.05) butyric acid concentrations than those fed the wheat-based diets. These results indicate that dietary cereal grain source may influence individual cecal VFA concentrations. However, supplemental xylanase did not affect broiler growth performance or cecal VFA concentrations. Therefore, future research evaluating factors limiting xylanase responses on broiler growth performance and cecal VFA production is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of silicon (Si) under heavy metal stress is well known, but the use of Si nanoparticles (NPs) under metal stress in not well documented. Thus, the experiments were performed to investigate the impacts of soil and foliar applied Si NPs on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in grains under Cd toxicity. The plants were grown under natural environmental conditions and were harvested after physiological maturity (124 days after sowing). The results demonstrated that Si NPs significantly improved, relative to the control, the dry biomass of shoots, roots, spikes and grains by 24–69%, 14–59%, 34–87%, and 31–96% in foliar spray and by 10–51%, 11–49%, 25–69%, and 27–74% in soil applied Si NPs, respectively. The Si NPs enhanced the leaf gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll a and b concentrations, whereas diminished the oxidative stress in leaves which was indicated by the reduced electrolyte leakage and enhancement in superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in leaf under Si NPs treatments over the control. When compared with the control, the foliar spray of Si NPs reduced the Cd contents in shoots, roots, and grains by 16–58%, 19–64%, and 20–82%, respectively, whereas soil applied Si NPs reduced the Cd concentrations in shoots, roots, and grains by 11–53%, 10–59%, and 22–83%, respectively. In comparison with the control, Si concentrations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in the shoots and roots in both foliar and soil supplementation of Si NPs. Our results suggested that Si NPs could improve the yield of wheat and more importantly, reduce the Cd concentrations in the grains. Thus, the use of Si NPs might be a feasible approach in controlling Cd entry into the human body via crops. • Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) increased the growth of wheat under cadmium (Cd) stress. • Si NPs increased the photosynthesis in Cd-stressed wheat leaves. • Si NPs decreased the oxidative stress in leaves of wheat. • Si NPs decreased the Cd concentrations and increased the Si concentrations in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Acid hydrolysis of spoiled wheat grains improved reducing sugar and protein yield. • Flow characteristics showed polysaccharide leaching after 4.5 h of hydrolysis. • FT-IR showed oxidation of lignin and hemicelluloses during acid hydrolysis. In this work, hydrolysis of spoiled wheat grains using dilute acid (5, 10%; 1 N HCl) was investigated and the effect of hydrolysis conditions on reducing sugars, soluble proteins, rheology and infrared spectra of the hydrolysates was determined. Hydrolysis with 10% acid concentration released more quantities of reducing sugar (16.47 mg/mL) at shorter hydrolysis times whereas 5% acid concentration produced higher protein content (28.74 mg/mL) for similar durations. Flow characteristics demonstrated an increased apparent viscosity of the hydrolysates retrieved after 4.5 h of hydrolysis possibly due to breakdown of hemicelluloses and lignin into sugars. Infrared spectroscopy showed release of carbonates after 1.5 h and 5.5 h of hydrolysis perhaps due to oxidation of lignin or a reaction between acid and sugars. The study highlights that acid hydrolysis would be a rapid and cost effective approach to produce fermentable hydrolysates for bio-processing industry applications while generating an avenue for waste grain utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Soaking of cereals in lactic acid efficiently reduced phytate-phosphorus. • Drying and storage improved available phosphorus in wheat and corn. • Lactic acid treatment increased resistant starch in wheat. • Lactic acid treatment decreased resistant starch in corn. • Leakage of nutrients into soaking solution depended on cereal source. The low availability of phytate phosphorus (Phy-P) from cereals for monogastric livestock can be enhanced using feed technological processes. The present objective was to investigate the effect of soaking of grains in lactic acid (LA) on the Phy-P disappearance and chemical composition in wheat and corn grains and whether changes in the nutrient profiles occurred when cereals were dried and stored for four weeks. Wheat, corn and a 50:50 mixture of both grains were soaked in 0, 10 and 25 g/kg LA (LA0, LA10, and LA25) for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Thereafter, samples were either directly analyzed for their nutrient content or stored for 4 weeks at 21 °C until analyses. The effect of LA on the nutrient profiles in wheat, corn and, wheat-corn mixture was more evident with increasing LA concentration and soaking time, with the greatest effect with LA25 after 48 h of incubation. Soaking the cereals in LA25 for 48 h decreased (P < 0.05) the total phosphorus content by 9% across grains and decreased the Phy-P content by 24, 30 and 25% in corn, wheat and wheat-corn mix, respectively (P < 0.05), thereby correspondingly increasing the available phosphorus content. Phytase activity in corn grain represented one-tenth of the activity in wheat. End-product inhibition was indicated by the reduced phytase activity in wheat and wheat-corn mix after 48 h of soaking (P < 0.05). Moreover, crude ash and neutral detergent fiber decreased after soaking in LA, with the greatest change observed with LA25 and 48 h of treatment in LA. Although the LA treatment did not markedly affect the total starch content, soaking in LA25 increased the resistant starch content in wheat by 51%, whereas it decreased by 52 and 19% in corn and wheat-corn mixture, respectively (P < 0.05). Drying and storing the samples for four weeks increased the content of dry matter and crude ash, whereas neutral-detergent fiber, acid-detergent fiber, and non-resistant starch were reduced in the LA-treated grains after storage (P < 0.05). Storage also enhanced the Phy-P disappearance in LA-treated wheat and wheat-corn mix, thereby further increasing the available phosphorus fraction. In conclusion, soaking of grains in LA25 for 48 h demonstrated to be an effective strategy to improve the phytate-P availability in wheat and wheat-corn mix. Beneficial changes in the hemicellulose and resistant starch fractions caused by the LA treatment may have implications for the functional abilities of the LA-treated grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Wholegrain consumption has been associated with beneficial health effects including reduction of diabetes and cancer risk; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of wholegrain rye intake on circulating metabolites in a human intervention study using untargeted metabolomics. Methods The intervention consisted of 2 successive 4-wk periods in a randomized crossover design, where 15 adults consumed wholegrain rye bread (WGR) or white wheat bread enriched with fermented rye bran (WW+RB), following a 4-wk rye-free period with white wheat bread (WW). Fasting plasma samples were collected at the end of each period and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolic profiles were compared to identify compounds discriminating WGR from the WW+RB and WW periods. Because peripheral serotonin is produced mainly in the gut, a hypothesis of its altered biosynthesis as a response to increased cereal fiber intake was tested by measuring intestinal serotonin of mice fed for 9 wk on a high-fat diet supplemented with different sources of fiber (rye bran flour, ground wheat aleurone, or powdered cellulose). Results Five endogenous metabolites and 15 rye phytochemicals associated with WGR intake were identified. Plasma concentrations of serotonin, taurine, and glycerophosphocholine were significantly lower after the WGR than WW period (Q  < 0.05). Concentrations of 2 phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, PE(18:2/P-18:0) and PE(18:2/P-16:0), were lower after the WGR period than the WW+RB period (Q  < 0.05). The concentration of serotonin was significantly lower in the colonic tissue of mice that consumed rye bran or wheat aleurone compared with cellulose (P  < 0.001). Conclusions Wholegrain rye intake decreases plasma serotonin in healthy adults when compared with refined wheat. Intake of rye bran and wheat aleurone decreases colonic serotonin in mice. These results suggest that peripheral serotonin could be a potential link between wholegrain consumption and its associated health effects. Data used in the study were derived from a trial registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03550365. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was optimized and used for non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping of NDVI. • UAV-NDVI measurements were highly consistent with ground data captured by a handheld Greenseeker. • UAV-NDVI explained significant variations in biomass and grain yield. • UAV-NDVI was accurate and can be used for selection of high yielding genotypes during grain-filling stages in large breeding programs. Abstract Wheat improvement programs require rapid assessment of large numbers of individual plots across multiple environments. Vegetation indices (VIs) that are mainly associated with yield and yield-related physiological traits, and rapid evaluation of canopy normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can assist in-season selection. Multi-spectral imagery using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) can readily assess the VIs traits at various crop growth stages. Thirty-two wheat cultivars and breeding lines grown in limited irrigation and full irrigation treatments were investigated to monitor NDVI across the growth cycle using a Sequoia sensor mounted on a UAV. Significant correlations ranging from R2 = 0.38 to 0.90 were observed between NDVI detected from UAV and Greenseeker (GS) during stem elongation (SE) to late grain gilling (LGF) across the treatments. UAV-NDVI also had high heritabilities at SE (h2 = 0.91), flowering (F)(h2 = 0.95), EGF (h2 = 0.79) and mid grain filling (MGF) (h2 = 0.71) under the full irrigation treatment, and at booting (B) (h2 = 0.89), EGF (h2 = 0.75) in the limited irrigation treatment. UAV-NDVI explained significant variation in grain yield (GY) at EGF (R2 = 0.86), MGF (R2 = 0.83) and LGF (R2 = 0.89) stages, and results were consistent with GS-NDVI. Higher correlations between UAV-NDVI and GY were observed under full irrigation at three different grain-filling stages (R2 = 0.40, 0.49 and 0.45) than the limited irrigation treatment (R2 = 0.08, 0.12 and 0.14) and GY was calculated to be 24.4% lower under limited irrigation conditions. Pearson correlations between UAV-NDVI and GY were also low ranging from r = 0.29 to 0.37 during grain-filling under limited irrigation but higher than GS-NDVI data. A similar pattern was observed for normalized difference red-edge (NDRE) and normalized green red difference index (NGRDI) when correlated with GY. Fresh biomass estimated at late flowering stage had significant correlations of r = 0.30 to 0.51 with UAV-NDVI at EGF. Some genotypes Nongda 211, Nongda 5181, Zhongmai 175 and Zhongmai 12 were identified as high yielding genotypes using NDVI during grain-filling. In conclusion, a multispectral sensor mounted on a UAV is a reliable high-throughput platform for NDVI measurement to predict biomass and GY and grain-filling stage seems the best period for selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]