Search

Glass is an essential category of materials because of its inherent transparency, which sets it apart from many other material systems. Due to its unique characteristics, radiation shielding applications have begun implementing it, particularly when optical clarity is required. Researchers have been compelled to examine glass materials that offer optimal performance in radiation shielding against high photon energy and particles. The literature has encompassed various papers examining many types of glass and their responses to ranged energy levels. This mini-review aims to demonstrate the glass systems that have been reviewed and their respective radiation shielding characteristics against photon energies. To achieve this objective, the publication numbers for radiation shielding materials and glass were initially collected over several years from the widely utilized Web of Science (WoS) database. Subsequently, the glass systems that were primarily examined in the context of radiation shielding glass investigations were identified and classified as borate (B), germanate (G), phosphate (P), silicate (S), tellurite (T), and waste (W). The current trajectory of these glass systems has been illustrated over the years. After providing a broad description, each glass system was examined using an approach that involved sorting based on the highest-citation and newest-first criteria. Five publications were selected for each way, and then the chemical composition, density, and linear attenuation coefficient at 662 keV were obtained. Furthermore, the Phy-X/PSD software facilitated the comprehension of the attenuation properties of the glass systems at energy levels of 1173 and 1332 keV. Plus, some computations aided in understanding variations in exposure build-up factors (EBF). As demonstrated by the published data, there has been a significant rise in the number of publications on radiation shielding materials and glass investigations, especially in the last five years. In another development, there has been a recent push towards lead-free glass systems, even though inserting PbO into the glass composition can achieve a high-density value, namely higher than 5 g/cm3. Among the several glass systems of interest, T -glass has emerged as a notable choice for photon energies due to its high-density glass formulation while also being free of lead content. The T -glass series had LAC values (at 1173 keV) ranging from 0.28 to 0.35 cm−1, whereas the B , G , P , S , and W - glass series showed changes between 0.13 and 0.36, 0.17 and 0.39, 0.16 and 0.28, 0.16 and 0.35, and 0.12 and 0.25 cm−1 respectively. It is also essential to acknowledge that W - glass systems have gained popularity from sustainability perspective. Yet, W - glass systems have been found effective against low photon energies. Hence, this concise evaluation strongly highlights the significant potential of T -glass and W - glass systems for future research, owing to the facts that both systems facilitate low-melting temperatures, reduced carbon emissions, and easy preparation while also offering promising radiation shielding properties. • Borate, germanate, phosphate, silicate, tellurite, and waste glass systems have been reviewed. • Glass investigations have lately accounted for up to 30% of all radiation shielding material studies. • T -glass has emerged as a notable choice against high photon energies owing to its high density. • LAC 662 keV could be achieved greater than 0.50 cm−1 with tellurite glass as a lead-free option. • Radiation shielding systems made of waste glass can become prominent in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tellurite glass is a model material having superior features for several applications. It can be considered as a potential host matrix for different oxides, and this paper aims to study the effects of TeO 2 /B 2 O 3 substitution on synthesis, physical, optical and radiation shielding properties of ZnO–Li 2 O-GeO 2 -Bi 2 O 3 glasses produced by melt quenching technique. The physical and optical features of the fabricated glasses were experimentally investigated by determining pivotal parameters such as density, XRD, tellurium ion concentration (N i), linear refractive index (n o), polaron radius (r p) and inter nuclear distance (r i). Moreover, the relative radiation deposition within the glasses was assessed via the attenuation coefficients (e.g. MAC), specific gamma ray constant (ᴦ), total stopping power (TSP), neutron cross sections, and dose rate (D). Our results suggest that both TeO 2 and B 2 O 3 additives have a significant effect on the fundamental properties of the ZnO–Li 2 O-GeO 2 -Bi 2 O 3 glasses. It also found that the lower thicknesses of the present glasses are required to provide the same level of shielding than ordinary, ilmenite, steel scrap, hematic-serpentine, ilmenite-limonite and basalt-magnetite concretes, RS253-G18 and RS360 glass shields. Therefore, presently investigated glasses are promising photon shields in different technological applications of gamma- and x-rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the role of TeO 2 in radiation attenuating characteristics of xTeO 2 -10CaF 2 -(60–0.6x) B 2 O 3 -(30–0.4x) CaO glass system with x = 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 wt% was investigated. The gamma radiation studies were carried out by utilizing Geant4 simulations and the newly developed Phy-X/PSD program. The gamma-shielding characteristics of the present glass samples were examined in terms of mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), and some other related factors such as the effective atomic number (Z eff), and mean free path (MFP). The electron radiation-shielding characteristics were tested by determining the stopping power (ψ e) and CSDA range for each glass specimen. The neutron radiation-shielding characteristics were explored by evaluating the removal cross section (RCS) for the tested glasses. Moreover, the G-P method was employed to investigate the exposure buildup factor (EBF) for photon energies up to 15 MeV. The results showed that the TeO 2 content had a significant influence on the shielding ability of the investigated glasses against gamma and neutron radiations. In contrast, the TeO 2 content had an insignificant influence on the electron radiation-shielding capacity of the glasses involved. Additionally, the nuclear-shielding properties of the studied samples were compared with those of standard nuclear radiation shields. It can be concluded that the present calcium boro-tellurite glasses have a promising future to be used as a shielding material against gamma, electron and neutron radiation, wherein the TeO 2 concentration can be balanced according to the desired application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, thermoluminescence glow curves of gamma irradiated magnesium borate glass doped with dysprosium were studied. The number of interfering peaks and in turn the number of electron trap levels are determined using the Repeated Initial Rise (RIR) method. At different heating rates (β), the glow curves were deconvoluted into two interfering peaks based on the results of RIR method. Kinetic parameters such as trap depth, kinetic order (b) and frequency factor (s) for each electron trap level is determined using the Peak Shape (PS) method. The obtained results indicated that, the magnesium borate glass doped with dysprosium has two electron trap levels with the average depth energies of 0.63 and 0.79 eV respectively. These two traps have second order kinetic and are formed at low temperature region. The obtained results due to the glow curve analysis could be used to explain some observed properties such as, high thermal fading and light sensitivity for such thermoluminescence material. In this work, systematic procedures to determine the kinetic parameters of any thermoluminescence material are successfully introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this this paper, five transparent and non-toxic glasses with the chemical identity : 75TeO 10MoO 3 10BaO (5- x)Sm 2 O 3 x Bi 2 O 3 with x = 0 (TMBS-0Bi), 2 (TMBS-2Bi), 4 (TMBS-4Bi), 4.5 (TMBS-4.5Bi), and 5 (TMBS-5Bi) were synthesized using analytic grade chemicals following the melt and quench process. The glasses were characterized for their physical, optical, structural and gamma radiation attenuation attributes. The glasses appear transparent with colour gradient dictated by chemical content. XRD data and analysis confirm the glassy nature of the prepared glasses. As the Bi 2 O 3 content increased, the glass density increased from 5.46 to 5.64 g/cm3. The direct optical bandgap also showed variations with TMBS-5Bi having the highest value of 2.56 eV. The mass attenuation coefficient (µ / ρ) of the glasses was determined through FLUKA simulation and direct XCOM calculations. Results showed great agreement between µ / ρ obtained from both methods. The analysis of photon response parameters of the glasses indicated energy and chemical content variations for photon energies 15–15000 KeV. Generally, parameters relating to gamma ray absorption show improvement as Bi 2 O 3 was enhanced in the glasses. therefore, TMBS-5Bi and TMBS-0Bi is the best and weakest photon absorber among the prepared glasses. The TMBS-5Bi offer good alternative as a transparent and environmentally friendly glass for radiation control applications. The TMBS-XBi glasses are attractive optical materials on one hand, they are also considered candidates in radiation protection functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation in dosimetric parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer factor, exposure buildup factor, and the photon mean free path for different oxide glasses for the incident gamma energy range 0.015–15 MeV has been studied using MicroShield code. It has been inferred that the addition of PbO and Bi 2 O 3 improves the gamma ray shielding properties. Thus, the effect of chemical composition on these parameters is investigated in the form of six different glass compositions, which are compared with specialty concrete for nuclear radiation shielding. The composition termed ‘Glass 6’ in this paper has the highest mass attenuation and the smallest half value layer and may have potential applications in radiation shielding. An example dry storage cask utilizing an additional layer of Glass 6 as an intermediate shielding layer, simulated in MicroShield, is capable of reducing the exposure rate at the cask surface by over 20 orders of magnitude compared to the case without a glass layer. Based on this study, Glass 6 shows promise as a gamma-ray shielding material, particularly for dry cask storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, aims to investigate on non-traditional tellurite glasses and conducted to study structural, mechanical, acoustic and parameters of gamma radiation shielding (eg. Liner Attenuation Coefficient (LAC), Half Value Layer (HVL), micro-hardness (H)), for the Ternary TeO 2 /TiO 2 /B 2 O 3 glasses with different molar composition. Important parameters used for radiation shielding of the glass samples were investigated by both Monte Carlo simulation codes (MCNP and Geant4) and Phy-X/PSD software, in the 0.284, 0.347, 0.511, 0.662, 0.826, and 1.173 MeV photon energies. As a result, the values of Elastic module, structural, acoustic parameters and fractal Bond were found in this paper. Our calculation confirmed that samples (with the most TeO2 content almost 80 mol% and the least B2O3 amount around 10 mol%) represented the least Molar oxygen volume (11.980 cm3/mol) and the most Oxygen packing density (83.465 mol/L). The simulated results, show that the HVL for the TT and TB glass samples are below the level of other examples, and the TTB2 has the highest HVL at high energy (1.173 MeV). Also, TT and TB have higher MAC and TTB2 has lower MAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the γ-radiation shielding traits of some new types of borate glasses of composition (70–x)B 2 O 3 –10Bi 2 O 3 –10BaO–10CdO–xPbO (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 mol%) prepared using melt quenching method. As-quenched samples were characterized to determine the effects of various PbO contents on their γ-radiation shielding properties. XRD patterns of the samples verified their amorphous nature. The Phy-X and XCOM was used to compute the mass attenuation coefficients of the glasses and then compared with the experimental data. The γ-radiation shielding performance of the proposed glasses were evaluated in terms of diverse attenuation parameters like mean free path, half and tenth value layer, atomic cross-section, electronic cross-section, effective atomic number and effective electron density. The γ-radiation shielding performance of the glasses were significantly improved with the increase of PbO contents. This new borate glass system is established to be advantageous for the radiation shielding applications. • The borate glass samples with different PbO content were prepared by the standard melt-quenching method. • The μ/ρ values of the glasses were increased with the increase of the PbO content. • The relatively higher Zeff at lower energies due to the dominance of PE effect. • Promising HVT and TVL achieved with the new prepared glasses. • The proposed glass improves the efficiency of IR shielding material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the influence of SnO 2 content on the physical, elastic, optical, and radiation shielding properties of the glasses described by the formula of xSnO 2 -(10-x) 60Bi 2 O 3 -30PbO- B 2 O 3 (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 mol%). The oxygen packing density (OPD) are observed in decreasing trend with the values of 54.93, 54.42, 53.92, 53.41 cm−3.mol−1 for x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 mol%, respectively. Moreover, we found that the SnO 2 content contributes to enhance the optical properties of the present glasses. The HVL of the glasses was almost constant with a value of about 0.001 cm. However, at the maximum energy (15 MeV), HVL assumes the value of 1.627, 1.621, 1.615, and 1.608 cm for x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 mol%, respectively. Furthermore, the present glasses possess superior photon absorbing capacities compared to several commercial glass and concrete shields. This exemplary shielding capacity shown by these glasses propels them to be as future shielding materials against gamma radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study of the properties of a series of 0.5Bi 2 O 3 -(0.5-x)WO 3 -xPbO glasses obtained by sintering. Using the X-ray diffraction method, an amorphous glass structure is installed. Analysis of structural and optical characteristics showed that an increase in PbO concentration leads to an increase in density, as well as a decrease in the metallization criterion. It was found that an increase in PbO leads to a decrease in the band gap and an increase in the linear refractive index, a change in which indicates a change in the degree of structural disorder caused by impurities or electron traps. During experiments to determine the gamma-ray shielding efficiency, it was found that the best shielding efficiency is possessed by 0.5Bi 2 O 3 -0.125WO 3 -0.375PbO glasses, for which the mass attenuation coefficient is 3.6 times higher than that for 0.5Bi 2 O 3 -0.5WO 3 glasses. The results obtained are in good agreement with the literature data for similar structures, and the proposed method of obtaining can be used in the future for the technological process of industrial production of radiation-protective materials. • The results of a study of the properties of a series of 0.5Bi 2 O 3 -(0.5-x)WO 3 -xPbO glasses. • The change in the value of the band gap and linear refractive index. • The radiation protection efficiency versus PbO concentration. • The dependence of changes in linear and mass attenuation coefficient of gamma radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]