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As the global shipping industry experiences rapid expansion, the imperative to address greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact becomes increasingly paramount. Hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal and eco-friendly energy source, offering a pathway towards carbon neutrality and a complete zero-carbon transition in maritime operations. However, the widespread adoption of hydrogen-powered ships hinges on the establishment of robust regulations and technical standards. This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of hydrogen fuel cell (FC) technology in ships, scrutinizing the role of international classification societies and exploring existing standards and regulations within the maritime industry, specifically centered around hydrogen energy. The study outlines a strategic developmental roadmap for a green shipping hydrogen energy system tailored for hydrogen FC-powered ships in China. Emphasizing the differences in hydrogen application between fuel cell vehicles and ships, the paper elucidates technical challenges unique to hydrogen FC-powered ships. Furthermore, it proposes a visionary framework for future technical standards, advocating for the creation of a ship-based hydrogen energy standard system, the development of core technical standards, and a heightened focus on safety regulations. Through comprehensive analysis and compelling argumentation on hydrogen fuel cell ship technology and standards, this paper underscores the indispensable role that technical standards play in propelling the advancement of environmentally friendly shipping. Beyond serving as an informative resource, the paper aims to provide valuable guidance and direction for the future demonstration, application, and promotion of hydrogen fuel cell ship technology. Ultimately, it underscores the pivotal role of technical standards in advancing sustainable maritime transportation. • Analyze hydrogen energy technical standards from the production, storage, safety. • Comparison of hydrogen energy technical differences between vehicles and ships. • Outline the unique challenges of applying hydrogen technology to ship operations. • Constructed a technical standard framework for future hydrogen energy ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is an important way to achieve carbon emission reduction in China's commercial vehicle field. The development of the hydrogen automobile industry needs policy guidance. To determine the characteristics and effects of China's hydrogen automobile industrial policy, this paper first uses a text mining method to analyze policy characteristics from three aspects: potency rank, policy subject and policy objectives. Then, from the perspective of policy tools, a policy quantitative system and standards are constructed to quantify the policy. Then, the sales data of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles from August 2018 to December 2022 were collected to empirically analyze the effect of the policy. The results showed that policy comprehensiveness significantly promoted the use of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, but the effects of the different policy tools differed. Finally, some policy suggestions are proposed for the development of the hydrogen automobile industry. • China's hydrogen vehicle industry policy focuses on technology upgrading and application demonstration. • The use of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is the most concerned industrial chain link in the policy. • Policy comprehensiveness has a significant positive effect on the promotion of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China. • Different policy tools play different roles, with supply-based policy tools and demand-based playing a more prominent role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To satisfy the growing refueling demand of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) with carbon-free hydrogen supply, this paper proposes an integrated planning method of green hydrogen supply chain. First, the k-shorted path method is introduced to analyze HFCV refueling load considering vehicle travel habits and routing diversity. Second, based on it, a two-stage integrated planning model is established to minimize the total investment and operation cost. The construction of hydrogen refueling stations, electrolysis-based hydrogen generation stations and hydrogen pipelines are coordinated with their operating constraints, constituting the green hydrogen supply chain, in which hydrogen storage is also an important part for consideration to address variable renewable power. Then, the proposed model is reformulated as a mixed integer linear programing (MILP) problem solved efficiently. Finally, the case studies are carried out on an urban area in Xi'an China to verify the validity and correctness of the proposed method. The results show that the integrated planning can realize synergy benefits. The influence of electricity prices and k values is also discussed. • Develop two-stage integrated planning method of the green hydrogen supply chain for HFCVs in urban areas. • Employ K-shortest path method to simulate hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) refueling loads on a specified road network. • Co-optimize placement of Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRSs), Hydrogen Generation Stations (HGSs) and hydrogen pipelines. • Use Piecewise linearization solution method for non-convex model. • Conduct Case Study of Pipeline topology and HRS deployment based on real urban transportation network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) as an emerging industry with great potential have received great attention in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Under government's promotion of hydrogen energy, whether HFCV can be accepted by consumers is an important topic for future policymaking. Therefore, this study takes consumers' willingness to consume HFCV as the dependent variable and collects questionnaires from 21 cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2020 to 2021. Based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Logit Regression, the evaluation was conducted from four perspectives: personal and family situation, environmental awareness, energy attitude and local product confidence. The results show that gender, age and income differences are not necessarily determinants of HFCV purchase, but educational level is a significant factor. Consistent with social-psychological studies, personal awareness of environmental protection and energy attitudes are the key factors that are significant affect HFCV purchase. Lastly, it is found that in the Yangtze River Delta, consumers' confidence in Chinese local hydrogen products is also a significant factor. This paper confirms that HFCV consumers have commonalities with other new energy consumers. However, due to the expectation of greater local production and development, enhancing the social recognition and confidence of local hydrogen technology may be one of the promotion approaches neglected. • Consumer Acceptance for Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) in China is explored. • 600 questionnaires were collected from 21 cities in the Yangtze River Delta. • Psychological constructs such as environmental awareness and energy attitudes are still validated in HFCV consumption. • Improving social confidence in local HFCV technology is an important promotion orientation for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a promising sustainable energy carrier for the future due to its high energetic content and no emissions, other than water vapor. However, its full deployment still requires technological advances in the renewable and cost-effective production of hydrogen, cost reduction of fuel cells and especially in the storage of hydrogen in a lightweight, compact and safe manner. One way to achieve this is by using materials in which hydrogen bonds chemically, or by adsorption. Different kinds of Hydrogen Storage Materials have been investigated, such as Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Simple Hydrides (including Magnesium Hydride, MgH 2), AB 5 Alloys, AB 2 Alloys, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, Borohydrides, Alanates and Ammonia Borane. Billions have been invested in Storage Materials research, resulting in tens of thousands of papers. Thus, it is challenging to track how much effort has been devoted to each materials class, by which countries, and how the field has evolved over the years. Quantitative Science and Technology Indicators, produced by applying Bibliometrics and Text Mining to scientific papers, can aid in achieving this task. In this work, we evaluated the evolution and distribution of Hydrogen Storage Materials research using this methodology. Papers in the 2000–2015 period were collected from Web of Science and processed in VantagePoint® bibliometric software. A thesaurus was elaborated relating keywords and short phrases to specific Hydrogen Storage Materials classes. The number of publications in Hydrogen Storage Materials grew markedly from 2003 to 2010, reducing the pace of growth afterwards until a plateau was reached in 2015. The most researched materials were MOFs, Simple Hydrides and Carbon-based materials. There were three typical trends in materials classes: emerging materials, developed after 2003, such as MOFs and Borohydrides; classical materials with continuous growth during the entire period, such as Simple Hydrides; and stagnant or declining materials, such as Carbon Nanotubes and AB 5 Alloys. The main publishing countries were China, countries from the European Union (EU) and the USA, followed by Japan. There is a division between countries with continued growth in recent years, such as China, and those with stagnant production after 2010, such as the EU, the USA and Japan. The results of this work, compared to a previous study in storage materials patenting by our group, and the recent launch of commercial hydrogen cars and trains and stationary hydrogen production and fuel cell solutions, indicates that although the Hydrogen Energy field as a whole is transitioning from lab and prototype stages to commercial deployment, materials-based hydrogen storage still has base technological challenges to be overcome, and therefore still needs more scientific research before large scale commercialization can be realized. The developed thesaurus is made available for refinement and future works. • H 2 storage materials papers grew exponentially between 2000 and 2009, and maxed in 2015. • Most researched classes: MOFs, Simple Hydrides and Carbon-based materials. • US, EU and JP topped in 2009, while CN, KR and AU continued growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen and fuel cells are getting increasing attention, and they are more widely used in the transportation sector. Meanwhile, hydrogen fuel cell heavy-duty trucks are also attracting people's attention. In this paper, people's tendency to adopt and the influencing factors of willingness-to-pay for hydrogen fuel cell heavy trucks are studied based on a choice experiment, and customers' willingness to pay is also analyzed. The results show that customers are not very willing to buy hydrogen fuel cell heavy-duty trucks, but the purchase price, fuel cost, environmental awareness, and the number of heavy-duty trucks purchased have a significant impact on the choice of participants. People's willingness to pay is 116,099–131,579 USD, more than 50% higher than diesel heavy trucks, and they are willing to pay no more than 1548 USD a year for maintenance. Based on this, the research will provide references for the formulation of manufacturers' production strategies, government subsidies policies and distributors' marketing plans. • Willingness to pay (WTP) for hydrogen fuel cell heavy trucks in China. • The choice experiment is performed to analyze consumers' buying preferences. • Factors that significantly influenced participants' choices were found. • People's willingness to pay is 116,099–131,579 USD, more than 50% higher than diesel heavy trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is increasing its combustion vehicle numbers rapidly along a Western Model, with high emissions, high energy usage and low utilisation. These characteristics cause severe health, energy and congestion problems that could get five times worse over the next 50 years as the Chinese population buys many more western-type vehicles. This paper describes the steps being taken now in China to avoid the blight caused by combustion vehicles in western cities. In particular, the world's largest hydrogen-fuel-cell-battery (HFCB) bus project is now being implemented in Foshan city by a coalition of government and commercial companies. This project takes advantage of the subsidies offered by both central and local administrations, which have proved successful for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) but have not yet been so popular for hydrogen based machines, mainly because hydrogen infrastructure is not yet installed. Other Foshan PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell) hydrogen projects such as UAVs are also described. Since 2008 when the first hydrogen filling station was created at University of Birmingham, to refuel a fleet of 5 HFCB taxis, there has been little progress in the UK because car corporations have not prioritised zero emission vehicles. China has the unique opportunity to leap-frog the Western Model and provides a more democratic solution based on the success of the less polluting electric scooter, where China leads the world by a huge margin. China can do this because it has a strong government, the desire for infrastructure investment, plus rapidly growing vehicle companies in an expanding market. This paper describes the results of experiments on new hydrogen vehicles in Foshan City, including the biggest hydrogen fuel cells bus project in China at the present time. It does not comprehensively cover other Chinese cities and vehicle companies working on hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on literature research, this comprehensive analysis of 1275 articles published in the past five decades provides quantitative and objective insight into research trends in the hydrogen economy. Scholars and experts agree that by 2030, hydrogen will play a critical role in energy transition by complementing other renewable energy technologies. We applied indicators such as the Field-Weighted Citation Impact index, cited by and usage count (180 days) to evaluate countries, authors, documents, journals and so on. We also used VOS viewer to visualize the evolving trend using keyword analysis and cluster analysis of documents. Results show that the literature on the hydrogen economy has been recently increasing, particularly from 2016 to 2020. Scopus database was employed to acquire the required data for the study. From preliminary analysis, it was established that from 218 journals, 1275 documents related to hydrogen economy had been published so far. The average publication per year since introducing the term "hydrogen economy" is 6.62 and increasing. The average citation per document is 47.21. There have been 3760 authors so far who have been associated with publications related to a hydrogen economy. Of which 139 authors have written 156 documents individually, and 3621 authors have collaborated to publish 1119 documents, thus forming a collaborative index of 3.24. The International Journal of Hydrogen Energy contributes 40% of the overall publications. In terms of countries, China and United States are the leaders, with 126 papers each. Our analysis shows that the study on hydrogen economy mostly deals with multidisciplinary aspects like hydrogen production, storage, transportation, application, and public policy formulation. We adopted the 180 days usage count offered by the Web of Science database to better understand the research hotspot and evolving trends. It helped us view the existing gaps and potential scope of study that future researchers working on the hydrogen economy can explore. Aspects like pipeline transportation, risk assessment studies, blending, public safety and hazard mitigation can play a vital role in the hydrogen economy research in the future. Cooperation between nations and research institutes should be fostered with cross-disciplinary interchange to boost the hydrogen economy's multidisciplinary growth. • Bibliometric analysis reveals International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is the pioneer journal on hydrogen economy. • Network visualisation analyses disclose that there is a high collaboration index (3.24) among authors. • USA and China are the leaders with 10% publication each. • Emphasis is needed on pipeline transportation, risk assessment studies, and hydrogen blending research. • Hydrogen supply chain and hydrogen fuel cell were the prime themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's largest market for vehicles, China is facing challenges related to energy security and urban air pollution. The development of electric vehicles has been determined to be the national strategy for solving these problems. By the end of 2015, China had become the world's largest electric vehicles market, but its core technologies are still less competitive in the global marketplace. A scientific national strategy for 2016 to 2020 is expected to play a critical role in China becoming the global leader in the electric vehicle industry. The research process for this strategy includes a review of the technologies for electric vehicles, market analyses, benchmarking of the top levels in the field, and expert interviews. By these approaches, the strengths and weaknesses of China's electric vehicle technologies and industry are assessed. Competitive and feasible quantitative goals for key components and powertrains are proposed by this paper, and a core issue has been determined to be the need to improve the safety of high-energy density traction batteries. Improving the power density of electric control units is expected to the core for electric vehicles' electronics and control systems. Key problems for the fuel cell stacks used in cars and buses have been identified by this paper to be, respectively, power density and durability. Long-range plug-in hybrid electric powertrains are the optimal candidate for Chinese plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Lightweight material, intelligent driving technologies and special electric chassis are set to be the focus for improving the energy efficiency of battery electric vehicles. Comprehensive safety and recyclable electric vehicle technologies are set to become key issues in the future, and the Chinese government should research and develop these in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the current development strategy, technology and industrialization of China's hydrogen energy industry in the transportation field, summarizes the characteristics and development experience, and makes a comparative study with the situation of some developed countries. The results show that the current development of hydrogen energy has formed a broad consensus in China and is becoming the overall development of China's national level consciousness. However, China's hydrogen energy industry is still facing problems such as high cost of comprehensive utilization, imperfect standards and regulations for hydrogen energy utilization, obvious tendency of industrial blind development and structural overcapacity risk. Therefore, some policy suggestions were proposed for the future development, such as strengthening top-level design, strengthening pilot demonstration, promoting the development of the whole hydrogen industry chain, and reducing the cost of hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles in the field of transportation. [Display omitted] • The development of hydrogen energy industry has become China's national consensus. • China has formed three major industrial clusters of hydrogen and fuel cells. • China's hydrogen industry is facing the risk of overcapacity. • China should strengthen the top-level design of hydrogen development strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the status and trends of chemical treatment for wastewater, the patents analysis from both structured and unstructured data was performed in this study. 35,838 patents recorded in the Derwent Innovation Index database were adopted. The results showed that China was the country with the largest number of patents in the field, and the United States was the main exporter of international technology flows. Chemical processes combined with biological and physical processes was the mainstream, and ozonation and electrochemical treatment were the major single technologies. Technology evolution path generally showed the transition from biological process-combined chemical treatment to electrochemical treatment and finally to physical process-combined chemical treatment. Furthermore, future trends were revealed from both patents and papers. It demonstrated that efficient removal of ammonia nitrogen, green water treatment agents and resourcezation of wastewater were the key innovation directions, and technologies with regard to efficient use of energy (including photocatalytic technology and microbial fuel cell) were the main research hotspots. Overall, this study provided a comprehensive understanding for the research and application of chemical treatment for wastewater technologies. [Display omitted] • 35,838 patents on chemical treatment for wastewater were analyzed. • Patent analysis from both structured and unstructured data. • Chemical process combined with biological and physical processes was the mainstream. • Technology evolution path was elucidated in three stages. • Future trends were revealed from both patents and papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen energy is considered to be main power source of transport sector in the future, and a huge amount of funds have been invested into developing hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Since FCEVs are in initial development stage and there're few FCEVs on the road, before their expansion this paper intends to conduct an economic analysis for FCEVs by using the choice experiment method. In the choice experiment, 1072 participants were required to select among two FCEVs and one conventional fuel vehicle. Logit models were estimated and then the results were used to calculate the willingness to pay for FCEVs. Results showed that purchase price, driving range, refueling time, fuel cost, emissions reduction, refueling accessibility are significant influences, and the marginal values for every 200 km improvement in driving range, 5 min reduction in refueling time, RMB 0.5/kilometer reduction in fuel cost, 20% reduction in emissions, and 20% improvement of refueling accessibility were estimated to be RMB 49,091, 12,727, 3818, 47,818, and 12,909, respectively. A range of FCEV configurations were calculated, and compared to a gasoline-powered counterpart the extra value that customers were likely to pay for a FCEV ranged from RMB 20,810 to 95,310. These results have significant implications for promoting FCEVs and contribute to better sustainability in transport sector. • A choice experiment was used to collect public preference data of FCEVs. • A logit model was then used to estimate WTP for main attributes of FCEVs. • Driving range, emissions reduction, and refueling time largely decides WTP for a FCEV. • The WTP for various FCEV configurations was calculated and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper introduces the role of energy in China economy context, criteria for sustainable development in energy sector, China''s hydrogen vision, the role of hydrogen in China''s R&D plan, recently launched national programs, and progresses and achievements in research, development and demonstration. The paper concludes that with fast economy development in the new era in China, the energy sector has been confronted with severe challenges in terms of supply security, environment pollution and greenhouse gas emission, and China has attached significant priority on research and development in hydrogen and fuel cell areas, as one of effective counter-measures to address these challenges. Transition to the hydrogen economy in China, a long-term, non-carbon energy solution, is believed to play a significant role, complementary to electricity, in the future sustainable energy system. It is recommended that more priority be attached for R&D in secondary industry, especially the utilization of hydrogen and fuel cell in stationary power generation from coal gasification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The promotion of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) is an effective way to decarbonize the transportation industry. However, the shortage and difficulty in the layout of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are the key obstacles to the HFCVs development. This paper constructs a two-stage location optimization model based on geographic information big data to provide technical support for the HRSs layout. The first stage is suitability analysis led by the geographic information system; the second is decision analysis based on the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. First, the analysis elements and indicators used in the two-stage model are respectively given: including ten types of geographic information elements and six evaluation indicators. Then, the key steps and core algorithms of the two-stage model are introduced in detail. Thirdly, this paper takes the Weifang City of Shandong Province as the study area to carry out an empirical case to verify the model. The weight results show that traffic convenience is the key determinant of suitability (more than 25%); the economic development level and public acceptance of the alternative site area are the critical indicators in the decision-making stage (more than 25%). The model gives the suitability score for all available land in the study area. The suitability score is between 3.521 and 8.047 (10 points scale). Taking the median value of 5.784 as the threshold value, eight alternative sites are selected from the green areas suitable for layout based on the distribution of interest points, which are included in the planning for the next two years. The layout priority rankings show that alternative sites A1, A6, and A5 are ranked high. The reliability and uniqueness of the model are proved by comparative analysis. The results of sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis show that the sensitivity preference of decision-makers could significantly affect the priority ranking. The empirical study will provide effective reference and enlightenment for Shandong to develop hydrogen energy strategy. • A practical two-stage position optimization model for hydrogen refueling stations is constructed. • Geographic information big data is used to carry out suitability analysis. • The analysis elements and indicators for location decision are given. • The suitability of the available land and the priority of the alternative sites are given. • Provide technical support for the 2020–2022 hydrogen energy development strategy of Shandong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Technical, economics analysis on different methods of hydrogen production. • Different colours of hydrogen have their advantages and disadvantages. • China's resource endowment dictates that hydrogen production from fossil energy is mainstream in the short term. • High learning rate leads to a lower future cost of hydrogen production. • Green hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles are the primary targets for future development. This paper explores the different types of hydrogen production by exploring them and giving each a different colour. From dark to money in descending order, they represent a gradual reduction in pollution. The basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of the respective production methods are explored at a technical level. The learning curve theory calculates the individual learning rates for different hydrogen production methods to increase the installed capacity while reducing the capital investment and cost of hydrogen production. The study concludes that coal-based hydrogen production is currently the primary method of hydrogen production in China in the short term due to its high resource endowment of coal. As CCUS technology matures, converting brown hydrogen to blue hydrogen and grey hydrogen to turquoise hydrogen are the two more economically viable options. For the cleanest form of green hydrogen, the fundamental problems are the impediments of electrolyser technology (PEM, SOEC cannot be commercialised) and the high wind and photovoltaic power cost. The solution is to use wind and light abandonment to increase hydrogen production in the short term and replace fossil energy with renewable energy generation in the long term to achieve clean hydrogen production. For hydrogen energy, the vigorous development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and the massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in transport is essential to achieving carbon neutrality while ensuring the supply of hydrogens such as blue hydrogen and green hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel renewable integrated energy system with near-zero emission is proposed. • System energy flow consists of electricity-hydrogen-gas nexus and heat recycling. • The optimal operation model is constructed considering gird access and market trade. • The configuration is optimized by enhanced firefly algorithm and MTGS-COPRAS. • Real case in Gansu, China validates the system reliance under dynamic scenarios. Decarbonization is increasingly highlighted to realize emission peak and neutrality targets, while relevant low-carbon measures remain price high, especially for industrial end-users. This paper thus focuses on a specific design for park-level integrated energy systems with near-zero emissions. Solar photovoltaic and distributed wind power are applied as the main power supply together with the help of the local grid. The decarbonization sector is composed of power-to-gas (P2G) and carbon capture units where electrolyzers are separated from P2G and constitute the hydrogen subsystem together with hydrogen tanks and fuel cells. The system is also considered under the dynamic market environment where electricity, hydrogen, and emission exchanges are included. Then, the system behaviors are determined by an optimal operation model considering an uncertain power supply. Based on the stochastic operation, system configuration optimization considering economic and environmental objectives is constructed as a multi-objective integral model that is solved by an enhanced firefly algorithm in the first stage. Next, the optimal result is concluded according to subjective judgment and objective distribution in the second one. A case study in Gansu province, China is carried out to validate the system, and results indicate that 1) optimal result investing 5.285 million $ could avoid 7.4542 kilotons of emissions annually with a 20.1 % loss of self-power supply rate on average, 2) up to 51.72 kg of hydrogen fuels or 47.90 kg of gas could be generated besides daily load satisfaction, 3) carbon exchange incentive above 4.2 $/t could promote additional emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the carbon emissions from trucks is critical to achieving the carbon peak of road freight. Based on the prediction of truck population and well-to-wheel (WTW) emission analysis of traditional diesel trucks and potential clean trucks including natural gas, battery-electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and hydrogen fuel cell, the paper analyzed the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of China's road freight under four scenarios, including baseline, policy facilitation (PF), technology breakthrough (TB), and PF-TB. The truck population from 2021 to 2035 is predicted based on regression analysis by selecting the data from 2002 to 2020 of the main variables, such as the GDP scale, road freight turnover, road freight volume, and the number of trucks. The study forecasts the truck population of different segments, such as mini-duty trucks (MiDT), light-duty trucks (LDT), medium-duty trucks (MDT), and heavy-duty trucks (HDT). Relevant WTW emissions data are collected and adopted based on the popular truck in China's market, PHEVs have better emission intensity, especially in the HDT field, which reduces by 51% compared with ICEVs. Results show that the scenario of TB and PF-TB can reach the carbon peak with 0.13% and 1.5% total GHG emissions reduction per year. In contrast, the baseline and PF scenario fail the carbon peak due to only focusing on the number of clean trucks while lacking the restrictions on the GHG emission factors of energy and ignoring the improvement of trucks' energy efficiency, and the total emissions increased by 29.76% and 16.69% respectively compared with 2020. As the insights, adopting clean trucks has an important but limited effect, which should coordinate with the transition to low carbon energy, and the melioration of clean trucks to reach the carbon peak of road freight in China. [Display omitted] • Scenario analysis is conducted on the carbon peak pathway of China's road freight. • Heavy-duty trucks contribute the vast majority of GHG emissions. • The TB and PF-TB scenarios can effectively reduce and reach a carbon peak by 2030. • The carbon abatement target cannot be achieved only by promoting clean trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the techno-economic characteristics of renewable-based energy system design options that need to meet the multi-vector energy demand, i.e. electricity, heat and hydrogen of a food factory in four different places and two different years in China. A two-stage optimization approach is proposed: Firstly, the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software is used to obtain all feasible scenarios meeting demands with the lowest cost; Then, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making method, Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), is adopted to re-evaluate all feasible scenarios to determine the optimal solution considering not only the economy but also energy and environment. Different technologies, like power generation: photovoltaic panel (PV), wind turbine (WT) and both together (PV/WT), energy storage: battery, fuel cell (FC), and both (battery/FC), and hydrogen production: steam methane reforming and water electrolysis, are evaluated to find the best combination. The software results show, PV/WT combination usually has advantages over PV alone and WT alone in power generation in locations with abundant solar energy and wind energy. So is the energy storage. Reformer scenarios are much cheaper than electrolyzers. However, the VIKOR results show, the top scenarios in different locations and years are all using electrolyzers to produce hydrogen. • An off-grid transformation for a food factory is conducted based on renewable resources. • A two-stage optimization approach based on HOMER and VIKOR is proposed. • Different power generation resources, energy storage methods and hydrogen production technologies, are evaluated. • Four different places and future scenarios are considered in HRES optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the techno-economic characteristics of renewable-based energy system design options that need to meet the multi-vector energy demand, i.e. electricity, heat and hydrogen of a food factory in four different places and two different years in China. A two-stage optimization approach is proposed: Firstly, the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software is used to obtain all feasible scenarios meeting demands with the lowest cost; Then, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making method, Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), is adopted to re-evaluate all feasible scenarios to determine the optimal solution considering not only the economy but also energy and environment. Different technologies, like power generation: photovoltaic panel (PV), wind turbine (WT) and both together (PV/WT), energy storage: battery, fuel cell (FC), and both (battery/FC), and hydrogen production: steam methane reforming and water electrolysis, are evaluated to find the best combination. The software results show, PV/WT combination usually has advantages over PV alone and WT alone in power generation in locations with abundant solar energy and wind energy. So is the energy storage. Reformer scenarios are much cheaper than electrolyzers. However, the VIKOR results show, the top scenarios in different locations and years are all using electrolyzers to produce hydrogen. • An off-grid transformation for a food factory is conducted based on renewable resources. • A two-stage optimization approach based on HOMER and VIKOR is proposed. • Different power generation resources, energy storage methods and hydrogen production technologies, are evaluated. • Four different places and future scenarios are considered in HRES optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of growing environmental pollution, developing a PEMFC driving shunting locomotive is a great challenge in China for environmental protection and energy saving, it combines the environmental advantages of an electric locomotive with the lower infrastructure costs of a diesel electric locomotive. In this paper, through innovation of the power system using PEMFC, an experiment prototype of a PEMFC shunting locomotive has been developed which will reduce the effects on the environment. The performance of the fuel cell power plant and the integrated locomotive are experimentally investigated. It is the first locomotive to use a PEMFC power plant in China. Staring from October 2012, we started to test the PEMFC locomotive on the test rail-line in Chengdu, Sichuan. The achieved encouraging results can provide fundamental data for further modification of the locomotive powered by individual PEMFC stack or even development of hybrid ones powered by PEMFC and other power sources in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reviews drivers, resources, and technologies for building the hydrogen economy in China. China is unique in terms of its vast area, huge population and fast economic growth. These factors pose a great challenge for China to ensure a continuous and sufficient energy supply. In addition, the coal-based energy system of China inevitably results in huge CO2 emissions. Hydrogen shows the great potential in solving the concerns for improving energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen can be produced from abundant and widely distributed renewable energy resources, which implies an opportunity for China to diversify its energy supplies from a hydrogen economy. Moreover, hydrogen is the cleanest fuel especially when coupled with fuel cell. Chinese government has made ambitious policy and provides strong financial support for research and development of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. All the top-tier universities and institutes in China are conducting related research and Chinese companies express strong interest in the commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As a well-known technique for rational use of energy, the combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system is paid more and more attention in building energy conservation activities. In this paper, the performances of typical CCHP systems are investigated for a high-rise residential building, which is experiencing rapid expansion in China. Based on the building''s energy consumption, four types of CCHP technologies have been assumed following three design and management modes, namely, heat tracking mode, electricity tracking mode and energy island mode. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the performance of the assumed CCHP systems, besides the separated energy, economic and environmental assessments, an integrated assessment framework is proposed. According to the simulation results, gas engine and fuel cell based CCHP systems are feasible options from the energy and environmental viewpoints, but at the cost of poor economic performance. From an integrated viewpoint, the gas engine system is the most attractive option if economic performance is taken into account; otherwise the fuel cell system is the best choice. In addition, the selection of proper design and management mode is of vital importance for the adoption of the CCHP system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an adaptive supervisory control strategy for a fuel cell/battery-powered city bus to fulfill the complex road conditions in Beijing bus routes. An equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is firstly proposed to optimize the fuel economy. The adaptive supervisory control strategy is exploited based on this, incorporating an estimating algorithm for the vehicle accessorial power, an algorithm for the battery charge-sustaining and a Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm for fuel cell performance identification. Finally, an adaptive supervisory controller (ASC) considering the fuel consumption minimization, the battery charge-sustaining and the fuel cell durability has been implemented within the hybrid city buses. Results in the “China city bus typical cycle” testing and the demonstrational program of Beijing bus routes are presented, demonstrating that this approach provides an improvement of fuel economy along with robustness and ease of implementation. However, the fuel cell system does not leave much room for the optimal strategy to promote the fuel economy. Benefits may also result in a prolongation of the fuel cell working life, which needs to be verified in future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the paper the future of hydrogen infrastructure for fuel cell vehicles in China is discussed. It is believed that, China should make different plans of hydrogen infrastructure during different periods and in different regions. Besides, a case of application in Beijing is studied to find the best plan for Beijing to develop hydrogen infrastructure in 2008 when Olympic Games will be held. In the study of that case, 11 feasible plans are designed at first according to the current technology of production, storage and transportation of hydrogen in China. After that, the energy, environmental and economic performances of these plans are evaluated with “life cycle assessment”. Finally, the best plan in the case is picked out from all the aspects of energy, environment and economy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper proposes a novel hybrid fuel cell power generation system with high efficiency. The thermo-economic modeling of the MWe-scale systems using different fuels is conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility under the subsidy policy of Eastern China. This work aims to develop the technology roadmap for this kind of clean power system. It is found that the energy efficiency of the natural gas and biogas fed systems could reach up to 64% and 63.5% respectively, thus they are efficient and cost-optimal for the hybrid system while liquefied petroleum gas and water gas yield low efficiency and high electricity cost. Moreover, under the subsidy policy, the biogas-fed hybrid system is more suitable for a small-scale power system, while the natural gas-fed system is preferable for the large-scale case. The specific electricity cost of small-scale biogas hybrid fuel cell power plant is 0.365 CNY/kWh, lower than the present feed-in-tariff price 0.475–0.704 CNY/kWh of other biogas plants in China. Also, the cost of 0.345–0.347 CNY/kWh of large-scale natural gas-fed hybrid system is much lower than the on-grid electricity price 0.7655 CNY/kWh in Shanghai. These results reveal that the proposed hybrid fuel cell power system is efficient and economically feasible. The payback period and annual return on investment are 0.8–1.2 year and 11–12%, respectively. Image 1 • We propose MWe-scale SOFC-WGS-TSA-PEMFC hybrid power system and evaluate economics. • The electrical efficiency is up to 64%, 20–25% higher than single PEMFC or SOFC system. • Electricity cost of NG-fueled system is 0.345 CNY/kW h, 56% lower than on-gird cost. • Biogas-fueled system has 44% lower electricity cost than present FIT price. • Development roadmap of the hybrid fuel cell technology as power plant is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]