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In recent years, MOF-based materials, including pristine metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives, are one kind of the most popular materials, and have been widely used in biomedicine, sensing, energy storage, and catalysis due to their unique pore structures, abundantly accessible metal nodes, large specific surface areas, tailorable function, and morphology. Most of them have shown satisfactory performances in specific fields. However, there are still some urgent problems need to be solved in the application of MOF-based materials in electrocatalytic water splitting, especially the facile and controllable synthesis, and limited activity and stability. Herein, first this article mainly reviewed the applications and challenges of MOF-based materials in electrocatalytic water splitting. Then, typical development strategies (e.g., construction of multi-metallic site of MOF-based materials, structural morphology designing and controlling, engineering of doping, defect, vacancy, coupling with conductive carrier or constructing heterostructures) were highlighted in this review. Finally, perspectives on the development of MOF-based materials were provided for fabricating more efficient water splitting electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • Different strategies to enhance the electrocatalytic performances of MOF-based materials are summarized. • Advantages of MOF-based materials in electrochemical water splitting are summarized. • The mechanisms of the enhanced catalytic activity are explored. • Some challenges and views for the future development of MOF-based materials are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]