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Abstract: Adoption of energy efficient technologies is considered a key sustainability strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in global industries. This article aims to assess costs of energy savings and carbon reduction from applying energy efficiency technologies in the US pulp and paper sector. Applicable efficiency measures were identified and their cost effectiveness was evaluated in two historical years – 1994 and 2006. Potential savings of final energy use resulting from applicable sustainability options were estimated as 707 PJ in 1994 and 1064 PJ in 2006, respectively, corresponding to approximately 32% of the sector''s annual final energy use in 1994 and 62% in 2006. The associated carbon-emission reduction was 8.1 million ton of carbon (MtC) in 1994 and 11.8MtC in 2006, corresponding to 26% and 45% of sector''s total energy-related carbon emissions in 1994 and 2006, respectively. Using the concepts of cost of conserved energy and cost of carbon reduction, we estimated that cost effective sustainability options contributed to final energy savings in the range of 15–25% of the annual energy use, and carbon-emission reduction from 14% to 20% of annual carbon emissions from the sector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Water removal during paper manufacturing is of primary importance to production rate and cost efficiency for the pulp and paper industry. It is crucial to develop methods to reduce energy consumption by increasing the percent solids in the paper web entering the dryers from the presses. This research aimed to develop a fundamental understanding of the effect of bio-chemo-mechanical pretreatments on a bleached softwood fiber matrix and evaluate the impact on the percent solids of the paper web after pressing. Experiments included enzymatic, refining, and cationic polymer pretreatments on the bleached softwood pulps, followed by laboratory papermaking and determining the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) after pressing and the pulp and paper properties. The combined effect of mild refining, controlled enzymatic pretreatments, and cationic strength aids proved to enhance the water removal during wet pressing (up to 35 % reduction) and increase paper strength (up to 60 % increase). The results of increased solids after pressing were used to calculate the potential reduction in drying energy during paper manufacturing. Energy savings of around 10 % for paper drying could be achieved through fiber matrix modification by bio-chemo-mechanical pretreatment. Enzymatic pretreatments have previously been conventionally applied before refining as an energy-saving method. However, this research shows that synergistic actions of enzymes added after refining modify the fibers and create the optimal conditions for enhancement in drainage, press dewatering, and paper properties. [Display omitted] • Enzyme-assisted fiber modifications improve press dewatering and paper strength. • Enzyme blends can enhance fiber cell wall flexibility and fibrillation. • Synergistically, enzymes increased ∼35% press dewatering and ∼60% tensile strength. • Enzymes, mild refining, and cationic biopolymers enhance paper process efficiency. • This research introduces alternative methods for decarbonizing the paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerogels, with their exceptional properties such as high insulation performance, lightness, and eco-friendliness, present immense potential for use in the construction industry. This paper reviews the progress in research and application of various types of aerogels in construction, highlighting notable case studies demonstrating energy efficiency gains and sustainability impacts. It delves into the lifecycle of aerogels, discussing environmental implications at each stage. Despite their potential, aerogels face certain limitations including production complexity, brittleness, and high cost which hinder their widespread adoption. The paper further discusses these challenges and highlights the need for continuous research and development efforts to overcome them, with a view to achieving more scalable production, enhanced mechanical properties, and cost reduction. Looking forward, the paper discusses the expansive horizon of aerogel research, emphasizing the potential of smart aerogels, their integration with renewable energy systems, and exploring the possibility of recycling or creating bio-based aerogels to enhance their overall sustainability. While still in early stages, aerogels promise to be a major contributor to the future of construction, leading to more sustainable and efficient built environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of digital solutions to enable sustainable value creation, the monitoring and ultimately the reduction of the environmental footprint has increased. New information technologies and increased data availability along a product's lifecycle offer more tools to assess product sustainability than ever before. This paper presents how a Digital Twin needs to be designed to help monitor product-level energy efficiency and how such a Digital Twin can be implemented. State-of-the-art research on Digital Twins and their development, lifecycle assessment, and energy efficiency are introduced. There is a lack of evaluated implementations of methodical DT development in different scenarios, especially for the evaluation of product-level energy efficiency during production. Results of a research project with the focus on the development and implementation of Digital Twins are presented. The use case is set within the scenario of the sequential development of a product simultaneously with the development of the Digital Twin. The focus is put on the implementation of an energy consumption prediction and product carbon footprint analytics module as part of the Digital Twin. The development approach is presented and recommendations for the development of future Digital Twins are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of optimal design and the most efficient operational parameters for energy devices constitute a priority task for sustainable development and increasing energy efficiency within the net-zero emissions strategy. This is particularly important in adsorption cooling and desalination systems with poor performance due to unfavourable heat transfer conditions in conventional packed beds of adsorption chillers (ACs). Therefore, looking for additional ways of performance improvement is still challenging, especially covering different design variants and operational strategies. The existing complex, time-consuming and costly analytical, numerical and experimental methods, usually focused on a specific design and operating parameters of conventional packed adsorption beds, cannot tackle these comprehensive problems. Since artificial intelligence (AI) based models are considered tools that sometimes may overcome the shortcomings of the programmed computing approach and the experimental procedures, the paper introduces automated machine learning (AutoML) as a general approach for the design and optimization study of adsorption cooling and desalination systems. The double-effect, i.e. specific cooling capacity (SCP) and specific daily water production (SDWP) of various adsorption chillers (ACs) operating in large-, pilot- and small-scale adsorption cooling and desalination systems, is considered in the study. The paper also presents a novel big data optimization procedure for selecting the best operating and design strategy in adsorption cooling and desalination technology. Finally, a new concept of fluidized bed-type application in adsorption chillers is proposed, which allows for enhancing the performance of ACs. The presented approach can be referred to as a complementary design technique in adsorption cooling and desalination systems, besides the existing complex analytical and time-consuming numerical methods and expensive experiments. • Double-effect desalination and cooling production in adsorption chillers (AC) are evaluated • The new approach allows considering various cooling and desalination adsorption systems. • The novel concept of fluidized bed application in adsorption systems is proposed. • The developed models constitute powerful tools for optimizing ACs systems' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban energy consumption is a critical aspect of sustainable urban development, with technological innovations playing a pivotal role in shaping energy usage patterns. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of urban energy consumption dynamics in relation to the adoption of technology across various sectors, including transportation, residential, industrial, and commercial domains. Through extensive data collection and advanced statistical analyses, we investigate the correlation between technology adoption rates and energy consumption behaviors in urban areas. Our findings reveal a strong positive correlation between technology adoption rates and reduced energy consumption across sectors. We employ spatial analyses to identify localized successes, shedding light on regions where technology-driven initiatives have significantly lowered energy demands. These insights offer valuable guidance for urban planners and policymakers aiming to implement targeted interventions and replicate effective strategies. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the transformative potential of innovative solutions, ranging from smart infrastructure to industrial automation, in promoting energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. By fostering the integration of such technologies, cities can mitigate their carbon footprint, enhance energy resilience, and create more livable environments for residents. This research contributes to the discourse on urban energy transitions and provides actionable insights for urban policymakers and stakeholders striving for a greener, more sustainable urban future. • Urban energy study integrates tech for sustainable transitions. • Optimized urban planning with technology-driven energy solutions. • Innovative model promotes green, resilient cities through tech adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern lifestyles have popularised the use of food containers, also known as food savers or Tupperware. However, their environmental impacts are currently unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper presents the first comprehensive assessment of the life cycle environmental sustainability of reusable plastic and glass food savers and evaluates different options for improvements, focusing on European conditions. Taking a cradle-to-grave approach, the paper considers twelve environmental impacts, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification, eutrophication, human and ecotoxicities. The results suggest that, for example, the total GWP of using both types of food saver in the European Union (EU) amounts to 653 kt CO 2 eq./year, equivalent to the annual greenhouse gas emissions of Bermuda. The use stage is the main contributor to the impacts (>40%), related to the washing of containers. Glass food savers have 12%–64% higher impacts than the plastic and should have up to 3.5 times greater lifespan to match the environmental footprint of plastic containers. Three improvement scenarios have been considered at the EU level for the year 2020: low-carbon electricity mix; implementation of the EU eco-design regulation for dishwashers; and adoption of more resource-efficient hand dishwashing techniques. The results suggest that the implementation of all three improvement options would reduce the impacts by 12%–47%. The option with the greatest potential for reducing the impacts (12%–27%) is improved hand dishwashing to reduce the amount of water, energy and detergents used. Thus, policy makers and manufacturers should devise strategies to raise awareness and guide consumers in adopting these techniques with the aim of reducing the environmental impacts associated with reusable food savers used by millions of people worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Literature review papers related to the tourism-energy nexus are analyzed. • Four main groups are identified considering the quantitative methodology used. • Topics and discussions on the nexus between tourism and energy are developed. • Future research is discussed. The high dependence of tourism activities on energy consumption, and particularly on non-renewable energy, is a major barrier to building sustainable tourism models. For this reason, the analysis of tourism and energy use is a growing field of study within sustainability debates. Despite this, there is a gap in the literature and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study that critically reviews the vast literature on the energy-tourism nexus. This paper aims to fill this gap in tourism knowledge. The main objective of this article is to conduct a systematic review of scientific studies with a quantitative empirical basis that examine this nexus, trying to answer the following questions: What are the main methodologies used to approach the tourism-energy nexus? which indicators or variables are relevant?; is there a consensus on the results?; and what are the main lines of discussion on the use of energy in tourism? To this end, we particularly focus on the main methodologies, results and perspectives during the period 2001–2021. A total of 1,189 articles were reviewed by abstract and title, 236 were included for the full review and 163 were finally selected. The results show how the nexus and energy dependence of tourism is assessed mainly from four major methodological groups: G1) econometric models, regressions and other statistical methodologies (67% of the sample); G2) surveys, questionnaires and energy audits (15%); G3) Life Cycle Analysis (13%) and G4) other approaches and environmental impact indicators to assess the relationship between energy and tourism (5%). The analysis between the causal relationships between tourism development, economic growth, energy use, environmental degradation and energy efficiency of accommodations are the main issues evaluated, considering a wide range of indicators/variables. Based on the gaps and limitations found in the literature review on tourism and energy, it is discussed how some findings should be interpreted with caution due to their methodological approaches and differences. Finally, some of the main lines of future research in this field are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World Cities contribute to a massive amount of carbon emissions. About 80% of the global greenhouse gasses are emitted from these cities. The sustainable practices should be adopted in built environment for these cities. As an example, a residential neighbourhoods in arid climate has been discussed as a case study in practice in this paper. It has been developed to implement the sustainable strategies and concepts. It demonstrates a mixed-use community which integrates the sustainability dimensions to improve the quality toward sustainable living in a small community (about 4000 persons), allocated in Dubai land area. This paper aims to highlight the sustainable practices in the arid zones and to give an overview about the performance of the clean energy and renewable in these areas. The studied development has been selected to evaluate such techniques and strategies in the gulf region (Dubai). Various environmental categories such as; on energy, water, mobility, energy consumption of the buildings and infrastructure, urban green spaces, solid waste management and urban farming, have been appraised in this study. It has been noticed that the urban design proposed reduces its potable water consumption by 40% and for energy demands by 57% compared to conventional households. The solar production can cover around 38% of the energy consumption on average. Many challenges face the sustainability movement in the region, especially, the affordability and feasibility in such harsh climate zones areas. This manuscript opens new perspectives about the prioritization that should be considered for adopting the sustainable strategies in arid climate. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing awareness of climate change is constantly moving the attention of designers and policymakers from typical and current scenarios to future layouts. This new approach introduces a degree of uncertainty that should be accounted in the building design process. The multitude of possible scenarios suggests considering dynamic system that can adapt themselves to unpredicted operating conditions. The aim of this study is to test a new approach and a new flexibility metric analysing the behaviour of a high-performance dynamic internal curtain in current and future scenarios. The first part of the paper focuses on the optimization of the dynamic system in the current scenario; this preliminary analysis represents the traditional design approach and is considered the baseline for all the comparisons. Hence, defining a matrix of likely scenarios, this paper explores the behaviour of three different selected control strategies – always off (i.e., no curtain), fixed control, optimized control – in the different scenarios considering possible variations of i) climate, ii) urban context, iii) internal loads, and iv) building use. The main outcomes of the research are, on the one hand, the comparisons of the control strategies and the benefits of the dynamic system and, on the other hand, the definition of a new metric that can properly describe the flexibility of the building systems with reference to the future scenarios analysed. This metric is based on six classes – which describe the statistical distribution of the energy consumptions of all the scenarios simulated in the matrix – and an index called Energy Flexibility Index (EFI) that quantifies the flexibility of the technology considered. The case study analysed highlights how implementing a dynamic shading system, considering the same building use, can increase the EFI of nearly 21% for non-optimized control strategy and up to 23% when optimized. While changing the building use in residential reduces these values respectively, to 6% and 7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the path of industrial eco-efficiency (IEE) needs to be re-examined from a multi-dimensional perspective, this research opens the internal "black box" of China's industrial eco-economic system driven by sustainable development goals (SDGs) and decomposes IEE into industrial production and sustainable development stages. It further divides the industrial production stage into two parallel subsystems of water use efficiency (WUE) and energy efficiency (EE) and derives SDG6 efficiency (SDG 6 E) and SDG7 efficiency (SDG 7 E) in the sustainable development stage respectively. The paper proposes a meta two-stage parallel entropy dynamic DDF-DEA model to re-measure IEE of 30 provinces in China from 2015 to 2021, discusses the relationship between overall efficiency and stage efficiency, and by using the Tobit model explores various types of influencing factors by subregion. The results show that the modified DDF-DEA model can explore China's IEE more accurately under SDGs. China's IEE is more stable from 2015 to 2021, with the efficiency value always fluctuating between 0.59 and 0.64, the overall level is low, and there is more room for improvement. There are significant inter-provincial differences in IEE and efficiency inertia. In more than 75% of the provinces SDG 7 E constrains IEE improvement, while the dynamic evolution of IEE and its subsystem efficiency varies across regions. Environmental regulation is a common factor affecting IEE across the country and in the east, central, and west regions, whereas the level of economic development, openness to the outside world, and urbanization rate are differential factors affecting IEE across the country and in the three major regions. This study offers new perspectives for exploring the path of IEE enhancement and providing empirical references for the collaborative construction of industrial ecological civilization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Modern technology has greatly affected buildings' envelope, which has a significant impact on the environmental considerations, users comfort and energy consumption. The paper addresses the subject of buildings' envelopes and the external skin configurations, due to its importance as the first element facing the external environment. The contemporary studies of the environmental sustainability have made such a topic quite significant, especially in the context addressed in the research: residential buildings in Alexandria, Egypt. Such a domain has recently generated a broad debate and drawn increased attention among those involved in the design and management processes, owing to the problem of the increasing energy consumption, especially in the residential buildings, which is accompanied by a noticeable lack of awareness among both the designers and householders about the most suitable technology for building envelopes. The aim of this paper is to test some variables of design and construction, so as to determine the appropriate technology for the environmentally-efficient envelopes of the residential buildings. The presented ideas could be of some significance in formulating useful and applied guidelines in the field of architectural design and re-design of residential buildings/projects. The research introduces a comparative discourse of a literature review covering the different definitions and notions of "Low Technology" and "High Technology", followed by a direct application on a case-specific context. Based on a systematic analysis using an Energy Plus simulation tool, the study concludes a set of statements and guidelines for designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since sustainable scheduling is arousing increasing attention from many manufacturing enterprises and energy consumption is a core problem regarding sustainability, the purpose of this paper is to develop an energy-efficient scheduling method to fulfill material delivery tasks in mixed-model assembly lines. In this research, the objective of minimizing the energy consumption is jointly integrated with the operational criterions when executing material delivery tasks. Owing to the NP-hard nature of the considered problem, a Taboo enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (TEPSO) algorithm is developed to solve the multi-objective problem. Several improving strategies are applied to enhance the performance of the proposed TEPSO in order to obtain a stronger local search capability and faster search speed. The performance of the proposed TEPSO algorithm is evaluated by comparing with two other high-performing multi-objective optimization methods. Computational experiments are conducted in order to test and verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed TEPSO algorithm. The achievements reported in this paper might be inspiring for further studies on energy-efficient production scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the editorial for the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews joint special issue devoted to the research work discussed and presented at the 11th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES), held from the 4th September to the 9th September 2016 in Lisbon, Portugal and the 2nd South East European (SEE) SDEWES Conference held from June 15th to June 18th, 2016 in Piran, Slovenia. This special issue is in line with the journal's aim of publishing research from across the ever-broadening field of renewable and sustainable energy with a strong review element. Previous SDEWES conference special issues have gathered a significant knowledge base in the field of sustainable development that reflects the continuous research efforts of the SDEWES research community. Therefore, this editorial provides not only an overview of the papers published in this particular special issue, but also a wider overview of the current trends in the domain of sustainable and renewable energy. This year's special issue focuses particularly on the benefits of the bio-based economy, energy security issues, fossil fuel thermal plant alternatives and environmental constraints, district heating and cooling together with cross sector energy efficiency and energy conservation issues. Sustainable transport systems, the issue of fuel poverty in urban neighbourhoods and renewable energy to support development of peripheral rural areas, optimising passive building design for hot climates and solar-powered heating and cooling are further topics featured in this special issue. In the process of selecting papers for this special issue, the guest editors invited in total 23 extended manuscripts for consideration for publication. After a rigorous review process by expert reviewers overseen by the guest editors a total of 16 articles were accepted for publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas is a renewable energy source that can be used either directly or through various pathways (e.g. upgrading to bio-methane, use in a fuel cell or conversion to liquid fuels) for heat, electricity generation or mechanical energy for transport. However, although there are various options for biogas utilization, there is limited guidance in the literature on the selection of the optimum route, and comparison between studies is difficult due to the use of different analytical frameworks. The aim of this paper was to fill that knowledge gap and to develop a consistent framework for analysing biogas-to-energy exploitation routes. The paper evaluated 49 biogas-to-energy routes using a consistent life cycle analysis method focusing on energy efficiency as the chosen crtierion. Energy efficiencies varied between 8% and 54% for electricity generation; 16% and 83% for heat; 18% and 90% for electricity and heat; and 4% and 18% for transport. Direct use of biogas has the highest efficiencies, but the use of this fuel is typically limited to sites co-located with the anaerobic digestion facility, limiting available markets and applications. Liquid fuels have the advantage of versatility, but the results show consistently low efficiencies across all routes and applications. The energy efficiency of bio-methane routes competes well with biogas and comes with the advantage that it is more easily transported and used in a wide variety of applications. The results were also compared with fossil fuels and discussed in the context of national policies. This research resulted in the development of a flexible framework for comparing energy efficiencies which can provide the basis for further research on optimizing the sustainability of biogas-to-energy systems across a range of indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper draws from the general literature on energy efficiency and historic buildings to explain the importance and potential of user-driven energy efficiency in historic buildings. It is the first review that places the user as a central object of study in the research field of historic buildings and energy efficiency. Relevant interdisciplinary topics and research results that make up the core of the field are presented and discussed in relation to user behaviour and its impact on energy consumption. The paper also investigates how user behaviour aspects can be integrated in a procedural approach to energy refurbishment in historic buildings. Research and experience from the building stock in general clearly shows how a user's awareness and behaviour, such as choice of temperature, zone heating and controlled airing, can have a significant effect on energy demand yet have no physical impact on the building. However, this has not received enough attention with regards to the historic building stock, where many physical energy efficiency measures can have negative impacts on the historic qualities of the building. Modification of user behaviour can therefore be a way not only to reduce energy demand but also to minimise the physical impact of increasing energy efficiency on historic buildings. The paper concludes that the current research agenda on historic buildings and energy efficiency has broken much ground but remains focused more on technical solutions than bottom-up user perspectives. Two main topics are identified as key barriers and future research fields: First, energy performance modelling is identified as a general barrier to developing sustainable strategies that promote user impact in historic buildings. Accurate energy modelling of historic buildings is a complex field reliant on the thermal interplay between user-building and building-district. Improved knowledge and intensified research is necessary to avoid distorted energy modelling results and unwanted rebound effects. Practical tools also require that the modelling can be used for trade-off scenarios where other sustainability aspects such as cultural heritage and economy are weighed in. Second, awareness raising in order to foster a deeper understanding and knowledge about the construction, system and cultural heritage values of a building is proposed as a key ingredient and driver for improved and sustainable energy behaviour. The paper argues that while user-driven energy efficiency represents an important resource for fostering less energy-demanding and less intrusive interventions in historic buildings, there are no guarantees for achieving the planned level of energy efficiency without taking into account user behaviour and the actual operation and energy performance of the historic building. To do this without risking negative consequences, improved decision-making processes are needed on policy, building and user level. An interdisciplinary bottom-up approach to energy refurbishment is presented. The essence of the model is that users and residents should always play a central role in the decision-making process because the well-being of the historic building will always depend on its day-to-day users, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper illustrates the Italian pilot action of the EASEE project (Envelope Approach to improve Sustainability and Energy Efficiency in existing multi-storey multi owner residential buildings), focusing on the analysis of energy refurbishment trends of the Lombardy region residential building stock. More than 60% of the existing building stock in Lombardy region has been built before the 70 s and it is among the main responsible causes of final energy absorption and corresponding CO 2 emissions with a mean primary energy index for heating of about 202.0 kWh/m 2 y. The promotion of renovation measures for such buildings, also through innovative solutions, is becoming increasingly important for both containing the greenhouse gas emissions and supporting the growth of the construction sector. To this topic, the work presents the energy renovation of a residential building in the Province of Milan through the application of innovative prefabricated composite panels that integrate both thermal insulation and exterior finishing with textile reinforced mortar. In detail, the paper describes, on one hand, the main design strategies following the preliminary analysis and, on the other hand, the whole installation process; besides, the performance of the retrofitted envelope is documented by the results of the monitoring campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7, which calls for universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable clean energy for everyone, is expected to influence near-future trends in many countries across the European Union. Retrofitting buildings is an important milestone in the evolutionary development of energy-efficient residential buildings, yet a significant proportion of the south-eastern European social-housing stock is obsolete in this area; in addition to effective retrofitting strategies for these buildings, the occupants thereof, who represent different socio-demographic backgrounds, also require in-depth study. Even though this subject has been widely investigated, new approaches that consider connections between technology and the behavioural responses of residents are needed to continuously update retrofitting design strategies and energy-efficiency solutions. This paper aims to fill a research gap in the area of developing an evidence-based framework for energy-policy decision-making mechanisms related to the integration of the Energy Performance Building Directives at the level of conceptual and nationwide implementation schemes. In general, properties in this particular sector account for approximately 38% of the total housing stock and demonstrate some of the worst housing standards in Europe. The objective of this study is to focus on the interaction of such attitudes and the underlying determinant factors thereof with socio-cultural and contextual factors. A socio-technical-systems (STS) approach is used as a theoretical framework to integrate household socio-demographic characteristics related to energy use, the thermal-conductivity level of buildings and environmental factors; and to address the question of how different contexts influence motivation to develop energy-efficiency strategies. Drawing on the STS, this study investigates domestic energy use and measures thereof in post war social housing stock in the south-eastern Mediterranean, where the climate is subtropical (Csa) and partly-semi-arid (Bsh); these designations are according to the Köppen climate classification system; to improve the energy efficiency of archetype residential tower blocks (RTBs) that are embedded and interpreted in the socio-cultural local context of Cyprus. Feed-forward interviews of 100 flats revealed a moderate negative correlation (r = −0,329, p 〈0,01) between household income and tenancy status, and there was a moderate positive relationship (r = 0,252, p < 0,05) between household income and length of residency; this indicates that household income is a determinant factor related to energy use. Of the surveyed flats, 73% were owner-occupiers whose ages ranged between 55 and 65 and 65-years-of-age and older; these age bands were in the high-income group, and the energy consumption of these households was higher than the national average, all of which demonstrates an association between the age and level-of-income factors. A moderate negative correlation (r = −0,229, p < 0,05) was found between the occupants' ages and their complaints related to thermal discomfort, which suggests that built-environment factors and household socio-demographic characteristics should be evaluated before any type of building retrofitting is developed. The study findings were implemented to develop policy design that considers the UN Sustainable Development Goals related to energy-and-recovery plans; implications on domestic energy use in the south-eastern Mediterranean climate are expected to influence future trends in EU countries. The flow diagram demonstrates the novelty of the socio-technical-systems conceptual framework developed for this study. [Display omitted] • Socio-technical associations between energy use and occupants' thermal comfort were examined. • Social households in vivo experiences on energy use were explored. • A moderate correlation (r = -0,329, p < 0,01) was found between income and type of tenancy. • A moderate correlation (r = 0,252, p < 0,05) was found between income and length of residency. • A moderate correlation (r = -0,229, p < 0,05) was found between the occupants' age and thermal discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Energy transition process is evaluated on Italian regions according to their different urbanization levels. • Transition matrices showed weakness and strengthens according points of the regions. • The evaluation of the determinants allows to define policy indication according to different level of urbanization. • Findings showed that different energy paths are associated to different urbanization areas. Renewable energy and energy efficiency are recognized among the key factors of transitioning towards a low-consumption and low-carbon society. In order to achieve such transition, the government policies should be aimed at meeting the renewable energy generation and energy efficiency targets of specific localities. Nonetheless, these targets vary between different urban regions, and there is limited knowledge on the correlation between energy transition and urbanization levels. The aim of this paper is to identify that correlation in urban regions. This study places Italian regions under the microscope of an empirical investigation. The study adopts a two-step analysis that provides a useful model for regional analyses. The results of the study consolidates our understanding and highlights that the energy transition process requires greater efforts concerning social participation and provision of incentives for renewable energy production, mainly in the less urbanized areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the application of distributed energy resources (DERs) at water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). The DERs considered include solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, biomass electricity generation, and energy storage systems (ESS). The financial and demand management implications of the deployment of various DER combinations are analyzed. The load profile of a single plant is studied in order to draw conclusions regarding the optimal size for energy storage solutions based on the goals of the WRRF. A case study of a Medium sized WRRF, located in a large metropolitan area, is used to compare different financial and technical implementation strategies. An ideal combination of DERs is determined based on analysis of various scenarios for nine distinct use cases. The overarching goal of this paper is to understand the potential of various combinations of DERs for managing peak demand and resilience at WRRFs. Elements in the financial models are compared to determine the combination that creates a financially viable project while providing tangible benefits in resilience and/or demand management to the WRRF. • Energy efficiency is key for urban regions to combat global warming. • Distributed energy resources (DERs) improve resiliency during power failures. • Energy efficiency is possible through deployment of DERs and better use of biogases • Distributed energy resources (DERs) improve resiliency during power failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current building retrofits are predominantly focused on energy and cost efficiency at an individual building or building component scale. Whilst the aspirations of these retrofits are crucial to the sustainable development of our built environment, we can and need to do better. Many argue that we need a shift in worldview from mechanistic to regenerative, and in order to do so we must engage with the living world by (re)aligning human and natural systems. This paper proposes a ‘proactive’ retrofit approach which seeks to integrate net-positive, restorative and regenerative design concepts into building retrofits. A regenerative design model that explores the key interactions between physical, human and natural systems is developed to achieve these proactive outcomes. A set of regenerative design principles for building retrofits are proposed to emphasise the positive interactions an existing building can have with its surrounding environment. More specifically, this paper will explore how an energy efficient building retrofit can improve occupant health and wellbeing, and restore and enhance local ecosystems. A detailed example will then be used to demonstrate the principles as a means of shifting the way designers and decision makers view the building retrofit design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of heat savings in buildings increase as more heat savings are achieved and hence, alternatives other than savings typically become more economically feasible at a certain level of heat reductions. The challenge addressed in this paper is to identify when the cost of heat savings become more expensive than the cost of sustainable heat supply, so society does not overinvest in heat saving measures. This study first investigates the heat saving potentials for different countries in Europe, along with their associated costs, followed by a comparison with alternative ways of supplying sustainable heating. Furthermore, the levelised cost of supplying sustainable heat is estimated for both a single technology and from an energy system perspective. The results are analysed by assessing various parameters such as socio-economic costs and energy efficiency improvements in the national energy systems. The results demonstrate the economically feasible levels of heat savings and heat production for various European countries, highlighting differences in their national conditions and energy systems. The findings in this paper indicate that overinvestments in heat savings can be avoided by saving heat until a level around 30–50% of projected heat demands and supplying the remaining heat demand with sustainable heat sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water Energy Food nexus approach was applied to evaluate the impact of Variable Rate Technology at farm level for a sustainable use of nitrogen. • The results show the importance for farmers of managing inputs in an efficient way, in order to obtain economic and environmental benefits. • The adoption of VRT in input management can provide important benefits, both under economic and environmental perspective. In this paper we assess the sustainability of Variable Rate Technology (VRT) application for different wheat intensive agricultural areas in Europe. Within the H2020 FATIMA project we developed an analytical framework to assess the environmental and economic sustainability of nutrient management in two Case Studies in Greek and Czech Republic, implemented with different fertilization strategies in the winter wheat production, compared with the conventional one. We look at the economic and environmental dimension expressed throughout a set of specific performance indicators implemented under the Water Energy Food (WEF) nexus framework. Considering that fertilization strategies significatively affect environmental impact as well as economic performance at farm level, we investigated how Precision Agriculture (PA) tools, and particularly VRT, most suitable for increasing efficiency in fertilization distribution, can improve and maximize efficiency of inputs and profitability of individual fields by targeting application where needed and at optimum rates. The study shows how, despite a general reduction of production cost and increase in gross margin, farm sizes and the level of efficiency of the "as usual scenario" influence the economic impact of the VRT. Looking instead at the environmental perspective of the analysis, the results provide evidence of a decrease of nitrogen (N) due to lower amount of fertilizers, as well as a better distribution according to the potential productivity of the field, causing reduced impact of groundwater quality (nitrate loss by leaching). On the other side, some constraints arise from the high cost and the investments needed to adopt VRT at farm level, one of the main challenges to be solved through adequate policy instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot embossing is an efficient technology for the fabrication of glass micro- and nanostructures. However, the long cycle time, high energy consumption, and high nitrogen emissions in traditional hot embossing approach hinders sustainable production of glass micro-optics. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel two-stage gravity-assisted hot embossing process that enables the fabrication of high-quality glass micro-pillar arrays in a rapid, green manner. In this approach, the two-stage gravity loading unit provides accurate force on glass preform through a simple control system, and the tailor-made heating module based on Si 3 N 4 ceramic heaters requires an energy consumption of just 700 kJ per molding cycle. As a result, the proposed approach is featured by low energy consumption and high manufacturing efficiency. In this study, the effects of the embossing temperature, force, and time on the replication accuracy of a K9 glass micro-pillar array were investigated through a series of hot embossing experiments. Afterward, the form accuracy, uniformity of microstructures, and warpage of glass replicas under the optimal process parameters were evaluated separately. Finally, repeated hot embossing experiments were conducted to demonstrate the reproducibility of the hot embossing process. The experimental results show that embossing temperature had the most significant effect on the replication accuracy of glass micro-pillars. By optimizing the process parameters, the embossed glass micro-pillars could achieve transfer ratios of 99.00% and 95.14% in height and diameter, respectively. Moreover, the surface roughness of glass micro-pillars was less than 5 nm, and the warpage amplitude of glass replicas in a 3.9 × 3.9 mm area was smaller than 1 μm. The small discrepancy in geometric features of glass replica in the repeated trails reflects the satisfactory reproducibility of this hot embossing process on the micro and nano scales. The results indicate the strong industrialization potential of the proposed two-stage gravity-assisted hot embossing machine and hot embossing process for fabricating high-quality glass microstructures more cleanly and sustainably. • A novel gravity-assisted rapid high-temperature hot embossing apparatus is developed. • A novel hot embossing process is designed for fabricating high-quality glass micro-pillar arrays in a cleaner manner. • Effects of process parameters on the replication accuracy of glass micro-pillar arrays are evaluated. • Form deviation, uniformity of microstructures as well as warpage of glass replica are analyzed. • The reproducibility in replicating geometric features in the novel hot embossing process is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic review of the research literature that applies quantitative techniques to inform incentive programs and policies promoting pro-environmental behavior and technology adoption among individual consumers. The paper points out that, while the number of active incentive programs is large, there is a dire need for scientific advances that could increase their impact in calculated ways. The expertise of the operations research and management science community, as well as industrial, systems, civil, and environmental engineering experience, appears to be particularly well suited to support such effort. The review covers the research work performed in three areas of practical importance: efficient energy consumption, waste management, and stormwater management. The types of analytical models and data analysis techniques developed to support policy-making in each area are summarized, highlighting the imbalance between the descriptive versus prescriptive contributions made to date. • We review the literature on quantitative methods for incentivizing pro-environmental behavior. • We scope and compare contributions in three areas of global concern - energy, waste, and water -. • We classify the efforts by method and impact: descriptive, predictive, or prescriptive. • We justify a dire need for more scientific advances in support of effective distribution of incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislation targeting business carbon emissions typically excludes the significant portion of the economy comprised of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As an alternative many governments have developed voluntary programs to assist SMEs to reduce emissions and increase their energy efficiency. To maximise benefits associated with such programs, this paper seeks to provide insights into key factors contributing to the design of successful voluntary energy efficiency programs for SMEs. This is achieved by comprehensively analysing the factors that impacted the uptake of energy savings measures by 202 SMEs which participated in the ClimateSmart Business Cluster Program (commencing in 2009). Expanding on previous research that has mostly focus on identifying inhibiting factors (barriers) to the uptake of energy savings measures, this paper offers a comprehensive assessment of barriers and motivating factors (motivators). A unique finding of this research is that SMEs experienced many different barriers and motivators while participating in the program, inferring great complexity to achieving the critical aim of reducing carbon emissions. Based on these findings, this paper argues that voluntary government energy efficiency programs should be flexibly designed and implemented to accommodate the many and various barriers. Motivating factors should be emphasised and barriers identified upfront so that the program can be tailored to the often idiosyncratic needs of SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic change, dramatic population increase and rapid industrial growth are major trends emerging in Malaysia. Climate change and depletion of fossil fuel along with the rise in petroleum prices have forced the Malaysian Government to rethink strategies to be more in line with other developed countries including the decision to embark on renewable energy (RE) resources as a better source of energy amongst the global energy mix. The Malaysian Government is making frantic efforts to make policies, RE programmes and incentives more effective so as to promote and develop the use of RE. Malaysia is rich with fossil fuel but these are fast depleting. Although RE is necessary, current RE resources are still not enough. Therefore, exploration into other resources must be considered in order to meet future energy demands. The objective of this paper is to identify the potential of available renewable energy resources in Malaysia as well as the country׳s current implementation strategies. This paper also discusses the different RE policies in Malaysia. In order to determine the potential of RE, various sources and published materials in conferences, international journals and information released by relevant government bodies and miscellaneous resources are used. This research has revealed that among all the renewable energy sources that are present in Malaysia, biomass and solar energy are the most prospective ones. Plus, renewable energy (RE) sources are quite advantageous as they are free from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and related global warming effects. They can also be applied in off-grid electricity generation for rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper recognizes the synergetic relationship and inextricable linkage between conservation and sustainability. Heritage preservation maximizes the use of existing materials and infrastructure, reduces waste, and preserves the historic character of older towns and cities. This paper also presents technical advances in BPS/BES (Building Performance Simulation/Building Energy Simulation), and in co-simulation for energy efficiency optimization, RES integrated historic building's greening and historic neighborhoods, settlements, as well as whole cities urban re-planning. Further, the paper presents initial results of the Aviation Museum in Belgrade preliminary energy refurbishment study focusing results obtained via BPS and co-simulation. Foreseen is the deep energy refurbishment aimed to reach the “total building performance optimization” encompassing multifunctional optimization of building's skin – glazing replacement with the semi-transparent PV glazing and day-lighting control with reference to the artifact preservation, as well as the IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality) control analysis. This study shows that the RES integrated refurbishment can result in the Museum's Zero CO 2 emission and even in the sustainable Energy + status (producing more than using electricity). Finally, needs for most current ICT knowledge use and refurbishment technologies development, as well as integrated design, including particularly relevant benchmarking and rating system development are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main pillars of the modern industry is the uninterrupted supply of energy with a reasonable price. The energy production is based mostly on non-renewable energy resources that are getting more expensive progressively. This increase in energy cost consequently leads the companies to a more expensive production of goods. Therefore it has been established that energy efficiency is not only very important for the environment but also for the sustainable production in the manufacturing companies. Effective energy management plays an important role in the necessary increase of energy efficiency in industry. Next to the expansion of regenerative energies, it establishes a further pillar at closing the energy supply gap resulting from the energy transition. This paper presents the current energy situation in Germany and its impact on the German industry. Furthermore this paper presents a methodology which can be used by organizations to systematically implement energy management system. Eventually the paper provides a model that illustrates the realization of a PDCA cycle which is necessary for energy management in the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Water Energy Food -WEF nexus has been suited as a sustainability assessment tool at farm level to assess agro-economic and environmental performance. • WEF is a very helpful tool to investigate the global sustainability of the agricultural systems. • Regulatory and economic instruments (i.e. agro-climatic-environmental payments) are not enough to solve a conflict between economy and environment. • New policy instruments should consider the multisectoral approach also at farm dimension, to achieve agriculture sustainability goals. Sustainable management of natural resources under economic, environmental and social perspective, needs to consider a fair balance between its uses and availability. Sustainable agriculture goal is to establish innovative and new farm tools and service capacities that help the intensive farm sector to optimize input management (energy, nutrients and water) and productivity. The main objective of this paper was to investigate, in a durum wheat production system in central Italy under Mediterranean conditions, the following aspects: (i) environmental sustainability of fertilization treatments through the energy inputs/outputs analysis and reduction of Nitrate (N-NO 3) in water cycle; (ii) agricultural system agronomic and economic performance and (iii) to identify regulatory and economic instruments actually in place to promote sustainable fertilization. To describe and address the sustainability assessment of durum wheat production system we adopt the "Water Energy Food nexus " (WEF) as conceptual framework. The findings of this research showed that there is a great difference between the marketable yields obtained with mineral fertilization strategies and those by organic fertilizer, while considering the environmental sustainability, our results provide evidences of the significance of the reduction of energy use and the high value of renewable energies and the decreasing of non-renewable one. At the same time the reduced impact of groundwater quality due to the organic fertilizer seems to be an interesting result to be analyzed in the long-term perspective. The contraposition between economy and environment is one of the main challenges to be solved through adequate policy instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Current state of expanders in vapour compression refrigeration systems is reviewed. • The highest reported COP improvement in a transcritical CO 2 refrigeration system was 30%. • The highest reported COP improvement in a conventional refrigeration system was 10%. • The highest measured expander efficiency was 83%. • Knowledge gaps and challenges are identified. • Recommendations for future work are provided. This paper reviews progress reported in the open literature of the use of expanders to recover expansion power to improve the energy efficiency of vapour compression refrigeration systems. Pioneering works in the field are first discussed, and then a variety of expander mechanisms, including reciprocating piston, rolling piston, rotary vane, scroll, screw and turbine are reviewed together with their reported performance. Most of the reported works have been for transcritical CO 2 refrigeration systems, which have reported improvements in the coefficient of performance (COP) of up to 30%. In a non-CO 2 system, the maximum reported increase in the COP was 10%. The maximum reported expander efficiency (i.e. the ratio of measured power to the power available from an isentropic expansion) was 83%, obtained with a scroll expander in a CO 2 refrigeration cycle. Other expander issues including heat transfer, expansion process, internal leakage, irreversibility, control strategies, installation issues and economic analysis are also reviewed. It is noted that there are a limited number of studies in these areas. Finally, challenges and recommendations for future research in the area of refrigeration expander technology is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ports and terminals endeavor to enhance energy efficiency as energy prices have increased through years and climate change mitigation is a key target for the port industry. Stricter environmental regulations are adopted by authorities to limit pollutants and GHG emissions arising from energy consumption. Increasingly, port operational strategies and energy usage patterns are under scrutiny. To ingrain sustainability and environmental protection of ports, the use of innovative technology appears as a critical conduit in achieving a transition from a carbon-intensive port industry (dependent on fossil fuels) to a low-carbon port model by harnessing renewable energy, alternative fuels (e.g. LNG, hydrogen, biofuel), smarter power distribution systems, energy consumption measurement systems. In this context, this paper conducts a systematic literature review to analyze operational strategies (e.g. peak shaving, operations optimization), technology usage (e.g. electrification of equipment, cold-ironing, energy storage systems), renewable energy, alternative fuels and energy management systems (e.g. smart grid with renewable energy) for improving the energy efficiency and environmental performance of ports and terminals. Research gaps and future research directions are identified. Analysis shows that there is a great potential for ports to achieve further energy efficiency and researchers have many impactful research opportunities. • A detailed literature review on energy efficiency in ports and container terminals is conducted. • Operational strategies such as optimization of port operations and peak shaving methods are presented. • Technologies such as electrification of equipment, cold-ironing, energy storage systems, smart grid, microgrid are reviewed. • Renewable energy and clean fuel use in ports are presented. • Methods regarding energy consumption and emission measuring/assessment are detailed for ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of smart technologies can become very important and useful to solve the main population issues nowadays and provide foundations for a sustainable future. A smart approach is an opportunity for knowledge integration, necessary to solve crucial problems of contemporary societies. Today, the main challenge is to reduce the effects of global warming and ensure a balanced economic development of society. The close collaboration of all involved engineering professions is mandatory to achieve interdisciplinary synergies and can bridge challenging engineering tasks. Intense research efforts should be directed towards balanced resource utilization, efficient energy conversion technologies, integration of renewable energy systems, effective approaches to enable circular economy framework, effective process integration as well as other issues important to the population. This review editorial is primarily focused on the contributions presented at the 3rd International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies held in Split, Croatia, in 2018 (SpliTech2018). The SpliTech2018 conference was a multidisciplinary event with research topics related to the main conference tracks, i.e. Smart City/Environment, Energy, Engineering Modelling and e-Health. The strategic focus of the conference was to help solve crucial issues of our times, mainly related to the sustainability and smart utilisation of limited and valuable resources. This contribution brings new ideas and discusses present issues as well as challenges that should lead towards a sustainable future based on the application of the smart technologies. The herein addressed papers bring together latest research progress into four main topic areas: (i) Green Buildings, Energy Use and Consumption, (ii) Solar Energy Utilisation, (iii) Efficiency and Waste Elimination, (iv) Smart Cities and Internet of Things. The main results of this introduction review article include a discussion of different concepts and technologies that bring further development on a broad range of topics focused on efficiency improvement, smart and sustainable resource management, cleaner production concepts and on the discussion of the various actions which would lead towards a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As road transportation energy use and environmental impact are globally rising at an alarming pace, authorities seek in research and technological advancement innovative solutions to increase road traffic sustainability. The unclear and partial correlation between road congestion and environmental impact is promoting new research directions in traffic management. This paper aims to review the existing modeling approaches to accurately represent traffic behavior and the associated energy consumption and pollutant emissions. The review then covers the transportation problems and control strategies that address directly environmental performance criteria, especially in urban networks. A discussion on the advantages of the different methods and on the future outlook for the eco-traffic management completes the proposed survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Examination of a typical classroom in Greece and its installed power for an artificial lighting profile from 1970 until today (type and number of luminaires, installed power per classroom, consumed annual energy kWh/m2). • Calculation of potential energy savings for customizing installed power LED with AC and DC supply aiming for the illuminance target values from the European Norm 12464–1, 2011. • Measurements of dimming curves of LED luminaires with AC and DC supply (consumed energy versus lighting output) and measurements of power of typical photosensors. • Estimated energy savings, CO 2 reduction and cost optimal analysis due to various scenarios (different luminaire technologies and daylight harvesting techniques). • Calculation of the final energy consumption for potential power supply from renewable energy sources using DC LED luminaires and photosensors. The energy consumption for the artificial lighting in school buildings is one of the main consumers of electricity. In Greece, there is a large number of school buildings with quite old lighting systems using luminaires with T8 and sometimes T12 fluorescent lamps and degradated translucent diffusers. Due to the economic crisis, the public sector failed to invest in LEDs and although daylight is adequate during the year, the adoption of control technology is rather slow. The paper, using a typical classroom of a Greek public school, examines a number of lighting technologies (with AC and DC supply) together with two daylight harvesting systems. The first one uses one stand-alone photosensor per luminaire while the second one sensor per control zone, in an effort to calculate energy savings and light adequacy. The dimming curves of the DC LEDs were measured along with the installed power of the photosensors. The results show that the existing 90.5 kWh p /m2 of annual lighting primary energy consumption can be reduced to 0.55 kWh p /m2. The maximum annual reduction of CO 2 emissions was 32.44 kgr/m2 for classroom areas, which is translated to 201929 tn for the whole country. It is evident that the path to Zero Energy School Buildings goes through the mandatory use of daylight controls. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global construction industry is expected to experience an average growth of 3.6% annually in construction outputs throughout 2018 to 2022. The surge of new building developments will create substantial demand for energy and therefore run the risk of higher carbon emissions. With the rising concern over climate change, it is imperative for buildings to have energy-saving strategies in place. Many research has discussed the use of energy efficient technologies as a solution, but overlook the role of energy-saving behaviour during the post-occupancy stage. Occupants' energy-saving behaviour is important in ensuring the optimisation of building technologies. A large part of human behaviour is characterised by habit, which is learned sequences of an act that have become automatic responses to specific ques and are functional in meeting certain needs. The study aims to establish the link between the behaviour of building occupants and their underlying habits. Adopting the Habit Theory as a premise, the study formulates a framework on strategies for behaviour change interventions that captures the underlying motivations to exhibiting energy-saving behaviour. The Effective Theory-Building design process was applied, which engages an axiomatic system to purposefully generate theory, evaluate its utility, and provide an effective representation of the observed phenomena. The theoretical framework addresses how energy-saving behaviour is cultivated through conditions of habits. This shows that the building occupant's behaviour is important for enabling energy efficiency and that it can be construed and explained by repetitive habitual actions of energy-saving practices. To have the greatest effect on a building's energy performance, building managers must examine the nuanced ways that habitual actions may shape the occupants' energy-saving behaviour and consider intervention strategies for changing habits. The paper provides a deeper understanding of building occupants' energy-saving behaviour from a sociotechnical perspective and creates a paradigm for future studies of building energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green building (GB) strategies are essential for mitigating energy wastage in the building sector, which accounts for nearly 40% of global energy consumption. However, due to the unpredictable nature of occupants' behavior and inadequate energy management, actual power consumption in GB can exceed intended values by up to 2.5 times. Building Automation Systems (BAS) are increasingly important in improving energy efficiency in GB. This study, therefore, aims to comprehensively review 143 articles published from 2008 to 2022 to explore the nexus between BAS and GB. This paper systematically illustrates 1) BAS applications throughout the lifecycle of GB; 2) BAS applications in supporting GB indoor human comfort, including thermal comfort, visual comfort, ventilation comfort, and acoustic comfort; 3) a research framework for reducing the energy performance gap in GB; 4) five BAS and GB integration methods for improving energy efficiency; and 5) limitations, challenges and future research directions in the BAS-GB domain. The findings reveal that current research in the BAS-GB domain is insufficient and predominantly concentrates on improving energy efficiency and occupant comfort. There are four challenges to achieving comprehensive integration of BAS and GB: uncertainties, long-term prediction and control, BAS-supported sustainability goals, and privacy and security. This study provides essential guidance on BAS implementation for GB development. The five BAS-GB integration approaches lay the groundwork for future research into achieving trade-off objectives between energy efficiency and occupant comfort. • Building automation systems (BAS) applications in green buildings (GB) have been comprehensively reviewed. • Model predictive control (MPC) integrating with BAS for improving energy efficiency of GB has been explained. • Four integration methods for achieving a trade-off objective have been discussed. • Challenges and trends in the BAS-GB domain have been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper investigated a smart public lighting implementation from a city business model perspective. • The Value Creation Ecosystem (VCE) and the City Model Canvas (CMC) are used to visualize the long-term public value of the solution. • Fundamental patterns and recommendations are provided to effectively scaleup the public business model. • The proposed strategy enables the transformation of lighting infrastructure into a smart, valuable, energy-efficient, and sustainable asset. • The solution makes urban areas more accessible and ensure that the city itself is safer, more modern, efficient, and attractive. Public lighting connects hundreds of millions of streetlights with access to power across the globe, being responsible for 19% of global electricity usage, 30% - 50% of a typical city's energy bill and the already exceeding levels of CO2 emissions. Consequently, this represents a priority issue for cities in their strategy towards sustainability. In this framework, the momentum for smart public lighting is growing as its implementation represent quick wins (such as increase security and safety, improve mobility, increase the attractiveness of public spaces, or improve quality of life for citizens) with a massive impact on energy savings and maintenance, and can be achieved through low-cost connectivity. This paper discusses the effectiveness, efficiency, and feasibility of any city establishing a smart public lighting infrastructure network. With this aim, a pilot intervention in San Sebastian's public lighting network is presented together with a holistic analysis based on the Value Creation Ecosystem (VCE) and the City Model Canvas (CMC) to visualise how such plans may offer public value with a long-term and sustainable approach. Additionally, relevant, and fundamental patterns and recommendations are provided, which may help other public managers effectively implement this service and scale-up its use and business model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop an optimal real-life energy-efficient design for a production plant within the concept of the circular economy. The problem is to install a Heat Recovery System (HRS) that utilizes the hot oil used by the compressors to heat the water for the central heating system. To achieve the desired level of energy efficiency this design problem must be formulated from both the optimization and sustainability points of view. Additionally, this design problem must also consider the investment cost. In line with this purpose, this paper formulates this design problem as an optimization problem employing a mathematical programming approach as a single objective, and as a multi-objective optimization problem through a goal programming approach. Besides, this paper uses the return on investment as a key performance indicator, since it deals with a real-life design problem with an investment cost. The related design problem is solved with the single objective and multi-objective versions of the developed mathematical programming model via a commercial solver to identify different design alternatives and hence giving the decision-maker to make a selection option. Finally, the capability of the developed mathematical programming model is tested on a set of randomly generated problems. The obtained results indicate that the developed mathematical programming model is a successful decision support system since its single and multi-objective versions are capable of identifying energy-efficient production designs within the context of the real-life problem on hand and the circular economy. • A real-life energy-efficient design problem for a production plant is undertaken. • A heat recovery system is proposed within the concept of a circular economy. • The problem is modelled from both the optimization and sustainability aspects. • The problem is formulated as multi-objective models using goal programming. • The models are solved to minimize investment costs and maximize energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy efficiency in office buildings for the tropical climate has been a subject of much discussion in the building industry. The Malaysia Energy Commission Sustainable Building, also known as the Diamond Building was built as the third Government Energy Efficient building after the Low Energy Office (LEO) and the Green Energy Office (GEO). It is located in Putrajaya, Malaysia which has a hot and humid tropical climate. The cutting-edge design has incorporated the most advanced features available in Malaysia for sustainability and energy efficiency. The aim of this paper is to investigate the design of active energy conserving features for a sustainable office building in the tropical climate and assess the effectiveness of these strategies. In carrying out this study, the methodologies used are non-participant observation conducted through visits to the building and interviews with the designers and users of the building. An analysis is then made on the effectiveness of the various energy conserving strategies implemented. It was found that the implementation of active energy-conserving design strategies are still under experimental investigations in Malaysia and that designers have yet to make compromises in deciding on the energy conserving strategies to be used. Finally, this paper provides a useful reference in the field of sustainable design in the humid tropical climate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study examines a sample of three Asian Development Bank (ADB) energy projects to determine how they holistically address the energy sector challenges of the region. The paper firstly establishes four fundamental social and environmental sustainability principles that have influenced ADB''s new energy policy. These are (1) improving energy efficiency; (2) promoting renewable energy; (3) reducing energy poverty; and (4) enhancing climate change adaptation. These inform the policy''s new four-fold implementation strategy of scaling up renewable energy, advocating efficiency, enhancing energy access to benefit livelihoods and improving energy sector governance. The study then investigates the historical genesis, drivers, and advantages and challenges facing three recent ADB energy projects: a $76.75 million biomass power plant in Thailand, a $32.6 million energy efficiency initiative in the Philippines, and a $153.5 million program for off-grid renewables in Vietnam. The final part of the study evaluates each of these cases based on how they embody each of the four sustainability principles that uphold the new energy policy. The paper concludes by distilling lessons and presenting general recommendations for planners at the ADB and in Asia more generally. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews crucial role of building performance simulation (BPS) – dynamic analysis of the inextricable linkage of building''s energy demand for HVAC and other building''s technical systems sustainable energy supply and renewable energy sources (RES) availability to reach building''s zero energy status. Reviewed are BPS advances in buildings energy efficiency optimization, solar, geothermal and other renewable energy sources integrated implementation, as well as hybridization and mixed distributed energy generation, co- and tri-generation for building''s greening and sustainable neighborhoods, settlements, as well as “high performance” Zero Energy Cities Planning. As an introduction, outlined is the intrinsic harmony of the traditional village houses balanced use of renewable materials and energy sources and presented are feasibility study results on the sustainable Zero Energy ECO Settlement at the Mediterranean Sea proceeded by the description of the site''s sustainability''s constrains assessment. Architectural design and building''s dynamic behavior and energy efficiency optimization resulting in minimization of thermal and lighting loads, precede to the multidisciplinary engineering investigation and preliminary design of sustainable Zero Energy Buildings confirming feasibility of settlement''s sustainable energy and water supply by the reliable implementation of solar PV and wind technologies, including PV powered sea water desalination. Further, interwoven with presentation of a few case studies, paper outlines advances in BPS and Co-simulation. Reviewed are optimization of mixed, natural and mechanical ventilation via CFD integrated with architectural modeling; BPS and Co-simulation approach to the “total building performance optimization” encompassing multifunctional facades, day-lighting, IE&AQ and HVAC systems operation offering an enormous potential for energy saving by residential/municipal RES integrated renovation. Stressed has been that it is impossible to reach sustainability without harmonious interdisciplinary interacting, without balance between materiality and spirituality, science and art, technology development and cultural and other human values improvement, without ethics of sustainability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The inspection of transmission line using suspended based robots has drawn great attention from many utility companies. Such an emerging smart technology has the advantages of energy efficiency, cost effectiveness, safety, non-service interruption, and the potential of substituting for the traditional inspection method using linemen with the help of helicopter. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm to identify locations where the ground control station needs to be deployed when using suspended robot in transmission line inspection. The motion and location between the suspended robot and the ground team are coordinated. The bidirectional data transmission between two sides can be guaranteed so that the live signal can be received and processed, robot motion can be controlled, large size obstacles can be appropriately cleared, and health condition of the transmission line can be captured. A case study based on a segment of the transmission line in the state of Missouri of the United States is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed routing algorithm. Results of the case study illustrate that the performance from both economic and environmental aspects can be significantly improved compared to the traditional inspection mode employing helicopter and linemen as well as an ad-hoc routing algorithm currently used by some utility companies to guide the suspended robot in transmission line inspection. Specifically, compared to the ad-hoc routing algorithm and helicopter with photoelectric stabilized pod, the proposed algorithm can reduce the unit cost by 7.55% and 8.04%; and cut the unit emission by 21% and 98%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Buildings are consuming a high percentage of material resources throughout the world. Green building movements have emerged at a rapid pace since the beginning of the 1990s. The green building rating system developed by the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council as part of the sustainable development initiative was launched in UAE in 2010 on the name of Estidama, according to which a new building can score on seven different credit categories. This paper examined the Resource Energy (RE) credit category of the Pearl Rating system on an existing typical old Emirati house and concluded that the existing residential private building stock in UAE has a high potential of becoming Estidama certified. The total points achieved were 16 out of the maximum 21 points in the RE credit category. A number of retrofit strategies were applied in the form of insulation, passive cooling integration and onsite renewable energy generation using the Autodesk Revit® 2017 with Sefaira® 2017 plugin. Future recommendations for the existing building stock are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper assesses the energy and water consumption practices of existing housing in Saudi Arabia, with the ultimate aim of establishing guidelines for delivering sustainable residential buildings in the near future. In order to achieve this aim the current status of a typical Saudi residence (i.e. an apartment complex) is investigated in terms of energy and water consumption using simulation software packages. The paper then examines the prospects for applying various measures to the typical Saudi residence to manage energy and water use more sustainably. This research identifies several design-related faults common to Saudi Arabian house design. These faults contribute to an inefficient use of energy and domestic water resources. Finally, the paper puts forward a set of recommendations and guidelines, design-related and otherwise, to enhance the sustainability of future Saudi residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sustainable and energy efficient transport of passengers and goods has become a major concern of policy makers worldwide. This paper examines the existence of policies and measures for sustainable urban freight transport in European cities. The methodology for comprehensive mapping and benchmarking of strategic policy documents and measures has been developed and applied to a panel of 129 European cities. The desktop analysis shows an extremely heterogeneous situation of logistics and mobility planning policies and planning documents adopted in Europe. Cities are mainly opting for soft measures with high impact on savings. They are trying to achieve efficiency with adequate regulation system and measures supporting the introduction of new services. Only few measures directly promoting energy savings were identified while on the other hand, various measures with indirect impact on energy consumption were recognised. Highlights • Literature review of urban freight transport problems, policies, measures and models. • Methodology for mapping and benchmarking strategic policy documents. • Review of strategic policy documents for a panel of 129 European cities. • Best practice examples of measures contributing to energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The impact of existing buildings on the environment is on the rise; thus to achieve environmental sustainability requires sustainable upgrade (SU) of existing built facilities. Over the years, SU has focused on technologies with little attention given to the nature and conditions of existing buildings. The purpose of this paper is to identify existing building characteristics that impact SU. A detailed literature review on the nature and characteristics of existing buildings, as well as energy and environmental performance was undertaken. A survey questionnaire with all the determinants of existing buildings was administered to sustainability and construction professionals in Australia. The results show that size of building, age of building, U-value of wall, U-value of ceiling, area of external wall, thickness of insulation materials, occupancy, size of window opening, life span of sustainable technologies, and the type of building impact sustainable upgrade of existing buildings for energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The more efficient use of energy is a policy issue worldwide. Smart use of technology and management of information is becoming crucial for increasing energy efficiency. The 7th Framework Program of the European Union supported international research to fulfill the potential of Information and Communications Technologies for Energy Efficiency. Using Social Network Analysis, this paper analyzes this research network and explores the links and influences in the cross-country knowledge flows generated. The analysis identifies some important differences in the position that countries hold on the network. Results highlight the importance of countries acting as hubs and gatekeepers in the promotion of research and the improvement of energy efficiency. Highlights • The network of the 7th Framework Programme on Information and Communication Technologies for energy efficiency is studied. • Countries with a central position in the research network benefit from energy efficiency gains. • A fast access to knowledge does not guarantee efficiency improvements. • Climate-resilient countries tend to have more adaptation in terms of efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Given the increases in both the environmental and economic costs of energy, there is a need to design and build more sustainable and low-energy building systems now. Curtain wall assemblies are engineered wall assemblies that are used widely in both high-rise as well as low-rise construction. These assemblies show great promise—with the minimal modification outlined in this paper they can be built better now. Often ignored, spandrel panels that comprise a part of curtain wall assemblies can be natural solar collectors. By using a new, simple, low-cost method such as a solar dynamic buffer zone (SDBZ), solar energy can be efficiently gathered or excluded using the movement of air. Such a method can be used in both retrofit as well as new construction. This paper will introduce and outline a proposed SDBZ curtain wall system and present the results of analytical modelling. Using these results, a SDBZ system will be shown to be a more sustainable option for traditional curtain wall assemblies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper explores two linked theses related to the role energy in economic development, and potential sources of increased energy efficiency for continued growth with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The first thesis is that, while reduced GHG emissions are essential for long-term global sustainability, the usual policy recommendation of increasing energy costs by introducing a carbon tax may be relatively ineffective under current market structures and have an unnecessarily adverse impact on economic growth. Our second thesis is that there exists a practical near-term strategy for reducing GHG emissions while simultaneously encouraging continued technology-driven economic growth. Moreover, this strategy does not require radical new technologies, but rather improved regulation or—more precisely—better deregulation of the electric power sector. In respect to the first of our two theses, this paper addresses a deficiency in neoclassical economic growth theory, in which growth is assumed to be automatic, inevitable and cost-free. We challenge both the assumption that growth will continue in the future at essentially the same rate (“the trend”) as it has in the past, and the corollary that our children''s children will inevitably be richer and better able to afford the cost of repairing the environmental damages caused by current generations [Simon et al., The state of humanity. Cambridge MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.; 1995]. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]