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Abstract: Curcumin can bind senile plaques and promote disaggregation of existing amyloid deposits and prevent aggregation of new amyloid deposits. Curcumin can also reverse distorted and curvy neurites around senile plaques and repair the neuritic abnormalities. We hypothesized whether altered neurite morphologies resulting from Aβ production had anything to do with the changes of expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), but curcumin could reverse damaged neurites by upregulation of MAP2 expression. In present study we designed and chemically synthesized curcumin and its six derivatives. After screening the protective effect of curcumin and derivatives, we found that the viability of SK-N-SH cell model induced by Aβ1–42 was significantly increased by curcumin and Cur1, and the expression of MAP-2 protein was obviously up-regulated in immunocytochemical staining and Western blot. The cell morphologies, including the number of neurites, neurite growth and neurite extension, were significantly improved. Cur1 showed more significant protective effect on SK-N-SH cells than curcumin. Our study revealed for the first time that the neuroprotective effect of curcumin and curcumin derivatives not only directly depends on their special chemical constitution, but they can resist to Aβ damage by up-regulation of MAP-2 expression. In view of the special advantages of curcumin and Cur1, we reasonably believe that curcumin and Cur1 may be considered as an ideal therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloid β (Aβ) plays an important role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by inducing microglia activation. Once activated, microglial cells promote the release of reactive species and cytokines that are known to enhance immune responses in AD brain. Thus, negative regulators of microglia activation are considered as potential therapeutic candidates for AD. Curcumin, the major yellow pigment in turmeric (Curcuma longa) , is proposed for its anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies have indicated the suppressive effects of curcumin on LPS-induced microglia activation and MAPK activities. However, the effects of curcumin on Aβ-treated microglia and the possible mechanisms are still not fully understood. In the present study, we found that curcumin improved microglial viability against Aβ42 in a time- and dose-dependent manner and remarkably suppressed Aβ42-induced CD68 expression. Moreover, curcumin concentration-dependently abolished Aβ42-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in mRNA and protein levels in microglia. Besides, curcumin exerted an inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in Aβ42-activated microglia. Further experiments indicated that blockage of ERK1/2 and p38 pathways reduced inflammatory cytokines production from microglia. These results show that curcumin suppresses ERK1/2 and p38 signaling, thus, attenuating inflammatory responses of brain microglia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]