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Thin-walled tubular deployable composite boom (DCB) has gained significant attention due to its lightweight, simple structure and high packaging efficiency. The experimental and numerical simulation methods were employed in this paper to investigate the folding behavior of the DCB. Using T700/epoxy unidirectional reinforced prepreg as raw material, DCB specimens were prepared by the vacuum bag method. To complete the folding experiments of DCB specimens, a folding mechanism was designed and manufactured. Folding experiments of DCB specimens were conducted and folding moment versus rotational displacement curves were measured. In addition, a Finite Element Model (FEM) was established to predict the folding behavior of the DCB. Different failure criteria were considered in the numerical analysis, including the Tsai‐Hill criterion and maximum stress criterion. Prediction results using the FEM were compared with experimental results, and both sets of results were in good agreement. It is shown that the DCB can achieve the folding function without failure. The research results in this paper are of great significance to the practical engineering application of the DCB. [Display omitted] • Six tubular deployable composite boom specimens and a precise folding mechanism were designed and prepared. • Folding experiments were conducted to measure the folding moment and rotational displacement curves. • A finite element model for predicting the folding behavior of the tubular deployable composite boom was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlocal problems involving fourth-order terms pose several difficulties such as numerical discretization and its related convergences analysis. In this paper, the well-posedness of the extended Fisher-Kolmogorov equation with nonlocal diffusion is first analyzed using the Faedo-Galerkin technique and the classical compactness arguments. Moreover, we adopt a BDF2 scheme for time discretization and a mixed Galerkin scheme for spatial discretization. Then, we derive the optimal order convergence rates of the fully discrete system. Finally, some numerical simulations and convergence results are provided to confirm the theoretical results and the accuracy of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this paper a dynamic model of a grid connected synchronous turbo generator with a damper winding is developed using the winding function approach; • Although the continuous end ring damper cage winding is investigated in this paper, one of the advantages of this method is that any damper winding configuration can be modelled, including non-symmetrical and winding where the bars are not equidistant; • The execution of the proposed model on a computer of average performance is incomparably faster than a model based on the finite element method; • On the other hand, the results of these two completely different and independent models show an excellent correlation; • The model presented and described undoubtedly has significant advantages that will only become apparent as it is applied in the future − it allows the optimisation of the damper winding design and a detailed analysis of the influence of this winding on various transient processes. The original dynamic model of the grid-connected synchronous round-rotor generator, also known as synchronous turbo-generator (STG) is presented in the paper. The model is based on the Winding Function (WF) theory and as such it is derived in the natural frame of reference. Depending on the presence or absence of a cage damper winding on the rotor two independent models are derived. The strength and the importance of the derived models lie in the fact that it is possible to consider the real spatial distribution of all the windings in the machine, including the damper winding. The time-dependent currents in all the windings, including the currents in all the bars of the damper cage winding, are the output of the model. In addition, the model execution time on a mid-range computer is a few tens of seconds, which is incomparably faster than the execution time of models based on the Time Stepping Finite Element (TSFE) method, which is measured in days. On the other hand, the results obtained with a completely different and independent TSFE model fully confirm the validity of the results obtained with the proposed WF model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel insights into bolted connections to I-section webs and tubular column chords under out-of-plane loads via experimental testing. • Calibration of numerical models with experimental results for improved accuracy. • Extensive analysis of single and double bolt row connections in a parametric study to identify key parameters affecting face plate behavior. • Comparative analysis of existing methods for initial stiffness estimation using parametric analysis data, revealing their limitations. • Proposal of a refined analytical method for initial stiffness prediction, validated by experimental data. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the behavior of column webs/faces under out-of-plane loading within steel joints. The experimental component of the study involves testing five profiles, encompassing both open and closed sections with varying web slenderness and steel grade, subjected to direct out-of-plane tensile loads through bolted connections, utilizing both single and double rows of bolts. Concurrently, numerical simulations are conducted using finite element models, thoroughly calibrated with the experimental results. Drawing upon the calibrated numerical models, the paper systematically explores the influence of key parameters, including web slenderness, bolt arrangement, and analysis methods, through a parametric study involving 167 cases. A careful comparison of the observed behavior of the component from experimental tests, numerical models, and analytical models for initial stiffness is presented. Finally, the initial stiffness formulation derived from a recent model developed by the authors is improved to align with the observations from the experimental and numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origami arrays featuring ideal purely rotational creases inherently possess multiple kinematic degrees of freedom. The incorporation of crease rotational stiffness introduces additional constraint relations to the kinematic morphology of the origami array, due to the interaction between the plate and the crease. This paper concentrates on elucidating the coupling effect, employing two theoretical models to systematically analyze the uniform stretch process of single crease origami arrays. The validity of our theoretical approaches is substantiated through verification in the finite element method. Firstly, the mechanical equations of the origami unit, together with the length and angle constraint equations of the origami array, are amalgamated to formulate a comprehensive set of morphological computational equations specific to the single crease origami array. This set enables the realization of morphological analysis for general origami arrays. Moreover, energy equations for the origami array are computed using an equivalent rigid plate nonlinear creasing element. When combined with constraint equations corresponding to horizontal stretch displacement, these energy equations contribute to the establishment of a nonlinear optimization framework for determining the morphology of uniform single crease origami arrays. Notably, our investigation reveals that during the early stages of the unfolding process for a single crease origami array, even a small relative horizontal stretch displacement can induce a drastic change in the center crease. Through finite element analysis of general origami arrays, it is shown that the proposed theoretical analysis method applies to different crease stiffness, both unfolding and folding processes, and different plate types. The research method in this paper can provide ideas for systematically analyzing the influence mechanism of crease properties on the morphological features of origami structures. • Mechanical equations of origami arrays are established for morphological analysis. • Optimization framework is developed using equivalent crease for origami arrays. • Theoretical approaches are verified by numerical simulation and experiments. • A small horizontal edge stretch can induce a drastic change in the center crease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations are used in this work to investigate aspects of microstructure and microsegregation during rapid solidification of a Ni-based superalloy in a laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process. Thermal modeling by finite element analysis simulates the laser melt pool, with surface temperatures in agreement with in situ thermographic measurements on Inconel 625. Geometric and thermal features of the simulated melt pools are extracted and used in subsequent mesoscale simulations. Solidification in the melt pool is simulated on two length scales. For the multicomponent alloy Inconel 625, microsegregation between dendrite arms is calculated using the Scheil-Gulliver solidification model and DICTRA software. Phase-field simulations, using Ni–Nb as a binary analogue to Inconel 625, produced microstructures with primary cellular/dendritic arm spacings in agreement with measured spacings in experimentally observed microstructures and a lesser extent of microsegregation than predicted by DICTRA simulations. The composition profiles are used to compare thermodynamic driving forces for nucleation against experimentally observed precipitates identified by electron and X-ray diffraction analyses. Our analysis lists the precipitates that may form from FCC phase of enriched interdendritic compositions and compares these against experimentally observed phases from 1 h heat treatments at two temperatures: stress relief at 1143 K (870 °C) or homogenization at 1423 K (1150 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the formation of impact craters on planetary surfaces has fundamental importance in geology, impact dynamics, and planetary sciences. The finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FE-SPH) adaptive method combines the advantages of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and finite element method (FEM) in solving hypervelocity impact (HVI) problems. Employing FE-SPH adaptive method is a new idea for the analysis of planetary impact cratering which is different from impact-simplified arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (iSALE). In this paper, we establish a complete numerical model of planetary impact cratering through the FE-SPH method, including material failure criterion, thermodynamic analysis, gravity preloading, etc. We reproduce the numerical results by Collins et al. (2012) and highly consistent results are obtained through comparative analysis. This study simulates the formation process of simple and complex impact craters, and the temperature, pressure, density, and geometric shape of the impact zone can be quantitatively obtained. We further analyze the distribution of polymorphs and rock fragmentations in the impact zone based on the theories of shock metamorphism. The proposed analysis method may assist geologists in conducting geological studies. • We establish a complete numerical model of planetary impact cratering different from iSALE. • We analyze the distribution of high-pressure polymorphs based on shock metamorphism. • The FE-SPH model has higher numerical precision for planetary cratering impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations in biomechanics, particularly in bone healing, present a cost-effective option compared to experiments that demand prolonged observations with human or with animal models. However, to define in-silico simulations of the bone healing process requires considering multiple factors, such as the implant design and patient's characteristics. As a result, the current challenge is integrating different numerical methodologies to simulate bone healing, aiming to facilitate the emergence of innovative clinical treatments and new implant designs. In this paper, we present a patient-specific numerical methodology to simulate the bone healing process, able to consider patient's load conditions and bone density distribution provided by CT-scans. The main novelty is the combination of the Cartesian grid Finite Element Method (cgFEM) with a bone callus healing model, complemented by a load-condition optimisation scheme to relate implant materials and load conditions while ensuring successful healing outcome. This numerical methodology creates a finite element model based on the patient's medical image, serving as a virtual testing tool for investigating the influence of implant materials on gait pattern requirements to ensure an optimal healing outcome. In practice, a personalised bone fracture model was employed to evaluate four distinct implant materials: two conventional materials (stainless steel and titanium) and two bioabsorbable candidates (polylactic acid plastic (PLA) and magnesium). The results offer personalised optimal load conditions for each studied material, showcasing the potential of in-silico studies in minimising uncertainties associated with exploring new clinical treatments. • Patient-specific bone healing analysis combining numerical tools and Finite Elements. • The optimisation scheme provides insights into the implant-gait relationship. • Bioabsorbable materials would be viable for prostheses with proper rehab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effectiveness of thin-walled cellular beams manufactured by RFSSW was developed. • A parameterized finite element model (FEM) of the cellular beam was developed. • Results of numerical simulations and experimental tests were compared. • A parametric FEM model of the cellular beam was developed in the ADINA system. • The numerical model was used to analyze beams with different cross-sections. The paper presents analyses of thin-walled I-beams constructed from 6061-T6 aluminum alloy using refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW). A parametrized finite element model of the reference cellular beam was developed, and the results from numerical simulations and experiments were compared. Subsequently, the validated numerical model was utilized to conduct an in-depth analysis of three additional beams featuring distinct cross-sections. To assess the weld behavior, experiments were conducted on samples composed of two sheets connected by two spot welds. The outcomes of these investigations underscore the suitability of RFSSW as a method for constructing thin-walled structures in civil engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a quasistatic problem of an elastic body in frictional contact with a moving foundation. The model takes into account wear of the contact surface of the body caused by the friction. We recall existence and uniqueness results obtained in Sofonea et al. (2017). The main aim of this paper is to present a fully discrete scheme for numerical approximation together with an error estimation of a solution to this problem. Finally, computational simulations are performed to illustrate the mathematical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Loss of circularity when creating metal ring-shaped products by ring rolling is a significant industrial issue. This paper explores the previously tacit knowledge that plastic changes in curvature - required to maintain circularity - principally occur as material passes through the roll gap. Through a series of experiments and numerical simulations on half-ring workpieces, the 'free curvature change' is explored for the first time, finding that the ring can 'curl up' - the radius reducing by as much as -39% in a single pass - unless the inner roll is much smaller than the outer roll. An analytical model of free curvature change is proposed based on force equilibrium and compatibility. Under a range of 'normal' operating conditions this predicted free curvature change to within 7%. In (full) ring rolling the radius of curvature must continually increase. This paper proposes that regulation of curvature is achieved through bending moments at the roll entry and exit; largest when the tool size ratio is furthest from the optimum. This hypothesis is supported by Finite Element simulations of full ring rolling, finding entry and exit moments up to a quarter of the moment for a fully plastic hinge. This work could be of direct use to process designers in choosing tool sizes and guide roll force limits and suggests new ways to use guide rolls to better maintain circularity in challenging situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the last few decades, oil tankers and bulk carriers, which preferably adopting the concept of a single stern tube bearing, have been subjected to the mechanical damages on propulsion shaft bearings since such a concept overly requires a single bearing to support the full load of the propulsion shaft. This paper was to fundamentally address the problem of current practices of aligning a single stern tube bearing for commercial ships by determining the effective supporting point to balance the load of the propulsion shaft properly. Since selecting a case ship subjected to the damage on the stern tube bearing, it investigated the actual cause of the damage, thereby finding a practical way to enhance the sustainability of the propulsion shaft system using the single stern tube bearing. Computer-aided simulations using the finite element analysis as well as on-site measurements were carried out. Research findings revealed that the ignorance of the relative slope angle between the propulsion shaft and the aft stern tube bearing had led to misalignment, which resulted in adverse effects on the stability of the shaft system, and consequently damaged the stern tube bearing. Results of the analysis suggested that the degree of slope be taken into account when estimating the effective supporting point of the bearing. Finally, this paper pointed out that the establishment of a shaft installation guideline considering the effect of the shaft slope, thereby preventing wiping damage of the aft stern tube bearing would be an urgent task. Highlights • The limitations of the conventional process to verify the correctness of the shaft alignment were proven. • For uniform load distribution, the both ends of the stern tube bearing are to be considered the effective support points. • It provided the insight for developing an enhanced procedure to check the proper position of the propeller shaft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A reduced order model (ROM) encompassing the anatomical liver shape is created. • The ROM is able to reproduce the mechanical behavior with high fidelity. • The solution is computed in a 11 dimensional subspace. Abstract Background and objective This paper focuses on computer simulation aspects of Digital Twin models in the medical framework. In particular, it addresses the need of fast and accurate simulators for the mechanical response at tissue and organ scale and the capability of integrating patient-specific anatomy from medical images to pinpoint the individual variations from standard anatomical models. Methods We propose an automated procedure to create mechanical models of the human liver with patient-specific geometry and real time capabilities. The method hinges on the use of Statistical Shape Analysis to extract the relevant anatomical features from a database of medical images and Model Order Reduction to compute an explicit parametric solution for the mechanical response as a function of such features. The Sparse Subspace Learning, coupled with a Finite Element solver, was chosen to create low-rank solutions using a non-intrusive sparse sampling of the feature space. Results In the application presented in the paper, the statistical shape model was trained on a database of 385 three dimensional liver shapes, extracted from medical images, in order to create a parametrized representation of the liver anatomy. This parametrization and an additional parameter describing the breathing motion in linear elasticity were then used as input in the reduced order model. Results show a consistent agreement with the high fidelity Finite Element models built from liver images that were excluded from the training dataset. However, we evidence in the discussion the difficulty of having compact shape parametrizations arising from the extreme variability of the shapes found in the dataset and we propose potential strategies to tackle this issue. Conclusions A method to represent patient-specific real-time liver deformations during breathing is proposed in linear elasticity. Since the proposed method does not require any adaptation to the direct Finite Element solver used in the training phase, the procedure can be easily extended to more complex non-linear constitutive behaviors - such as hyperelasticity - and more general load cases. Therefore it can be integrated with little intrusiveness to generic simulation software including more sophisticated and realistic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, compressive material tests on unconfined/confined resin and steel reinforced resin were experimentally evaluated in order to validate the numerical results. The uniaxial model which combines damage mechanics and Ramberg-Osgood relationship is proposed in this paper to describe the uniaxial compressive behaviour of resin and steel reinforced resin. Numerical homogenization is conducted to predict the tensile and shear behaviour of steel reinforced resin after validated by compressive material test results. The friction angle β , the ratio of the yield stress in triaxial tension to the yield stress in triaxial compression K, and the dilation angle ψ of the linear drucker-prager plastic model are obtained based on experiments and numerical homogenization simulation. The confinement effects on resin and steel reinforced resin could be effectively simulated by combing above parameters and uniaxial compressive model. Finite element simulations on unconfined/ confined resin and steel reinforced resin material tests were conducted to validate the material parameters proposed in this paper. A good agreement is observed, indicating the model and parameters proposed in this paper could be effectively used in the finite element simulation of injected bolts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A structural model for pipewall hydrate deposition is established. • Mechanical parameters of pipewall hydrate deposition are calculated. • Mechanical properties and stabilities of pipewall hydrate deposition are simulated. • Influences of flow rate, deposition thickness and deposition length are investigated. Abstract The mechanical properties and mechanical stabilities of pipewall hydrate deposition are of great importance to the prevention and removal of pipeline hydrate plugging. In this paper, the mechanical properties and mechanical stabilities of pipewall hydrate deposition are quantitatively investigated by modelling and numerical simulation. First, a structural model for pipewall hydrate deposition is established based on particle packing theory. Using this structural model, the main mechanical parameters of pipewall hydrate deposition can be calculated. Then, numerical simulations using finite element method and ANSYS Mechanical APDL 14.5 are conducted based on the calculated mechanical parameters. Through the simulations, the structure deformation, internal stress distribution and failure of pipewall hydrate deposition when it is under the action of external forces are studied and the influences of flow rate, deposition thickness and deposition length are investigated. The results of this paper can provide guidance for pipeline flow assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • CRB test was numerically simulated including asymmetry of loading. • CRB specimens made directly from polyethylene pipes were examined regarding the residual stress. • Influence of crack asymmetry on results of CRB test was evaluated. • Small effect of the residual stresses on CRB test was demonstrated. Abstract The Cracked Round Bar (abbreviated as CRB in the following) test is used as standardized accelerated testing method for simple ranking of polyethylene pipes based on measuring number of cycles to failure of the cyclically loaded CRB specimen. It can also be used for the slow crack growth rate evaluation of the tested material. This paper deals with the issue of asymmetrically growing cracks in CRB specimens and possible influence of the asymmetry on the results of CRB tests, both the number of cycles to failure and the crack growth rates. It is assumed that the asymmetry is caused by presence of residual stress in the CRB specimens. In the first part of the paper, residual stress in two polyethylene pipes (produced using different extrusion speed) is investigated. Then CRB specimens made from these pipes are also examined regarding the residual stress and the results are compared. The found residual stress distributions are used as input for the following finite element method (FEM) simulation of crack growth in the CRB specimens. The FEM model results are then evaluated and fatigue crack growth rates for asymmetrically growing cracks are calculated. They are compared to the results for symmetrically growing cracks and influence on the results and its significance is discussed. In the end, CRB specimen lifetime prediction is carried out and the influence of the asymmetry on the obtained number of cycles to the failure is also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As part of the LEAP-GWU-2015 exercise, a dynamic centrifuge test was conducted at the University of Cambridge on a 5° slope of medium dense Ottawa F-65 sand. The model preparation and saturation details are presented in this paper. This paper presents the experimental data recorded during small and large magnitude sinusoidal ground motions. After the experiment, numerical simulations of the experiment were performed using the finite element code Swandyne. The results from these numerical analyses are compared with the centrifuge test data and the deformations observed during the post-test investigations. The numerical analyses replicated many of the salient features of the test, such as the overall generation of excess pore pressures and attenuation of accelerations in the liquefying ground. More subtle results, such as the de-liquefaction shocks and the asymmetric response due to differences in upslope and downslope accelerations were less well captured in terms of the expected spikes in the dynamic excess pore pressures and accelerations. Overall, the combination of centrifuge testing and numerical analysis were found to complement each other well. Highlights • The effect of shaker translation on the model is explored in terms of accelerations and excess pore pressure generation. • Relative performance between the numerical analysis and experimental data are discussed for each earthquake loading. • The influence of high frequency components in the acceleration input were assessed using an additional numerical analysis. • Interpretation of the numerical analyses were guided by the discrepancies between predicted and measured pore pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we compare the failure behaviors of CFRP single and double (S–D) lap joints and analyze the effects of hygrothermal aging on these joints through a comprehensive experiment and simulation. Firstly, we analyze and compare the degradation pattern of the residual strength of S–D​ lap joints under three hygrothermal environments, and reveal the aging mechanism in conjunction with the macro/fine-view failure surfaces of the joints. Secondly, we elucidate the probability distribution of joint aging failure using the two-parameter Weibull distribution. Finally, we develop a finite element model to simulate the failure process of the cohesive behavior, and compare not only the bending moment and contact stress distribution of the two joints, but also analyze the damage condition of the CFRP matrix/fiber. We define environmental degradation factors to express the failure behavior of lap joints after aging. Through the above analysis methods, we find that hygrothermal aging can seriously damage the CFRP and adhesive properties. The mechanical performance of DLJs is significantly superior to that of SLJs, and they also exhibit better reliability. Therefore, DLJs can be substituted for SLJs in some application scenarios. Additionally, our paper provides new insights into the selection of an appropriate lap bonding method. • This paper evaluates the aging durability of single and double lap joints from multiple perspectives. • The failure behavior of single and double lap joints is comprehensively compared by numerical simulations. • This paper provides some new insights into the selection of an appropriate lap bonding method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HLFEMP is proposed for problems characterized by the coexistence of large and small deformations in solid mechanics. • HLFEMP is absent from flaws such as cell-crossing noise and numerical fracture. • HLFEMP outperforms conventional updated Lagrangian MPM-FEM method in accuracy and efficiency for numerical simulations. Coupling the Material Point Method (MPM) with the Finite Element Method (FEM) provides a powerful approach for addressing problems characterized by the coexistence of large and small deformations. The majority of existing MPM-FEM methods, which operate within the updated Lagrangian framework, introduce inherent issues, such as cell-crossing noise and numerical fracture, compromising the overall accuracy of the coupled method. This paper presents a coupled MPM-FEM method under a hybrid updated and total Lagrangian framework (HLFEMP). Within the HLFEMP, updated Lagrangian FEM is employed to handle small deformations, while total Lagrangian MPM is adopted to model large deformations. A particle-to-surface contact algorithm with auxiliary thickness layer is utilized to couple both methods. Notably, by imposing the weak form of total Lagrangian MPM in the undeformed configuration, HLFEMP is rendered free from cell-crossing noise and numerical fracture, resulting in better computational stability. The performance of HLFEMP in terms of energy behavior, accuracy, efficiency and stability under large elastic and elasto-plastic deformations are investigated through a series of numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eight square concrete-filled stainless-clad bimetallic steel tubes are tested. • Two finite element (FE) modelling approaches are developed and validated. • Effects of critical parameters are clarified in depth by verified FE models. • New design methods are proposed. Concrete-filled stainless-clad bimetallic steel tube (CFSCBST) members combines the advantages of excellent corrosion-resistance and good economy compared with conventional concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members, which has great prospects in engineering application. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation into the axial compression behaviour of CFSCBST stub columns with square sections. A total of eight specimens was conducted on CFSCBST specimens, incorporating varying width-to-thickness ratios, clad ratios and steel strengths, The experimental investigation provided a detailed report on failure modes, load versus displacement and strain response. The experimental results were utilized in a parallel numerical simulation to validate the finite element (FE) model. Subsequently, an extended parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of the strength of the concrete, the substrate steel grade, the clad ratio, and the width-to-thickness ratio were carried out. The data obtained from tests and numerical studies were used to evaluate the applicability of existing design codes AISC/ANSI 360-22, EN 1994–1-1, GB 50936–2014 and DBJ/T 13-51-2020 for predicting the compressive capacity of square CFSCBST stub columns. Overall, a modified design method was proposed, adapted from DBJ/T 13-51-2020, was proposed for CFSCBST stub columns, demonstrating enhanced accuracy in predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identify OCR wave speed through experimental tests and simulation. • Wave speed resonance is observed as train speed nears wave speed. • Key OCR parameters affecting wave speeds are identified. The overhead conductor rail system (OCR) is an important current-transmitting structure for electric trains in tunnels. As the train speed increases, the wave propagation behaviour in the OCR plays an ever-increasingly important role in affecting the current collection quality. This paper is the first endeavour to numerically and experimentally explore wave behaviours in the OCR. With the help of a finite element model, the spatial propagation and frequency-domain characteristics of the wave propagation are investigated. Based on the time-space distribution of waves, the wave speed of the OCR is identified. Subsequently, a full-scale experimental test is conducted to identify a real-life OCR's wave speed for the first time. The relative error between the simulated and experimental speed is only 5.50 %, highlighting the effectiveness of the presented model. Then, the influence of wave propagation on the interaction performance of pantograph-OCR is analysed. A significant reduction of the interaction performance is observed when the train speed approaches the wave speed. Through sensitivity analysis, the bending stiffness, the linear density, and the span length are identified as sensitive parameters affecting the wave speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperelastic models are extensively employed in the simulation of biological tissues under large deformation. While classical hyperelastic models are incorporated into certain finite element packages, new hyperelastic models for both isotropic and anisotropic materials are emerging in recent years for various soft materials. Fortunately, most hyperelastic models are formulated based on strain invariants, which provides a feasible way to directly implement these newly developed models into the numerical simulation. In this paper, we present a general framework for employing strain-invariant-based hyperelastic models in finite element analysis. We derive the general formulation for the Cauchy stress and elasticity tensor of both isotropic and anisotropic materials. By substituting the strain–energy density into these general forms, we are able to directly implement various hyperelastic models, such as the Fung–Demiray model and the Lopez-Pamies model for isotropic materials, and the Gasser–Ogden–Holzapfel model, the Merodio-Ogden model, and the Horgan-Saccomandi model for anisotropic materials, within the ABAQUS user-defined material subroutine, offering a numerical approach to implement materials not available through the built-in material models. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we utilize these subroutines to compute several classic examples related to both homogeneous and inhomogeneous problems. The good agreement between the obtained results and the analytical or experimental solutions confirms the validity of developing these models by the proposed framework. The general framework and results presented in this study are useful for fast implementing newly developed hyperelastic models and are helpful to the finite element simulation of biological tissues. • We propose a general framework to implement hyperelastic models into FEM. • The method is capable of newly developed isotropic and anisotropic hyperelastic models. • We validate the proposed method and obtained UMATs with classic benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents laboratory tests, numerical simulations and web crippling design of high strength steel unlipped channel sections under interior-two-flange loading. An experimental programme comprising 10 test specimens (with six for grade S690 high strength steel and four for grade S960 high strength steel) was firstly implemented, and test results including failure modes, full load-deformation curves and ultimate loads were reported. Subsequently, finite element models were constructed and validated against the obtained test results, and then used to conduct supplementary parametric studies to widen the examined parameter ranges of high strength steel unlipped channel sections. Considering that relevant codified design rules are absent, the applicability of the design rules of EN 1993–1-3, EN 1993–1-5 and AISI S100 for normal strength steel unlipped channel sections to their high strength steel counterparts was evaluated against the obtained test and numerical results. It is shown that the resistance predictions from the codified design provisions were generally inaccurate and scattered. Hence, a modified AISI S100 design method and a slenderness-based design method were proposed and demonstrated to be accurate, consistent and reliable for the web crippling design of high strength steel unlipped channel sections under interior-two-flange loading. • Web crippling of high strength steel unlipped channel sections under ITF loading is studied. • A total of 10 web crippling tests and 150 finite element simulations are carried out. • The codified European and American design methods are found to be inaccurate. • An improved AISI S100 design method and a slenderness-based design method are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of a numerical finite element parametric study on elastic shear buckling and ultimate shear strength of cold-formed steel channels with longitudinally stiffened slotted webs. The following parameters were varied: channel height, thickness, flange width, flange lip length, longitudinal stiffener size, perforation pattern, aspect ratio, steel yield stress and boundary conditions. Channels with longitudinally stiffened solid webs subjected to shear load were also studied to provide reference data for comparison with the slotted channels. The parametric study described in this paper allowed us to develop equations for predicting the shear buckling coefficient of longitudinally web stiffened solid channels, as well as equations for predicting the elastic shear buckling load and the ultimate shear strength of channels with longitudinally stiffened slotted webs. The developed shear strength equations without and with tension field action are presented in the paper in the traditional and direct strength method formulations. The developed equations account for the studied parameters and showed good agreements with the finite element simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the interaction mechanisms between a bit and rock is a focus of the field of rock breaking theory in drilling engineering. The bottom hole shape, which directly affects the effectiveness of rock breaking at different positions around the bottom hole, is the key factor in research on the interaction between a bit and rock. This paper aims to discuss the influences of bottom hole shape on effectiveness of rock breaking. Firstly we established the mathematical model of rock breaking strength and used it as an evaluation index to analyze the influence of bottom hole shape on effectiveness of rock breaking. Secondly, the relationship between the rock breaking strength and cutting speed, cutting depth, rock lithology and bottom hole shape are verified by experimental approach and numerical simulation. The mathematical model of the relationship between the rock breaking strength and the bottom hole shape is established with a finite element method. Finally, this paper takes minimum rock-breaking energy consumption as the goal and introduces the “crown breaking work per revolution” as an objective function to optimize the bottom hole shape. This paper uses the fact that the shape of the bottom hole is symmetric and corresponds to the crown shape to determine the optimal design of a PDC bit crown profile by inverse design. This paper will help to expend the ideas of bit design and promote the development of research on rock breaking theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuum models of fracture should be equipped with a localization limiter to prevent pathological discretization sensitivity of finite element simulations. Moreover, stiffness recovery, called also crack closing effect, should be reproduced in the modelling of quasi-brittle materials when reversed loading is applied. In this paper the efficiency of two different established damage-plasticity models for concrete is assessed from the viewpoint of the two above-mentioned aspects. The first description is the so-called concrete damaged plasticity model, available in the ABAQUS package. In this model the plasticity theory is not only augmented with stiffness degradation and recovery, but also with the crack band approach and viscoplastic regularization. The gradient-enhanced damage description, which is the second one considered, can also be coupled to plasticity. In this model additional averaging equation prevents the pathological discretization sensitivity of fracture simulations. Two fields, displacements and averaged strain measure, are interpolated and suitable finite elements are programmed by the authors in the FEAP package. Basic concepts of the numerical analysis of the crack closing phenomenon are reviewed. Both models are capable of avoiding mesh-sensitivity, but it is achieved in a different manner and it is shown in the paper that the users of ABAQUS should employ the crack band options with particular care. Representative examples in the context of the examined issues are demonstrated: uniaxial tension of a bar and a cantilever beam. The results obtained using both the models are compared and the effects of regularization and crack closing are illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamic behaviour of square tubular T-joints under impact loading by means of experimental, numerical and analytical studies. Firstly, a high-performance drop hammer setup is employed to carry out the impact tests on five hot-rolled square tubular T-joints with different chord thickness and width ratio of brace/chord under three levels of impact height. The dynamic responses of tubular T-joints including the deformation patterns and the development of impact force and displacement are described. Based on the experimental results, the impact load-deformation relationships as well as the energy dissipation are further discussed to reveal the mechanical behaviour of T-joints, with emphasis on the effect of width ratio of brace/chord and impact energy. Complementary finite element model for simulating the tubular T-joints under impact is then proposed and validated against the available test results. Finally, the test results and numerical simulations are utilized to investigate the failure mechanism of T-joints under impact load. In particular, the local and global displacements of square chord are estimated by an equivalent area method, and the impact resistance of impacted joints is examined based on the yield line theory. In general, the investigation in this paper can also offer reliable test data and design suggestions to reasonably evaluate the impact behaviour of square tubular T-joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The flexural buckling behaviour of austenitic stainless steel semi-oval hollow section columns was studied. • Twelve pin-ended column tests were conducted. • FE models were developed to validate against the test results and then adopted to conduct parametric studies. • The codified buckling curves were evaluated and led to an overall good level of design accuracy. Semi-oval hollow section is an innovative cross-section profile and consists of one semi-circular flange, one flat flange and two flat webs. While the semi-circular flange (exposed to fluid or wind) offers a low level of hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag, the flat elements facilitate connections with other members. The flexural buckling behaviour and resistances of austenitic stainless steel semi-oval hollow section columns are investigated in this paper. An experimental programme was firstly conducted on two austenitic stainless steel semi-oval hollow sections, with six column specimens of varying member lengths adopted for each cross-section, and included tensile coupon tests, initial geometric imperfection measurements and pin-ended column tests. Both 'C'-shaped flexural buckling (with failure specimens bowing towards semi-circular flanges) and 'reverse C'-shaped flexural buckling (with failure specimens bowing towards flat flanges) were observed upon testing. The experimental programme was accompanied by a numerical modelling programme, with finite element models developed to simulate the test results and then adopted to conduct parametric studies to generate further numerical data. On the basis of the test and numerical data, the relevant buckling curves for austenitic stainless steel circular hollow section columns, as provided in the European code, American specification and Australian/New Zealand standard, were evaluated for their applicability to austenitic stainless steel semi-oval hollow section columns. The evaluation results generally revealed that the codified buckling curves led to overall accurate and consistent flexural buckling resistance predictions when used for austenitic stainless steel semi-oval hollow section columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel numerical simulation approach based on the finite element method for dynamically modeling the excavation process of shield tunneling is proposed, with the shield-ground interactions well captured. This method is capable of mimicking the alternating modes of advancing and stopping of a shield boring machine during underground construction, with the important effects of the cutterhead rotation and slurry support pressure considered. Under the cutting action, the soil at the excavation face would experience irreversible deformation and damage, such that additional support needs to be provided by the cutterhead blades and slurry to maintain stability. The impacts of key construction parameters are examined, including cutterhead rotary speed, advance rate, and slurry support pressure, on shield tunneling operations and ground responses. The numerical model is rigorously validated against physical model experiments. This work provides useful insights into the mechanistic processes in the stratum during shield tunneling, including the spatiotemporal evolution of ground deformation patterns and stress redistributions. The results offer valuable guidance for optimizing shield tunneling operations and enhancing tunneling safety and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation of the failure process of non-intact rock containing initial cracks, voids, and other discontinuities is a research hotspot in rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering. The damage smear method has attracted wide attention due to its ability to realistically depict the complete failure processes of rock from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale. However, when portraying pre-existed discontinuities, the damage smear method suffers from major difficulties such as mesh dependency and stress singularity. To overcome the limitations of current methodology, this paper proposes a novel non-break modeling strategy inspired by the extended finite element method for dealing with embedded discontinuities, in which the discontinuity of the physical fields across crack faces or the void boundary, as well as the stress singularity at the crack tip, can be characterized by introducing appropriate enrichment functions, and the penalty method is used to impose frictional contact constraints. Applications of the combined method of the improved modeling strategy and damage smear analysis to laboratory-scale and engineering-scale numerical examples show a satisfactory approximation with the analytical solution or experimental observations, indicating that the current modeling strategy can further improve computational accuracy while retaining the advantages of the damage smear method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, a two dimensional axisymmetric Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed to carry out a thermo-mechanical analysis on a horizontal storage tank intended to storage hot water for a domestic application. The purpose of these numerical simulations is to assess the thermo-mechanical behavior of a horizontal tank with evacuated tube collectors, and consequently to suggest a new design which ensures an optimum mechanical strength according to severe applied operating conditions in terms of temperature and pressure. To achieve this goal, a thermo-mechanical 1-way sequential coupling has been used as a solving method. The physical model suggested in this study and the simulations procedure was described under detailed assumptions. In fact, the main hypotheses in the current formulation were the thermo-elastic behavior of the tank's materials and the steady state assumption analysis. This paper outlines three studies that were performed to extend the lifespan of the horizontal storage tank, through the definition of a suitable material and an optimal design. The main conclusions of the assessment are that the optimal configuration which avoid the appearance of the stress concentration zones is the configuration (c), where Ri = 11 mm and Re = 14 mm, because the stress on the tank's shell was better applied. Moreover, the effect of the material's selection was carried out, and it was found that stainless steel is the optimal material. Last but not least, a set of simulations were conducted to investigate the tank shell thickness on which the thermo-mechanical constraints were applied. The thickness t = 2 mm was presenting an optimal mechanical behavior with regard to the studied operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the main theoretical backgrounds and application of FE program ATENA to simulation of severe accident in nuclear structures. The software was developed by Cervenka Consulting, Prague, Czech Republic with the aim to offer a tool for numerical simulation of concrete structures subjected to actions in service, ultimate as well as extreme limit states due to mechanical as well as physical effects. Nonlinear behavior of concrete is modeled by theories of damage and plastic flow [1]. Paper outlines the basic features of the used material model. It demonstrates the model accuracy on results from recent blind prediction competitions [2]. In the last section, it shows examples of simulations of severe accidents scenarios in nuclear power plants structures [4]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulating multi-body dynamics with both rigid and flexible parts and with frictional contacts is a hard problem. We solve this by expressing the couplings between the bodies as position level constraints. The implicit treatment of the constraint directions gives us improved stability over velocity based methods. Then by employing regularization of nonlinear constraints and a convex minimization formulation, we bridge constraint-based methods to traditional force-based methods. In fact, the former are just a dual variables formulation of the latter. We solve this dual problem using position based dynamics (PBD). We show how PBD is a completely valid modeling technique and we extend it with an accurate contact and Coulomb friction model. We further show for the first time how the same solver can be used to simulate both rigid and deformable solids with two way coupling. For the soft bodies we introduce a novel form of linear finite elements expressed as constraints, that is more accurate than PBD mass-spring systems. More of our results include the energy conserving Newmark integrator and the accelerated Jacobi solver suitable for parallel architectures. Note that this paper is an extended and revised version of the conference paper published in [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises the findings of a Joint Industry Project (JIP) led by DNV GL on the treatment of residual stress on pipes undergoing high plastic deformation. The paper presents measured residual stresses and some of the full-scale test results supported by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for the seamless pipes before and after high plastic deformation on selected girth welds. Several FEA models of the reeling simulation have been developed including mapping an initial axial residual stress (transverse to the weld) profile onto a seamless girth-welded pipe. The initial welding residual stress distribution used for mapping was based on a number of through thickness measurement along the circumference of the girth welds. The predicted residual stresses after reeling simulation was subsequently compared with experimental measurements. It is evident that FEA models can predict welding residual stress re-distribution during the reeling process, but some differences with measurements are present through the thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In metal forming processes, friction between tool and workpiece is an important parameter influencing the material flow, surface quality and tool life. Theoretical models of friction in metal forming are based on analysis of the real contact area in tool-workpiece interfaces. Several research groups have studied and modelled the asperity flattening of workpiece material against tool surface in dry contact or in contact interfaces with only thin layers of lubrication with the aim to improve understanding of friction in metal forming. This paper aims at giving a review of the most important contributions during the last 80 years covering experimental techniques, upper bound solutions, slip-line analyses and numerical simulations. Each of the contributions shed light on the importance of the real contact area and the influencing parameters including the material properties, surface conditions, normal pressure, sliding length and speed, temperature changes, friction on the flattened plateaus and deformation of the underlying material. The review illustrates the development in the understanding of asperity flattening and the methods of analysis. Finally, the present paper discusses the necessary future work in order to advance further in modelling of real contact area in relation to implementation of frictional conditions existing finite element codes for simulation of metal forming processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large continuous casting billet always contain void defects which may adversely affect the mechanical properties and safe performance of final products. The void must be completely eliminated during hot forging process. In this paper, different types of void defects in large billet are showed and analyzed. It is found that the voids have different geometry, orientations and positions. Using finite element (FE) software DEFORM 3D, a FE model was developed to investigate the void closure in large continuous casting billet during multi-pass stretching process. The wide die heavy blow forging (WHF) method which has been proved to be an effective method to eliminate void defects was adapted during the stretching process. Then, the stretching processes of various sizes of billets which contained different kinds of void defects were simulated. The closure processes of different kinds of void defects were obtained. The critical forging ratio for large billets from Φ500mm to Φ1000mm was obtained as 2.40. In addition, the void closure evaluation index is analyzed, and the critical value for the closure of all voids is 0.87. The work in this paper is verified by actual production, which illustrates that the simulation results and the proposed criterion in this research are reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of two approaches for creation of digital microstructure representations of sintered porous metals for further numerical simulations is the goal of the paper. Initially, an approach based on series of exact replicas of real 2D microstructures processed by image analysis and reconstruction algorithms was proposed. Thus, developed in-house code for 3D reconstruction of 2D images obtained from optical microscopy is briefly described within the paper. Advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed in that part. Then, to facilitate the process of generation of digital models, another solution, based on synthetic microstructures, was developed with discrete numerical method and is presented within the work. Two algorithms based on the Cellular Automata (CA) technique were developed and implemented. Description of major models assumption including generation of computational domains, cells states, boundary conditions and finally transition rules is presented for the proposed CA model. Obtained digital microstructure models are eventually subjected to numerical simulation by means of finite element tool to highlight capabilities offered by synthetic microstructures in evaluation of local material behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous fracturing stimulations in horizontal well are effective tools for promoting productivity of unconventional reservoirs. However, fracture lengths and widths of some perforation clusters may be restricted due to the stress shadow effects. In this paper, a numerical model to simulate nonplanar fractures simultaneous initiation in porous media is established based on the extended finite element method (XFEM). The amount of fluid flowing into each fracture is dynamically calculated with a total injection volume in this model. Sensitivity studies of formation parameters on fractures geometry of simultaneous fracturing are presented. The in-situ stress contrast is found to be the main factor controlling the fractures propagation. The initiation of interior fracture will be restricted or compressed to be closed in the vicinity of the injection point. The influence of injection rate and perforation friction on fractures initiation is investigated. Strategies to optimize fractures geometry are presented through injection control of each fracture. The method presented in this paper can be used in horizontal well design to achieve reasonable fractures geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidomain equations form the state-of-the-art model of cardiac electrophysiology and describe normal or pathological propagation of the excitation wave through cardiac tissue. If based on mechanistic cell models and applied to anatomically realistic geometries, their discretization requires very fine resolutions both in space and time and renders the numerical solution an extremely challenging computational problem. In this paper, we address this challenge by combining space-time adaptive discretization with dynamic load balancing for parallel computing. We use multilevel finite element methods for the spatial adaptation of the mesh, embedded Rosenbrock time integration for an adaptive choice of step sizes, and non-overlapping domain decomposition for the parallelization. In order to further reduce the computational costs, we exploit the sparsity of local matrices during the assembly of global FEM matrices which ensure an optimal usage of memory. In numerical tests, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach that a substantial reduction factor of computing time is achieved w.r.t the static grid computation and a good parallel efficiency is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents simplified analytical methods to assess the plastic deformation and failure of double-hull ship structures subjected to bulbous bow collision. To validate the methods, numerical simulations are conducted on double-hull tanker side structures including three frame spacings along the longitudinal direction and two stringer spacings along the vertical direction. The paper estimates the extent of damage within double-hull ship structures during minor ship-to-ship collision, where the inner hull does not participate in dissipating incident energy. In the analytical methods, the nose shape of striking bulbous bow is simplified as a hemisphere or a cylinder with hemispherical ends. This equivalence is validated against the similar numerical force-displacement responses using the actual bulbous bow and the simplified strikers. The analytical methods derive expressions to estimate the relation between the plastic deformation and the crushing force of the double-hull structures. The onset of fracture in the outer hull is evaluated by a simple formula based on experimental and theoretical analyses. Finally, the probabilistic structural absorbed energy until the rupture of specific struck ship with respect to the displacement of striking ship is assessed according to the statistical data of ship dimensions and the design principles of bulbous bow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a general framework is proposed for the analysis and characterization of observability and diagnosability of finite state systems. Observability corresponds to the reconstruction of the system’s discrete state, while diagnosability corresponds to the possibility of determining the past occurrence of some particular states, for example faulty states. A unifying framework is proposed where observability and diagnosability properties are defined with respect to a critical set, i.e. a set of discrete states representing a set of faults, or more generally a set of interest. These properties are characterized and the involved conditions provide an estimation of the delay required for the detection of a critical state, of the precision of the delay estimation and of the duration of a possible initial transient where the diagnosis is not possible or not required. Our framework makes it possible to precisely compare some of the observability and diagnosability notions existing in the literature with the ones introduced in our paper, and this comparison is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major difficulty in finite element analysis is the preparation of an effective mesh leading to a good response solution. In engineering analyses of complex components, oftentimes, much more time is spent to arrive at an adequate mesh than to obtain the solution of the established finite element model. The difficulty in meshing is due to the fact that finite elements need to abut each other and cannot overlap. This can lead to highly distorted elements, e.g. sliver elements, reducing the accuracy of solution. In practice, to establish an effective mesh, frequently, significant expertise in building meshes is needed, because great care must be taken in cleaning up the CAD geometry and preparing an effective mesh. The objective in this paper is to present a new finite element solution scheme including meshing in which the elements can overlap. The property that finite elements can overlap removes many of the meshing difficulties, leads to an effective meshing procedure and an overall easy-to-use solution scheme for an analyst or a designer. We first present the meshing scheme that we propose, which combines the use of traditional finite elements and overlapping finite elements. A particular feature is that the meshing procedure can be directly embedded in CAD driven solutions. We then present the theory used for the formulation of the overlapping finite elements and the coupling with traditional finite elements. We consider spherical and brick-shaped overlapping finite elements for which the theory is largely based on the formulation of the method of finite spheres. Finally, we illustrate the complete solution scheme in the analysis of some two-dimensional problems using the CAD geometry as the starting point. While the paper presents a new paradigm for analysis in CAD environments, with much potential, we realize that much further study and research is needed on some of the important ingredients of the method to render the complete procedure effective for general practical engineering analyses of static and dynamic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high speed railway, which acts as a safer and faster means of transportation, has grown rapidly around the world, especially in China. Meanwhile, the vibration induced by high-speed train (HST) arouses increasing concerns and cannot be ignored. This paper describes ground vibrations with three dimensional models formulated in the time domain using the finite element method (FEM). Absorbing boundaries and Rayleigh damping approach are used to prevent wave reflections from the artificial edges and to simulate the material damping, respectively. Investigations of ground vibration caused by unit load under different speeds and frequencies are given. An inclined classification of ground vibration and the sensitive frequency ranges of surface ground are then found. Moreover, the effects of subgrade treatment and sub-soil treatment on vibration isolation are discussed. It concludes that due to the attenuation effects of subgrade structures on high frequency range, noticeable reductions can be obtained in surface ground vibration. And when a high subgrade or a composite one is applied, the effects are better. The depth of sub-soil treatment would have more positive influence on ground vibration isolation and costs relatively less, compared with its replacement ratio and width. Negative influence may even occur when the sub-soil treatment width becomes larger. Additionally, some useful recommendations are proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the drawing process, 3D finite element simulations and show the dies geometry influences on the drawing force for steel wires. The wire drawing process is done with high energy consumption and the combination of the 5 regions of the die geometry contributes to the final properties of the product. In this way, the optimization and the control of process drawing by his automation leads to lower consumption of electricity (by minimizing the force necessary) and to a lower consumption of necessary dies (with a perfect geometry set). The simulations made in this paper shows that drawing forces are strongly influenced by variation of certain process parameters such as half approach angle or different values for the length of the bearing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Part I of this paper, quasi-static fracture toughness tests were reported which were carried out on two carbon fiber reinforced polymer materials. One laminate was unidirectional and the second was composed of plies fabricated from a twill fabric. In Part II, which is presented here, micro-computerized tomography was performed providing a relationship between the observed experimental behavior and the micromechanical structure of the materials. This was carried out for the double cantilever beam (DCB), mixed mode bending (MMB) and end-notched flexure (ENF) specimens. Load–displacement curves were simulated numerically by means of a cohesive zone model and the finite element method to obtain better insight into the failure mechanisms observed for DCB and ENF specimens. [Display omitted] • Quasi-static fracture toughness testing was reported on in Part I of this paper. • Micro-computerized tomography was carried out on many of the specimens. • Damage mechanisms on the micro-scale were assessed. • Numerical simulations were carried out by means of a cohesive zone model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the prediction of the properties of PVD/CVD coatings with the use of finite element method (FEM) analysis. The possibility of employing the FEM in the evaluation of stress distribution in multilayer Ti/Ti(C,N)/CrN, Ti/Ti(C,N)/(Ti,Al)N, Ti/(Ti,Si)N/(Ti,Si)N, and Ti/DLC/DLC coatings by taking into account their deposition conditions on magnesium alloys has been discussed in the paper. The difference in internal stresses in the zone between the coating and the substrate is caused by, first of all, the difference between the mechanical and thermal properties of the substrate and the coating, and also by the structural changes that occur in these materials during the fabrication process, especially during the cooling process following PVD and CVD treatment. The experimental values of stresses were determined based on X-ray diffraction patterns that correspond to the modelled values, which in turn can be used to confirm the correctness of the accepted mathematical model for testing the problem. An FEM model was established for the purpose of building a computer simulation of the internal stresses in the coatings. The accuracy of the FEM model was verified by comparing the results of the computer simulation of the stresses with experimental results. A computer simulation of the stresses was carried out in the ANSYS environment using the FEM method. Structure observations, chemical composition measurements, and mechanical property characterisations of the investigated materials has been carried out to give a background for the discussion of the results that were recorded during the modelling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]