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Access to medicines has become a major concern for countries worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, as pharmaceutical production and trade have been disrupted in the course of the crisis. Antibiotics are one group of medicines where worries about access have been raised. Access to the right antibiotic at the right time is important not only for curing infections of individual patients, but also for curbing antibiotic resistance globally. Reliable pharmaceutical supply is key to ensuring access to medicines. The global supply of generic medicines has over the last decades been transformed by the rise of India's pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, I trace the changing role of this industry for the global export of antibiotics, by mapping and describing changes in Indian antibiotic exports and discussing these in light of historical processes and events. The paper offers a novel approach to analyse global antibiotic trajectories by using international trade data from publicly available resources combined with a secondary literature review. I show that India's pharmaceutical industry today holds a key role as one of the world's biggest exporters of antibiotic medicines, but with an increasing dependency on China as a supplier of antibiotic ingredients. This produces both opportunities and concerns for access to antibiotics globally. • Offers a novel approach to trace antibiotic and pharmaceutical geographies. • Uses international trade data to map India's role for global antibiotics supply. • Describes that India has become one of the world's biggest exporters of antibiotics. • Shows that India is highly dependent on China for import of antibiotic ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Such large-scale disruptions as the pandemic increase the uncertainty and risk related to business. Therefore, the business continuity management (BCM) has become an essential technical solution for enterprise emergency response. Since the beginning of 2020, the COVID-19 has spread worldwide at an alarming rate causing many threats to sustainable development of the business sector. The decline in consumer demand has hugely impacted service industries, such as wholesale and retail sales, tourism. Enterprise production and operations have faced severe challenges. In this study, we develop a risk factor analysis of BCM under the presence of COVID-19 in China. Based on a statistical survey of 940 enterprises in Hangzhou City, China, this study employs ordinal logistic regression to explore the hindering effect of risk factors introduced by the epidemic on business performance. Then, the interpretive structure model (ISM) is applied to analyze the hierarchical structure of the factors under examination. The key factors influencing the enterprise production and operation during COVID-19 outbreak significantly differ across the sub-sectors of the service industry. Therefore, this paper assesses the resilience of the productive technologies and business models of different industries amid the pandemic. This paper proposes epidemic prevention and control strategy focusing on investment and government regulation to ensure sustainable business development. • The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak are analyzed. • The micro-data for Chinese enterprises are applied. • The interpretive structure model is used to identify the factors of business performance. • The strategy for recovery is proposed based on the empirical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Use detailed data from 2004 to 2016 on interprovincial railway freight in China. • The impact of interprovincial trade on the emissions of sulfur dioxide is estimated. • Study the interrelation between trade and economic growth, and impact on environment. • Investigate the interrelation between interprovincial trade and industrial structure. Abstract Air pollution is becoming a serious problem for China and it has attracted great attention in recent years. This paper examines the relationship between interprovincial trade patterns, economic development and impacts on air quality. Using detailed data from 2004 to 2016 on interprovincial railway freight in China, the inverted u-shaped environmental Kuznets curve and the pollution haven hypothesis are assessed. The impact of interprovincial trade on the emissions of sulfur dioxide are estimated on the basis of controlling the industrial structure, regional foreign direct investment and motor vehicles retained. Evidence of pollution transfers is found, and such effects appear to be stronger between adjacent regions rather than nonadjacent regions, regardless of the roles of other explanatory variables. Our conclusions and policy implications will assist government decision-making regarding resource reallocation and sustainable development of green cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explored how leading Chinese and global companies operating in China communicate their corporate social responsibility (CSR) principles and practices to the Chinese stakeholders through a content analysis of these companies’ corporate websites. It was found that companies usually take one of the following three major approaches in their CSR communication: CSR as ad hoc public philanthropy, CSR as strategic philanthropy, and CSR as ethical business practices. Furthermore, this paper examined the effects of country of origin and industry on companies’ CSR communication and found that whether companies are targeting at businesses or consumers has a bigger impact on their CSR communication than whether they are Chinese or global. Finally, despite a tendency towards convergence, Chinese and global companies still present their CSR principles and practices differently because of their different relations with major Chinese and global stakeholders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The emerging Northern Sea Route (NSR) represents change to the existing liner network for China-EU container shipping. It is necessary to re-examine the container network in this context and assist liner companies in decision-making. This paper assesses the potential of the NSR based on designing a multi-port multi-trip liner service by establishing a two-stage optimization model. Based on the estimated data of NSR shipping, ship routing schemes on both the NSR and conventional routes are proposed. It is determined that container service along the NSR is largely influenced by ice-breaking charge, seasonality, and cargo volume, which makes NSR more likely to act as a supplementary line of the liner network in the short or medium term. The results also indicate that use of NSR may drive the redeployment of shipping network and hub ports in the long term. This study's conclusions may prove useful for strategic planning by liner companies, port authorities, and governments to assess the operation of liner service via the NSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Information and communication technology (ICT) has affected almost all activities of education with great impact during the past 20 years. Whereas most comprehensive regional higher education institutes (CRHEIs) deploy ICT mainly to automate ordinary tasks in China. Now graduate of CRHEIs, especially Business graduate of CRHEIs, are main source of workers. Those CRHEIs should improve their quality of learning for their student being good workers. In this paper, we analyses ICT–based learning issues from Business undergraduates at Linyi University and Henan University. The methodology for carrying out the tasks mainly contains questionnaires according to normative Delphi technique. The research provides development strategy which CRHEIs authorities should take in order to properly integrate ICTs in their institutes and get their benefits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nowadays, the major developed countries stipulate the development policies and measures for low-carbon economy and one after another in order to promote the domestic low-carbon related industries. Low-carbon economy has officially stepped into a phase in which government is the main lead. This paper will analyze the reality of the sustainable development of China''s overseas trade and the effects to it brought by the policies of other countries from the government management point and offer advises to promote the sustainable development of overseas trade with low-carbon economy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Information ethics codes play a vital role in clarifying the responsibilities of MIS (management information systems) professionals and providing them with a point of reference when dealing with ethical issues. In view of the important 21st Century role played by China, particularly Mainland China, which represents a hugely significant market to all global enterprises, it is hoped that this study will assist the business world in understanding the culture in which Chinese business is conducted, and will facilitate the building of a suitable information ethics code in the future. Academically, this paper aims to explain how Confucian ethics and the guanxi [1] Guanxi: literally means “relationships,” and stands for any type of relationship. In the Chinese business world, however, it is also understood as the network of relationships among various parties that cooperate together and support one another. The Chinese businessmen’s mentality is very much one of “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.” In essence, this boils down to exchanging favors, which are expected to be done regularly and voluntarily. Therefore, it is an important concept to understand if one is to function effectively in Chinese society. 1 culture perspective affect MIS professionals’ ethical dilemmas and reactive processes. Specifically, it examines the reactive processes of MIS professionals in CHSyst (pseudonym) in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mainland China. In practice, this study provides a good reference for enterprises such as the above that wish to find the most appropriate way to create an ethics code suitable for a Chinese company context to prevent Chinese MIS professionals from behaving unethically in their workplace. Such a code will serve to reduce the negative consequences of unethical conduct for the organization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]