Search

Ascorbic acid (AsA), a water-soluble antioxidant, act as cofactor for enzymes that regulate photosynthesis, hormonal and antioxidant biosynthesis that enables the plants to alleviate the harmful effects of salinity stress. The study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative role of foliar application of 200 ppm ascorbic acid (AsA) in improving growth by changing antioxidant response, photosynthetic capacity and mineral nutrient status of two canola varieties (Dunkled and Cyclone) under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl). Salt stress reduced plant biomass, photosynthetic activity, and accumulation of macro and micronutrients such as K+, Ca2+and Zn2+ in both canola varieties, on the other hand accumulation of Na+ and Cl−was increased. The salinity-induced oxidative stress (H 2 O 2 and MDA) caused photoinhibition of PSII at the donor and acceptor ends. The salinity-induced reduction in efficiency of electron donation to PSII (Fv/Fo) and electron transport through PSII (Fm/Fo), especially in Cyclone, significantly reduced ETRII thus enhancing CEF around PSI and NPQ in both canola varieties that has been considered as photo-protective mechanism of plants. In addition, salt stress enhanced CEF around PSI. However, application of AsA improved the structural stability of PSII, linear electron transport and reduced donor end limitation of PSI activity by improving electron transfer from PSII to PSI. The application of AsA improved the stomatal conductance, inter-cellular CO 2 concentration and net CO 2 assimilation rate thereby resulting in improved consumption of extra-electrons in CO 2 fixation generated by photosynthetic electron transport. Exogenous AsA application reduced the oxidative stress and improved the antioxidant potential by managing extra-electrons produced in CO 2 fixation. All these physiological and biochemical changes due to AsA application helped the canola plants to improve growth and yield under salinity. Thus, the application of ascorbic acid has the potential to ameliorate the detrimental effects of NaCl stress on canola plants. [Display omitted] • Canola (Brassica napus L.) growth and yield is greatly reduced by salinity stress. • Photosynthetic efficiency was hampered by salinity-induced oxidative stress. • Foliar spray of ascorbic acid mitigated the toxic effects of salinity stress. • Antioxidant defense system was boosted after application of ascorbic acid. • Cyclic electron flow and non-photochemical quenching was enhanced as ascorbic acid was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Desirable inhibition of browning rate and enzyme (PPO/POD) activities were found with the progression of 15 days of storage under 4 ± 1 ℃. • Findings suggest herbal extract coating can be an effective alternative to chemical coating due to its increased antioxidant activity. • 80 and 60 % inhibition of phenolase and peroxidase were observed in coated pear slices in comparison with control pear slices. • C. sinensis extract was better among all applied herbs in inhibiting discoloration enzymes and showed a lower browning index. The main objective of the research study is to evaluate the effect of herbs (O. basilicum, O. vulgare, C. sinensis) extract-coated pear slices on its physiochemical quality attributes, discoloration rate, and browning enzyme activity in comparison with chemical (ascorbic acid) coated pear slices over 15 days at 4 ± 1 ℃. A significant difference (p < 0.05) between herbs and ascorbic acid-coated pear slices was obtained in terms of physiochemical quality attributes, whereby the highest variation was obtained in uncoated pear slices (control) and the least variation was observed in herbs-coated pear slices, more specifically C. sinensis spray, and dip (6 min) extract showed the highest inhibition of PPO/POD activity and the minimum browning index was noticeable throughout 15 days of storage. These findings showed that herbal extract coating application to fresh-cut pears might be a desirable strategy to alleviate discoloration, also considered to be an effective alternative to chemical coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'vitamin C' describes a group of compounds with antiscorbutic activity of l -ascorbic acid (AA). Despite AA's omnipresence in plant-derived foods, its derivatives have also been successfully implemented in the food industry as antioxidants, including the D-isomers, which lack vitamin C activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between redox-related activities for five derivatives of AA using electrochemical, chemical, and biological approaches. Here we report that AA, C-vitamers, and other commonly consumed AA derivatives differ in their redox-related activities. As long as the physiological range of concentrations was maintained, there was no simple relationship between their redox properties and biological activity. Clear distinctions in antioxidant activity were observed mostly at high concentrations, which were strongly correlated with electrochemical and kinetic parameters describing redox-related properties of the studied compounds. Despite obvious similarities in chemical structures and antioxidant activity, we showed that C-vitamers may exhibit different nutrigenomic effects. Together, our findings provide a deeper insight into so far underinvestigated area combining chemical properties with biological activities of commonly applied AA derivatives. [Display omitted] • Electrochemical parameters were strongly correlated with redox reaction kinetics. • Distinct CAA was revealed only at 500–1000 μM concentrations of AA derivatives. • Chemical properties were strongly correlated with CAA at 200–500 μM concentrations. • CaA was the most powerful antioxidant among AA derivatives. • AA and CaA exhibited different nutrigenomic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In earlier studies, we showed that adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have significant glutathione (GSH) depletion and that GSH is reciprocally related to glycemic control. In both the general population and in those with diabetes, the use of over-the-counter antioxidant supplements is widespread. We hypothesized that improved glycemic control, alone or in combination with dietary antioxidants, would restore blood GSH pool. The study included 41 participants who were 15.8 ± 2.4 years of age (mean ± standard deviation) and with poorly controlled T1DM (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 8.2 ± 0.6%). Erythrocyte GSH, and 3-nitrotyrosine, F2-isoprostane, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxy-guanosine (as markers of protein, lipid, and DNA oxidative stress, respectively) were determined in the postabsorptive state after blood glucose was maintained overnight near euglycemia. Participants were then randomized to a mix of antioxidants (vitamin C, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, β-carotene) or placebo for 3 to 6 months, and diabetes management was intensified using CSII (n = 30) or multiple daily injections (n = 11) coupled with CDE phone calls and visits with a Nutritionist. A second, identical study was performed when/if a drop in HbA1c ≥0.5% was achieved. HbA1c levels dropped similarly in both groups (from 8.9 ± 1.0% to 7.9 ± 0.9% and 8.5 ± 0.6% to 7.7 ± 0.7% in placebo and antioxidant group, respectively). Neither total nor reduced GSH was altered by improved metabolic control. Markers of protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation remained unaltered. We conclude that, in youngsters with T1DM, neither a significant improvement in diabetes control over a 3-month period nor the regimen of dietary antioxidant supplied in the current study can mitigate oxidative stress. These findings suggest that, in adolescents with T1DM, (1) more sustained improvement of diabetes control may be needed to alleviate oxidative stress and (2) the putative benefit of antioxidant supplements remains to be proven. Chronic hyperglycemia resulting from type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) produces oxidative stress, depletion of blood glutathione (GSH), and increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-DG), 3-Nitro-tyrosine (3-NT), and F2-Isoprostanes (F2-Iso). A 3-month regimen of intensified insulin treatment either alone or along with oral antioxidants (vitamin C, zinc, selenium, and β-carotene) for 3 months, improved hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 0.5%, but failed to alter GSH, 8-OH-DG, 3-NT, or F2-Iso in adolescents with poorly controlled T1DM. Abbreviation: NS, not significant. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N- nitrosamines are likely human carcinogens. After N- nitrosamine contaminants were detected in pharmaceutical products in 2018, regulatory authorities set a framework for the risk assessment, testing and mitigation of N- nitrosamines in drug products. One strategy to inhibit the formation of N -nitrosamines during the manufacture and storage of drug products involves the incorporation of nitrite scavengers in the formulation. Diverse molecules have been tested in screening studies including the antioxidant vitamins ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol, amino acids, and other antioxidants used in foods or drugs, for inclusion into drug products to mitigate N- nitrosamine formation. This review article outlines key considerations for the inclusion of nitrite scavengers in oral drug product formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus megaterium tyrosinase (Bm TYR) has been proven an applicable biocatalyst in the ortho -hydroxylation of flavonoids, which usually possess higher antioxidant activity than their precursors. With a predicted data mining approach (PDMA), putative novel bioactive flavonoids from known precursors may be good candidates for biotransformation by Bm TYR. Two flavonoid precursors (loureirin A and loureirin B) were confirmed via this approach, which are the commercial constituents of the Chinese medicine dragon's blood. These two flavonoids were then biotransformed by Bm TYR for validation. The results found two novel flavonoids (3′-hydroxyloureirin A and 3′-hydroxyloureirin B), which gained 2.5 and 1.6 times of the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid, respectively. In addition, all four flavonoids—loureirin A, loureirin B, and the two 3′-hydroxyl derivatives—possessed 4–22 times the anti- α -glucosidase activity of acarbose, a clinical anti-diabetes drug. A further kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibition mode of the four α -glucosidase inhibitors was non-competitive, and their kinetic constants (K i values) were 64.3 ± 2.5 μM, 308.7 ± 10.4 μM, 69.4 ± 2.8 μM, and 325.3 ± 12.6 μM, respectively. The high antioxidant and anti- α -glucosidase activity suggest that the two novel flavonoids have potential future applications in pharmacology and biotechnology. [Display omitted] • A predicted data mining approach (PDMA) was developed for finding novel biotransformated-compounds. • Two novel flavonoids, 3′-hydroxyloureirin A and 3′-hydroxyloureirin B, were identified. • The two novel flavonoids gain potent antioxidant and anti- α -glucosidase activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Salinity in arable land is becoming major issue in world. • Foliar application of MLE ameliorated effects of salinity. • MLE in stressed plants c enhanced POD,SOD, GB and TSS. • MLE revealed potential as biostimulant for plants. We evaluated role of exogenous application of moringa leaf extract (MLE) in ameliorating perturbations caused by salinity (200 mM) in some physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters of two canola varieties i.e. Super (V 1) and Punjab (V 2). Data analysis revealed significant interaction between salinity and plant attributes while MLE ameliorated effects of salinity. Both varieties exhibited an increase in shoot fresh (57%, 53%) and dry weights (37%, 19%) respectively after foliar application of MLE under salinity. In V1, particularly, this incremented growth corresponded to increase in Chl-a (33.53%), Chl-b (36.79%) under foliar application of MLE. The results presented that post MLE application in stressed plants caused comparative enhancement in H 2 O 2 , MDA, GB and TSS in both varieties but in V 1 it was particularly high (27%, 46%, 12%, 13%, respectively) when compared over control. On the other hand, TFAA (31.22%), proline (83.12%), proteins (106%), POD (81.17%), catalase (27.45%), H 2 O 2 (25.47%) and ascorbic acid (74.27%) were also boosted after MLE application in comparison with control. MLE caused a significant enhancement in leaf and stem anatomical characteristics in both varieties compared to control. Although increase was observed after MLE application but V 1 responded more strongly than V 2. Differential behavior of both varieties to MLE revealed potential of it as biostimulant for plants facing salinity. Overall, variance in photosynthetic pigments, osmoprotectants, antioxidants and changes in anatomical characteristics of leaf and stem due to MLE in V 1 and V 2 contributed in salinity tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assessed the effects of supplementation of different antioxidants on oocyte maturation, embryo production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression of key developmental genes. In this study, using ovine as an animal model, we tested the hypothesis that antioxidant supplementation enhanced the developmental competence of oocytes. Ovine oocytes aspirated from local abattoir-derived ovaries were subjected to IVM with different concentrations of antioxidants [(Melatonin, Ascorbic acid (Vit C), alpha-tocopherol (Vit E), Sodium selenite (SS)]. Oocytes matured without any antioxidant supplementation were used as controls. The oocytes were assessed for maturation rates and ROS levels. Further, embryo production rates in terms of cleavage, blastocysts and total cell numbers were evaluated after performing in vitro fertilization. Real-Time PCR analysis was used to evaluate the expression of stress related gene (SOD-1), growth related (GDF-9, BMP-15), and apoptosis-related genes (BCL-2 and BAX). We observed that maturation rates were significantly higher in alpha-tocopherol (100 μM; 92.4%) groups followed by melatonin (30 μM; 89.1%) group. However, blastocyst rates in ascorbic acid (100 μM; 19.5%), melatonin (30 μM; 18.4%), alpha-tocopherol (100 μM; 18.2%), and sodium selenite (20 μM; 16.9%) groups were significantly higher (P 0.05) than that observed in the control groups. Total cell numbers in blastocysts in the melatonin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol groups were significantly higher than those observed in sodium selenite and control groups. ROS production was reduced in groups treated with melatonin (30 μM), vitamin C (100 μM), sodium selenite (20 μM) and α-tocopherol (200 μM) compared with that observed in the control group. Supplementation of antioxidants caused the alterations in mRNA expression of growth, stress, and apoptosis related gene expression in matured oocytes. The results recommend that antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (200 μM), sodium selenite (40 μM), melatonin (30 μM) and ascorbic acid (100 μM) during IVM reduced the oxidative stress by decreasing ROS levels in oocytes, thus improving embryo quantity and quality. • Supplementation of different antioxidants on oocyte development and expression of key developmental genes were studied. • Total cell numbers in blastocysts in the melatonin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol treated groups were significantly higher than those observed in sodium selenite treated and control groups. • Antioxidants viz. alpha-tocopherol (200 μM), sodium selenite (40 μM), melatonin (30 μM) and ascorbic acid (100 μM) during IVM improved thr embryo quantity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress as a driver of disease is reinforcing the trend towards supplementation with antioxidants. While antioxidants positively influence the redox status when applied at physiological doses, higher concentrations may have pro-oxidative effects. Precise assessment methods for testing the supply of antioxidants are lacking. Using in-situ- irradiation as stressor and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy as readout system for formed radicals, a stress response assessment method was developed, using protein solutions and plasma samples from transfusion medicine. The method was validated in a double-blind placebo-controlled in vivo cross-over pilot study in blood plasma samples of individuals before and after vitamin C supplementation. Reference measurements were performed for the exogenous antioxidants β -carotene and vitamin C, and glutathione as an endogenous representative. Malondialdehyde was studied for oxidative stress indication. Protein solutions without antioxidants showed a linear increase in radical concentration during irradiation. The in-vitro- addition of vitamin C or plasma samples from subjects displayed two slopes (m 1 , m 2) for radical production, whereby m 1 represented the amount of antioxidants and proteins, m 2 only the protein content. These two slopes in combination with the intervening transition area (T) were used to calculate the oxidative stress coping capacity (OSC), which correlated positively with vitamin C concentration in blood plasma, while oxidative stress biomarkers showed only fluctuations within their reference ranges. Furthermore, a selective radical quenching mechanism for vitamin C was observed: the proportion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the plasma samples was degraded in dependence to the vitamin C concentration ingested. The proportion of lipid oxygen species (LOS) remained stable while the ascorbyl radical increased with higher vitamin C intake. OSC may represent a sensitive method to detect treatment effects on the redox status in vivo in future validation and treatment studies, and potentially in clinical routine. [Display omitted] • Development of a method for estimating the entire redox status in blood plasma. • Oxidative stress coping capacity (OSC) value to assess redox homeostasis. • Validation by a double blind place controlled cross-over in-vivo pilot study. • Significant positive correlation between blood vitamin C concentration and OSC values. • OSC is more sensitive to short-term supplementation than typical stress biomarkers and can reveal even slight differences in redox homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaria officinalis which belong to the Papaveraceae family is used to treat stomach-related ailments in Iraqi folk medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities of a 70% ethanol extract of F. officinalis. Extracts of the aerial parts F. officinalis at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and the standard drug, esomeprazole at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight were orally administered daily for 21 days after ulcer induction. The rats were sacrificed, and their stomachs were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic studies. The ethanolic extract showed a significant curative effect on ethanol-induced ulcer compared to the effects observed in the control and esomeprazole groups, especially at 400 mg/kg. Haematoxylin-eosin staining revealed remarkable improvement in gastric mucosal alteration, especially in rats treated with 400 mg/kg F. officinalis compared to the control. F. officinalis had high DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 : 189.2 ± 0.31 µg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid (215.5 ± 2.41 µg/mL). Further, HPLC analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of rutin, quercetin, ferulic, and p-coumaric acid in various quantities. In silico , rutin and quercetin were found to have the highest affinities of -9.4 and -7.6 kcal/mol, respectively with human H+/K+-ATPase α chain active sites, and the highest binding site energy values with Na+/K+-ATPase and pig gastric H+/K+- ATPase, respectively. Altogether, F. officinalis may be a potential candidate for the treatment of gastric ulcers. [Display omitted] • Fumaria officinalis ethanolic extract treated ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. • Gastric ulcer healing mode of action of Fumaria officinalis involves inhibition H+/K+-ATPase, which is mediated mainly by rutin and quercetin. • In vitro antioxidant was assessed by DPPH, TPC and TFC assay. • HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract demonstrated the existence of flavonoids and phenolic acid in different quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines regulate immune responses essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, as deregulated cytokine signaling can lead to detrimental outcomes, including inflammatory disorders. The antioxidants emerge as promising therapeutic agents because they mitigate oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory pathways. Antioxidants can potentially ameliorate inflammation-related disorders by counteracting excessive cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses. A comprehensive understanding of cytokine-mediated inflammatory pathways and the interplay with antioxidants is paramount for developing natural therapeutic agents targeting inflammation-related disorders and helping to improve clinical outcomes and enhance the quality of life for patients. Among these antioxidants, curcumin, vitamin C, vitamin D, propolis, allicin, and cinnamaldehyde have garnered attention for their anti-inflammatory properties and potential therapeutic benefits. This review highlights the interrelationship between cytokines-mediated disorders in various diseases and therapeutic approaches involving antioxidants. [Display omitted] • Cytokines, produced by immune cells, are pivotal players in many health conditions. • The imbalance of cytokines results in an excessive immune response. • Antioxidants provide therapeutic benefits in inflammatory conditions. • Antioxidants combined with radiotherapy can be an effective therapeutic option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manuscript revealed the ameliorative effects of exogenous melatonin in two distinct reproductive stages, i.e., developing grains (20 days after pollination) and matured grains (40 days after pollination) in two contrasting indica rice genotypes, viz., Khitish (arsenic-susceptible) and Muktashri (arsenic-tolerant), irrigated with arsenic-contaminated water throughout their life-cycle. Melatonin administration improved yield-related parameters like rachis length, primary and secondary branch length, number of grains per panicle, number of filled and empty grains per panicle, grain length and breadth and 1000-grain per weight. Expression of GW2 , which negatively regulates grain development, was suppressed, along with concomitant induction of positive regulators like GIF1 , DEP1 and SPL14 in both Khitish and Muktashri. Melatonin lowered arsenic bioaccumulation in grains and tissue biomass, more effectively in Khitish. Unregulated production of reactive oxygen species, leading to cellular necrosis caused by arsenic, was reversed in presence of melatonin. Endogenous melatonin level was stimulated due to up-regulation of the key biosynthetic genes, SNAT and ASMT. Melatonin enhanced the production of diverse antioxidants like anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolics and ascorbic acid and also heightened the production of thiol-metabolites (cysteine, reduced glutathione, non-protein thiols and phytochelatin), ensuring effective chelation and arsenic detoxification. Altogether, our observation, supported by principal component analysis, proved that melatonin re-programs the antioxidative metabolome to enhance plant resilience against arsenic stress to mitigate oxidative damages and reduce arsenic translocation from the soil to tissue biomass and edible grains. [Display omitted] • Arsenic accumulates in rice grains due to conventional waterlogged irrigation. • Exogenous melatonin improved agronomic yield attributes more efficiently in Khitish. • Melatonin elevated antioxidant and thiol-metabolites to minimize oxidative stress. • Key genes involved in melatonin biosynthesis were induced. • Oxidative injuries were mitigated in both rice genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) based nanozymes with clear structure are beneficial for exploration of structural-performance and exhibit broad prospects in improving activity. In this study, the prepared bimetallic Fe 3 Ni-MOF nanozyme was superior to single metal MOF in the peroxidase-like activity. Subsequently, a derivative nanozyme (Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar) was prepared by pyrolysis using Fe 3 Ni-MOF as the precursor in argon atomoshere with controlled temperature. The investigated of Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar revealed that the irregular macroporous state and the presence of heterovalent FeIII/FeII sites of Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar enable the retention, exposure, and electronic structure regulation of active sites, promoting the dual mechanism (the generation of •OH and electron transfer mechanism) and significantly increasing the peroxidase-like activity. Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar exhibited a strong affinity for substrate H 2 O 2 , which is higher than horseradish peroxidase. Ascorbic acid and cysteine are typical substances of antioxidants. Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar was used for sensitive colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid and cysteine, and the detection limit was as low as 150 and 60 nM. In addition, the smartphone devices was used to detection of antioxidant equivalent ascorbic acid, with a detection range of 0.5–120 μM. Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar nanozyme is feasible for sensitive detection of saliva total antioxidant capacity. [Display omitted] • The derivative Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar has higher POD-like activity compared to Fe 3 Ni-MOF. • Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar has the irregular macroporous state and heterovalent FeIII/FeII sites. • Fe 3 Ni-MOF-Ar achieves the retention, exposure, and electronic structure regulation of active sites. • This study established a method of on-the-spot smartphone-assisted detection of saliva TAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current nanozyme applications rely heavily on peroxidase-like nanozymes and are limited to a specific temperature range, despite notable advancements in nanozyme development. In this work, we designed novel Mn-based metal organic frameworks (UoZ-4), with excellent oxidase mimic activity towards common substrates. UoZ-4 showed excellent oxidase-like activity (with Km 0.072 mM) in a wide range of temperature, from 10 °C to 100 °C with almost no activity loss, making it a very strong candidate for psychrophilic and thermophilic applications. Ascorbic acid, cysteine, and glutathione could quench the appearance of the blue color of oxTMB, led us to design a visual-based sensing platform for detection of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in cold, mild and hot conditions. The visual mode successfully assessed TAC in citrus fruits with satisfactory recovery and precisions. Cold/hot adapted and magnetic property will broaden the horizon of nanozyme applications and breaks the notion of the temperature limitation of enzymes. [Display omitted] • Preparation of cold/hot adapted Mn-MOF (UoZ-4) oxidase-like nanozyme. • Efficient catalytic activity from 10 °C to 100 °C with stable activity. • One-pot recyclable and purifiable oxidase mimics for multiple detection purpose. • Visual detection of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in some citrus fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel thienopyrimidine linked to 1,2,3-triazole-bearing acetamide molecular hybrids were reported. • Its structure elucidation was established via different spectroscopic techniques. • Synthesized compounds were screened anti-oxidant activity (in vitro) against DPPH, NO, and H 2 O 2 protocols. • Compound 8i and 8d showed the high potency inhibitory activity in NO method. • Binding interaction was also validated with molecular docking studies. A series of new thienopyrimidine linked 1,2,3-triazole-bearing acetamide moieties were designed, and developed via multistage synthesis for their antioxidant activity. All newly prepared molecules were characterized and confirmed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and HR-MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity was screened using DPPH, NO, and H 2 O 2 antioxidant protocols using ascorbic acid as standard. Among these, compound (8i) exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity (IC 50 = 30.16 ± 0.31 µg/mL), and compound (8d) (IC 50 = 29.13 ± 0.11 µg/mL) showed potent activity in NO protocol particularly. The hybrid compounds 8 h , 8c, and 8a also exhibited good antioxidant inhibition compared with reference. Molecular docking studies were performed for all the molecules, and based on the Vina score, 8i was further considered for molecular dynamics simulations. The investigation included a look at protein stability, APO-protein dynamics, and interactions. Using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations with Desmond Maestro version 11.3 for this inquiry, a potential lead molecule was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia himalayensis Boiss. is an alpine member of the Euphorbiaceae family. Its dried roots have been used to treat digestive problems and chest congestion in traditional Tibetan and Mongolian medicine. Despite thousands of years of use in medicine, the bioactive compounds of the root remain unknown. Herein, we isolated a novel aqueous-soluble polysaccharide (EHP2) from the E. himalayensis root and determined its structural characteristics via high-performance gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The homogeneous molecular weight of EHP2 was 23.6 kDa with narrow polydisperity (Mw/Mn = 1.4), and EHP2 mainly comprised of glucose (86.4%), galactose (11.9%) and mannose (1.7%). The major backbone of EHP2 was →4)-α-D-GalAp-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → and the branch chain was α-D-Glcp-(1→. The antioxidant activity of the EHP2 was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays, and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GSH and MDA) was determined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The EHP2 demonstrated lower potential scavenging effects on DPPH and superoxide free radical scavenger than ascorbic acid, and in HUVECs, it led to increased SOD and GSH activities and decreased MDA levels. This study is the first to describe an E. himalayensis polysaccharide compound with potential antioxidant activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The benefit of a Mediterranean-style diet in reducing frailty is not well established in older Americans. Objectives We sought to determine associations of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern and related antioxidants with frailty onset and worsening of the Fried phenotype in adults. Methods This prospective study included 2384 nonfrail adults from the Framingham Offspring Study with a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern score (MSDPS) and data on antioxidant intakes (vitamin C, E, and total carotenoids) estimated from an FFQ at the index examination (1998–2001) and 1 prior examination (if available), as well as a frailty assessment at the index examination and at least 1 follow-up. Frailty onset was defined as ≥3 of 5 Fried frailty phenotype criteria at follow-up and the worsening of the Fried frailty phenotype was defined as an increased number of frailty criteria over follow-up (yes or no). Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations estimated ORs and 95% CIs, adjusting for confounders. Analyses were stratified by age (<60 and ≥60 years) for significant interactions. Results The mean ± SD age was 60 ± 9 years (range, 33–86 years) and 55% were female. In adjusted models, a 1-unit higher MSDPS reduced the odds of frailty by 3% (OR, 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.99). Each 10-mg higher total carotenoid and vitamin E intake reduced the odds of frailty by 16% (OR, 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73–0.98) and 1% (OR, 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98–1.00), respectively. No association with vitamin C (P = 0.36) was observed. The associations among participants aged <60 years of age were stronger for each 1-unit higher MSDPS (OR, 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89–0.96) and total carotenoid intake (OR, 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41–0.82) than those observed in older individuals [ORs, 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97–1.00) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.79–1.08), respectively]. Conclusions Our findings suggest that adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and higher total carotenoid intake are associated with frailty prevention over time, particularly in adults <60 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is an annual type having densely foliaged with dark green broad leaves (54.5 cm long and 35.2 cm width), possessing drought tolerance.The plants grows up to 405.6 cm and spreads 330.2 cm (E-W) and 390.4 cm (N-S) (Table 1). • It is a comparatively late flowering and late maturing comes to harvest during March-May. Each plant produces about 314 fruits in a year, and its yield potential of 53–54.7t/ha. It is superior in fruit size and yield (185.6%) over PKM-1 (Table 3). • No fled infestation of leaf eating caterpillars and pods are least affected by fruit fly resulting higher per cent of marketable pods (20 and 30%) as compared to the commercially popular varieties like PKM-1 and PKM-2, respectively (Table 4). • This variety suits for table/export purpose due to uniformly parrot green and very long pod having more flesh content with seeds uniformly spaced. • It has high protein (9.3 g), vitamin A (9783IU) and vitamin C content (246 mg) per 100 g of fresh edible pods. It also have recorded highest antioxidants contents and activity viz. total phenols, total flavonoids, DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC in pods as well as leaves as compared check (Table 7 & 8). • The proposed genotype recorded highest dry matter (85.84%), protein (10.25 mg/100 g), nitrogen, potassium, calcium (438.38), sulphur (4397.18), iron (44.6), zinc (3.79), manganese (20.55) and Cu (1.15) in (mg/100 g dry leaves powder) as compared to check(Fig 1, Table 5 & 6). The drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) variety Thar Harsha is an annual type having densely foliaged with dark green broad leaves (54.5 cm long and 35.2 cm width). The plants grows up to 405.6 cm and spreads 330.2 cm (E-W) and 390.4 cm (N-S). The fruiting in Thar Harsha starts late (March to May) as compared to PKM-1 (February-March). Each plant produces about 314 pods in a year, and its yield potential of 53–54.7t/ha. It is superior in pod size and yield (85.6%) over PKM-1. It has high protein (9.3 g), Vitamin A (9783IU) and Vitamin C content (246 mg) per 100 g of fresh edible pods. It have recorded comparatively higher antioxidants contents and activity viz. total phenols (657.69 and 36.23 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids (406.28 and 298.46 CE mg/100 g), DPPH (29.07 and 21.53 µmol TE/g), FRAP (66.37 and 34.41 µmol TE/g)and CUPRAC (99.07 and 44.64 µmol TE/g) in leaves and pods, respectively. The variety Thar Harsha recorded comparatively highest dry matter (25.52 and 20.69%), protein (20.25 and 9.33 mg/100 g), nitrogen (3868.03 and 3653.16), phosphorus (187.91 and 113.60) potassium (1714.12 and 942.33), Calcium (4318.38 and 1983.15), Sulphur (4397.18 and 2038.49), Iron (44.6 and 32.76), Manganese (3.79 and 1.21), zinc (20.55 and 12.14) and Cu (1.15 and 0.83) in (mg/100 g dry powder) leaves and pods, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes located at the distal ends of chromosomes. In adults, progressive telomere shortening occurs throughout the lifetime and is thought to contribute to progressive aging, physiological senescence, multiorgan dysfunction, and ultimately, death. As discussed in this review, multiple lines of evidence provide support for the biological plausibility that a telomere-based clock mechanism also determines the length of gestation, leading to the onset of labor (parturition). After telomere expansion at the beginning of pregnancy, the telomere lengths in the gestational tissues (ie, the placenta and fetal membranes) progressively shorten throughout the remainder of pregnancy. The rate of telomere shortening can be accelerated by conditions that affect the mother and result in oxidative stress. Preterm births in the United States are associated with multiple risk factors that are linked with increased oxidative stress. Antioxidant vitamins (ie, vitamins E and C) mitigate the effects of oxidative stress and delay or prevent telomere shortening. Clinical trials with vitamins E and C and with multivitamins started during the periconception period have been associated with reduced rates of preterm births. In the United States, African-American women have a 2-3-fold higher rate of preterm birth. African-American women have multiple risk factors for premature birth, all of which are distinct and potentially additive with regard to epigenetic telomere shortening. The "weathering effect" is the hypothesis to explain the increased rates of chronic illness, disabilities, and early death observed in African-Americans. With regard to pregnancy, accelerated weathering with the associated telomere shortening in the gestational tissues would not only explain the preterm birth disparity but could also explain why highly educated, affluent African-American women continue to have an increased rate of preterm birth. These studies suggest that the racial disparities in preterm birth are potentially mediated by telomere shortening produced by lifetime or even generational exposure to the effects of systemic racism and socioeconomic marginalization. In conclusion, this review presents multiple lines of evidence supporting a novel hypothesis regarding the biological clock mechanism that determines the length of pregnancy, and it opens the possibility of new approaches to prevent or reduce the rate of spontaneous preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidative damage induced by cryopreservation significantly contributes to the overall decline in the quality of cryopreserved sperm. This underscores the necessity for exploring mitigation measures, such as supplementing the freezing media with antioxidants, aimed at enhancing sperm quality post-thaw. In this study, we determined the effects of adding five antioxidants [Vitamin C, taurine, trolox, Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), and uric acid] to a glucose–methanol extender at three concentrations—low, intermediate, and high—on the motility, viability, concentration, and fertilization rates of the sperm of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), which is an economically important fish resource in Northeast Asia. Our research reveals various sperm quality parameters of the same species react differently to different antioxidants or even different concentrations of the same antioxidants, which adds another layer of complexity to the selection criteria for an appropriate antioxidant for supplementation beyond the specific specificity of antioxidants. Moreover, the effects of the antioxidants were often nonlinear and paradoxical, highlighting the importance of applying accurate dosage. Compared with the control group (no antioxidant supplementation), only uric acid and taurine supplementation at intermediate concentrations (5 mM) significantly improved the post-thaw sperm viability and percentage of motile sperm. Meanwhile, BHT supplementation generally improved the following kinematic traits of sperm: straight-line velocity (VSL), linearity, average path velocity, and curvilinear velocity (VCL). Similarly, 5-mM taurine supplementation also significantly improved sperm VSL, VCL, and beat cross frequency. In contrast, 10-mM Vitamin C supplementation (high concentration) adversely affected multiple parameters, leading to a decline in fertilization capacity. Based on these findings, the selection criteria for antioxidants should go beyond species specificity and include sperm quality parameters the breeder considers crucial for predicting post-thaw sperm fertility, as well as the ways in which particular antioxidants influence these parameters. We recommend 5-mM taurine supplementation for masu salmon sperm cryopreservation because of its positive effects on sperm viability, concentration, and some kinematic parameters. • Sperm quality parameters show varying responses to different antioxidants and concentrations of the same antioxidants. • No single antioxidant-concentration combination optimizes all quality parameters. • Supplementation with 10 mM Vitamin C particularly detrimental to sperm fertility. • Supplementation with 5 mM taurine positive effects on multiple parameters and can be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

YiXinShu capsule (YXSC), originally from the classical TCM formula named "Sheng-Mai-San", has been extensively utilized in clinic for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, there were few reports about the quality assessment of YXSCs both internationally and domestically. The objective was to develop a multi-strategy platform incorporating systematic quantitative fingerprint analysis and antioxidant activity determination, with chemometric analysis and bivariate correlation analysis as the auxiliary approaches, to assess and monitor the quality of YXSCs. Firstly, according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), 12 key indicator components from seven herb medicines were quantified by HPLC method. Then, three-dimensional fingerprints comprising five-wavelength fusion fingerprint (FWF-FP), electrochemical fingerprint (EC-FP) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry fingerprint (DSC-FP) were established to assess and monitor YXSCs using systematically quantified fingerprint method (SQFM) and principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, by integrating the analysis of the three-dimensional fingerprints, the quality of YXSCs from different batches was effectively screened. Finally, the antioxidant activity of this TCM was assessed through DPPH and ABTS methods, and the L-ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) values were compared to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the two methods. A Partial Least Squares (PLS) model was used to develop the spectrum-activity relationship between FWF-FP and AEAC, and a bivariate correlation analysis (BCA) was used to assess the correlation between FWF-FP and EC-FP. The key indexes including tanshinone I, t ol , t oe , A tp , first exothermic peak, and second exothermic peak can differentiate between various batches of YXSCs based on their three-dimensional fingerprint profiles. The integration evaluation results from 42 batches of YXSCs were categorized into 2–5 grades, indicating good quality consistency across different batches. In vitro studies have indicated a significant antioxidant activity capacity of YXSCs. The PLS model revealed that 37 out of the 41 fingerprint peaks exhibited antioxidant activity. The overall trend of BCA was consistent with PLS model results. This research presents a scientific and holistic strategy for the quality consistency evaluation of YXSCs, thereby offering an effective approach for the thorough evaluation of TCMs. [Display omitted] • Quantify 12 representative Q-markers from 7 HMs in YXSCs and analyze them using PCA. • Construct FWF-FP, EC-FP and DSC-FP to evaluate YXSCs by SQFM and PCA. • Integrate FWF-FP, EC-FP, and DSC-FP for holistic assessment of this TCM by SQFM. • Examine antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH tests, comparing AEAC values. • Explore the spectrum-efficacy of FWF-FP- IC 50 and FWF-FP-EC-FP using PLS and BCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pueraria lobata is essential medicinal and edible homologous plants widely cultivated in Asian countries. Therefore, P. lobata is widely used in the food, health products and pharmaceutical industries and have significant domestic and international market potential and research value. P. lobata has remarkable biological activities in protecting liver, relieving alcoholism, antioxidation, anti-tumor and anti-inflammation in clinic. However, the potential mechanism of ethyl acetate extract of Pueraria lobata after 70% alcohol extraction (APL) ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been clarified. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of P. lobata extract on human hepatoma cells and injury in rats, and to evaluate its therapeutic potential for ameliorating NAFLD. Firstly, the effective part of P. lobata extract was determined as APL by measuring its total substances and antioxidant activity. And then the in vitro and in vivo models of NAFLD were adopted., HepG2 cells were incubated with palmitic acid (PA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). In order to evaluate the effect of APL, Simvastatin and Vitamin C (VC) were used as positive control. Various parameters related to lipogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation were studied, such as intracellular lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Western Blot, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and the mechanism of APL improving NAFLD. The chemical components of APL were further determined by HPLC and UPLC-MS, and molecular docking was carried out with Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway related proteins. APL significantly reduced lipid accumulation and levels of oxidative stress-related factors in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical、Western Blot and PCR analysis showed that the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were up-regulated in APL treatment. The Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 can block the rescue by APL of cellular oxidative stress and lipid accumulation induced by H 2 O 2 and PA, demonstrating its dependence on Nrf2. UPLC/MS analysis showed that there were 3′-hydroxyl puerarin, puerarin, 3′-methoxy puerarin, daidzein, genistin, ononin, daidzin and genistein. This study further clarified the mechanism of P. lobata extract in improving NAFLD, which provided a scientific basis for developing new drugs to protect liver injury and laid a solid foundation for developing P. lobata Chinese herbal medicine resources. [Display omitted] • The research group innovatively proposed the hypothesis that the antioxidant active site of Pueraria lobata may have better therapeutic ability for non-alcoholic liver injury. • Using pharmacodynamic tracking method, the best antioxidant activity was screened from 8 different extracts of Pueraria lobata • We compared Pueraria lobata extract with the commonly used lipid-lowering drug (simvastatin) and the well-studied monomer compound (puerarin). • Pueraria lobata extract ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver by altering liver fat accumulation and oxidative stress, and its effect is superior to puerarin, with multiple pathways and targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the conventional germination process and improve the nutritional quality of red kidney beans, this study employed high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) supplemented with hydrogen peroxide as a pre-germination treatment. The results showed that the 350 W-10 min treatment yielded the highest germination rate (77.09%), with its sprout length 81.13% greater than that of the control group. The 350 W-10 min treatment increased total protein, soluble protein, and ash content, while simultaneously reducing the fat, starch, and soluble sugar content. The HIU treatment accelerated the accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, ascorbic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid. The 350 W-10 min treatment also decreased the levels of phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor activity, and tannin by 42.71%, 65.58%, and 53.18%, respectively. Furthermore, ultrasonic cavitation enhanced antioxidative capacity and improved amino acid composition and protein digestibility. Consequently, HIU serves as a cost-efficient method to accelerate the germination process and enhance their nutritional composition. [Display omitted] • HIU increased the germination rate (77.09%) and sprout length (81.13%) of red kidney beans. • The 350 W-10 min treatment increased total protein while reducing the fat, starch, and soluble sugar content. • HIU treatment accelerated the accumulation of flavonoid compounds, ascorbic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid. • The 350 W-10 min treatment decreased the levels of phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor activity and tannin. • HIU enhanced antioxidative capacity and improved amino acid composition and protein digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) was cultivated in large scale for flowers as cosmetic raw materials, whereas the value of its leaves remains to be discovered. Our chemical study on the leaves yielded four new flavonol diglycosides, champaflavosides A–D (1 – 4), together with twenty-three known flavonoid glycosides (5 – 27). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compounds 5 – 21 and 23 – 27 were not previously reported from the genus Michelia , and kaempferol 3- O -rutinoside (22) was obtained from this species for the first time. All the compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity by four in vitro assays. Compounds 3 – 12 and 20 showed more potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than l -ascorbic acid (l -AA). Compounds 2 – 23 , 25 , and 27 exhibited 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity superior to l -AA. The ferric reducing antioxidant powers (FRAP) of compounds 2 – 13 , 17 , and 19 were higher than l -AA. Further, eighteen compounds demonstrated cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, of which champaflavoside D (4), rhamnetin 3- O -neohesperidoside (8), quercetin 3- O -(6- O - E - p -coumaroyl)-neohesperidoside (9), and liquiritin (27) were more potent than curcumin. The results revealed that the renewable leaves of M. champaca are a rich source of flavonoids and antioxidants. [Display omitted] • Michelia champaca has been widely cultivated for flowers as cosmetic raw materials. • The chemical constituents other than volatile oil in the leaves remain unknown. • Four new and 23 known flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the leaves. • Our research results revealed that the leaves are a rich source of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild artichokes (Cyanara algarbiensis, C. baetica, C. cardunculus, and C. humilis) heads are globally consumed, although some taxa remain understudied, constituting natural reservoirs of bioactive phytochemicals. This study was focused on four Cyanara taxa collected in diverse locations in the SE of the Iberian Peninsula in comparison with cultivated C. scolymus. Analyses of vitamin C was effected by HPLC-DAD, and the methanol:water (80:20, v/v) extracts were analyzed for: i) phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS; ii) phenolic acids and flavonoid using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods; iii) the antioxidant activity through the DPPH and ABTS•+ methods; iv) the in vitro antiproliferative activity against HT-29 cells using the MTT assay; and v) caspase-3 activity, which was performed to verify induced apoptosis. Vitamin C highlighted in C. humilis (59.9 mg/100 g fw), and total phenolics (by chromatography quantitation) reached 645.9 mg/100 g fw in C. baetica. The antioxidant activity stood out in C. baetica , with 0.50 (DPPH) and 0.52 (ABTS•+) mmol TE/100 g fw. Chlorogenic acid, apigenin-7- O -glucoronide, and apigenin-7- O -rutinoside highlighted in C. baetica (159.5, 274.5, and 50.3 mg/100 g fw); and quercetin-3- O -glucoside and 1,5-di- O -caffeoylquinic acid stood out in C. algarbiensis (61.5 and 93.5 mg/100 g fw). Artichoke extracts inhibited HT-29 colorectal cancer cells proliferation, particularly the ones from C. algarbiensis and C. baetica (GI 50 of 975 and 650 μg/mL for 72-h exposed cells). This work constitutes a whole approach to the knowledge of phytochemicals and bioactivities of wild artichoke taxa to discern their use as functional foods. [Display omitted] • Wild and cultured Cynara heads were checked for phytochemicals and bioactivities • The antioxidant activity by the DPPH· and ABTS•+ methods highlighted in C. baetica • The main phenolics in all taxa were chlorogenic and 1,5-di- O -caffeoylquinic acids • Vitamin C content stood out in C. humilis • Cynara extracts inhibited HT-29 cancer cells proliferation, especially C. baetica [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Haemolysis, ROS generation, and lipoperoxidation in red blood cells (RBC) were measured concomitantly using HERYCA-P. • HERYCA-P was effective in investigating the dose-dependent behaviour of food matrices. • Erythrocytes were protected against oxidative stress by teas and isolated compounds. • Quercetin was an effective standard for studying oxidative stress in erythrocytes. • HERYCA-P was positively correlated with chemical antioxidant assays. Oxidative/nitrosative damage takes part in chronic disease development, which generates an urgent need for intervention and better therapies to manage them. The scientific community has demanded easy-to-run, cheap, and reliable methods for cellular antioxidant activity assays. This work standardised and validated an erythrocyte cellular antioxidant activity and membrane protection/injury (HERYCA-P) protocol to study food-derive extracts. The method measures intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipoperoxidation, and haemolysis induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Quercetin decreased ROS generation by 50.4% and haemolysis by 2.2%, while ascorbic acid inhibited lipid peroxidation by 40.1%. Total phenolic contents of teas were correlated with decreased ROS generation (r = −0.924), lipoperoxidation (r = −0.951), and haemolysis (r = −0.869). The erythrocyte ROS generation and lipoperoxidation were also associated with CUPRAC (r = −0.925; r = −0.951) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (r = −0.936; r = −0.949). The precision rates of antioxidant standards and tea samples were below 15%. HERYCA-P is feasible as a complementary antioxidant assay for food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• "Cephalandole A" analogues 19a-y and 20a-d were synthesised rapidly under microwave irradiation using PTSA as catalyst. • In vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay provided 19a, 19f, 19n and 20a as the most potent molecules. In addition, testing in FRAP assay provided 19d and 19v as potential antioxidants. • In silico studies were performed to validate the wet results. • To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating 'Cephalandole A' analogues as a new class of antioxidant agents. Herein, a novel series of natural product alkaloid 'Cephalandole A' analogues 19a-y, and 20a-d were rapidly synthesised under microwave irradiation conditions using PTSA in catalytic amount dissolved in acetonitrile at 90 °C for 15 min. The developed one-pot protocol is operationally simple, rapid (15 min) and furnished the target analogues in up to 90 % yield. All the synthesised analogues of Cephalandole A were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH free-radical scavenging and FRAP assays. The in vitro studies of DPPH radical scavenging assay provided 19a (IC 50 = 11.87 ± 0.14 µg/mL), 19f (IC 50 = 16.34 ± 0.27 µg/mL), 19n (IC 50 = 15.37 ± 0.11 µg/mL) and 20a (IC 50 = 14.54 ± 0.31 µg/mL) respectively, as the most active compounds of the series. In addition, the analogous 19d (556.3 ± 13.1 µM) and 19v (551.9 ± 14.2 µM) showed promising activity in FRAP assay. However, the standard reference drug ascorbic acid showed an IC 50 value of 4.57 µg/mL in the DPPH assay, and BHT showed C 0.5FRAP = 546.0 ± 13.6 μM in the FRAP assay. In silico studies were performed to validate the wet results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating 'Cephalandole A' analogues as a new class of antioxidant agents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Red dragon fruit peel was dried using electromagnetic and convective approaches. • Microwave drying enhanced moisture removal and reduced drying time. • Mid-infrared drying resulted in improved colour of the red dragon fruit peel. • Far-infrared drying enhanced the retention of phenolics, flavonoids and betalains. • Microstructural analysis elucidated the underlying mechanism of quality changes. The effects of near-infrared (NIRD), mid-infrared (MIRD), far-infrared (FIRD), microwave (MWD), and hot air drying (HAD) on drying kinetic, colour, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of red dragon fruit peel (RDFP) was evaluated. Results indicated that drying methods induced varying microstructural and chemical changes on RDFP, significantly influencing moisture removal rates and phytochemical retention. The lowest drying time was observed for MWD, while MIRD presented the highest drying time. FIRD drying was more favourable for retaining TPC, TFC, betacyanin and betaxanthin, while the ascorbic acid content was better retained during MIRD and NIRD. Enhancements in ABTS, CUPRAC and reducing power were associated with FIRD, and NIRD and MIRD enhanced DPPH and HRSA. Overall, chemical modifications induced by drying improved the phytochemical and antioxidant properties but presented adversative effects on ascorbic acid and DPPH. The study presented an essential background for the optimal drying of RDFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report on the occurrence of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the Argentine shortfin squid, Illex argentinus, the second fishery resource mostly exploited in the Argentinean continental shelf. The total content of four MAAs was evaluated by reverse-phase-HPLC in different tissues (eyes, skin, liver, and gonads). Also, the antioxidant activity of crude extracts was assessed by in-vitro determinations: 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu, and ferrous ion-chelating capacity assays. The content of MAAs was found to be almost ten times higher in female gonads than in other tissues (11,89 ± 0,56 mg/g dry weight). Extracts from skin, female gonads and eyes, exhibit higher antioxidant activity than the reference compounds ascorbic acid and TROLOX. Overall, Argentine squid waste is a promising potential source of MAAs with antioxidant and UV photoprotective properties, which could bear interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, thus encouraging maximal and sustainable use of fishing resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The comprehensive linear quantitative fingerprint method was used to quality evaluation. • Explore electrochemical fingerprints to characterize Red Yeast Rice. • Combine electrochemical and ABTS+· scavenging test to determine antioxidant activity. • Fingerprint-efficacy relationship was established. Red Yeast Rice (RYR) is an important functional food ingredient that plays a critical role in promoting dietary guidance and maintaining health. To ensure its quality, four key compounds were quantified, and both HPLC fingerprint and electrochemical fingerprint (ECFP) were applied to assess quality. Additionally, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+•) scavenging test and ECFP were applied to assay the total antioxidant activity, with ascorbic acid as the positive control. The results showed that the holistic quality of samples was divided into 4 grades based on HPLC fingerprint analysis by the comprehensive linear quantitative fingerprint method. Additionally, the area of the total peak ( A tp) in ECFP was found to be linearly correlated with the antioxidant activity (R > 0.99). A further fingerprint-efficacy relationship analysis determined the significant contributions to the antioxidant activity of peaks 20-Daidzein, 21-Glycitein, and 24-Genistein. Overall, this study suggested a comprehensive and reliable approach to the quality assessment of RYR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effect of polymer coating and antioxidants on the soybean seed quality enhancement by reducing the oxidation process, the experiment was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, PJTSAU, India. Method: Soybean seed of JS 335 was treated with four antioxidants at concentrations of 100 ppm, 300 ppm, and 500 ppm, either individually or in combination with polymer at 8 ml kg-1 seed and stored in airtight containers. Seed quality parameters like seed germination, seedling abnormality, seed mortality, seedling length, seedling dry weight, and Seedling Vigour Index 1 and 2 were measured at various months of storage period. Results: Polymer coating, either individually or in combination with antioxidants, showed a significant influence on soybean seed quality and longevity. Six months after storage, seeds treated with polymer + ascorbic acid at 100 ppm recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher germination %, speed of germination and field emergence % (92, 40, and 85), followed by polymer + ascorbic acid at 300 ppm with a high seedling vigour index-2 (86) compared to untreated control (86, 35, 79, and 76, respectively). Seed treated with tocopherol at 300 ppm + polymer recorded higher seedling length (cm) and seedling vigour index-1 (24.73 and 2258) than control (17.49 and 1709, respectively). Among chemical antioxidants, ascorbic acid, followed by tocopherol and reduced glutathione, showed a good effect on soybean seed longevity. Conclusion: Soybean seed quality could be enhanced either with a polymer coating or with a polymer + antioxidant coating with ascorbic acid at 100 and 300 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grateloupia Livida polysaccharides-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (GLP-SeNPs) have been successfully prepared in a simple redox system of sodium selenite and ascorbic acid. The size, morphology, structure, stability and thermal behavior were analyzed by various characterization methods. These results showed that, GLP-SeNPs (particle size of 115.54 nm) prepared in optimal synthesis conditions (temperature of 45 °C, reaction time of 3 h, GLP concentration of 1.0 mg/mL and ascorbic acid concentration of 0.04 M) obtained by orthogonal experiments were uniform spherical and could be stable for 30 days at 4 °C. GLP-SeNPs exhibited significant scavenging ability on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical when compared to GLP and Na 2 SeO 3. GLP-SeNPs showed selective cytotoxicity toward various human cancer cells, but not normal cells. Besides, GLP-SeNPs exhibited low oral acute toxicity. Taken together, GLP-SeNPs might be used as potential diet nutritional supplement or anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence now shows that supplemental antioxidants including vitamin C, vitamin E and N-Acetylcysteine consumption can suppress adaptations to endurance-type exercise by attenuating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) formation within skeletal muscle. This emerging evidence points to the importance of pro-oxidation as an important stimulus for endurance-training adaptations, including mitochondrial biogenesis, endogenous antioxidant production, insulin signalling, angiogenesis and growth factor signaling. Although sustained oxidative distress is associated with many chronic diseases, athletes have, on average, elevated levels of certain endogenous antioxidants to maintain redox homeostasis. As a result, trained athletes may have a better capacity to buffer oxidants during and after exercise, resulting in a reduced oxidative eustress stimulus for adaptations. Thus, higher levels of RONS input and exercise-induced oxidative stress may benefit athletes in the pursuit of continuous endurance training redox adaptations. This review addresses why athletes should be looking to enhance exercise-induced oxidative stress and how it can be accomplished. Methods covered include high-intensity interval training, hyperthermia and heat stress, dietary antioxidant restriction and modified antioxidant timing, dietary antioxidants and polyphenols as adjuncts to exercise, and vitamin C as a pro-oxidant. [Display omitted] • Exercise adaptations partially depend on exercise-induced oxidative stress. • HIIT and heat stress are simple ways to increase oxidant production. • Dietary antioxidant restriction can enhance oxidative stress without immediate harm. • Under certain conditions, vitamin C and polyphenols can act as a pro-oxidant. • Antioxidants found in whole foods remain superior to supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, is an increasing global health problem which is associated with various chronic diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Despite traditional insulin therapy, nutrients and nutritional factors are also known to play a significant role in the control and treatment of DM. This comprehensive review focuses on recent advances in knowledge and understanding of the anti-diabetic effects of fruit consumption. Particular attention will be paid to natural antioxidants found in different fruits that may have anti-diabetic effects in human. Oxidative stress is an important cause and therapeutic target of DM. Plant-based food such as fruits are rich sources of natural antioxidants. Various epidemiological studies, clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that fruits with different phytochemical profiles have the ability to lower blood glucose to normal levels. Bioactive compounds identified to have anti-diabetic activities include phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, vitamin C, and most of them have antioxidant activity or can induce antioxidant systems in different experimental models. Therefore, fruits are good resources of anti-diabetic nutrients and a balanced diet rich in different fruits is recommended for diabetic patients and the pre-diabetic population. • Oxidative stress is an important cause and therapeutic target of diabetes. • Fruits are rich sources of natural antioxidants that possess anti-diabetic effects. • Balance between oxidative stress and antioxidants are common mechanisms in alleviating DM in humans and stress in plants. • A balanced diet rich in fruits is recommended for diabetic individuals and pre-diabetic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing environmental concern in the world for replacing the traditional petroleum-based products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the structure – property relationship of banana peel lignins (BPLs) as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents by controlling the parameters of organosolv process. The milled banana peel was hydrolyzed using an aqueous acetic acid solution (70, 80 and 90% v/v) and 2.0% v/v HCl at 110 °C for 1, 2 and 3 h. BPLs were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 1H 13C HSQC, 31P NMR, GPC and TGA. The antioxidant capacity of BPLs was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and H 2 O 2 assays, comparing their performance with that of ascorbic and gallic acid. The antimicrobial activity of BPLs was evaluated against E. coli. The reaction time and acetic acid/water ratio had significant effects on the yield and purity of BPLs. The composition of organosolv solution also affected their total amount of hydroxyls (0.71–0.82 mmol g−1), M w (2759–3954 g mol−1), T onset (232–254 °C), antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. It can be concluded that the control of organosolv parameters can be a useful tool for tuning the structural features of lignins and to maximize their performance. • An inedited type of lignin was obtained from banana peel through organosolv process. • Physicochemical and structural properties of BPLs were evaluated. • Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of BPLs can be tuned during organosolv. • The antioxidant activity of BPLs was compared to that of ascorbic and gallic acids. • BPLs can be used as alternative antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Direct seeding compromised the vitamin C and K contents of baby vegetables. • Its effect on the vitamin C and K contents of mature vegetables was crop dependent. • Directly seeded mature crops were generally lower in total glucosinolates. • This decrease in glucosinolates was not statistically significant in baby vegetables. • The effect of direct seeding on carotenoids was crop and growth stage dependent. This study hypothesised that direct seeding may compromise the nutritional quality of crops, as they may not release the nutrients that are triggered by the stress of transplantation. To that end, the effect of direct seeding on the nutrient content of bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis), choy sum (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) and mao bai (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) was investigated at the baby- and commercially-mature stages. Direct seeding had distinct effects on each stage. Directly seeded baby vegetables had 39 to 51 % less ascorbic acid and 21 to 30 % less vitamin K than transplanted baby vegetables (p < 0.05). For mature crops, direct seeding decreased the total glucosinolate content by 12 to 40 % (p < 0.05). Thus, while direct seeding may profit vegetable producers, its impact on nutrient quality merits careful consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinnow mandarin is an important citrus fruit that undergoes various postharvest qualitative losses. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of polysaccharide-based xanthan gum (XG) coatings and lemongrass essential oil (LG) on the nutritive quality of Kinnow mandarins stored at 5–7 °C, 90–95 % RH for 75 days. The results revealed that in comparison to control the coatings maintained the fruit titratable acidity (TA), soluble solid content (SSC), ascorbic acid (AsA) content, total flavonoid content (TFC), and juice content, along with reduced weight loss and spoilage incidence. The coated fruits also exhibited higher sensory quality, total antioxidant activity (TAA), and activities of enzymes; catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). At the end of storage, the fruits coated with XG 1.0 % + LG 1.0 % exhibited maximum TA (0.69 %), AsA content (203.5 mg L−1), and TFC (0.21 mg g−1) with minimum weight loss (7.57 %) and spoilage (3.01 %) and SSC (11.87 %). The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the coated fruits also exhibited smooth surfaces with closed stomata pores. Overall, XG 1.0 % + LG 1.0 % proved as a potential postharvest treatment for maintaining the nutritive quality of Kinnow under low-temperature storage. • Xanthan gum along with Lemongrass oil maintains the nutritive quality of stored Kinnow • Coated fruits observed reduced spoilage and weight loss • Coated fruits exhibited higher enzymatic activity viz. CAT, POD, PAL • SEM images of coated fruits revealed smooth surface morphology • Combined coating could be used for shelf-life extension under cold storage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microbiological biopreparations improved strawberry fruit quality. • Biopreparations delayed the ripening of strawberries. • Increase in SSC, anthocyanin and vitamin C treated with biostimulants. • Lower number of fungal and bacterial microorganisms for fruits treated with biostimulants. • K6 formulation was the most effective in maintaining post-harvest quality of strawberries. Strawberries, as non-climacteric fruits, undergo unfavourable changes after harvest such as cell damage, softening and a loss in fruit quality. One of the methods of maintaining high-quality fruit is using ecological preparations defined as biostimulants, which also eliminate the usage of pesticides and support a sustainable agriculture approach. The effectiveness of microbial preparations used as biostimulants was studied in our experiment. The use of preparations containing Bacillus subtilis and Paenibacillus polymyxa strains and bioactive substances (K4, K5 and K6) delayed the ripening processes of the Honeoye and Rumba strawberry, which resulted in a brighter colour of the skin as compared to the control (K1 I, K1 II). After applying the biopreparations, the taste was improved and the nutritional value of the strawberries increased. An average of a 14 % increase in the soluble solid content (SSC) content was observed for Honeoye strawberries treated with K4 and K6 and also the Vibrant variety treated with K6, compared to the control samples (K1 I, K1 II). The antioxidant capacity, which was determined in terms of the DPPH level in the three cultivars of the strawberries (Honeoye, Rumba and Vibrant) treated with the tested preparations, was similar and ranged between 83 and 90 %. The greatest differences in the content of antioxidants were found for anthocyanins, whose content increased by an average of 27 % in the Vibrant (K5, K6) and Rumba (K3, K5, K6) strawberries. Together, these results show that the selected preparations improve the quality of strawberries of the Honeoye, Vibrant and Rumba varieties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A automatic method for detection of total antioxidant capacity in human serum was established based on carbon dots nanozyme derived from expired drugs. [Display omitted] • A new application of high value conversion of expired drugs. • An automatic TAC detection method was proposed by sequential injection technology. • The TAC values in human serum were determined by a new Fe-CDs. In the post-COVID-19 pandemic, the stockpiling of medicines by most households could pose a pollution risk as they may expire over time. In this study, an expired amoxicillin act as carbon source to prepare peroxide-like functional carbon dots nanozymes doped Fe (Fe-CDs). Importantly, a high-value treatment technique for expired drugs was proposed. To obtain outstanding catalytic performance, compared with other commonly doped metals, Fe-CDs catalyzed the oxidation of TMB by H 2 O 2 with the highest efficiency. In particular, the oxidation product of TMB (oxTMB) would be alleviated in the presence of antioxidants. Significantly, antioxidants could briefly cause the fading of oxTMB and the fading level was correlated with various concentrations of antioxidants. Importantly, a sequential injection strategy was introduced to control the fading process caused by antioxidants to improve the accuracy. Under the optimum condition, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.13 mg/L (for ascorbic acid) with the linear concentration range from 0.5 to 15 mg·L−1. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human serum samples were evaluated successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tannate-iron network-derived peroxidase-like catalyst loaded with Fe ions on carbon nitride (C 3 N 4) was reported for detection of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in food in this study. Metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) was employed to form a low coordination compound on C 3 N 4 , and calcined catalyst formed hollow structure with abundant and uniform Fe sites and surface folds. CN-FeC exhibited significant peroxidase-like activity and high substrate affinity. The homogeneous distribution of amorphous Fe elements on the C 3 N 4 substrate provides more active sites, resulting in provided excellent catalytic activity to activate H 2 O 2 to ·OH, 1O 2 and O 2 ·–. The established CN-FeC/TMB/H 2 O 2 colorimetric system can detect AA in the concentration range of 5‐40 μM, with the detection limits of 1.40 μM, respectively. It has good accuracy for the detection of vitamin C tablets, beverages. Taken together, this work shows that metal-phenolic networks can be an effective way to achieve efficient utilization of metal atoms and provides a promising idea for metal-phenolic networks in nanoparticle enzyme performance enhancement. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atriplex lindleyi Moq. subsp. inflata from Algeria is known for its traditional use for therapeutic properties. We analysed quantitatively and qualitatively the infusion and diethyl ether, n-butanol and ethereal extracts of A. lindleyi , as well as assessed their acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay and the antinociceptive effect was evaluated using an acetic acid-induced writhing method. In addition, antioxidant activity was examined by three tests: DPPH, reducing power and phenanthroline assays. The quantity of total phenols in the roots of A. lindleyi was larger than in the aerial parts, while the amounts of total flavonoids were larger in the aerial parts than in the roots. The HPLC profiles allowed us to identify 32 compounds belonging to the phenolic acid and flavonoid classes. Intraperitoneal administration of the infusions and phenolic extracts in mice did not cause any symptoms of toxicity or mortality. Results revealed that the aerial parts and roots of A. lindleyi had potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities and were higher than diclofenac and paracetamol, respectively. The diethyl ether extract (DEE) of aerial parts and roots showed the greatest antioxidant activity in comparison to the other tested extracts. The phenolic composition attempted to be identified by HPLC confers this plant's pharmacological potential. The antioxidant potential may be due to active ingredients, including ascorbic acid, in the two studied parts of A. lindleyi , which is a bioactive molecule with strong antioxidant properties. Also, detecting salicylic acid, the active antinociceptive ingredient of aspirin, gallic and ferulic acids may justify this subspecies' antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new phenolic glycosides (1 – 3) and a new lignan glycoside (4), together with five known compounds (5 – 9) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis (Franch.) T.Z.Hsu & R.C.Fang. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic techniques, experimental and calculated ECD spectra, acid hydrolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments. All the isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Compounds 7 and 8 exhibited inhibitory effects against the LPS-induced production of NO with IC 50 of 63.71 and 10.66 μM, respectively, compared to L-NMMA having an IC 50 of 6.95 μM. Besides, compound 7 also represented significant DPPH radical scavenging activity with EC 50 of 18.75 μM, comparable with vitamin C (EC 50 = 15.77 μM). [Display omitted] • Four new (1 – 4) and five known (5 – 9) compounds were isolated from Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis. • Compounds 7 and 8 exhibited moderate inhibition against LPS-induced NO production. • Compound 7 showed a comparable DPPH radical scavenging effect to vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) constitute the largest group of enzymes in plants and are involved in a variety of processes related to growth and protection. However, the CYP gene superfamily in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and their characteristics is unclear. Through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis, this article identified a total of 74 CYP genes in the P. bretschneideri genome, which were categorized into fourteen families. Motif analysis reveals that most of the ten motifs predicted were with the p450 conserved domain. The majority of the CYP genes have exon arrangements. Furthermore, promoter analysis unveiled a multitude of cis-acting elements associated with diverse responsiveness including hormones, light responsive, anoxic specific inducibility and anaerobic induction. Analysis of the transcriptome data reveal that about 80% of the pear CYPs genes were upregulated and they were positively correlated with the antioxidant's parameters such as total flavonoids and total phenol content as well as ABTS and DPPH radicals. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that the CYP genes could be regulated in pear. Collectively, our results reveal comprehensive insights into the CYP superfamily in pear and make a valuable contribution to the ongoing process of functional validation. • The enhanced Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 induced several CYPs genes in pear. • Seventy-four CYP genes were identified in Pyrus. bretschneideri genome and grouped into 14 families. • Pear CYPs genes were upregulated and correlated positively with the antioxidant's parameters. • The gene structure is composed of mainly two exon organization and with p450 conserved domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop productivity is limited by several environmental constraints. Among these, salt stress plays a key role in limiting the growth and yield production of economically important agricultural crops. However, the exogenous fertigation of vitamins and minerals could serve as a "shot-gun" approach for offsetting the deleterious effects of salts present in the rhizosphere. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to quantify the efficacy of foliar fertigation of ascorbic acid (vitamin-C) and zinc (Zn) on the physio-biochemical attributes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Genotype B-14011) grown in a saline environment. The salt stress resulted in a reduced biological yield associated with a decrease in chlorophyll pigment, while a significant enhancement in Na+ and Zn2+ was observed under salinity stress. Similarly, the contents of total soluble proteins, total free amino acids, lipid peroxidation, and H 2 O 2 and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX and proline) were significantly enhanced under salinity stress. Moreover, salinity negatively affected the yield attributes and ion uptake of plants. However, foliar fertigation with AsA +0.03% Zn enhanced vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, synchronized ion uptake, the synthesis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and the harvest index. It is inferred from this study that among all treatments, the effect of foliar fertigation with the AsA+0.03% Zn combination not only improved the salt stress tolerance but also improved the yield attributes, which will aid in the improvement in barley seed yield and is a step to solve the problem of malnutrition through biofortification of vitamin-C and zinc. • Salinity stress resulted in reduced plant growth, biomass yield, mineral uptake and pigment content in barley. • Salinity enhanced the sodium (Na+) uptake, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in barley. • The antioxidants enhanced with salinity stress and further enhancement was observed by the application of AsA and Zn. • Supplementation of AsA and Zn regulates accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDA content and enhanced mineral uptake. • Combined effect of AsA and Zn was more promising in mitigating the salinity stress as compared to individual effect in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is an important biopolymer produced from the deacetylation of several seas and insect crusts. Due to its environmental fate and biological biocompatibility, it can be used in several biological and environmental applications. In this review, the potential application of chitosan biopolymer was reviewed due to it is considered an environmental, sustainable, and biologically safe plate form for producing several antioxidants. The different antioxidants fabricated from chitosan biopolymer- an active substrate- and the functional role of the diverse groups, either in chitosan backbone or in the coupled species with chitosan, were reviewed. Different antioxidant types were described, reviewed, and compared with the most famous and traditional antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, and gallic acid. Additionally, the different methods and techniques used in determining the antioxidative tendencies of the antioxidants were extensively described and reviewed. • The importance of antioxidants was reviewed. • Chitosan-derivatives antioxidants have higher antioxidative tendencies. • Techniques of antioxidants determination were reviewed. • The different techniques are generally showed narrow values. • Polyphenolics increased chitosan antioxidant activity than mono or diphenolic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an unusual antioxidant in that it donates a single reducing equivalent, and the radical it forms, monodehydroascorbate, reacts preferentially with radicals instead of with non-radical compounds. This happens because removal of an electron from monodehydroascorbate would create a tricarbonyl structure that is energetically unfavored. Instead of forming this structure, ascorbic acid oxidizes only to monodehydroascorbate, and monodehydroascorbate reacts with other radicals, oxidizing by mechanisms that may circumvent formation of this unfavored structure. Ironically, this tricarbonyl compound, which we suggest be called pseudodehydroascorbate, is commonly and mistakenly cited as the real product of ascorbic acid oxidation. In fact, it has been known for over 40 years that dehydroascorbate has a bicyclic hemiketal structure, and kinetic considerations suggest that it may be produced and reduced without forming pseudodehydroascorbate as an intermediate. This and other significant questions about the chemical basis of the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid are obscured by this misconception about its oxidation product, dehydroascorbate. Image 1 • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) donates a single H atom to form monodehydroascorbate. • Monodehydroascorbate (A•-) prefers to react with radicals • The fully oxidized form of ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbate, is a bicyclic hemiketal. • The tricarbonyl structure commonly called dehydroascorbate rarely occurs in nature. • A•- reacts with radicals to form the hemiketal directly and avoid the tricarbonyl [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eventual protective action of calcium (Ca, 100 or 1000 μM) against cadmium (Cd, 10 or 100 μM) toxicity in common lichen Hypogymnia physodes after 24 h of exposure was studied. Total Cd reached 482 and 2801 μg/g DW in 10 and 100 μM Cd treatments while Ca content reached over 23 mg/g DW in 1000 μM Ca treatment. Ca suppressed Cd accumulation by 23 and 38% in total fraction and completely in absorbed fraction. Fluorescence microscopy of Cd and Ca ions revealed good correlation with quantitative data. Cd stimulated increase in ROS formation and lipid peroxidation as detected using fluorescent reagents and quantification of H 2 O 2 while co-application of Ca suppressed these effects. Formation of nitric oxide was mainly affected by cadmium. Cd depleted amount of amino acids but proteins or phenols remained unaffected by Cd or Ca. On the contrary, sum of thiols, reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid were depleted by Cd but reversed mainly by higher Ca dose. Among organic acids, only Cd-induced depletion of citric acid content was reversed by Ca. Data indicate that ameliorative effect of Ca under Cd excess in lichens is comparable with effect in plants and metabolic responses in various life lineages are discussed. Image 1 • Ca suppressed amount of Cd in total fraction and completely in absorbed fraction. • Cd stimulated ROS and lipid peroxidation and Ca suppressed these negative effects. • Cd depleted amino acids while proteins or phenols remained unaffected by Cd or Ca. • Thiols, GSH and ascorbic acid were depleted by Cd but reversed by higher Ca dose. • Oxalic, citric and tartaric acids were variously affected by Cd and/or Ca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to validate the idea of personalized redox supplementation by subjecting individuals to targeted and non-targeted antioxidant supplementation schemes. Seventy-three volunteers were screened for plasma vitamin C and erythrocyte glutathione levels. Three groups were formed: i) the "low vitamin C″ group (12 individuals with the lowest vitamin C levels; Low VitC), ii) the "low glutathione" group (12 individuals with the lowest glutathione levels; Low GSH) and iii) a control group (12 individuals with moderate vitamin C and glutathione levels). The three groups received 1 g of vitamin C or 1.2 g of NAC daily for 30 days in a crossover design with a wash-out period of 30 days. Both antioxidant treatments reduced the increased resting systemic oxidative stress levels, assessed via urine F 2 -isoprostanes, in the Low VitC and Low GSH groups (P <.05). A significant group × time interaction (P <.05) was found for VO 2 max and isometric peak torque after both treatments, with the Low VitC and Low GSH groups exhibiting improved performance only after the targeted treatment (vitamin C and NAC, respectively). A significant group × time interaction (P <.05) was found for fatigue index after NAC treatment, but not after vitamin C treatment. No interaction was found for the Wingate test after both treatments. Most of the evidence verifies the idea that antioxidant supplementation increases performance when a particular deficiency is reversed. This indicates that the presence of oxidative stress per se does not rationalize the use of antioxidants and emphasizes the need to identify "responsive" phenotypes. Image 1 • The falsification theory was recontextualized in a redox biology setting. • We exploited the "negative controls" framework in antioxidant supplementation. • Both targeted and non-targeted antioxidant schemes were applied. • Antioxidants exerted their ergogenic effects only when aimed to reverse a deficiency. • The presence of oxidative stress per se is not a definite motive for supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first study to show the direct nephrotoxic potential of synthetic cathinones. • Synthetic cathinones induce oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in HK-2 cells. • Autophagy is triggered to protect against synthetic cathinones nephrotoxicity. • Antioxidants exacerbate cell death possibly due to autophagy-blocking properties. Synthetic cathinones abuse remains a serious public health problem. Kidney injury has been reported in intoxications associated with synthetic cathinones, but the molecular mechanisms involved have not been explored yet. In this study, the potential in vitro nephrotoxic effects of four commonly abused cathinone derivatives, namely pentedrone, 3,4-dimethylmethcatinone (3,4-DMMC), methylone and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), were assessed in the human kidney HK-2 cell line. All four derivatives elicited cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, in the following order of potency: 3,4-DMMC >> MDPV > methylone ≈ pentedrone. 3,4-DMMC and methylone were selected to further elucidate the mechanisms behind synthetic cathinones-induced cell death. Both drugs elicited apoptotic cell death and prompted the formation of acidic vesicular organelles and autophagosomes in HK-2 cells. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine significantly potentiated cell death, indicating that autophagy may serve as a cell survival mechanism that protects renal cells against synthetic cathinones toxicity. Both drugs triggered a rise in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation, which was completely prevented by antioxidant treatment with N ‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine or ascorbic acid. Importantly, these antioxidant agents significantly aggravated renal cell death induced by cathinone derivatives, most likely due to their autophagy-blocking properties. Taken together, our results support an intricate control of cell survival/death modulated by oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy in synthetic cathinones-induced renal injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]