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• We retrospective analysis clinical characteristics of 1598 patients with ICH. • The incidence of ICH in younger patients increased in our institution. • Hypertension, smoking, drinking were major risk factors of ICH. • Pulmonary infection were increased, more strategies should be improved. To investigate the differences in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treated at our institution over the last few decades. Two chronological cohorts with ten-year-interval were established and epidemiological and clinical data were retrospectively collected from patients with ICH, and data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0. The time windows for the two cohorts were from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014 (2010–2014 cohort) and January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004 (2000–2004 cohort). 1598 patients with ICH were enrolled: 360 patients in the 2000–2004 cohort and 1238 patients in the 2010–2014 cohort. ICH often occurred in patients aged from 45 to 75 years, without a sex bias, accounting for 69.6% of patients. Hypertension (60.7%) was still the main risk factors. Meanwhile, the risk factors of smoking (28.9%) and drinking (23.3%) were often present in male patients but not female patients (p ≤ 0.001). The incidence of pulmonary infection, the main complication during hospitalization, was 40.8% in the 2000–2004 cohort and 61.8% in the 2010–2014 cohort (p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, the incidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage was 12.5% in the 2000–2004 cohort and 6.0% in the 2010–2014 cohort (p ≤ 0.001). The epidemiological and clinical features have changed over the past 10 years. The mortality was reduced but still high, as evidenced by the increased hospitalization rate of patients with ICH. Current preventions and therapeutic strategies for ICH are effective, but more strategies must be developed to improve the outcome of ICH and decrease the incidence of pulmonary infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minimally invasive surgery plus fibrinolysis has been identified as a promising treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the fibrinolytic efficacy is not satisfactory. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been demonstrated to impair fibrinolysis in sepsis and acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, we decided to explore the presence and potential effect of NETs in ICH fibrinolysis. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced by autologous arterial blood injection into the basal ganglia in rats. First, at 0.5 hour, 1 hour, and 1.5 hours after blood injection, the brains were collected for NETs detection by immune-staining. Second, ICH rats were given intrahematoma fibrinolysis: rats were randomized to receive the equal amount of saline, DNAse 1, tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA), and tPA + DNAse 1 at 1 hour after hematoma placement. On day 3, animals were sacrificed for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP Nick-end labeling staining following MRI and behavioral tests. Third, on day 3 after ICH, the hematoma within brain were collected for ex vivo fibrinolysis assay to further evaluate the effect of NETs in ICH fibrinolysis. Co-staining of DAPI, H3, and MPO confirmed the presence of NETs in ICH. Disintegration of NETs using DNAse 1 enhanced tPA-induced hematoma fibrinolysis, relieved brain swelling, reduced cell death, and improved the functional outcome in ICH rats. Therefore, we concluded that NETs impaired the efficacy of tPA for ICH fibrinolysis in rats. Targeting NETs may be a new alternative to improve the fibrinolytic therapy following ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-temperature air plasma, as an emerging green and efficient technology, has great potential to do chemical warfare agents (CWAs) decontamination. However, conventional plasma devices are bulky, costly and inconvenient. More importantly, their practical application is limited by the power grid and battery capacity. Here, A double layer paper-strip rotary triboelectric nanogenerator (dps-rTENG) is fabricated to serve as a self-powered high-voltage device to induce microplasma in air for CWAs decontamination. The degradation efficiency of 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide (2-CEES), a surrogate for the sulfur mustard (HD), reaches more than 99% within 2 min of microplasma treatment, and the energy utilization efficiency (E e) of the dps-rTENG is calculated to be 0.520 μg/J, which is one order of magnitude higher than those of the commercial power supplies. Further study confirms that the degradation process of the dps-rTENG induced microplasma is well controllable to avoid the formation of large amounts of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfone (2-CEESO 2), a toxic excessive oxidation product. Triboelectric microplasma provides a new approach for self-powered, easily portable decontamination system for CWAs in future. [Display omitted] • Dps-rTENG is fabricated which can successfully induce microplasma in air. • 40 μL of 100 mg/L 2-CEES can be completely degraded by the triboelectric microplasma within 2 min • The energy efficiency of TENG is 0.520 μg/J, which is one order of magnitude higher than commercial power supplies. • This system can effectively control the generation of toxic 2-CEESO 2. • The negative DC and AC discharge modes have better degradation efficiency than positive DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tolvaptan attenuated brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. • Tolvaptan alleviated neurological deficits after intracerebral hemorrhage. • Tolvaptan prevented blood brain barrier destruction after intracerebral hemorrhage. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is believed to be positively correlated with the brain edema formation, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we explored the role of the V2 receptors antagonist tolvaptan on brain edema following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with a rat model. Animals were randomly given tolvaptan or vehicle through oral gavage at 12 h, 36 h, and 60 h after ICH surgery. Brain swelling (%), brain water content(BWC), neurological scores, Evans blue fluorescence and blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction proteins were measured to evaluate the effect of tolvaptan in ICH. We found that tolvaptan alleviated the brain swelling (%), decreased the BWC growth, and attenuated the neurological deficits after ICH (p < 0.05, vs vehicle). What's more, tolvaptan increased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin (p < 0.05, vs vehicle), which might be attributed to the down-regulated effects of tolvaptan on MMP-9. These results provided evidence supporting the use of tolvaptan for ICH-induced brain edema. Large animal experiments are required to further explore the efficacy and mechanism of tolvaptan in ICH treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mesoporous poly(N , N ′-methylene-bis(1-(3-vinylimidazolium)) chloride), labeled as PDVIm-Cl, with double anions (Cl−) and low monomer molecular weight was synthesized and applied in the adsorption of anionic dyes (acid orange 7 (AO7), sunset yellow (SY), reactive blue 19 (RB19), congo red (CR)). Due to the mesoporous structure, abundant Cl− and positively charged imidazole rings, the poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) exhibited superior adsorption ability towards anionic dyes. What is more, the RB19 adsorption by PDVIm-Cl could achieve the highest capacity (2605 ± 254 mg g−1) which was nearly twice higher than the maximum adsorption capacity of the previously reported materials. All the adsorption kinetic data and isotherms fitted well with the pseudo second-order model and Langmuir-Freundlich model. To better explore the practical potential of the PIL for dye adsorption, the adsorption under different pH values and column adsorption performances were also evaluated. Results showed that PDVIm-Cl exhibited high removal efficiencies for anionic dyes over a wide pH range (2−10). Also, the great reusability could be well demonstrated by the achievable continuous column adsorption-desorption process. It is worth mentioning that the regeneration could be realized with very little desorbent which was far less than the adsorption volume flowing through the column and the desorption efficiency was well maintained after three consecutive cycles. At last, the adsorption mechanism was explored by experiments combined with quantum chemical calculations and showed anionic dyes adsorption by PDVIm-Cl was a joint process dominated by the ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bond and π-π stacking. • PDVIm-Cl is capable to adsorb various anionic dyes with high capacities. • PDVIm-Cl shows unprecedented adsorption capacity of 2605 ± 254 mg g−1 for RB19 dye. • PDVIm-Cl could be used to adsorb different anionic dyes in a wide range of pH. • PDVIm-Cl can easily realize continuous column adsorption-desorption process. • The adsorption mechanism is studied by experimental and theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]