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Synthesis of neural imaging information from many studies is valuable for identifying stable cortical targets for non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). Typically, these targets are specified in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard brain space. However, in practical NIBS applications, localizing MNI cortical targets often relies on the International 10–20 system or heuristic scalp approaches, which often lacks precision or applies only to specific targets. We aim to establish a probabilistic mapping from any cortical target in MNI space to continuous proportional coordinate (CPC) standard scalp space (MNI2CPC) and assess the performance of this mapping for NIBS targeting. The MNI2CPC mapping was calculated based on a large MRI dataset (n = 114). Its targeting error was evaluated via cross-individual validation using a leave-one-out approach, as well as through independent validation across race (n = 27) and across patient (n = 58) cohorts. The cross-individual validation demonstrated targeting errors of 4.03 ± 0.69 mm on the scalp and 3.30 ± 0.59 mm in the cortex. For independent cohorts, targeting errors were 4.71 ± 0.81 mm (scalp) and 3.85 ± 0.64 mm (cortex) across race, and 4.66 ± 0.77 mm (scalp) and 3.77 ± 0.61 mm (cortex) across patient. We publish a free online tool to enable querying of the CPC coordinate for any given MNI cortical target. The resulting CPC coordinates enable rapid and accurate manual localization on the scalp in a user-friendly manner. The MNI2CPC mapping developed in this study allows for manual localization of any MNI cortical target, which improves the accessibility and ease of application of NIBS in diverse settings. • Establish a probabilistic mapping from MNI space to the CPC standard scalp space (MNI2CPC) to guide NIBS device placement. • Evaluate the targeting performance of MNI2CPC through cross-individual, cross-race and cross-disease validation. • Publish a free online tool to query the CPC coordinates for any cortical target in MNI space (transcranial-brain-atlas.org/MNI2CPC). • Provide a neuro-navigation-system-free approach for localizing any MNI cortical target on the scalp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microscopic and macroscopic experiments on the effects of non-ionic anti-agglomerants were carried out. • The adhesion force between hydrate particle and droplet on wall surface was affected by liquid bridge and its solidification. • The optimal concentrations of CDEA and AEO-9 to reduce adhesion between hydrate particle and droplet on wall surface are 0. 5 wt% and 0. 1 wt% respectively. • The feedback torque is the smallest for the CDEA and AEO-9 solutions at their optimal concentrations respectively. Non-ionic anti-agglomerants (AAs) are important agents to prevent hydrate deposition. In this study, the microscopical experimental results show that the adhesion force between hydrate particle and droplet on wall surface mainly depends on the force of the liquid bridge under low subcoolings; while it is dependent on the resultant force of the liquid bridge and hydrate shell under high subcoolings. Below the concentration of 2 wt%, the optimal concentrations of CDEA and AEO-9 to reduce the adhesion are 0. 5 wt% and 0. 1 wt%, respectively. The adhesion force decreases gradually with the increase of their concentrations when their concentrations are lower than the optimal values, but gradually rises with the increase of their concentrations when higher than the optimal values. Moreover, the hydrate formation experiments in a stirred reactor show that the feedback torques are the smallest at the optimal concentrations of them, which is consistent with the results of the microscopical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]